title: Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in the PICU: A Simple Concept With a Complex Past.
abstract: In this study, we will review the most recently proposed mechanisms for remote ischemic preconditioning and summarize the past 10 years of clinical studies, as well as potential reasons for why, despite over 20 years of research on remote ischemic preconditioning, it is not routinely used in the pediatric critical care patient. In addition, future directions for remote ischemic preconditioning research will be discussed.
  
  
  
  We searched the PubMed database for relevant literature.
  
  
  
  In PubMed, the search terms "ischemic preconditioning" and "remote preconditioning" were used. Randomized controlled trials published from 2006 until the present time that used a blood pressure cuff to induce remote ischemic preconditioning were included. We also reviewed the reference lists of the articles found in the PubMed search and included those thought to contribute to the objectives. All studies pertaining to remote ischemic preconditioning that included pediatric patients were reviewed.
  
  
  
  Differences in study outcomes in the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on organ protection have been reported and may have played a large role in limiting the translation of findings into routine clinical practice. Ongoing efforts to protocolize the remote ischemic preconditioning technique in large multicenter trials with clearly delineated patient risk groups, including the use of biomarkers for enrichment, may help to ultimately determine if this procedure can be safely and effectively used for critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: All authors: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Dana Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Fuhrman
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kellum
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care