title: Temporomandibular joint reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction represents one of the more challenging clinical problems that a head and neck surgeon encounters. Fortunately, the problem is fairly uncommon; however, at the same time, clear clinical guidelines have not been formulated. The goal of this review is to present the established solutions to this difficult reconstructive challenge and highlight key developments that have been recently published.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modern-day approaches to TMJ reconstruction include a handful of surgical modalities: costochondral grafting, revascularized tissue transfer, distraction osteogenesis, and alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement (APTMJR). Over the past several years, publications have focused primarily on distraction osteogenesis and APTMJR. In particular, APTMJR is emerging as a highly successful and versatile surgical modality when faced with TMJ defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With long-term follow-up after APTMJR approaching 20 years at several of the pioneering centers, alloplastic total joint replacement is emerging as the clinical standard when faced with TMJ defects in a variety of clinical situations. Unfortunately, the dogma of serious complications that occurred during early development may still be stalling widespread acceptance of APTMJR. Due to the complexity of the surgery, its relative infrequency and the lack of exposure in the majority of residency training programs, this surgery is currently best performed by tertiary referral centers.
authors.affiliation: aColorado Craniofacial Center & Colorado Facial Plastic Surgery Center bDepartment Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado cColorado Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Imola
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liddell
mesh_terms: D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement; D006801:Humans; D007595:Joint Prosthesis; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*