title: When they talk about motherhood: a qualitative study of three groups' perceptions in a Swedish child health service context.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In light of the growing emphasis on individualization in healthcare, it is vital to take the diversity of inhabitants and users into consideration. Thus, identifying shared perceptions among group members may be important in improving healthcare that is relevant to the particular group, but also perceptions of the staff with whom interactions take place. This study investigates how motherhood is perceived among three groups: Somali-born mothers; Swedish-born mothers; and nurses at Swedish child health centers. Inequities in terms of access and satisfaction have previously been identified at the health centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in all three groups were asked to finalize two statements about motherhood; one statement about perfect motherhood, another about everyday motherhood. The responses were analyzed using qualitative coding and categorization to identify differences and similarities among the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The responses to both statements by the three groups included divergences as well as convergences. Overall, biological aspects of motherhood were absent, and respondents focused almost exclusively on social matters. Working life was embedded in motherhood, but only for the Somali-born mothers. The three groups put emphasis on different aspects of motherhood: Somali-born mothers on the community; the Swedish-born mothers on the child; and the nurses on the mother herself. The nurses - and to some extent the Swedish-born mothers - expected the mother to ask for help with the children when needed. However, the Somali-born mothers responded that the mother should be independent, not asking for such help. Nurses, more than both groups of mothers, largely described everyday motherhood in positively charged words or phrases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this paper suggest that convergences and divergences in perceptions of motherhood among three groups may be important in equitable access and utilization of healthcare. Individualized healthcare requires nuance and should avoid normative or stereotypical encounters by recognizing social context and needs that are relevant to specific groups of the population.
authors.affiliation: Department of System Development and Strategy, Western Region of Sweden/Västra Götalandsregionen, Regionens Hus, SE-405 44, Göteborg, Sweden. erik.olsson@chalmers.se.|Centre for Healthcare Improvement and Division of Service Management and Logistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Teknikens ekonomi och organisation, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden. erik.olsson@chalmers.se.
authors.forename: Erik Masao
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Department of System Development and Strategy, Western Region of Sweden/Västra Götalandsregionen, Regionens Hus, SE-405 44, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthcare Improvement and Division of Service Management and Logistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Teknikens ekonomi och organisation, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hellström
authors.affiliation: Department of System Development and Strategy, Western Region of Sweden/Västra Götalandsregionen, Regionens Hus, SE-405 44, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Määttä
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave ML 2008, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaughn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013548:Sweden
keywords: Child health; Country of birth; Motherhood; Social construction; Sweden; User perceptions