title: A systematic review and narrative summary of family-based smoking cessation interventions to help adults quit smoking.
abstract: Smoking is the most significant preventable cause of morbidity and early mortality in the world. The family is an influential context in which smoking behaviour occurs.
  
  
  
  A systematic review and narrative summary of family-based interventions to help adults quit smoking was conducted.
  
  
  
  Eight controlled trials were included. Risk of bias was high. The smoking-related outcome of the intervention was self-reported smoking status/abstinence, validated by objective measures (including saliva thiocynate or breath carbon monoxide). Follow-up ranged from 6 weeks to 5 years. The main target groups were: pregnant women (1), pregnant women who smoked (2), men at risk of cardiovascular disease (2), adult smokers (1), parents who smoked (1) and couples who both smoked (1). Interventions included family members but most did not go further by drawing on family, systemic or relational theories to harness the influence of family on smoking behaviour. Only three studies directly compared the effects on smoking behaviour of a family-based (i.e., interventions that involve a member of the family) versus an individual-based (i.e., interventions that use behaviour change techniques that focus on the individual) intervention. None of these studies found significant differences between groups on the smoking behaviour of the main target group.
  
  
  
  We have yet to develop family-based smoking cessation interventions that harness or re-direct the influence of family members on smoking behaviour in a positive way. Thus, it is likely that individualised-approaches to smoking cessation will prevail.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Highland Campus, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, UK. gill.hubbard@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Highland Campus, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, UK.
authors.forename: Trish
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gorely
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
authors.forename: Gozde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozakinci
authors.affiliation: Highland Health Sciences Library, University of Stirling, Highland Campus, Centre for Health Science, Inverness, UK.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Polson
authors.affiliation: Australian Catholic University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forbat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D005196:Family Therapy; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D017211:Treatment Failure
keywords: Family; Intervention studies; Smoking cessation; Systematic review