title: A stepwise approach for the management of capsular contraction syndrome in hinge-based accommodative intraocular lenses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study are to define the various stages of capsular contraction syndrome (CCS) and its effect on refractive error with hinge-based accommodating intraocular lenses (IOLs) and to describe a systematic approach for the management of the different stages of CCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hinge-based accommodative IOLs function via flexible hinges that vault the optic forward during accommodation. However, it is the flexibility of the IOL that makes it prone to deformation in the event of CCS. The signs of CCS are identified and described as posterior capsular striae, fibrotic bands across the anterior or posterior capsule, and capsule opacification. Various degrees of CCS may affect hinge-based accommodating IOLs in a spectrum from subtle changes in IOL appearance to significant increases in refractive error and loss of uncorrected visual acuity. The signs of CCS and its effect on IOL position and the resulting changes in refractive error are matched to appropriate treatment plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A surgeon can avoid CCS and manage the condition if familiar with the early signs of CCS. If CCS is identified, yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser capsulotomy should be considered. If moderate CCS occurs, it may be effectively treated with insertion of a capsular tension ring. If CCS is allowed to progress to advanced stages, an IOL exchange may be necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons should be familiar with the stages of CCS and subsequent interventions. The steps outlined in this article help to guide surgeons in the prevention and management of CCS with hinge-based accommodative IOLs in order to provide improved refractive outcomes for patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: Key-Whitman Eye Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whitman
keywords: CTR; IOL subluxation; capsular fibrosis; capsular tension ring; pseudophakic tilt; z-syndrome