title: Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol on Glycemic Control of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Walnut hydrosol (WH) is used extensively by Iranian people with diabetes in order to control blood sugar (BS). There are few data regarding the effect of walnut on controlling diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A pilot study to determine the efficacy and safety of WH in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 were enrolled in the study. They did not use any medicine except insulin. They were advised to drink 250 mL WH after meals twice a day for four weeks. Their BS level was measured and their insulin dose was changed according to their BS. After four weeks, they discontinued WH use and their BS level was checked for two weeks. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Also, the essential oil of the sample was extracted using a liquid extractor and then analysis of the constituents was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average daily BS level and insulin dose decreased in seven subjects. Two subjects developed generalized pruritic erythematous skin rash. One patient presented hypoglycemic coma. She had no other coma risk factor. Seven compounds were identified in the walnut essential oil and the rate of monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons were 53.45% and 5.95%, respectively. The main constituents of the oil were carvacrol (33.21%), thymol (16%) and homoveratrole (15.83%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WH may control the glycemic level in people with diabetes, but it may be associated with minor and major side effects. Further in vitro studies, using these seven compounds, are recommended to determine the efficacy and complications of WH in people with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moravej
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plants Processing Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plants Processing Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Etemadfard
authors.affiliation: Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Forough
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karami
authors.affiliation: Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Forough
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghahremani
keywords: Alternative Medicine; Complementary Medicine; Diabetes Mellitus; Juglans regia L.; Walnut