title: Distinctive Metabolism of Flavonoid between Cultivated and Semiwild Soybean Unveiled through Metabolomics Approach.
abstract: Soybeans are an important crop for agriculture and food, resulting in an increase in the range of its application. Recently, soybean leaves have been used not only for food products but also in the beauty industry. To provide useful and global metabolite information on the development of soy-based products, we investigated the metabolic evolution and cultivar-dependent metabolite variation in the leaves of cultivated (Glycine max) and semiwild (G. gracilis) soybean, through a (1)H NMR-based metabolomics approach, as they grew from V (vegetative) 1 to R (reproductive) 7 growth stages. The levels of primary metabolites, such as sucrose, amino acids, organic acids, and fatty acids, were decreased both in the G. gracilis and G. max leaves. However, the secondary metabolites, such as pinitol, rutin, and polyphenols, were increased while synthesis of glucose was elevated as the leaves grew. When metabolite variations between G. gracilis and G. max are compared, it was noteworthy that rutin and its precursor, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, were found only in G. gracilis but not in G. max. Furthermore, levels of pinitol, proline, β-alanine, and acetic acid, a metabolite related to adaptation toward environmental stress, were different between the two soybean cultivars. These results highlight their distinct metabolism for adaptation to environmental conditions and their intrinsic metabolic phenotype. This study therefore provides important information on the cultivar-dependent metabolites of soybean leaves for better understanding of plant physiology toward the development of soy-based products.
authors.affiliation: Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Yong
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Gyu
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bohyun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Protein Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute , Cheongwon-Gu, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myoyeon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Seong
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation , Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: John Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Shick
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005419:Flavonoids
keywords: Glycine gracilis; Glycine max; metabolism; metabolomics; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); soybean leaf