title: The International Epidemiology of Lung Cancer: Latest Trends, Disparities, and Tumor Characteristics.
abstract: Our aim was to update global lung cancer epidemiology and describe changing trends and disparities.
  
  
  
  We presented country-specific incidence and mortality from GLOBOCAN 2012 by region and socioeconomic factors via the Human Development Index (HDI). Between- and within-country incidence by histological type was analyzed by using International Agency for Research on Cancer data on cancer incidence on five continents. Trend analyses including data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, cancer registries, and the WHO mortality database were conducted using joinpoint regression. Survival was compared between and within countries and by histological type.
  
  
  
  In 2012, there were 1.82 and 1.59 million new lung cancer cases and deaths worldwide, respectively. Incidence was highest in countries with a very high HDI and lowest in countries with a low HDI (42.2 versus 7.9 in 100,000 for males and 21.8 versus 3.1 in 100,000 for females, respectively). In most countries with a very high HDI, as incidence in males decreased gradually (ranging from -0.3% in Spain to -2.5% in the United States each year), incidence in females continued to increase (with the increase ranging from 1.4% each year in Australia to 6.1% in recent years in Spain). Although histological type varied between countries, adenocarcinoma was more common than squamous cell carcinoma, particularly among females (e.g., in Chinese females, the adenocarcinoma-to-squamous cell carcinoma ratio was 6.6). Five-year relative survival varied from 2% (Libya) to 30% (Japan), with substantial within-country differences.
  
  
  
  Lung cancer will continue to be a major health problem well through the first half of this century. Preventive strategies, particularly tobacco control, tailored to populations at highest risk are key to reducing the global burden of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institutes, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Ting-Yuan David
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Susanna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cramb
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Baade
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Danny R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Youlden
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institutes, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: Chukwumere
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nwogu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institutes, Buffalo, New York. Electronic address: mary.reid@roswellpark.org.
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male
keywords: Disparity; Epidemiology; Histological type; International; Lung cancer; Survival