title: Synapsin Isoforms Regulating GABA Release from Hippocampal Interneurons.
abstract: Although synapsins regulate GABA release, it is unclear which synapsin isoforms are involved. We identified the synapsin isoforms that regulate GABA release via rescue experiments in cultured hippocampal neurons from synapsin I, II, and III triple knock-out (TKO) mice. In situ hybridization indicated that five different synapsin isoforms are expressed in hippocampal interneurons. Evoked IPSC amplitude was reduced in TKO neurons compared with triple wild-type neurons and was rescued by introducing any of the five synapsin isoforms. This contrasts with hippocampal glutamatergic terminals, where only synapsin IIa rescues the TKO phenotype. Deconvolution analysis indicated that the duration of GABA release was prolonged in TKO neurons and this defect in release kinetics was rescued by each synapsin isoform, aside from synapsin IIIa. Because release kinetics remained slow, whereas peak release rate was rescued, there was a 2-fold increase in GABA release in TKO neurons expressing synapsin IIIa. TKO neurons expressing individual synapsin isoforms showed normal depression kinetics aside from more rapid depression in neurons expressing synapsin IIIa. Measurements of the cumulative amount of GABA released during repetitive stimulation revealed that the rate of mobilization of vesicles from the reserve pool to the readily releasable pool and the size of the readily releasable pool of GABAergic vesicles were unaffected by synapsins. Instead, synapsins regulate release of GABA from the readily releasable pool, with all isoforms aside from synapsin IIIa controlling release synchrony. These results indicate that synapsins play fundamentally distinct roles at different types of presynaptic terminals.
  
  
  
  Synapsins are a family of proteins that regulate synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking within nerve terminals. Here, we demonstrate that release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is supported by many different synapsin types. This contrasts with the release of other neurotransmitters, which typically is supported by only one type of synapsin. We also found that synapsins serve to synchronize the release of GABA in response to presynaptic action potentials, which is different from the synapsin-dependent trafficking of SVs in other nerve terminals. Our results establish that different synapsins play fundamentally different roles at nerve terminals releasing different types of neurotransmitters. This is an important clue to understanding how neurons release their neurotransmitters, a process essential for normal brain function.
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea 136-791, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 138673, Singapore, and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sang-Ho
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9801-2963
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea 136-791, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 138673, Singapore, and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore George.Augustine@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: George J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7408-7485
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Augustine
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053444:Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D007395:Interneurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism*; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016704:Synapsins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016704:Synapsins; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins; C492244:Viaat protein, mouse; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; C056639:2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C402565:glutamate decarboxylase 1; D014633:Valine
keywords: GABA; exocytosis; hippocampus; interneurons; synapsin; synaptic vesicle trafficking