title: Classification of fracture and non-fracture groups by analysis of coherent X-ray scatter.
abstract: Osteoporotic fractures present a significant social and economic burden, which is set to rise commensurately with the aging population. Greater understanding of the physicochemical differences between osteoporotic and normal conditions will facilitate the development of diagnostic technologies with increased performance and treatments with increased efficacy. Using coherent X-ray scattering we have evaluated a population of 108 ex vivo human bone samples comprised of non-fracture and fracture groups. Principal component fed linear discriminant analysis was used to develop a classification model to discern each condition resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 91%, respectively. Evaluating the coherent X-ray scatter differences from each condition supports the hypothesis that a causal physicochemical change has occurred in the fracture group. This work is a critical step along the path towards developing an in vivo diagnostic tool for fracture risk prediction.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dicken
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science Group, Rosalind Franklin Building, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: J P O
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK.
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Physics Group, Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greenwood
authors.affiliation: Halo X-ray Technologies, MediCity, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Godber
authors.affiliation: Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Department, Cobalt Health, Cheltenham, UK.
authors.forename: I D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Lyburn
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zioupos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000503:physiopathology; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction