title: The associations of vitamin D status and dietary calcium with the metabolic syndrome: an analysis of the Victorian Health Monitor survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), dietary Ca intake and presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified cluster sample of a population aged 18-75 years from the Victorian Health Monitor survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-institutionalized adults living in private dwellings in Victoria, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults (n 3404) with complete data and without type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted for sociodemographic factors, physical characteristics and dietary covariates including Ca intake, every 10 nmol/l increase in serum 25(OH)D was significantly associated with decreased odds of MetS (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0·85, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·89; P<0·001). Relative to the low 25(OH)D tertile (median 33 nmol/l), there was a progressive decrease in odds of MetS that reached significance with the high 25(OH)D tertile (median 77 nmol/l; AOR=0·35, 95 % CI 0·26, 0·48; P<0·001). Every 500 mg/d increase in Ca intake adjusted for 25(OH)D did not reduce odds of MetS (AOR=0·81, 95 % CI 0·66, 1·06; P=0·141) but approached significance if unadjusted for 25(OH)D in the final model (AOR=0·81, 95 % CI 0·64, 1·02; P=0·073). No significant effect was obtained for tertiles of Ca intake. However, Ca and vitamin D tertile combinations suggested a beneficial effect of high Ca (median 1233 mg/d) only at low and medium 25(OH)D. The high 25(OH)D tertile was associated with significantly decreased odds of MetS regardless of Ca intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high vitamin D status significantly reduced the odds of MetS. A high Ca intake may have a similar favourable outcome but only at lower circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D.
authors.affiliation: 1Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,School of Public Health,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences,Curtin University,GPO Box U1987,Perth,WA 6845,Australia.
authors.forename: Poonam K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Pannu
authors.affiliation: 2Occupation and the Environment,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences,Curtin University,Perth,WA,Australia.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: 1Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,School of Public Health,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences,Curtin University,GPO Box U1987,Perth,WA 6845,Australia.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: 3Health Intelligence Unit,System Intelligence and Analytics Branch,Health Strategy,Productivity and Analytics Division,Department of Health and Human Services,Melbourne,VIC,Australia.
authors.forename: Leonard S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Piers
authors.affiliation: 3Health Intelligence Unit,System Intelligence and Analytics Branch,Health Strategy,Productivity and Analytics Division,Department of Health and Human Services,Melbourne,VIC,Australia.
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ansari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004034:Diet Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Calcium; Metabolic syndrome; Vitamin D