title: Extracellular ATP Induces Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis via Purinergic Receptor Y2 in Mice.
abstract: A solid body of evidence supports a role of extracellular ATP and its P2 receptors in innate and adaptive immunity. It promotes inflammation as a danger signal in various chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, we hypothesize contribution of extracellular ATP and its receptor P2Y2 in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
  
  
  
  Extracellular ATP induced leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and migration in vivo as assessed by intravital microscopy and in sterile peritonitis. To test the role of extracellular ATP in atherosclerosis, ATP or saline as control was injected intraperitoneally 3× a week in low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice consuming high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis significantly increased after 16 weeks in ATP-treated mice (n=13; control group, 0.26 mm2; ATP group, 0.33 mm2; P=0.01). To gain into the role of ATP-receptor P2Y2 in ATP-induced leukocyte recruitment, ATP was administered systemically in P2Y2-deficient or P2Y2-competent mice. In P2Y2-deficient mice, the ATP-induced leukocyte adhesion was significantly reduced as assessed by intravital microscopy. P2Y2 expression in atherosclerosis was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and demonstrates an increased expression mainly caused by influx of P2Y2-expressing macrophages. To investigate the functional role of P2Y2 in atherogenesis, P2Y2-deficient low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice consumed high cholesterol diet. After 16 weeks, P2Y2-deficient mice showed significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions with decreased macrophages compared with P2Y2-competent mice (n=11; aortic arch: control group, 0.25 mm(2); P2Y2-deficient, 0.14 mm2; P=0.04). Mechanistically, atherosclerotic lesions from P2Y2-deficient mice expressed less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 RNA.
  
  
  
  We show that extracellular ATP induces vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis via activation of P2Y2.
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stachon
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Serjosha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geis
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peikert
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nathaly Anto
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ünal
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dufner
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Timoteo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marchini
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cicko
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Korcan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ayata
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zech
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hilgendorf
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Willecke
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reinöhl
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Zur Mühlen
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Idzko
authors.affiliation: From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. andreas.zirlik@universitaets-herzzentrum.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zirlik
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005838:Genotype; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036904:Leukocyte Rolling / Q000187:drug effects; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D058473:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C090509:Icam1 protein, mouse; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D058473:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: adenosine triphosphate; atherosclerosis; immunity; leukocytes; mice; receptors, purinergic P2Y2