title: Dietary Sodium Intake in People with Diabetes in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2008 to 2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetics are likely to receive advice from their physicians concerning lifestyle changes. To understand how much sodium is consumed by diabetics in Korea, we compared the average daily sodium intake between diabetics and non-diabetics after controlling for confounding factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained the sodium intake data for 13,957 individuals who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008 to 2010, which consisted of a health interview and behavioral and nutritional surveys. The KNHANES uses a stratified, multistage, probability-sampling design, and weighting adjustments were conducted to represent the entire population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis revealed that, overall, diabetics tended to have lower sodium intake (4,910.2 mg) than healthy individuals (5,188.2 mg). However, both diabetic and healthy individuals reported higher sodium intake than is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Stratified subgroup analyses revealed that the sodium intake (4,314.2 mg) among newly diagnosed diabetics was higher among women when compared to patients with known diabetes (3,812.5 mg, P=0.035). Female diabetics with cardiovascular disease had lower average sodium intake compared to those without cardiovascular disease after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, and total energy intake (P=0.058). Sodium intake among male diabetics with hypercholesterolemia (P=0.011) and female diabetics with hypertriglyceridemia (P=0.067) tended to be higher than that among those who without dyslipidemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The average sodium intake of diabetics in Korea was higher than the WHO recommends. Sodium intake in newly diagnosed diabetics was significantly higher than that in non-diabetics and previously diagnosed diabetics among females. Prospective studies are needed to identify the exact sodium intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Myung Shin
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Korea. drangelkr@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Chong Hwa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-7772
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea. pts@chonbuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae Sun
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7216-8468
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertriglyceridemia; Sodium, dietary