title: Circulating Cytokines Predict the Development of Insulin Resistance in a Prospective Finnish Population Cohort.
abstract: Metabolic inflammation contributes to the development of insulin resistance (IR), but the roles of different inflammatory and other cytokines in this process remain unclear.
  
  
  
  We aimed at analyzing the value of different cytokines in predicting future IR.
  
  
  
  We measured the serum concentrations of 48 cytokines from a nationwide cohort of 2200 Finns (the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study), and analyzed their role as independent risk factors for predicting the development of IR 4 years later.
  
  
  
  We used cross-sectional regression analysis adjusted for known IR risk factors (high age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, smoking, physical inactivity, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), C-reactive protein and 37 cytokines to find the determinants of continuous baseline IR (defined by homeostatic model assessment). A logistic regression model adjusted for the known risk factors, baseline IR, and 37 cytokines was used to predict the future IR.
  
  
  
  Several cytokines, often in a sex-dependent manner, remained as independent determinants of current IR. In men, none of the cytokines was an independent predictive risk marker of future IR. In women, in contrast, IL-17 (odds ratio, 1.42 for 1-SD change in ln-transformed IL-17) and IL-18 (odds ratio, 1.37) were independently associated with the future IR. IL-17 levels also independently predicted the development of incident future IR (odds ratio, 1.48).
  
  
  
  The systemic levels of the T helper 1 cell cytokine IL-18 and the T helper 17 cell cytokine IL-17 thus may have value in predicting future insulin sensitivity in women independently of classical IR risk factors.
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Santalahti
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maksimow
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Airola
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pahikkala
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hutri-Kähönen
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Sirpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jalkanen
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
authors.affiliation: MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (K.S., M.M., S.J., M.S.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Information Technology (A.A., T.P.), University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-K.), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (O.T.R.), University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salmi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines