title: Symptom Trajectories After an Emergency Department Visit for Potential Acute Coronary Syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients evaluated for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in emergency departments (EDs) continue to experience troubling symptoms after discharge-regardless of their ultimate medical diagnosis. However, comprehensive understanding of common post-ED symptom trajectories is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify common trajectories of symptom severity in the 6 months after an ED visit for potential ACS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary analysis of data from a larger observational, prospective study conducted in five U.S. EDs. Patients (N = 1005) who had electrocardiogram and biomarker testing ordered, and were identified by the triage nurse as potentially having ACS, were enrolled. Symptom severity was assessed in the hospital after initial stabilization and by telephone at 30 days and 6 months using the validated 13-item ACS Symptom Checklist. Growth mixture modeling was used for the secondary analysis. The eight most commonly reported symptoms (chest discomfort, chest pain, chest pressure, light-headedness, shortness of breath, shoulder pain, unusual fatigue, and upper back pain) were modeled across the three study time points. Models with increasing numbers of classes were compared, and final model selection was based on a combination of interpretability, theoretical justification, and statistical fit indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was 62.6% male with a mean age of 60.2 years (SD = 14.17 years), and 57.1% ruled out for ACS. Between two and four distinct trajectory classes were identified for each symptom. The seven different types of trajectories identified across the eight symptoms were labeled "tapering off," "mild/persistent," "moderate/persistent," "moderate/worsening," "moderate/improving," "late onset, "and "severe/improving." Trajectories differed on age, gender, and diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research on the individual nature of symptom trajectories can contribute to patient-centered, rather than disease-centered, care. Further research is needed to verify the existence of multiple symptoms trajectories in diverse populations and to assess the antecedents and consequences of individual symptom trajectories.
authors.affiliation: Elizabeth P. Knight, DNP, PhD, RN,is Clinical Assistant Professor; Kimberly Shea, PhD, RN, is Clinical Associate Professor; and Anne G. Rosenfeld, PhD, RN, FAHA, FAAN, is Professor, College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson. Sarah Schmiege, PhD, is Assistant Professor, University of Colorado-Denver College of Nursing. Chiu-Hsieh Hsu, PhD, is Associate Professor, University of Arizona College of Public Health, Tucson. Holli A. DeVon, PhD, RN, FAHA, FAAN, is Associate Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing.
authors.forename: Elizabeth P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Anne G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmiege
authors.forename: Chiu-Hsieh
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Holli A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: DeVon
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000368:Aged; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014218:Triage