title: Application of mRNA Expression Analysis to Human Blood Identification in Degenerated Samples that were False-negative by Immunochromatography.
abstract: Forensic laboratories are often faced with cases in which methamphetamine hydrochloride-mixed blood is unable to be identified as human blood by immunochromatography against human hemoglobin A0. The application of mRNA expression analysis to samples that showed a false-negative with immunochromatography was investigated as an alternative approach that did not depend on the antigen-antibody reaction. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression levels of blood markers such as glycophorin A, spectrin beta, and hemoglobin beta. Hemoglobin beta was the only marker that was specifically detected in blood, while glycophorin A was useful for determining human specificity. Hemoglobin beta showed good detection sensitivity and was detectable in 37-year-old blood stains. Hemoglobin beta was exclusively detectable in methamphetamine hydrochloride-mixed blood stains. Detergents and disinfectants did not significantly influence mRNA markers. The proposed mRNA expression analysis was suitable for human blood identification as an alternative method to immunochromatography.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukuoka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 7-7 Higashikoen, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8576, Japan.|Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Shusaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsusue
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D001801:Blood Stains; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: blood identification; detergent; forensic science; glycophorin A; hemoglobin beta; messenger RNA; methamphetamine hydrochloride; real-time polymerase chain reaction; species specificity