title: Early development and differentiation of the Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis (Rothschild, 1893): Procellariiformes).
abstract: Bird incubation is subdivided into two phases: differentiation (embryonic phase) and growth (fetal phase). Most birds have a relatively short incubation period (20-30 days) with the phase transition occurring midway through the incubation period. The Laysan albatross (Phoebastris immutabilis) is a large pelagic bird with a long incubation period. The purpose of this study was to document the differentiation phase with the aim of ascertaining the impact of a lengthened incubation on embryonic development. Eighty-two previously collected albatross embryos were examined, measured, and staged. The albatross was found to develop more slowly than smaller birds, with a rate similar to other long-incubating birds. Legs and wings grow at similar rates but exhibit variation in growth among their anatomical components. While the albatross embryos shared some morphological stages with chickens, they were more similar to ducks and pelicans. Special features of the albatross not shared with the Gallianserae (chickens and ducks) included an alligator-like curved tail, narial tubes, and a cloacal bulge. Further examination of other larger pelagic birds with long incubation periods are needed to determine the uniqueness of the Laysan albatross embryonic development. Although much embryonic phase growth was documented in the postnatal period, little is known about the later, fetal phase in Laysan albatross. Future studies should involve examination of later (post day 32) fetuses. J. Morphol. 277:1231-1249, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16507.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rehorek
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16507.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 16507.
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Beeching
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000196:embryology*
keywords: albatross; birds; differentiation; stages