title: Alzheimer's Disease and the Early Signs of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
abstract: This study investigated signs of age related macular degeneration (AMD) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These age-related diseases primarily affect different parts of the central nervous system but are substantially similar in terms of abnormal extracellular deposits, metabolic and oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and microvascular abnormalities. While AMD is a retinal disease, AD is reported to affect not only the brain but also the retina, with Aβ deposits, neurodegeneration and vascular changes. Large population based studies have provided conflicting results regarding the comorbidity of AD and AMD. This study investigated signs of AMD in a small but well characterized cohort from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study of aging (AIBL). The cohort consisted of 22 AD patients (age 70.2 ± 9.0 yrs, 13 male, 9 female) and 101 cognitively normal (CN) participants (age 71.3 ± 6.0 yrs, 40 male, 61 female). In comparison with the CN group, the AD group had a greater proportion of participants with early AMD (p < 0.0001, odds ratio 18.67, 95% CI 4.42 - 78.80). A logistic model for early AMD found a significant association with AD diagnosis (p < 0.0001), after adjusting for confounders (age, smoking, hypertension, high and low density lipoproteins, cataract surgery and APOE ε4 carrier status). The results of this study are consistent with an increased risk of AMD in AD. While the pathophysiology of these diseases are unclear, understanding the shared features between them may provide further knowledge about their pathogenesis and could lead to accelerated development of therapies for both diseases.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guymer
authors.forename: Khin Zaw
authors.initials: KZ
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.forename: S Lance
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.forename: Hamid R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sohrabi
authors.forename: Pierrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourgeat
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Salvado
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: Colin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Ralph N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Yogesan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanagasingam
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001315:Australia; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E