title: Is Butter Back? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Butter Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Total Mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary guidelines recommend avoiding foods high in saturated fat. Yet, emerging evidence suggests cardiometabolic benefits of dairy products and dairy fat. Evidence on the role of butter, with high saturated dairy fat content, for total mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the association of butter consumption with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in general populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We searched 9 databases from inception to May 2015 without restriction on setting, or language, using keywords related to butter consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes. Prospective cohorts or randomized clinical trials providing estimates of effects of butter intake on mortality, cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease and stroke, or diabetes in adult populations were included. One investigator screened titles and abstracts; and two reviewed full-text articles independently in duplicate, and extracted study and participant characteristics, exposure and outcome definitions and assessment methods, analysis methods, and adjusted effects and associated uncertainty, all independently in duplicate. Study quality was evaluated by a modified Newcastle-Ottawa score. Random and fixed effects meta-analysis pooled findings, with heterogeneity assessed using the I2 statistic and publication bias by Egger's test and visual inspection of funnel plots. We identified 9 publications including 15 country-specific cohorts, together reporting on 636,151 unique participants with 6.5 million person-years of follow-up and including 28,271 total deaths, 9,783 cases of incident cardiovascular disease, and 23,954 cases of incident diabetes. No RCTs were identified. Butter consumption was weakly associated with all-cause mortality (N = 9 country-specific cohorts; per 14g(1 tablespoon)/day: RR = 1.01, 95%CI = 1.00, 1.03, P = 0.045); was not significantly associated with any cardiovascular disease (N = 4; RR = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.98, 1.02; P = 0.704), coronary heart disease (N = 3; RR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.96, 1.03; P = 0.537), or stroke (N = 3; RR = 1.01, 95%CI = 0.98, 1.03; P = 0.737), and was inversely associated with incidence of diabetes (N = 11; RR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.93, 0.99; P = 0.021). We did not identify evidence for heterogeneity nor publication bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests relatively small or neutral overall associations of butter with mortality, CVD, and diabetes. These findings do not support a need for major emphasis in dietary guidelines on either increasing or decreasing butter consumption, in comparison to other better established dietary priorities; while also highlighting the need for additional investigation of health and metabolic effects of butter and dairy fat.
authors.affiliation: Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pimpin
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason H Y
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Hila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haskelberg
authors.affiliation: Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, United States of America.|Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Gobbo
authors.affiliation: Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002079:Butter; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002079:Butter