title: Reporting Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Men on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: The PRECISE Recommendations-A Report of a European School of Oncology Task Force.
abstract: Published data on prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during follow-up of men on active surveillance are lacking. Current guidelines for prostate MRI reporting concentrate on prostate cancer (PCa) detection and staging. A standardised approach to prostate MRI reporting for active surveillance will facilitate the robust collection of evidence in this newly developing area.
  
  
  
  To develop preliminary recommendations for reporting of individual MRI studies in men on active surveillance and for researchers reporting the outcomes of cohorts of men having MRI on active surveillance.
  
  
  
  The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was used. Experts in urology, radiology, and radiation oncology developed a set of 394 statements relevant to prostate MRI reporting in men on active surveillance for PCa. Each statement was scored for agreement on a 9-point scale by each panellist prior to a panel meeting. Each statement was discussed and rescored at the meeting.
  
  
  
  Measures of agreement and consensus were calculated for each statement. The most important statements, derived from both group discussion and scores of agreement and consensus, were used to create the Prostate Cancer Radiological Estimation of Change in Sequential Evaluation (PRECISE) checklist and case report form.
  
  
  
  Key recommendations include reporting the index lesion size using absolute values at baseline and at each subsequent MRI. Radiologists should assess the likelihood of true change over time (ie, change in size or change in lesion characteristics on one or more sequences) on a 1-5 scale. A checklist of items for reporting a cohort of men on active surveillance was developed. These items were developed based on expert consensus in many areas in which data are lacking, and they are expected to develop and change as evidence is accrued.
  
  
  
  The PRECISE recommendations are designed to facilitate the development of a robust evidence database for documenting changes in prostate MRI findings over time of men on active surveillance. If used, they will facilitate data collection to distinguish measurement error and natural variability in MRI appearances from true radiologic progression.
  
  
  
  Few published reports are available on how to use and interpret magnetic resonance imaging for men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. The PRECISE panel recommends that data should be collected in a standardised manner so that natural variation in the appearance and measurement of cancer over time can be distinguished from changes indicating significant tumour progression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals Trust, London, UK. Electronic address: caroline.moore@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital Trust, London, UK; Department of Radiology and Centre for Experimental Imaging, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giganti
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Albertsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bangma
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Masoom
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Veeru
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kasivisvanathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirkham
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klotz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Adil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouzzane
authors.affiliation: Paul Strickland Scanner Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK.
authors.forename: Anwar R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Padhani
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Prostate Unit Diagnostic University of Rome, "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panebianco
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puech
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rannikko
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Pitié-Salpetrière Hospital, AP-HP, UPMC Paris 06, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Raphaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Renard-Penna
authors.affiliation: Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Touijer
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospitals of KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Heinrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Poppel
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valdagni
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schoots
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D032921:Consensus; D004282:Documentation; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D009859:Oncology Nursing; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D011871:Radiology; D047368:Tumor Burden; D057832:Watchful Waiting / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Active surveillance; Prostate MRI; Prostate cancer