title: Assessment of biostimulation and bioaugmentation for removing chlorinated volatile organic compounds from groundwater at a former manufacture plant.
abstract: Site in a former chemical manufacture plant in China was found contaminated with high level of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs). The major contaminants chloroform (CF), 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) and vinyl chloride (VC) in groundwater were up to 4.49 × 104, 2.76 × 106and 4.35 × 104μg/L, respectively. Ethene and methane were at concentrations up to 2219.80 and 165.85 μg/L, respectively. To test the hypothesis that the CVOCs in groundwater at this site could be removed via biodegradation, biomarker analyses and microcosm studies were conducted. Dehalococcoides 16S rRNA gene and VC-reductase gene vcrA at densities up to 1.5 × 104and 3.2 × 104copies/L were detected in some of the groundwater samples, providing strong evidence that dechlorinating bacteria were present in the aquifer. Results from the microcosm studies showed that at moderate concentrations (CF about 4000 μg/L and 1,2-DCA about 100 μg/L), CF was recalcitrant under natural condition but was degraded under biostimulation and bioaugmentation, while 1,2-DCA was degraded under all the three conditions. At high concentration (CF about 1,000,000 μg/L and 1,2-DCA about 20,000 μg/L), CF was recalcitrant under all the three treatments and 1,2-DCA was only degraded under bioaugmentation, indicating that high concentrations of contaminants were inhibitory to the bacteria. Electron donors had influence on the degradation of contaminants. Of the four fatty acids (pyruvate, acetate, propionate and lactate) examined, all could stimulate the degradation of 1,2-DCA at both moderate and high concentrations, whereas only pyruvate and acetate could stimulate the degradation of CF at moderate concentration. In the microcosms, the observed first-order degradation rates of CF and 1,2-DCA were up to 0.12 and 0.11/day, respectively. Results from the present study provided scientific basis for remediating CVOCs contaminated groundwater at the site.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States. shuzhang113@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: ESD China Limited, 100102, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dong-Ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. luxx@urban.pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xia
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002725:Chloroform / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D005025:Ethylene Dichlorides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005025:Ethylene Dichlorides; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C024565:ethylene dichloride; D002725:Chloroform
keywords: Bioaugmentation; Biomarker; Biostimulation; Chlorinated volatile organic compounds; Microcosm; Natural attenuation