title: Angiopellosis as an Alternative Mechanism of Cell Extravasation.
abstract: Stem cells possess the ability to home in and travel to damaged tissue when injected intravenously. For the cells to exert their therapeutic effect, they must cross the blood vessel wall and enter the surrounding tissues. The mechanism of extravasation injected stem cells employ for exit has yet to be characterized. Using intravital microscopy and a transgenic zebrafish line Tg(fli1a:egpf) with GFP-expressing vasculature, we documented the detailed extravasation processes in vivo for injected stem cells in comparison to white blood cells (WBCs). While WBCs left the blood vessels by the standard diapedesis process, injected cardiac and mesenchymal stem cells underwent a distinct method of extravasation that was markedly different from diapedesis. Here, the vascular wall undergoes an extensive remodeling to allow the cell to exit the lumen, while the injected cell remains distinctively passive in activity. We termed this process Angio-pello-sis, which represents an alternative mechanism of cell extravasation to the prevailing theory of diapedesis. Stem Cells 2017;35:170-180 Video Highlight: https://youtu.be/i5EI-ZvhBps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gracieux
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Maliha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talib
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Tokarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: M Taylor
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hensley
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Jhon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cores
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vandergriff
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Junnan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: James B M
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Phuong-Uyen
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Molecular Pharmaceutics Division, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA.|Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangshu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000502:physiology*; D018845:CD11 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002449:Cell Aggregation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D048430:Cell Shape; D004285:Dogs; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D000069416:Intravital Microscopy; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells; D008863:Microspheres; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D013997:Time Factors; D057705:Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018845:CD11 Antigens; D011108:Polymers
keywords: Angiopellosis; Diapedesis; Extravasation; Stem cell infusion; Transmigration