title: Diabetic retinopathy with or without clinically significant macular edema: The influencing factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic retinopathy is the commonest micro vascular complication in patients with diabetes and remains a leading cause of blindness in people of working age group.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to determine the prevalence of clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and the influence of systemic risk factors Materials and methods: It is a hospital based comparative study conducted in 220 eyes of 110 diabetic patients. DR was graded according to International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale and CSME was defined according to Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) system. The patients were grouped as 1) CSME group (DR and CSME in one or both eyes) and 2) Non- CSME group(CSME in none of the eyes but with any grade of DR).Level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and urine for albumin were studied in both groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSME was present in 36% of 110 patients. Poor glycemic control and high total cholesterol level showed positive association with CSME (p LESS THAN 0.05). LDL and TG levels were higher and HDL lower in CSME group. However, no statistical significance was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CSME is significantly associated with poorer glycemic control and elevated total cholesterol level.
authors.forename: Barsha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Suwal
authors.forename: Jeevan Kumar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.forename: Sagun Narayan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Ananda Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma