title: Respiratory Complication in Liver Disease.
abstract: Cirrhosis, the twelfth leading cause of death, accounts for 1.1% of all deaths in the United States. Although there are multiple pulmonary complications associated with liver disease, the most important complications that cause significant morbidity and mortality are hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatic hydrothorax, and portopulmonary hypertension. Patients with cirrhosis who complain of dyspnea should be evaluated for these complications. This article reviews these complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA. Electronic address: vramalingam@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Vijaya S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ramalingam
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Sikandar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory Clinic 'A', 1365 Clifton Road, Northeast 4th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Micah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D006876:Hydrothorax / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Chronic liver disease; Hepatic hydrothorax; Hepatopulmonary syndrome; Liver transplantation; Portopulmonary hypertension; Spontaneous bacterial pleuritis