title: [Employment, family and health in men of working age in Germany : Results of the GEDA studies 2009-2012].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Today's men want to participate in their children's upbringing more than in the past, but they are heavily involved in their occupation at the same time. This article describes the significance of parenthood, partnership and occupation in relation to health and health behaviours among men of working age in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  We summarised data from the "German Health Update" (GEDA) studies conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2012. Data on 18,465 men aged 18-64 years were available, 11,429 of which were living with children. We included mental health problems, general health awareness, sports activity and smoking as outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Full-time employees working more than 48 h per week and unemployed persons had mental health problems more frequently (OR 1.44 and 2.35, p < 0.05) than full-time employees working 48 h or fewer. Similar associations can be shown for health awareness, physical activity and smoking. Concerning partnership and parenthood, the associations were considerably weaker: men living together with children and a partner in the household were overall less burdened and their behaviour was also healthier than single men without children. After simultaneous consideration of employment status, parenthood and partnership, our results show that the unemployed and employees with long working hours were the most burdened.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide supporting evidence regarding health problems of men in Germany due to unemployment and long working hours that are of importance for their health whether they are living with a partner and/or with children or not. The association between health and occupation was stronger than between health and fatherhood or partnership.
authors.affiliation: FG28 Soziale Determinanten der Gesundheit, Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland. krolll@rki.de.
authors.forename: Lars Eric
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.affiliation: FG28 Soziale Determinanten der Gesundheit, Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müters
authors.affiliation: FG28 Soziale Determinanten der Gesundheit, Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rattay
authors.affiliation: FG28 Soziale Determinanten der Gesundheit, Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lampert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005783:Gender Identity; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054526:Men's Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Employment; Health behaviour; Men; Mental health problems; Parenthood; Partnership