title: Dental Calculus Links Statistically to Angina Pectoris: 26-Year Observational Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dental infections, such as periodontitis, associate with atherosclerosis and its complications. We studied a cohort followed-up since 1985 for incidence of angina pectoris with the hypothesis that calculus accumulation, proxy for poor oral hygiene, links to this symptom.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our Swedish prospective cohort study of 1676 randomly selected subjects followed-up for 26 years. In 1985 all subjects underwent clinical oral examination and answered a questionnaire assessing background variables such as socio-economic status and pack-years of smoking. By using data from the Center of Epidemiology, Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden we analyzed the association of oral health parameters with the prevalence of in-hospital verified angina pectoris classified according to the WHO International Classification of Diseases, using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1676 subjects, 51 (28 women/23 men) had been diagnosed with angina pectoris at a mean age of 59.8 ± 2.9 years. No difference was observed in age and gender between patients with angina pectoris and subjects without. Neither was there any difference in education level and smoking habits (in pack years), Gingival index and Plaque index between the groups. Angina pectoris patients had significantly more often their first maxillary molar tooth extracted (d. 16) than the other subjects (p = 0.02). Patients also showed significantly higher dental calculus index values than the subjects without angina pectoris (p = 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed odds ratio 2.21 (95% confidence interval 1.17-4.17) in the association between high calculus index and angina pectoris (p = 0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study hypothesis was confirmed by showing for the first time that high dental calculus score indeed associated with the incidence of angina pectoris in this cohort study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Söder
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per-Östen
authors.initials: PÖ
authors.lastname: Söder
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003773:Dental Plaque; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology