title: EIectrical impedance and transepidermal water loss of healthy human skin under different conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The skin barrier function is a multidimensional quality, which can be defined by a combination of noninvasive measurements, including EIectrical impedance (EI) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  TEWL and EI were determined on in five different areas of the body in 25 healthy volunteers. The effects of hydration (a 15 min water bath, a 1 h occlusion and application of an oil-in-water emulsion combined with occlusion) were measured on the volar forearm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EI was highest in the axillary region, followed by the cheek, spinal region, presternal area and upper arm. TEWL was highest in the axillary region, followed by the cheek. Lowest levels were detected in the spinal region, the presternal region and the upper arm. The water bath increased EI but not TEWL. After 1 h occlusion TEWL was not increased and EI decreased, which corresponds to stratum corneum hydration. After a single application of an oil-in-water emulsion, we observed a reduction of EI and an increase of TEWL. The simultaneous use of occlusion and application of an emulsion led to the most significant reduction of EI. TEWL was increased during the following 30 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EI and TEWL show a topological variability. Acute hydration increased EI but occlusion and/or moisturizing decreased EI. Acute hydration and occlusion alone did not significantly affect TEWL, but moisturizing in combination caused a longer lasting TEWL increase. To examine the stratum corneum function, the use of different noninvasive techniques seem to provide more complex information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wollina
keywords: EIectrical impedance; TEWL; anatomic site; skin barrier function; skin hydration; skin occlusion