title: Are group-based and individual physiotherapy exercise programmes equally effective for musculoskeletal conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musculoskeletal pain is common and its treatment costly. Both group and individual physiotherapy interventions which incorporate exercise aim to reduce pain and disability. Do the additional time and costs of individual physiotherapy result in superior outcomes?
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness of group and individual physiotherapy including exercise on musculoskeletal pain and disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven electronic databases were searched by two independent reviewers. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including participants with musculoskeletal conditions which compared group and individual physiotherapy interventions that incorporated exercise were eligible. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale by two independent reviewers, and treatment effects were compared by meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen RCTs were eligible, including patients with low back pain (7 studies), neck pain (4), knee pain (2) and shoulder pain (1). We found no clinically significant differences in pain and disability between group and individual physiotherapy involving exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only small, clinically irrelevant differences in pain or disability outcomes were found between group and individual physiotherapy incorporating exercise. Since all but one study included other interventions together with exercise in either the group or individual arm, deciphering the unique effect of the way in which exercise is delivered is difficult. Group interventions may need to be considered more often, given their similar effectiveness and potentially lower healthcare costs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapies, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapies, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapies, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCreesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Purtill
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapies, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: Evidence based review; Exercise; Meta-analysis; Physiotherapy