title: [SUBSTANTIATION OF DOSE LIMITS FOR A NEW NORMATIVE DOCUMENT ON RADIATION SAFETY OF LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS AT ORBIT ALTITUDES OF UP TO 500 KM].
abstract: Review of the data of experimental radiobiology and epidemiological follow-up of large groups of people subjected to radiation exposures on Earth has been undertaken to substantiate dose limits for critical organs of cosmonauts in order to ensure good performance and vitality while on long-duration orbital missions. The career dose limits for cosmonauts and astronauts established earlier in the USSR and USA amounted to nothing more but banning the risk of cancer death increase to 3%. To apply more rigorous criteria of delayed radiation risks, the Russian limits for cosmonauts were revised to substantiate a 4-fold reduction of the average tissue equivalent dose maximum to 1 Sv. The total of cancer and non-cancer radiation risks over lifetime and probable reduction of mean life expectancy (MLE) were calculated using the model of radiation-induced mortality for mammals and taken as the main damage to health. The established dose limit is equal to the career dose for nuclear industry personnel set forth by Russian standard document NRB 99/2009. For better agreement of admissible threshold doses to critical human organs (bone marrow, lens and skin) in the revised radiation limits for long-duration space missions and radiation safety limits on Earth, reduction of dose limits for the critical organs were substantiated additionally; these limits comply with those for planned over-exposure on Earth in document NRB 99/2009.
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Ushakov
authors.forename: Yu G
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Grigoriev
authors.forename: A V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Shafirkin
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Shurshakov
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D018480:Astronauts; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009915:Orbit; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D012426:Russia; D012449:Safety; D013026:Space Flight