title: Fat-free mass and calf circumference as body composition indices to determine non-exercise activity thermogenesis in patients with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical and anthropometrical parameters that are associated with non-exercise activity thermogenesis that is composed of basal energy expenditure (BEE) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance, and BEE and DIT were measured using indirect calorimetry in 40 Japanese patients with diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BEE correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass, and fat-free mass, and correlated negatively with age in both men and women. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, BEE correlated positively with both fat mass and fat-free mass independently of sex and age. In addition, DIT correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass, and correlated negatively with age in women, but not men. Fat-free mass contributed to DIT at least partly, and an aging-related decrease in DIT was observed. The best anthropometric parameter that reflected fat mass and fat-free mass was hip circumference (HC) and calf circumference (CC), respectively, in both men and women. Indeed, both HC (men β = 0.600, P < 0.001; women β = 0.752, P < 0.001) and CC (men β = 0.810, P = 0.012; women β = 0.821, P = 0.002) were correlated with BEE independently of age and sex. In addition, CC (β = 0.653, P = 0.009), but not HC was correlated with DIT significantly only in females, independently of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HC reflects fat mass and was positively associated with BEE, but not with DIT. In contrast, CC reflects fat-free mass, and was positively associated with BEE in both men and women, and with DIT in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Ishikawa Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan.
authors.forename: Yumie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Comprehensive Metabology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Misu
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Department of Comprehensive Metabology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takamura
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D001823:Body Composition; D049628:Body Size; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022722:Thermogenesis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Basal energy expenditure; Calf circumference; Diet‐induced thermogenesis