title: Prevalence of delayed-type and immediate-type hypersensitivity in healthcare workers with hand eczema.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational contact dermatitis is common in healthcare workers. Although irritant contact dermatitis resulting from wet work is the most frequently reported cause, healthcare workers also constitute high-risk group for the development of allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of delayed-type and immediate-type hypersensitivity in 120 healthcare workers with hand eczema.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty healthcare workers from three major hospitals in Denmark with self-reported hand eczema within the last year participated in the study. Patch tests included baseline series plus selected allergens, and prick tests included standard inhalational allergens plus natural rubber latex and chlorhexidine. Levels of IgE specific for latex, chlorhexidine and ethylene oxide were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the participants, 53% had positive patch test reactions. The most frequent positive patch test reactions were to nickel, thiomersal, fragrances, rubber chemicals, and colophonium. The prevalence of natural rubber latex allergy as diagnosed by prick testing was 2.5%, and chlorhexidine allergy (both contact allergy and IgE-mediated allergy) was found in <1%. Ethylene oxide allergy was not identified in any of the participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm previous reports on contact allergy patterns in healthcare workers. Testing for natural rubber latex allergy is still important, but increased risks of chlorhexidine and ethylene oxide allergy could not be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Roskilde Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark. ksi@regionsjaelland.dk.|Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark. ksi@regionsjaelland.dk.
authors.forename: Kristina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ibler
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Roskilde Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gregor B E
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jemec
authors.affiliation: Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lene H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Garvey
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tove
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Agner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects; D004485:Eczema / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005027:Ethylene Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D020315:Latex Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects; D010328:Patch Tests; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000009:adverse effects; D012882:Skin Tests; D013849:Thimerosal / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004202:Disinfectants; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D012116:Resins, Plant; D013849:Thimerosal; D009532:Nickel; C013893:rosin; D005027:Ethylene Oxide; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: IgE-mediated allergy; contact allergy; hand eczema; healthcare workers