title: Macrophages Exhibit a Large Repertoire of Activation States via Multiple Mechanisms of Macrophage-activating Factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophages are important components of human defense systems and consequently key to antitumor immunity. Human-serum macrophage activation factor (serum MAF) can activate macrophages, making it a promising reagent for anticancer therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established four different macrophage subtypes through introduction of different culture conditions to THP-1- and U937-derived macrophages. We assessed phagocytic activity to understand subtype responses to typical macrophage activation factors (MAFs) and the activation mechanisms of serum MAF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four macrophage subtypes differed in their response to all MAFs. Moreover, serum MAF had two different activation mechanisms: N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-dependent and GalNAc-independent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrophage activation states and mechanisms are heterogeneous.
authors.affiliation: Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Y U
authors.initials: YU
authors.lastname: Sumiya
authors.affiliation: Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan Saisei Mirai Cell Processing Center, Osaka, Japan Inui Immunotherapy Clinic, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.affiliation: Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan Saisei Mirai Cell Processing Center, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuchiike
authors.affiliation: Saisei Mirai Cell Processing Center, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uto
authors.affiliation: Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, Kobe, Japan nisikata@konan-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takahito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishikata
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D016215:Macrophage-Activating Factors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016215:Macrophage-Activating Factors
keywords: Immunotherapy; THP-1 cell line; U937 cell line; macrophage-activating factor; phagocytic activity