title: Electroneurostimulation for the management of bladder bowel dysfunction in childhood.
abstract: Both non-invasive and invasive electroneurostimulation (ENS) modalities for bladder bowel dysfunction have been studied and reported in children. A summary of the proposed mechanism of actions and the more commonly used and recently reported techniques and outcomes are described. This includes transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, functional electrical nerve stimulation, intravesical electrical nerve stimulation, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and sacral neuromodulation in conditions including overactive bladder, enuresis, dysfunctional voiding, constipation, combined bladder bowel dysfunction and neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction. There is a need for further high quality randomised trials as well as long-term outcomes to establish whether ENS is able to alter the long-term trajectory for an individual child with bladder bowel dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrourology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy' and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Rd, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Anne.Wright@gstt.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hôpital d'Enfants de la Timone 264, Rue Saint Pierre, 13005, Marseille Cedex 5, France. Electronic address: Mirna.haddad@ap-hm.fr.
authors.forename: Mirna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haddad
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003108:Colonic Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003248:Constipation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003672:Defecation / Q000502:physiology*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012002:Rectal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Bladder bowel dysfunction; Constipation; Electroneurostimulation; Lower urinary tract dysfunction; Neuropathic bladder; Sacral neuromodulation; Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation