title: Genotoxicity biomarkers for airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) in an area under petrochemical influence.
abstract: The effects of fine inhalable particles (PM2.5) were evaluated in an area under the influence of a petrochemical industry, investigating the sensitivity of different genotoxicity biomarkers. Organic extracts were obtained from PM2.5 samples at two sites, positioned in the first and second preferential wind direction in the area. The extracts were evaluated with Salmonella/microsome assay, microsuspension method, strains TA98, YG1021 and YG1024. The mammalian metabolization fraction (S9) was used to evaluate metabolite mutagenicity. The Comet Assay (CA) and Micronuclei Test were used in a Chinese hamster lung cell line (V79). All extracts showed mutagenicity in Salmonella, and nitrogenated compounds were strongly present. Genotoxicity were found in CA in almost all extracts and the micronuclei induction at the Site in the first (Autumn 1, Winter 1), and in the second (Spring 2) wind direction. V79 showed cytotoxicity in all samples. The three biomarkers were concordant in characterization Site NO with worse quality, compatible with the greater pollutants dispersion in the first wind direction. All PM2.5 concentrations were lower than those recommended by air quality standards but genotoxic effects were detected in all samples, corroborating that these standards are inadequate as quality indicators. The Salmonella/microsome assay proved sensitive to PM2.5 mutagenicity, with an outstanding influence of nitroarenes and aromatic amines. Analyses using CA and the micronucleus test broadened the levels of response that involve different damage induction mechanisms. Results show that the complex PM2.5 composition can provoke various genotoxic effects and the use of different bioassays is essential to understand its effects.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisas e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréia Torres
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisas e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarice Torres de
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisas e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa Negreiros
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisas e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduarda Ozório
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Pantoja
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisas e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jocelita Aparecida Vaz
authors.initials: JAV
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisas e Análises Laboratoriais, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental Henrique Luís Roessler (FEPAM), Rua Aurélio Porto, 37, 90620-090 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: vera.vargas@pq.cnpq.br.
authors.forename: Vera Maria Ferrão
authors.initials: VMF
authors.lastname: Vargas
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002460:Cell Line; D020552:Comet Assay; D006224:Cricetinae; D004249:DNA Damage; D007221:Industry; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D009153:Mutagens; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Ames test; Aromatic amines; Comet assay; Micronucleus; Nitroarenes; V79 cells