title: SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses.
abstract: The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 marked the second introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. The continuing introductions of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels, the subsequent travel-related viral spread, the unprecedented nosocomial outbreaks and the high case-fatality rates highlight the need for prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Scientific advancements since the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic allowed for rapid progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and the development of therapeutics. In this Review, we detail our present understanding of the transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and discuss the current state of development of measures to combat emerging coronaviruses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Emmie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Neeltje
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Doremalen
authors.affiliation: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falzarano
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Munster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus / Q000821:virology; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D003428:Cross Infection; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D065207:Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058873:Pandemics / Q000517:prevention & control; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D014195:Travel; D014779:Virus Replication