title: Developing an Evidence-based Followup Schedule for Bone Sarcomas Based on Local Recurrence and Metastatic Progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential for local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis after treatment of primary bone sarcomas necessitates careful patient followup; however, minimal data exist regarding the incidence and timing of these events, and therefore an evidence-based surveillance protocol has not been developed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this study were to (1) describe the frequency and timing of local recurrence by histologic grade over time; (2) describe the frequency and timing of metastasis by histologic grade and diagnosis over time; and (3) use these data to either justify current surveillance schedules and/or propose modifications that may improve the rate of new pulmonary metastatic events detected per examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent resection of a primary, nonmetastatic bone sarcoma (excluding chordoma) at a single tertiary oncology center from 1989 to 2010. Of the 680 patients identified, 15 were excluded for loss of followup in the first 2 years, leaving 665 eligible for study. Of these, 437 patients were alive with no evidence of disease at the conclusion of the study (mean followup, 136 months; range, 25-321 months). Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate and control for patient age, tumor size, tumor location, and surgical margins. With patients stratified by sarcoma grade, Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed for the endpoints of local recurrence and metastasis, and log-rank tests were used to compare the rates of these events between grades and diagnoses. The number of new pulmonary metastatic events per patient-year was calculated for each sarcoma grade over the time intervals used in current surveillance protocols (0-2, 2-5, 5-10, and > 10 years) to facilitate development of a surveillance schedule that would maximize events detected per imaging study performed. In addition, to determine the effect of disease type, subset analysis was performed for osteosarcoma (OSA) and chondrosarcoma because these were the only diagnoses with sufficient numbers to support individual statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the numbers available for study, the overall local recurrence-free survival did not differ between sarcoma grades at any time points (p = 0.864). Metastasis-free survival curves differed between sarcoma grades (p < 0.001), and the pattern of Grade 2 OSA metastasis was more consistent with other Grade 3 sarcomas, so it was subsequently classified as high grade. No metastases of Grade 1 sarcomas occurred after 3 years, whereas Grade 2 and 3 sarcomas continued to metastasize until 10 years and rarely thereafter. According to the number of new pulmonary metastatic events per patient-year in each group, we propose that chest surveillance be performed according to the following schedule: annually only until 5 years for low-grade sarcomas; every 3 months for 2 years and annually from 2 to 10 years for intermediate-grade sarcomas; and every 3 months for 2 years, every 6 months from 2 to 5 years, and annually from 5 to 10 years for high-grade sarcomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulmonary screening beyond 5 years may not be necessary for Grade 1 tumors but should be continued until 10 years for Grade 2 and 3 bone sarcomas. The surveillance frequency listed here, which is based on the number of new pulmonary metastatic events per patient-year in each grade, would increase the number of such events detected per examination performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, therapeutic study.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Oncology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, 660 S Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8233, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. caracipriano@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cipriano
authors.affiliation: University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wunder
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002813:Chondrosarcoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D019091:Critical Pathways; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009864:Ontario; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome