title: House Staff Participation in Patient Safety Reporting: Identification of Predominant Barriers and Implementation of a Pilot Program.
abstract: Patient safety event (PSE) reporting is a critical element for healthcare organizations that are striving for continuous quality improvement. Although resident physicians routinely provide the majority of direct patient care, the level of their participation in PSE reporting historically has been low. In addition, as part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's Next Accreditation System, the Clinical Learning Environment Review site visit assesses residents' engagement in PSE reporting at each accredited academic institution. The objective of this study was to understand the common barriers to PSE reporting and design an intervention to increase the number of PSE reports by resident physicians.
  
  
  
  We surveyed 304 residents and fellows to assess attitudes toward the PSE reporting system and identify barriers to submitting online PSE reports. Based on this analysis of barriers, we piloted interventions with the internal medicine residency program and measured their effect on resident PSE reporting.
  
  
  
  Of the survey respondents, 58% had never submitted a PSE report. The most commonly identified barriers were too much time required to submit a report (38% of all respondents), lack of education on how or what to report (37%), lack of feedback or change after reporting (19%), and concern for repercussions or lack of anonymity (13%). Based on this analysis of barriers, we piloted interventions with the internal medicine residency program to educate residents about PSE reporting through a reminder message in their orientation e-mail, informational slides at the end of conferences that described what and how to report, a pocket card with reporting instructions, and leadership encouragement during walk rounds by chief medical residents and the program director. Compared with the 10 weeks before the start of the intervention, the number of PSE reports submitted by internal medicine residents more than doubled, from 16 to 37 reports (P < 0.01). This increase in resident PSE reporting was sustained for 20 weeks despite the interventions lasting only 8 weeks.
  
  
  
  A resident-driven intervention that fostered a culture of encouragement for PSE reporting through leadership support and targeted education increased the number of PSE reports submitted by internal medicine residents at our health system. Hospitals and health systems should seek to understand the common barriers to PSE reporting from this important group of direct patient care providers and administer structured educational programs to encourage their participation.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Junn
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Megan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Joanna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Spencer-Segal
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perdoncin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003144:Communication Barriers; D004493:Education / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008824:Michigan; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires