title: Association Between Functional Dyspepsia and Severity of Depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between functional dyspepsia and the severity of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from September 2012 till January 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  After taking informed written consent, patients with symptoms of dyspepsia fulfilling the Rome III criteria were included in the study. All patients were evaluated for depression, using Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was done. Fischers' exact test and independent t-test were used for determining significance of association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and one patients with mean age of 35.81 (±14.81) years and male to female ratio of 1.41:1 (54/47) were included. Predominant symptoms were early satiety (72.3%), epigastric pain (65.3%), bloating (49.5%), postprandial fullness (40.6%), and regurgitation (40.6%). Alarm symptoms were positive in 44 (43.6%) patients. Dyspepsia were classified as epigastric pain syndrome (EPS, 69.3%), and postprandial distress syndrome (PDS, 30.7%). Significantly more females had PDS (p=0.04), with positive endoscopic findings in EPS (p=0.03). Positive endoscopic findings noted were esophagitis in 21.8%, and gastritis in 48.5% patients. All patients except one had depression, mild in 22.8%, moderate in 33.7%, severe in 31.7%, and very severe in 10.9% patients. Severe depression was seen in 32 (45.7%) patients with EPS and PDS; whereas very severe depression was in 11 (15.7%) patients of EPS, while 11 (35.4%) patients of PDS had severe depression but the difference was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional dyspepsia is associated with depression, while positive endoscopic findings are more likely in patients with EPS. Very severe depression was only seen with epigastric pain syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore.
authors.forename: Ommara
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore.
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore.
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore.
authors.forename: Raja Omer
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Fiaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore.
authors.forename: Ram Dev
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chaudary
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires