title: Herpes simplex virus 1 induces egress channels through marginalized host chromatin.
abstract: Lytic infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces profound modification of the cell nucleus including formation of a viral replication compartment and chromatin marginalization into the nuclear periphery. We used three-dimensional soft X-ray tomography, combined with cryogenic fluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy, to analyse the transformation of peripheral chromatin during HSV-1 infection. Our data showed an increased presence of low-density gaps in the marginalized chromatin at late infection. Advanced data analysis indicated the formation of virus-nucleocapsid-sized (or wider) channels extending through the compacted chromatin of the host. Importantly, confocal and electron microscopy analysis showed that these gaps frequently contained viral nucleocapsids. These results demonstrated that HSV-1 infection induces the formation of channels penetrating the compacted layer of cellular chromatin and allowing for the passage of progeny viruses to the nuclear envelope, their site of nuclear egress.
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, Jyvaskyla, FI-40500, Finland.
authors.forename: Markko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Myllys
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Jyvaskyla, FI-40500, Finland.
authors.forename: Visa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruokolainen
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, Jyvaskyla, FI-40500, Finland.
authors.forename: Vesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.|Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Jyvaskyla, FI-40500, Finland.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hakanen
authors.affiliation: University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Piritta
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peri
authors.affiliation: International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, F-69007, France.|Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.|Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, Lyon, F-69007, France.|LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salvetti
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, Jyvaskyla, FI-40500, Finland.|ITMO University, Kronverkskii ave. 49, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Timonen
authors.affiliation: University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Veijo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hukkanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.|University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Larabell
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, Jyvaskyla, FI-40500, Finland.
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vihinen-Ranta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D059008:Time-Lapse Imaging / Q000379:methods; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray; D014771:Virion / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin