title: An Extrapolation of a Radical Equation More Accurately Predicts Shelf Life of Frozen Biological Matrices.
abstract: Arrhenius modeling of analyte recovery at increased temperatures to predict long-term colder storage stability of biological raw materials, reagents, calibrators, and controls is standard practice in the diagnostics industry. Predicting subzero temperature stability using the same practice is frequently criticized but nevertheless heavily relied upon. We compared the ability to predict analyte recovery during frozen storage using 3 separate strategies: traditional accelerated studies with Arrhenius modeling, and extrapolation of recovery at 20% of shelf life using either ordinary least squares or a radical equation y = B1x(0.5) + B0.
  
  
  
  Computer simulations were performed to establish equivalence of statistical power to discern the expected changes during frozen storage or accelerated stress. This was followed by actual predictive and follow-up confirmatory testing of 12 chemistry and immunoassay analytes.
  
  
  
  Linear extrapolations tended to be the most conservative in the predicted percent recovery, reducing customer and patient risk. However, the majority of analytes followed a rate of change that slowed over time, which was fit best to a radical equation of the form y = B1x(0.5) + B0. Other evidence strongly suggested that the slowing of the rate was not due to higher-order kinetics, but to changes in the matrix during storage.
  
  
  
  Predicting shelf life of frozen products through extrapolation of early initial real-time storage analyte recovery should be considered the most accurate method. Although in this study the time required for a prediction was longer than a typical accelerated testing protocol, there are less potential sources of error, reduced costs, and a lower expenditure of resources.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Rad, Quality Systems Division, Irvine, CA. Karl_De_Vore@bio-rad.com.
authors.forename: Karl W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: De Vore
authors.affiliation: Bio-Rad, Quality Systems Division, Irvine, CA.
authors.forename: Nadia M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Fatahi
authors.affiliation: Bio-Rad, Quality Systems Division, Irvine, CA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sass
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004355:Drug Stability; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D013048:Specimen Handling