title: Phenol red-silk tyrosine cross-linked hydrogels.
abstract: Phenol red is a cytocompatible pH sensing dye that is commonly added to cell culture media, but removed from some media formulations due to its structural mimicry of estrogen. Phenol red free media is also used during live cell imaging, to avoid absorbance and fluorescence quenching of fluorophores. To overcome these complications, we developed cytocompatible and degradable phenol red-silk tyrosine cross-linked hydrogels using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Phenol red added to silk during tyrosine crosslinking accelerated di-tyrosine formation in a concentration-dependent reaction. Phenol red diffusion studies and UV-Vis spectra of phenol red-silk tyrosine hydrogels at different pHs showed altered absorption bands, confirming entrapment of dye within the hydrogel network. LC-MS of HRP-reacted phenol red and N-acetyl-l-tyrosine reaction products confirmed covalent bonds between the phenolic hydroxyl group of phenol red and tyrosine on the silk. At lower phenol red concentrations, leak-proof hydrogels which did not release phenol red were fabricated and found to be cytocompatible based on live-dead staining and alamar blue assessments of encapsulated fibroblasts. Due to the spectral overlap between phenol red absorbance at 415nm and di-tyrosine fluorescence at 417nm, phenol red-silk hydrogels provide both absorbance and fluorescence-based pH sensing. With an average pKa of 6.8 and good cytocompatibiltiy, phenol red-silk hydrogels are useful for pH sensing in phenol red free systems, cellular microenvironments and bioreactors.
  
  
  
  Phenol red entrapped within hydrogels facilitates pH sensing in phenol red free environments. Leak-proof phenol red based pH sensors require covalent binding techniques, but are complicated due to the lack of amino or carboxyl groups on phenol red. Currently, there is no simple, reliable technique to covalently link phenol red to hydrogel matrices, for real-time pH sensing in cell culture environments. Herein, we take advantage of phenolic groups for covalent linkage of phenol red to silk tyrosine in the presence of HRP and H2O2. The novelty of the current system stems from its simplicity and the use of silk protein to create a cytocompatible, degradable sensor capable of real-time pH sensing in cell culture microenvironments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Aswin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundarakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herrero Acero
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Jeannine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coburn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chwalek
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Partlow
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. Electronic address: david.kaplan@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012831:Bombyx; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein / Q000737:chemistry*; D012212:Rheology; D047011:Silk / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D020100:Hydrogels; D047011:Silk; D014443:Tyrosine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein
keywords: Dityrosine; Hydrogel; Phenol red; Silk; Tyrosine; Tyrosine cross-linking; pH sensing