title: Expanded Glucose Import Capability Affords Staphylococcus aureus Optimized Glycolytic Flux during Infection.
abstract: Acquisition of numerous virulence determinants affords Staphylococcus aureus greater pathogenicity than other skin-colonizing staphylococci in humans. Additionally, the metabolic adaptation of S. aureus to nonrespiratory conditions encountered during infection (e.g., hypoxia, nitric oxide, iron chelation) has been implicated as contributing to S. aureus virulence. Specifically, S. aureus has been shown to ferment glycolytic substrates in nonrespiratory environments encountered within the host. Here, we show that S. aureus has acquired unique carbohydrate transporters that facilitate the maximal uptake of host sugars and serve to support nonrespiratory growth in inflamed tissue. The carbohydrate substrates of 11 S. aureus transporters were identified, and at least four of their genes encode S. aureus glucose transporters (glcA, glcB, glcC, and glcU). Moreover, two transporter genes (glcA and glcC) are unique to S. aureus and contribute disproportionately to the nonrespiratory growth of S. aureus on glucose. Targeted inactivation of sugar transporters reduced glucose uptake and attenuated S. aureus in a murine model of skin and soft tissue infections. These data expand the evidence for metabolic adaptation of S. aureus to invasive infection and demonstrate the specific requirement for the fermentation of glucose over all other available carbohydrates. Ultimately, acquisition of foreign genes allows S. aureus to adopt a metabolic strategy resembling that of infiltrating host immune cells: high glycolytic flux coupled to lactate excretion.
  
  
  
  The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of human infections that are costly and difficult to treat. S. aureus differs from closely related commensal staphylococci in its ability to flourish following the invasion of deeper tissue from the skin surface. There, S. aureus primarily uses glucose to grow under respiration-limiting conditions imposed by the immune system. It was previously unclear how S. aureus thrives in this environment when other Staphylococcus species cannot. Our results provide evidence that S. aureus has acquired an expanded repertoire of carbohydrate transporters. In particular, four glucose transporters contribute to efficient S. aureus growth during infection. Thus, S. aureus has evolved to maximize its glucose uptake abilities for enhanced glycolytic flux during tissue invasion. This dependence on glucose acquisition for S. aureus virulence may also explain links between serious infectious complications associated with diabetic patients exhibiting elevated blood glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Vitko
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Melinda R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Grosser
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Dal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Thurlow R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Lance
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA anthony.richardson@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005285:Fermentation; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007773:Lactates / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007773:Lactates; D005947:Glucose