title: Weight-Loss Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intermittent Energy Restriction Trials Lasting a Minimum of 6 Months.
abstract: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarise the effects of intermittent energy restriction on weight and biological markers in long term intervention studies of >6 months duration. An electronic search was performed using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases for intervention trials lasting 6 months or longer investigating the effects of intermittent energy restriction. A total of nine studies were identified as meeting the pre-specified criteria. All studies included an intermittent energy restriction arm, with six being directly compared to continuous energy restriction. A total of 981 subjects were enrolled and randomised, with weight loss observed in all intermittent energy restriction arms regardless of study duration or follow up length. Eight interventions in six trials were used for the meta-analyses, with results indicating neither intermittent or continuous energy restriction being superior with respect to weight loss, 0.084 ± 0.114 (overall mean difference between groups ± standard error; p = 0.458). The effects of intermittent energy restriction in the long term remain unclear. The number of long term studies conducted is very limited, and participant numbers typically small (less than 50 completers), indicating the need for larger, long term trials of 12 months or more, to be conducted in order to understand the impact of intermittent energy restriction on weight loss and long term weight management. Blood lipid concentrations, glucose, and insulin were not altered by intermittent energy expenditure in values greater than those seen with continuous energy restriction.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia. michelle.headland@mymail.unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Headland
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia. peter.clifton@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia. sharayah.carter@mymail.unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sharayah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia. Jennifer.Keogh@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Keogh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000379:methods*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: diet; intermittent energy restriction; weight loss