title: Effect of Improving Dietary Quality on Arterial Stiffness in Subjects with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A 12 Months Randomised Controlled Trial.
abstract: People with diabetes have accelerated arterial stiffening. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of increasing fruit, vegetable and dairy intake for 12 months on carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), augmentation index (AIx), and central blood pressure (cBP), compared to a usual diet control, in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In a 12 months randomised controlled trial, cfPWV, AIx and cBP were measured every 3 months. The intervention group received dietary counselling to increase consumption of fruit (+1 serving/day; 150 g/day), vegetables (+2 servings/day; 150 g/day) and dairy (+1 serving/day; 200-250 g/day) at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months. The control group continued on their usual diet. One hundred and nine participants were randomised and 92 (intervention n = 45; control n = 47) completed. At 3 months, fruit (184 g/day; p = 0.001) and dairy (83 g/day; p = 0.037) intake increased in the intervention group compared with the control group but this increase was not maintained at 12 months. After adjustment for baseline measurements there was no time by treatment effect for central systolic or diastolic BP, AIx or cfPWV. A time effect existed for AIx which modestly increased over time. Peripheral diastolic BP and central pulse pressure were improved in the intervention group compared with the control group at 12 months. In the cohort with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, improving dietary quality by increasing consumption of fruit, vegetables and dairy did not improve cBP, AIx or cfPWV, compared with a control group continuing on their usual diet, after 12 months.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences &amp; Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. kristina.petersen@mymail.unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kristina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences &amp; Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. peter.clifton@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences &amp; Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. natalie.blanch@mymail.unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences &amp; Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. jennifer.keogh@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Keogh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003611:Dairy Products; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D011188:Potassium; D012964:Sodium; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: arterial stiffness; augmentation index; central blood pressure; diabetes; diet; nutrition; pulse wave velocity