title: A novel design strategy for nanoparticles on nanopatterns: interferometric lithographic patterning of Mms6 biotemplated magnetic nanoparticles.
abstract: Nanotechnology demands the synthesis of highly precise, functional materials, tailored for specific applications. One such example is bit patterned media. These high-density magnetic data-storage materials require specific and uniform magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to be patterned over large areas (cm2range) in exact nanoscale arrays. However, the realisation of such materials for nanotechnology applications depends upon reproducible fabrication methods that are both precise and environmentally-friendly, for cost-effective scale-up. A potentially ideal biological fabrication methodology is biomineralisation. This is the formation of inorganic minerals within organisms, and is known to be highly controlled down to the nanoscale whilst being carried out under ambient conditions. The magnetotactic bacteriumMagnetospirillum magneticumAMB-1 uses a suite of dedicated biomineralisation proteins to control the formation of magnetite MNPs within their cell. One of these proteins, Mms6, has been shown to control formation of magnetite MNPsin vitro. We have previously used Mms6 on micro-contact printed (μCP) patterned self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces to control the formation and location of MNPs in microscale arrays, offering a bioinspired and green-route to fabrication. However, μCP cannot produce patterns reliably with nanoscale dimensions, and most alternative nanofabrication techniques are slow and expensive. Interferometric lithography (IL) uses the interference of laser light to produce nanostructures over large areasviaa simple process implemented under ambient conditions. Here we combine the bottom-up biomediated approach with a top down IL methodology to produce arrays of uniform magnetite MNPs (86 ± 21 nm) with a period of 357 nm. This shows a potentially revolutionary strategy for the production of magnetic arrays with nanoscale precision in a process with low environmental impact, which could be scaled readily to facilitate large-scale production of nanopatterned surface materials for technological applications.
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield , Department of Chemistry , Dainton Building , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . Email: s.s.staniland@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield , Department of Chemistry , Dainton Building , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . Email: s.s.staniland@sheffield.ac.uk; University of Newcastle , Chemical Nanoscience Laboratories , School of Chemistry , Bedson Building , Newcastle Upon Tyne , NE1 7RU , UK.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El-Zubir
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield , Department of Chemistry , Dainton Building , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . Email: s.s.staniland@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rawlings
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield , Department of Chemistry , Dainton Building , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . Email: s.s.staniland@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Leggett
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield , Department of Chemistry , Dainton Building , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . Email: s.s.staniland@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Staniland