title: Responses of bacterial community and functional marker genes of nitrogen cycling to biochar, compost and combined amendments in soil.
abstract: Biochar and compost are seen as two attractive waste management options and are used for soil amendment and pollution remediation. The interaction between biochar and composting may improve the potential benefits of biochar and compost. We investigated soil physicochemical properties, bacterial community, bacterial 16S rRNA, and functional marker genes of nitrogen cycling of the soil remedied with nothing (S), compost (SC), biochar (SB), a mixture of compost and biochar (SBC), composted biochar (SBced), and a composted mixture of biochar and biomass (SBCing). The results were that all amendments (1) increased the bacterial community richness (except SB) and SBCing showed the greatest efficiency; (2) increased the bacterial community diversity (SBCing > SBC > SC > SBced > SB > S); and (3) changed the gene copy numbers of 16S rRNA, nirK, nirS, and nosZ genes of bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). All amendments (except SB) could increase the gene copy number of 16S rRNA, and SBCing had the greatest efficiency. The changes of soil bacterial community richness and diversity and the gene copy numbers of 16S rRNA, nirK, nirS, nosZ, AOA, and AOB would affect carbon and nitrogen cycling of the ecosystem and also implied that BCing had the greatest efficiency on soil amendment.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haipeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China. zgming@hnu.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China. zgming@hnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China. liangjie@hnu.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China. liangjie@hnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jijun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Piao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yaoyu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D058448:Biota; D002606:Charcoal; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019641:DNA, Archaeal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D019641:DNA, Archaeal; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: 16S rRNA; Bacterial community; Biochar; Compost; Functional marker genes; Soil amendment