title: Preventive Effects of a Novel Polysaccharide from Sepia esculenta Ink on Ovarian Failure and Its Action Mechanisms in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice.
abstract: On the basis of our findings about chemo-preventive roles of squid ink polysaccharide and the well-known toxicity of cyclophosphamide (CP) on female gonad, this research investigated the protective effects of a novel polysaccharide from Sepia esculenta ink (SEP) on the ovarian failure resulting from CP, as well as the action mechanisms underpinning this. The results indicated that CP destroyed the ovaries of mice which caused depletion of various follicles, and led to a reduction in estradiol content, increases in FSH and LH contents in sera, decreases in ovary and uterus masses and their relative mass ratios, disruption of the ultrastructure of granulosa cells, as well as induction of apoptosis and autophagy via p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. The phenomenon resulted in ovarian failure. However, SEP exposure altered the negative effects completely. The data indicated that SEP can effectively prevent ovarian failure CP caused in mice by inhibiting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as regulated by CP. SEP was a novel polysaccharide from Sepia esculenta ink with a unique primary structure mainly composed of GalN and Ara that accounted for almost half of all monosaccharides: their ratio was nearly one-to-one. Besides, the polysaccharide contained a small number of Fuc and tiny amounts of Man, GlcN, GlcA, and GalA.
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang 524088, China.
authors.forename: Hua-Zhong
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Science Experiment Center, Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004, China.
authors.forename: Ye-Xing
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang 524088, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang 524088, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science & Engineering Technology, Hezhou University , Hezhou 542899, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang 524088, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang 524088, China.
authors.forename: Jie-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zhong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017209:Apoptosis; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016649:Primary Ovarian Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D049833:Sepia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D011134:Polysaccharides; D004958:Estradiol; D003520:Cyclophosphamide
keywords: SEP; apoptosis; autophagy; cyclophosphamide; ovarian failure