title: Zonulin Regulates Intestinal Permeability and Facilitates Enteric Bacteria Permeation in Coronary Artery Disease.
abstract: Several studies have reported an association between enteric bacteria and atherosclerosis. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene belong to Enterobacteriaceae have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques. How intestinal bacteria go into blood is not known. Zonulin reversibly modulate intestinal permeability (IP), the circulating zonulin levels were increased in diabetes, obesity, all of which are risk factors for atherosclerosis. It is unclear whether the circulating zonulin levels were changed in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and modulate IP. The 16S rRNA gene of bacteria in blood sample was checked by 454 pyrosequencing. The zonulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The distribution of zonulin was detected by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Bacteria and Caco-2 cell surface micro-structure were checked by transmission electron microscopy. A high diversity of bacterial 16S rRNA gene can be detected in samples from CAD patients, most of them (99.4%) belong to Enterobacteriaceaes, eg. Rahnella. The plasma zonulin levels were significantly higher in CAD patients. Pseudomonas fluorescens exposure significantly increased zonulin expression and decreased IP in a time dependent manner. The elevated zonulin increase IP and may facilitate enteric translocation by disassembling the tight junctions, which might explain the observed high diversity of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in blood samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Daping hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chuanwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of respiration, Xinqiao hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Daping hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Caiyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Daping hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Faying
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, Daping hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhangxu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Daping hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chunyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006242:Haptoglobins; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011498:Protein Precursors; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D006242:Haptoglobins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C408043:zonulin; D002772:Cholera Toxin