title: Association between osteoporosis and periodontal disease among postmenopausal Indian women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to determine the association between osteoporosis and periodontal disease among postmenopausal Indian women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years attending various hospitals in Bangalore, India. The examination was performed using the plaque index, gingival index, modified sulcus bleeding index, and community periodontal index. The women then underwent a bone mineral density (BMD) test using an ultrasonometer. Based on the BMD scores, participants were divided into osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic groups. For the statistical analysis, χ2-test, Student's t-test, and multiple regression analysis were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean plaque, gingival, and bleeding scores were significantly higher among osteoporotic women (1.83 ± 0.47, 1.73 ± 0.49, 1.82 ± 0.52) compared to the non-osteoporotic women (1.31 ± 0.40, 1.09 ± 0.52, 1.25 ± 0.50). The mean number of sextants affected for codes 3 and 4 of the community periodontal index and codes 1, 2, and 3 of loss of attachment were significantly higher among osteoporotic group compared to the non-osteoporotic group. Multiple logistic regression tests confirmed the statistically-significant association between osteoporosis and menopause duration, loss of attachment, bleeding, and gingivitis scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skeletal BMD is related to clinical attachment loss, bleeding, and gingivitis, which suggests that there is an association between osteoporosis and periodontal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.lastname: Richa
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Yashoda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: R
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Manjunath P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Puranik
authors.affiliation: Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shrivastava
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications*; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D017698:Postmenopause
keywords: bone mineral density; gingivitis; osteoporosis; periodontitis; postmenopausal