title: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Saliva Analysis.
abstract: Saliva provides a valuable tool for assessing oral and systemic diseases, but concentrations of salivary components are very small, calling the need for precise analysis methods. In this work, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using transmission and photoacoustic (PA) modes were compared for quantitative analysis of saliva. The performance of these techniques was compared with a calibration series. The linearity of spectrum output was verified by using albumin-thiocyanate (SCN(-)) solution at different SCN(-) concentrations. Saliva samples used as a comparison were obtained from healthy subjects. Saliva droplets of 15 µL were applied on the silicon sample substrate, 6 drops for each specimen, and dried at 37 ℃ overnight. The measurements were carried out using an FT-IR spectrometer in conjunction with an accessory unit for PA measurements. The findings with both transmission and PA modes mirror each other. The major bands presented were 1500-1750 cm(-1) for proteins and 1050-1200 cm(-1) for carbohydrates. In addition, the distinct spectral band at 2050 cm(-1) derives from SCN(-) anions, which is converted by salivary peroxidases to hypothiocyanate (OSCN(-)). The correlation between the spectroscopic data with SCN(-) concentration (r > 0.990 for transmission and r = 0.967 for PA mode) was found to be significant (P < 0.01), thus promising to be utilized in future applications.
authors.affiliation: SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland jopi.mikkonen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Jopi J W
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mikkonen
authors.affiliation: Gasera Ltd., Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raittila
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Lassi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rieppo
authors.affiliation: SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Reijo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Research Group of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland Educational Dental Clinic, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Arja M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kullaa
authors.affiliation: SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Myllymaa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000418:Albumins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000418:Albumins; D013861:Thiocyanates; C031760:thiocyanate
keywords: FT-IR; IR; Infrared; PA; fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; oral cancer; oral diseases; photoacoustic; saliva analysis; spectroscopy