title: Noninvasive Techniques for the Determination of Burn Severity in Real Time.
abstract: Visual diagnosis of second-degree burns has proven inadequate for determining the appropriate treatment regimen. Although multiple noninvasive imaging techniques have shown promise for providing information about burn wound severity, the ideal technology to aid burn wound excision would provide real-time readouts. Herein, the authors examine a high-resolution infrared (IR) camera (thermography) and a multiprobe adapter system (MPAS-6; transepidermal evaporative water loss, colorimetry) to assess their usefulness in predicting burn severity. Contact burn wounds of increasing severity were created in a porcine model. Wounds were assessed for 4 days with an IR camera and MPAS-6. In addition, each day, the burn wounds were biopsied for histological analysis to determine burn depth for correlation with noninvasive measures. Surface temperatures decreased with increasing burn severity, which was associated with increasing transepidermal evaporative water loss. Melanin content correlated with the depth of collagen coagulation and was bimodal, with superficial and full-thickness burns having higher values than deep partial thickness wounds. Erythema content was highest in superficial burns and negatively correlated with necrosis (high-mobility group box protein 1 expression). Importantly, surface temperature taken on every single day after injury was predictive of all histologically determined measurements of burn depth (ie, collagen coagulation, apoptosis, necrosis, vascular occlusion). The results indicate that IR imaging and skin quality probes can be used to support the diagnosis of burn severity. Most importantly, IR measurements gave insight into both the zone of coagulation and the zone of stasis on every postburn day studied.
authors.affiliation: From the *Combat Trauma and Burn Injury Research, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas; †General Dynamics Information Technology, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas; and ‡Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Burmeister
authors.forename: Cesario
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cerna
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Becerra
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilmink
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Christy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002056:Burns / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007259:Infrared Rays; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods