title: Cognitive Functioning and Academic Achievement in Children Aged 6-8 Years, Born at Term After Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Fetal Cerebral Redistribution.
abstract: To determine whether cerebroplacental ratio, an indicator of fetal cerebral redistribution (FCR), predicts adverse results for neurodevelopment in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) infants.
  
  
  
  In a cohort of 5,702 infants, 64 were IUGR born at term with FCR. Five were excluded. Of the remainder, 32 presented an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio (IUGR-A) and 27 a normal one (IUGR-B). The controls were 61 appropriate-for-gestational-age children. Cognitive and academic outcomes and the odds ratio of lower academic scores were assessed by multivariate analysis of covariance and logistic regression.
  
  
  
  IUGR-A children presented deficits in cognitive functioning and academic achievement in all domains. IUGR-B children presented slight deficits. Suboptimal cognitive functioning in IUGR-A was more marked in working memory. Abnormal cerebroplacental ratio predicted low academic scores in IUGR-A.
  
  
  
  FCR is a risk factor for IUGR infants, and cerebroplacental ratio identifies those most severely affected. Intervention programs may produce benefits in early-middle childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and Education, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellido-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Díaz-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Setefilla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: López-Criado
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maldonado-Lozano
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: academic achievement; cerebral redistribution; cerebroplacental ratio; cognitive functioning; intrauterine growth restriction