title: Implications for directionality of nanoscale forces in bacterial attachment.
abstract: Adhesion and friction are closely related and play a predominant role in many natural processes. From the wall-clinging feet of the gecko to bacteria forming a biofilm, in many cases adhesion is a necessity to survive. The direction in which forces are applied has shown to influence the bond strength of certain systems tremendously and can mean the difference between adhesion and detachment. The spatula present on the extension of the feet of the gecko can either attach or detach, based on the angle at which they are loaded. Certain proteins are known to unfold at different loads, depending on the direction at which the load is applied and some bacteria have specific receptors which increase their bond strength in the presence of shear. Bacteria adhere to any man-made surface despite the presence of shear forces due to running fluids, air flow, and other causes. In bacterial adhesion research, however, adhesion forces are predominantly measured perpendicularly to surfaces, whereas other directions are often neglected. The angle of shear forces acting on bacteria or biofilms will not be at a 90° angle, as shear induced by flow is often along the surface. Measuring at different angles or even lateral to the surface will give a more complete overview of the adhesion forces and mechanism, perhaps even resulting in alternative means to discourage bacterial adhesion or promote removal.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan J T M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Swartjes
authors.affiliation: Ducom Instruments Europe B.V, Center for Innovation, 9713 GX Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Deepak H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Veeregowda
keywords: Anisotropy; Bacteria; Bacterial adhesion; Friction; Shear