title: Obesity Paradox in Recurrent Attacks of Gout in Observational Studies: Clarification and Remedy.
abstract: Obesity is strongly associated with incident gout risk, but its association with the risk of recurrent gout attacks has been null or weak, constituting an obesity paradox. We sought to demonstrate and overcome the methodologic issues associated with the obesity paradox for risk of recurrent gout attacks.
  
  
  
  Using the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial database, we decomposed the total effect of obesity into its direct and indirect (i.e., mediated) effects using marginal structural models. We also estimated the total effect of body mass index (BMI) change from baseline among incident gout patients.
  
  
  
  Of 11,816 gout-free subjects at baseline, we documented 408 incident gout cases, with 132 developing recurrent gout attacks over a 7-year followup period. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for incident gout among obese individuals was 2.6, whereas that for recurrent gout attacks among gout patients was 0.98 (i.e., the obesity paradox). These ORs correlated well with the ORs for the indirect and direct effects of obesity on the risk of recurrent gout attacks (2.83 and 0.98, respectively). Compared with no BMI change, the OR of increasing versus decreasing >5% of baseline BMI was 0.61 and 1.60 for recurrent gout attacks, respectively (P for trend < 0.01), suggesting a dose-response association.
  
  
  
  The obesity paradox for the risk of recurrent gout attacks is explained by the absence of the direct effect, which is often measured in conventional analyses and misinterpreted as the intended total effect of interest. In contrast, the BMI change analysis correctly estimated the intended total effect of BMI, and revealed a dose-response relationship.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Uyen-Sa D T
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Yuqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Louie-Gao
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jingbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Felson
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8488-5170
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: LaValley
authors.affiliation: Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Hyon K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006073:Gout / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors