title: The removal process of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a new disinfection by-product, in drinking water treatment process and its toxicity on zebrafish.
abstract: The removal process of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a new disinfection by-product (DBP) in conventional drinking water treatment plant (C-DWTP) and advanced DWTP (ADWTP) was studied with newly maximum formation potential (MFP) process. It was demonstrated that the advanced treatment displayed greater removal efficiency towards DCAcAm formation potential (MFP) than the conventional treatment. The hydrophilic natural organic matter and natural organic matter with molecular weight <1 kDa or >10 kDa leaded to more DCAcAm formation, and the aromatic protein was inferred as one part of DCAcAm precursor. DCAcAm was found to cause delayed development and malformation to zebrafish embryos at embryonic growth stage. Compared with heart toxicity, it caused a significant neuron toxicity. It also could cause the acute DNA damage to adult zebrafish, which should be extremely cautioned.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China. Electronic address: hit_lintao@163.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Dongju
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Shilin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C032619:2,2-dichloroacetamide
keywords: DCAcAm; Disinfection by-product; Drinking water treatment; Toxicity; Zebrafish