title: Tuberculosis and the traveller: evaluating and reducing  risk through travel consultation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the last 10 years have seen a slow decline in global tuberculosis (TB) incidence, it remains one of the most significant infectious diseases worldwide, with an estimated 9.6 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2014. The consequences of contracting TB can be significant for the individual, with extended treatment requirements, risk of long-term health consequences and the possibility of transmitting infection to others among the complications of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review article discusses the risk of TB infection as a result of international travel including evaluation of risk, risk reduction and a proposed testing strategy for travel-related TB infection. A review of the relevant literature combined with expert opinion was used to formulate this article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The global TB epidemic is varied and dynamic, including changing patterns of both drug sensitive and drug resistant disease. The annual incidence of TB in individual countries such as South Africa may be greater than 800/100,000, while multidrug resistance is found in up to 19% of new cases in the Russian Federation. Recent surveys of traveller risk are presented for short and long-term travellers to various countries and settings. Overall, risk to travelers is low, with rates of acquiring latent TB less than 1% per travel year for most settings. However, detailed travel evaluation is necessary to evaluate individual risk. Travellers with immunosuppressive conditions are at high risk for progression to active disease if infected, and should have special consideration in travel consultation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important for practitioners giving advice regarding tuberculosis risk and travel to access up-to-date information regarding local conditions. This article provides an approach to assessment and management of TB in travellers, including a guide to pre- and post-travel evaluation, testing and vaccination.
authors.forename: Justin T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Denholm
authors.forename: Irani
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thevarajan
mesh_terms: D001500:BCG Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012426:Russia; D012882:Skin Tests; D013019:South Africa; D014195:Travel; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine