title: Hundreds of Genes Experienced Convergent Shifts in Selective Pressure in Marine Mammals.
abstract: Mammal species have made the transition to the marine environment several times, and their lineages represent one of the classical examples of convergent evolution in morphological and physiological traits. Nevertheless, the genetic mechanisms of their phenotypic transition are poorly understood, and investigations into convergence at the molecular level have been inconclusive. While past studies have searched for convergent changes at specific amino acid sites, we propose an alternative strategy to identify those genes that experienced convergent changes in their selective pressures, visible as changes in evolutionary rate specifically in the marine lineages. We present evidence of widespread convergence at the gene level by identifying parallel shifts in evolutionary rate during three independent episodes of mammalian adaptation to the marine environment. Hundreds of genes accelerated their evolutionary rates in all three marine mammal lineages during their transition to aquatic life. These marine-accelerated genes are highly enriched for pathways that control recognized functional adaptations in marine mammals, including muscle physiology, lipid-metabolism, sensory systems, and skin and connective tissue. The accelerations resulted from both adaptive evolution as seen in skin and lung genes, and loss of function as in gustatory and olfactory genes. In regard to sensory systems, this finding provides further evidence that reduced senses of taste and smell are ubiquitous in marine mammals. Our analysis demonstrates the feasibility of identifying genes underlying convergent organism-level characteristics on a genome-wide scale and without prior knowledge of adaptations, and provides a powerful approach for investigating the physiological functions of mammalian genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh mchikina@pitt.edu nclark@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chikina
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh mchikina@pitt.edu nclark@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Nathan L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D010872:Caniformia / Q000235:genetics*; D002591:Cetacea / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D059645:Mutation Rate; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D020453:Sirenia / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: adaptive evolution; convergence; convergent evolution; functional constraint; marine mammals; relaxation of constraint