title: Transmembrane protein 147 (TMEM147): another partner protein of Haemonchus contortus galectin on the goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
abstract: Recombinant galectins of male and female Haemonchus contortus (rHco-gal-m/f) have been recognized as significant regulators of the functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In previous research, transmembrane protein 63A (TMEM63A) was identified as a partner protein in the regulation associated with H. contortus infection. However, in the identification of binding partners for galectins of male and female H. contortus (Hco-gal-m/f) by yeast two-hybrid (YTH) screening, it was found that the transmembrane protein 147 (TMEM147) could also bind to Hco-gal-m/f. In this study, the functions of TMEM147 in the regulations of H. contortus galectin on the goat PBMC were investigated.
  
  
  
  To identify Hco-gal-m/f-interacting proteins, a yeast two-hybrid system to detect interactions was used. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting were used to validate the interaction between recombinant galectins of male H. contortus (rHco-gal-m) and candidate binding protein. The localization of TMEM147 in PBMC was explored by immunofluorescence in confocal imaging studies. Flow cytometry was used to determine the distribution of TMEM147 in T cells, B cells and monocytes in PBMC. The modulatory effects of rHco-gal-m and TMEM147 on cell proliferation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide production, migration, apoptosis and cytokine mRNA transcription were observed by co-incubation of rHco-gal-m and knockdown of the tmem147 gene.
  
  
  
  In this research, it was demonstrated that TMEM147 could bind to rHco-gal-m/f. Immunofluorescence assays showed that TMEM147 was localized to the cell membrane and within the cell membrane in goat PBMC. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that TMEM147 was expressed in all B cells and monocytes in goat PBMC. However, 3.8 % of T cells did not express this protein. Knockdown of the tmem147 gene using RNA interference (RNAi) showed that the interaction of galectin with TMEM147 mainly mediated cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, transcription of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) of goat PBMC. This membrane protein, together with TMEM63A, was also related to the regulation of galectin on phagocytosis and nitric oxide production of goat PBMC. However, it might not be involved in the regulation of galectin on the migration and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) transcription of goat PBMC.
  
  
  
  Our results showed that TMEM147 was a binding partner of Hco-gal-m/f and mediated the immunological regulation of Hco-gal-m/f on goat PBMC in a manner different to that of TMEM63A.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: LiKun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: MingMin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: YuJian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: YuLing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: RuoFeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: LiXin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: XiaoKai
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China. lixiangrui@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: XiangRui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D037161:Galectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006041:Goats / Q000097:blood*; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D037161:Galectins; D008565:Membrane Proteins
keywords: Galectin; Goat PBMC; Haemonchus contortus; Member receptor; TMEM147