title: Amla Enhances Mitochondrial Spare Respiratory Capacity by Increasing Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Antioxidant Systems in a Murine Skeletal Muscle Cell Line.
abstract: Amla is one of the most important plants in Indian traditional medicine and has been shown to improve various age-related disorders while decreasing oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a proposed cause of aging through elevated oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of Amla on mitochondrial function in C2C12 myotubes, a murine skeletal muscle cell model with abundant mitochondria. Based on cell flux analysis, treatment with an extract of Amla fruit enhanced mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity, which enables cells to overcome various stresses. To further explore the mechanisms underlying these effects on mitochondrial function, we analyzed mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant systems, both proposed regulators of mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. We found that Amla treatment stimulated both systems accompanied by AMPK and Nrf2 activation. Furthermore, we found that Amla treatment exhibited cytoprotective effects and lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells subjected to t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. These effects were accompanied by increased oxygen consumption, suggesting that Amla protected cells against oxidative stress by using enhanced spare respiratory capacity to produce more energy. Thus we identified protective effects of Amla, involving activation of mitochondrial function, which potentially explain its various effects on age-related disorders.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Science, MIKI Corporation, 3-12-4, Naruohama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8142, Japan; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsutaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Lemecha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mengistu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Science, MIKI Corporation, 3-12-4, Naruohama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8142, Japan.
authors.forename: Taishi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Science, MIKI Corporation, 3-12-4, Naruohama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8142, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiriyama
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Science, MIKI Corporation, 3-12-4, Naruohama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8142, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maegawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001678:Organelle Biogenesis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D029842:Phyllanthus emblica / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts