title: Laser speckle contrast imaging identifies ischemic areas on gastric tube reconstructions following esophagectomy.
abstract: Gastric tube reconstruction (GTR) is a high-risk surgical procedure with substantial perioperative morbidity. Compromised arterial blood supply and venous congestion are believed to be the main etiologic factors associated with early and late anastomotic complications. Identifying low blood perfusion areas may provide information on the risks of future anastomotic leakage and could be essential for improving surgical techniques. The aim of this study was to generate a method for gastric microvascular perfusion analysis using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and to test the hypothesis that LSCI is able to identify ischemic regions on GTRs.Patients requiring elective laparoscopy-assisted GTR participated in this single-center observational investigation. A method for intraoperative evaluation of blood perfusion and postoperative analysis was generated and validated for reproducibility. Laser speckle measurements were performed at 3 different time pointes, baseline (devascularized) stomach (T0), after GTR (T1), and GTR at 20° reverse Trendelenburg (T2).Blood perfusion analysis inter-rater reliability was high, with intraclass correlation coefficients for each time point approximating 1 (P < 0.0001). Baseline (T0) and GTR (T1) mean blood perfusion profiles were highest at the base of the stomach and then progressively declined towards significant ischemia at the most cranial point or anastomotic tip (P < 0.01). After GTR, a statistically significant improvement in mean blood perfusion was observed in the cranial gastric regions of interest (P < 0.05). A generalized significant decrease in mean blood perfusion was observed across all GTR regions of interest during 20° reverse Trendelenburg (P < 0.05).It was feasible to implement LSCI intraoperatively to produce blood perfusion assessments on intact and reconstructed whole stomachs. The analytical design presented in this study resulted in good reproducibility of gastric perfusion measurements between different investigators. LSCI provides spatial and temporal information on the location of adequate tissue perfusion and may thus be an important aid in optimizing surgical and anesthesiological procedures for strategically selecting anastomotic site in patients undergoing esophagectomy with GTR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dan M J
authors.initials: DMJ
authors.lastname: Milstein
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.forename: Suzanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gisbertz
authors.forename: Kofi B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Boateng
authors.forename: Bart F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.forename: Markus W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Hollmann
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: van Berge Henegouwen
authors.forename: Denise P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Veelo
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013270:Stomach / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery