title: Evaluation of allowable time and histopathological changes in warm ischemia of the uterus in cynomolgus monkey as a model for uterus transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to examine the allowable warm ischemic time and pathological changes due to ischemia and reperfusion injury in the uterus of the cynomolgus monkey as a model for uterus transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six female cynomolgus monkeys were used in the study. The uterus was resected from the vaginal canal and connected through the bilateral ovarian and uterine arteries and veins only. One animal was used as a control. In the other five animals, the bilateral uterine and ovarian vessels were clamped for 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, respectively. Biopsy of the smooth muscle tissue of corpus uteri was performed after each ischemic time and after subsequent reperfusion for 3 h. Biopsy samples were observed by light and electron microscopy. Menstruation recovery was monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no particular findings in both light and electron microscopy after ischemia for up to 2 h and after subsequent reperfusion. There were no marked changes after ischemia for 4 h, but dilated nuclear pores and rough endoplasmic reticulum swelling were found after reperfusion. These changes also occurred, along with mitochondrial swelling and cristae loss after ischemia for 8 h, and plasma membrane loss, nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation were found after reperfusion. Periodical menstruation restarted in all animals with ischemia up to 4 h, but the animal with ischemia for 8 h had amenorrhea and uterine atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The uterus of the cynomolgus monkey tolerates warm ischemia for up to 4 h.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Iori
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kisu
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsura
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Banno
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umene
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-8129
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nogami
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.|The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Iori
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Itagaki
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.|Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aoki
mesh_terms: D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy / Q000209:etiology; D001706:Biopsy; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D002843:Chromatin / Q000473:pathology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000473:pathology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008598:Menstruation; D008853:Microscopy; D008931:Mitochondria, Muscle / Q000473:pathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D015424:Reperfusion; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D014599:Uterus / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D052096:Warm Ischemia
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin
keywords: Cynomolgus monkey; ischemia and reperfusion injury; uterine factor infertility; uterus transplantation; warm ischemia