title: Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between appearance- versus performance-driven motivations.
abstract: Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use has been robustly associated with negative body image, and eating- and muscularity-oriented psychopathology. However, with AAS being increasingly utilized for both appearance and athletic performance-related purposes, we investigated whether comorbid body image psychopathology varies as a function of motivation for usage.
  
  
  
  Self-reported motivation for current and initial AAS use was recorded amongst 122 AAS using males, alongside measures of current disordered eating and muscle dysmorphia psychopathology.
  
  
  
  Those reporting AAS for appearance purposes reported greater overall eating disorder psychopathology, F(2, 118)=7.45, p=0.001, ηp(2)=0.11, and muscle dysmorphia psychopathology, F(2, 118)=7.22, p<0.001, ηp(2)=0.11, than those using AAS primarily for performance purposes. Additionally, greater dietary restraint, F(2, 116)=3.61, p=0.030, ηp(2)=0.06, functional impairment, F(2, 118)=3.26, p=0.042, ηp(2)=0.05, and drive for size, F(2, 118)=10.76, p<0.001, ηp(2)=0.15, was demonstrated in those using ASS for appearance purposes.
  
  
  
  Motivation for AAS use may be important in accounting for differential profiles of body image psychopathology amongst users. Men whose AAS use is driven primarily by appearance-related concerns may be a particularly dysfunctional subgroup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States. Electronic address: stuart.murray@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mond
authors.affiliation: Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kean
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States; SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Aaron J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Blashill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D000067029:Physical Appearance, Body / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011599:Psychopathology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D045165:Testosterone Congeners
keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids; Body image; Eating disorders; Muscle dysmorphia