title: Ascorbic Acid-Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Sodium Vanadium Phosphate Nanoparticles with Highly sp(2) -Coordinated Carbon Coatings as Efficient Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries.
abstract: Herein, mesoporous sodium vanadium phosphate nanoparticles with highly sp(2) -coordinated carbon coatings (meso-Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 /C) were successfully synthesized as efficient cathode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries by using ascorbic acid as both the reductant and carbon source, followed by calcination at 750 °C in an argon atmosphere. Their crystalline structure, morphology, surface area, chemical composition, carbon nature and amount were systematically explored. Following electrochemical measurements, the resultant meso-Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 /C not only delivered good reversible capacity (98 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1) ) and superior rate capability (63 mAh g(-1) at 1 A g(-1) ) but also exhibited comparable cycling performance (capacity retention: ≈74 % at 450 cycles at 0.4 A g(-1) ). Moreover, the symmetrical sodium-ion full cell with excellent reversibility and cycling stability was also achieved (capacity retention: 92.2 % at 0.1 A g(-1) with 99.5 % coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles). These attributes are ascribed to the distinctive mesostructure for facile sodium-ion insertion/extraction and their continuous sp(2) -coordinated carbon coatings, which facilitate electronic conduction.
authors.affiliation: New Energy Technology Division, Energy and Environment Research Laboratories (GEL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), No. 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, 31040, Taiwan. taifeng@itri.org.tw.
authors.forename: Tai-Feng
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3304-6358
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd., Da'an District, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Jen
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: New Energy Technology Division, Energy and Environment Research Laboratories (GEL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), No. 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, 31040, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Sheng
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: New Energy Technology Division, Energy and Environment Research Laboratories (GEL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), No. 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, 31040, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chang-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER), No. 1000, Wenhua Rd. Jiaan Village, Longtan District, Taoyuan, 32546, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd., Da'an District, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kuo
keywords: ascorbic acid; mesoporous materials; nanotechnology; sodium-ion batteries; sp2 carbon coating