title: Phylogeography of the Spanish Moon Moth Graellsia isabellae (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae).
abstract: Geographic and demographic factors as well as specialisation to a new host-plant may lead to host-associated differentiation in plant-feeding insects. We explored the phylogeography of a protected moth, Graellsia isabellae, and its two recognised host-plant species (Pinus sylvestris and P. nigra) in order to seek for any concordance useful to disentangle the evolutionary history of this iconic lepidopteran.
  
  
  
  DNA variation in one mitochondrial marker and nine nuclear microsatellite loci revealed a strong phylogeographic pattern across 28 populations of G. isabellae studied in Spain and France comprising six groups mostly distributed along different mountain ranges. Reanalysis of a previously published chloroplast microsatellite dataset revealed a three and two-group structure for Spanish P. sylvestris and P. nigra, respectively. Overall, the population groupings of this protected moth did not match the ones of P. sylvestris and P. nigra.
  
  
  
  There was no evidence of host-associated differentiation between populations using P. sylvestris and the ones inhabiting P. nigra. The two major mitochondrial clades of G. isabellae likely diverged before the Last Glacial Maximum and geographically separated the species into a "southern" (Central and Southern Iberian clusters) and a "northern" lineage (Eastern Iberian, Pyrenean and French Alpine clusters). The Eastern Iberian System, where this insect uses both host-plants, harboured the highest level of genetic diversity. Such a group independently colonised the West and East parts of the Pyrenees. Our results point to a native origin for the French populations occurring in the Alps, genetically related to the Eastern Iberian and Pyrenean sites. The Central Iberian group derived from Southern Iberian ancestors. Secondary contacts were inferred between the Southern/Central Iberian populations and Eastern Iberian cluster as well as between the two Pyrenean ones. The mito-nuclear discordance observed with regard to the Eastern Iberian cluster is congruent with a secondary contact after the evolution of mito-nuclear incompatibilities in geographically isolated areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group (GIBE), Universidade da Coruña, A Fraga 10, E-15008, A Coruña, Spain.|AllGenetics & Biology, SL, Edificio de Servizos Centrais de Investigación, Campus de Elviña, E-15008, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Neus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marí-Mena
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075, Orléans, France.|IRBI, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez-Vaamonde
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group (GIBE), Universidade da Coruña, A Fraga 10, E-15008, A Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naveira
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Auger-Rozenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Evolutionary Biology Group (GIBE), Universidade da Coruña, A Fraga 10, E-15008, A Coruña, Spain. mvila@udc.es.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8803-9174
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009036:Moths / Q000145:classification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013030:Spain
keywords: COI; Microsatellites; Mito-nuclear discordance; Pinus nigra; Pinus sylvestris; cpDNA