title: Utilization of the track embolization technique to improve the safety of percutaneous lung biopsy and/or fiducial marker placement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to describe and present outcomes of the track embolization technique with absorbable hemostat gelatin powder during percutaneous computed tomography (CT)-guided lung biopsy and/or fiducial marker placement versus the standard of care (no track embolization) in an attempt to decrease rates of pneumothorax (PTX), chest tube placement, hemorrhage and/or complications, and average cost per patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  An institutional review board-approved, case-control, retrospective study was performed in which 125 consecutive patients who underwent track embolization were compared with 124 consecutive controls at one institution. For subjects in whom the track embolization technique was utilized, it was performed passively through a coaxial needle as it was removed. All procedures were performed by one of three attending interventional radiologists. For each group, medical records and procedure images were reviewed for PTX occurring postprocedure, PTX requiring chest tube placement, and occurrence of minor or major complication and/or hemorrhage. Comparison was made with published complication rates, and a cost-per-patient analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing Fisher's Exact Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In track embolization cases versus controls, there were statistically significant reduction in PTX (8.8% vs. 21%; P=.007) and reduction in PTX requiring chest tube placement (4% vs. 8.1%; P=.195). This compares favorably to previously published rates of PTX and chest tube placement of 8%-64% and 1.6%-17%, respectively. None of the pneumothoraces occurring at time of needle placement increased in size with use of the track embolization technique. There were no major complications (including neurological sequela) in the track embolization group. In track embolization cases versus controls, there was a statistically significant reduction in both the rate of major hemorrhage (0% vs. 4%; P=.029) and average cost per patient ($262.40 vs. $352.07; P=.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy and/or fiducial marker placement were safer utilizing the track embolization technique during trocar removal. In addition, this technique was cost effective in the study population.
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Electronic address: andybaadh@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Amanjit S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baadh
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Electronic address: jhoffmann@winthrop.org.
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Electronic address: afadl@winthrop.org.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fadl
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Electronic address: dipan.danda@stonybrookmedicine.edu.
authors.forename: Dipan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Danda
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Electronic address: vijay.bhat@stonybrookmedicine.edu.
authors.forename: Vijay R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Electronic address: ngeorgiou@winthrop.org.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Department of Radiology, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Electronic address: mhon@winthrop.org.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006491:Hemothorax / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D061214:Patient Safety; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000191:economics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Lung biopsy; Lung cancer; Pneumothorax; Surgifoam; Track embolization