title: Image analysis of the distribution of turnover rate in the stratum corneum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A common method to evaluate turnover rate in the stratum corneum is to measure the change in fluorescence intensity with time after dyeing the stratum corneum with fluorescent pigments. If these changes in fluorescence over time are carefully observed, the rate of decline in fluorescence intensity differs among different small areas on the skin surface. A possible relationship between these differences and dry skin has been reported. The purpose of this research was to develop a method for analyzing turnover rate in the stratum corneum in each small area on the surface of the skin as well as to investigate the variations in the inconsistencies of turnover rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stratum corneum at six body regions (forehead, cheek, forearm, opisthenar, back and lower leg) was dyed with dansyl chloride (DC), and the change in fluorescence intensity over time was imaged with a highly sensitive television camera through special filters. Then, the fluorescent distribution in the images was analyzed to measure the change in fluorescence intensity with time among the small areas. Also, the decline in fluorescence intensity observed was categorized using specific characteristics into six different types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By attaching a filter to an ultraviolet (UV) light source in order to transmit light at the excitation wavelength and a filter to the camera lens to transmit light at the wavelength of DC fluorescence, we could image the low intensity fluorescent light from the DC without interference from the UV light exciting the DC. The characteristics of the variation in the decline in fluorescence intensity were categorized into six patterns. Type I: pattern showing a uniform decline in fluorescence intensity. Type II: pattern showing sporadic areas where fluorescence intensity declines quickly. Type III: pattern showing relatively large areas where fluorescence intensity declines slowly. Type IV: pattern showing sporadic areas of fluorescence intensity, matched with locations of keratotic plugs. Type V: pattern showing sporadic fluorescent areas, not matched with locations of keratotic plugs. Type VI: pattern showing a partial, drastic decline in fluorescence intensity occurring on inflamed skin after sunburn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By analyzing the image generated from a highly sensitive television camera equipped with special filters, we could measure turnover rate of the stratum corneum at any small area. The variations in Types IV and V were believed to be derived from keratotic plugs and closed comedo. Except for Type VI, observed on significant skin inflammation, Type II and Type III were believed to be the patterns that reflected variations in turnover rate in stratum corneum itself.
authors.affiliation: Cosmetics Laboratory, Kanebo Ltd., OdawaraDepartment of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Cosmetics Laboratory, Kanebo Ltd., OdawaraDepartment of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsue
authors.affiliation: Cosmetics Laboratory, Kanebo Ltd., OdawaraDepartment of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takiwaki
keywords: dry skin; image analysis; stratum corneum; turnover rate; unevenness