title: Auxotrophic Actinobacillus pleurpneumoniae grows in multispecies biofilms without the need for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) supplementation.
abstract: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, which causes important worldwide economic losses in the swine industry. Several respiratory tract infections are associated with biofilm formation, and A. pleuropneumoniae has the ability to form biofilms in vitro. Biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymer matrix that are attached to an abiotic or biotic surface. Virtually all bacteria can grow as a biofilm, and multi-species biofilms are the most common form of microbial growth in nature. The goal of this study was to determine the ability of A. pleuropneumoniae to form multi-species biofilms with other bacteria frequently founded in pig farms, in the absence of pyridine compounds (nicotinamide mononucleotide [NMN], nicotinamide riboside [NR] or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD]) that are essential for the growth of A. pleuropneumoniae.
  
  
  
  For the biofilm assay, strain 719, a field isolate of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1, was mixed with swine isolates of Streptococcus suis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, and deposited in 96-well microtiter plates. Based on the CFU results, A. pleuropneumoniae was able to grow with every species tested in the absence of pyridine compounds in the culture media. Interestingly, A. pleuropneumoniae was also able to form strong biofilms when mixed with S. suis, B. bronchiseptica or S. aureus. In the presence of E. coli, A. pleuropneumoniae only formed a weak biofilm. The live and dead populations, and the matrix composition of multi-species biofilms were also characterized using fluorescent markers and enzyme treatments. The results indicated that poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine remains the primary component responsible for the biofilm structure.
  
  
  
  In conclusion, A. pleuropneumoniae apparently is able to satisfy the requirement of pyridine compounds through of other swine pathogens by cross-feeding, which enables A. pleuropneumoniae to grow and form multi-species biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico, 20131.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loera-Muro
authors.affiliation: Groupe de recherche sur la maladies infectieuses du porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico, 20131.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Avelar-González
authors.affiliation: Groupe de recherche sur la maladies infectieuses du porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Labrie
authors.affiliation: Groupe de recherche sur la maladies infectieuses du porc, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Yannick D N
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, 62260.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oropeza-Navarro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico, 20131. alguerre@correo.uaa.mx.|Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico, 20131. alguerre@correo.uaa.mx.
authors.forename: Alma L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Barrera
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000378:metabolism; D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D016950:Bordetella bronchiseptica / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I / Q000494:pharmacology; D019286:Endopeptidase K / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009243:NAD / Q000172:deficiency*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000172:deficiency; D009537:Nicotinamide Mononucleotide / Q000172:deficiency; D016979:Pasteurella multocida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D013045:Species Specificity; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells; D017011:Streptococcus suis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D011725:Pyridines; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; C113831:poly-N-acetyl glucosamine; C018613:nicotinamide-beta-riboside; D009243:NAD; D009537:Nicotinamide Mononucleotide; D009536:Niacinamide; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I; D019286:Endopeptidase K; C023666:pyridine; D000117:Acetylglucosamine
keywords: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Biofilms; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Escherichia coli; Pasteurella multocida; Pyridine compounds; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus suis