title: The procrastinators want it now: Behavioral and event-related potential evidence of the procrastination of intertemporal choices.
abstract: Much past research has focused on the correlation between procrastination and personality traits (e.g., impulsivity). According to the temporal motivation theory, procrastinators are impulsive and sensitive to delays in time. However, there is still a lack of direct evidence of the tendency of procrastinators to prefer immediate over future rewards. To investigate this question, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in the brain while participants performed an intertemporal choice task involving both time delay and reward processing. The participants were assigned to a high procrastination group and a low procrastination group according to their scores on self-report measures. We found that high procrastination participants preferred immediate rewards compared to future ones whereas low procrastination participants did not. High procrastinators also exhibited a larger and delayed P2 component, indicating delay time processing and abnormal reward processing. No significant effect associated with procrastination was found on the P300 component. Taken together, these findings suggest that high procrastinators are more impulsive and encode the information of delay time more slowly but with a higher level of motivation-driven attention. The current study substantiates higher impulsivity in procrastination and verifies that a difference exists in the sensitivity to time delay between high and low procrastinators.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Danyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Wenzheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Ruolei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognition and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.
authors.forename: Xiangru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: liux@psych.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D065786:Delay Discounting / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Event-related potentials; Impulsivity; Intertemporal choice; P2; Procrastination; Time discounting