title: Ethanol extracts of chickpeas alter the total lipid content and expression levels of genes related to fatty acid metabolism in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
abstract: Desi-type chickpeas, which have long been used as a natural treatment for diabetes, have been reported to lower visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance induced by a chronic high-fat diet in rats. In this study, in order to examine the effects of chickpeas of this type in an in vitro system, we used the 3T3-L1 mouse cell line, a subclone of Swiss 3T3 cells, which can differentiate into cells with an adipocyte-like phenotype, and we used ethanol extracts of chickpeas (ECP) instead of chickpeas. Treatment of the 3T3-L1 cells with ECP led to a decrease in the lipid content in the cells. The desaturation index, defined as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)/saturated fatty acids (SFAs), was also decreased by ECP due to an increase in the cellular content of SFAs and a decrease in the content of MUFAs. The decrease in this index may reflect a decreased reaction from SFA to MUFA, which is essential for fat storage. To confirm this hypothesis, we conducted a western blot analysis, which revealed a reduction in the amount of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), a key enzyme catalyzing the reaction from SFA to MUFA. We observed simultaneous inactivations of enzymes participating in lipogenesis, i.e., liver kinase B1 (LKB1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and AMPK, by phosphorylation, which may lead to the suppression of reactions from acetyl-CoA to SFA via malonyl-CoA in lipogenesis. We also investigated whether lipolysis is affected by ECP. The amount of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), an enzyme important for the oxidation of fatty acids, was increased by ECP treatment. ECP also led to an increase in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), reported as a key protein for the oxidation of fatty acids. All of these results obtained regarding lipogenesis and fatty acid metabolism in our in vitro system are consistent with the results previously shown in rats. We also examined the effects on SCD1 and lipid contents of ethanol extracts of Kabuli-type chickpeas, which are used worldwide. The effects were similar, but of much lesser magnitude compared to those of ECP described above. Thus, Desi-type chickpeas may prove to be effective for the treatment of diabetes, as they can alter the lipid content, thus reducing fat storage.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics in Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Jumpsun Bio-medicine (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201101, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Otsu Skin Care Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Otsu, Shiga 520-0002, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.affiliation: Otsu Skin Care Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Otsu, Shiga 520-0002, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Jumpsun Bio-medicine (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201101, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Weiqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Communication and Design, College of Humanities, Shukutoku University, Saitama 354‑8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics in Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D029863:Cicer / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D000081031:Fatty Acid Elongases; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D066292:Lipid Droplets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D000070778:Perilipin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D000070778:Perilipin-1; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D000081031:Fatty Acid Elongases; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase