title: Time-course measurements of drug concentrations in hair and toenails after single administrations of pharmaceutical products.
abstract: Hair and nails are often used to prove long-term intake of drugs in forensic drug testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of drug testing using hair and nails and the feasibility of determining when drugs were ingested by measuring the time-courses of drug concentrations in hair and toenails after single administrations of various drugs. Healthy subjects ingested four pharmaceutical products containing eight active ingredients in single doses. Hair and toenails were collected at predetermined intervals, and drug concentrations in hair and nails were measured for 12 months. The administered drugs and their main metabolites were extracted using micropulverized extraction with a stainless steel bullet and were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Acidic compounds such as ibuprofen and its metabolites were not detected in both specimens. Acetaminophen, a weakly acidic compound, was detected in nails more frequently than in hair. The maximum concentration of allyl isopropyl acetylurea, a neutral compound, in nails was significantly higher than in hair. Nails are an effective specimen to detect neutral and weakly acidic compounds. For fexofenadine, a zwitterionic compound, and for most basic compounds, the maximum concentrations in hair segments tended to be higher than those in nails. The hair segments showing the maximum concentrations varied between drugs, samples, and subjects. Drug concentrations in hair segments greatly depended on the selection of the hair. Careful interpretation of analytical results is required to predict the time of drug intake. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwayama
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyaguchi
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanamori
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsujikawa
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamuro
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Segawa
authors.affiliation: National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: LC-MS; drug; forensic; hair; micropulverized extraction; nail