title: Gaussian signal relaxation around spin echoes: Implications for precise reversible transverse relaxation quantification of pulmonary tissue at 1.5 and 3 Tesla.
abstract: To characterize the reversible transverse relaxation in pulmonary tissue and to study the benefit of a quadratic exponential (Gaussian) model over the commonly used linear exponential model for increased quantification precision.
  
  
  
  A point-resolved spectroscopy sequence was used for comprehensive sampling of the relaxation around spin echoes. Measurements were performed in an ex vivo tissue sample and in healthy volunteers at 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3 T. The goodness of fit using χred2 and the precision of the fitted relaxation time by means of its confidence interval were compared between the two relaxation models.
  
  
  
  The Gaussian model provides enhanced descriptions of pulmonary relaxation with lower χred2 by average factors of 4 ex vivo and 3 in volunteers. The Gaussian model indicates higher sensitivity to tissue structure alteration with increased precision of reversible transverse relaxation time measurements also by average factors of 4 ex vivo and 3 in volunteers. The mean relaxation times of the Gaussian model in volunteers are T2,G' = (1.97 ± 0.27) msec at 1.5 T and T2,G' = (0.83 ± 0.21) msec at 3 T.
  
  
  
  Pulmonary signal relaxation was found to be accurately modeled as Gaussian, providing a potential biomarker T2,G' with high sensitivity. Magn Reson Med 77:1938-1945, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jascha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zapp
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Domsch
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weingärtner
authors.affiliation: Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Lothar R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D016011:Normal Distribution; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: 
  T2′; Gaussian signal decay; NMR spectroscopy; lung; precision; pulmonary transverse relaxation