title: Neurophysiological evidence of impaired self-monitoring in schizotypal personality disorder and its reversal by dopaminergic antagonism.
abstract: Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder characterized by odd or bizarre behavior, strange speech, magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, and social anhedonia. Schizophrenia proper has been associated with anomalies in dopaminergic neurotransmission and deficits in neurophysiological markers of self-monitoring, such as low amplitude in cognitive event-related brain potentials (ERPs) like the error-related negativity (ERN), and the error positivity (Pe). These components occur after performance errors, rely on adequate fronto-striatal function, and are sensitive to dopaminergic modulation. Here we postulated that analogous to observations in schizophrenia, SPD individuals would show deficits in self-monitoring, as measured by the ERN and the Pe. We also assessed the capacity of dopaminergic antagonists to reverse these postulated deficits.
  
  
  
  We recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) from 9 SPD individuals and 12 healthy controls in two separate experimental sessions while they performed the Eriksen Flanker Task, a classical task recruiting behavioral monitoring. Participants received a placebo or 1 mg risperidone according to a double-blind randomized design.
  
  
  
  After placebo, SPD individuals showed slower reaction times to hits, longer correction times following errors and reduced ERN and Pe amplitudes. While risperidone impaired performance and decreased ERN and Pe in the control group, it led to behavioral improvements and ERN amplitude increases in the SPD individuals.
  
  
  
  These results indicate that SPD individuals show deficits in self-monitoring analogous to those in schizophrenia. These deficits can be evidenced by neurophysiological measures, suggest a dopaminergic imbalance, and can be reverted by dopaminergic antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/SantAntoniMaría Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rabella
authors.affiliation: Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/SantAntoniMaría Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grasa
authors.affiliation: Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/SantAntoniMaría Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain.
authors.forename: Iluminada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corripio
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Research Centre (CREB), Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Research Centre (CREB), Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain; Barcelona College of Industrial Engineering (EUETIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona 08028, Spain.
authors.forename: Miquel Àngel
authors.initials: MÀ
authors.lastname: Mañanas
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa Mª
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Antonijoan
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Münte
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Psiquiatria, Univ Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Spain; Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Servei de Farmacologia Clínica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Farmacologia i Terapèutica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Human Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group. Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB-Sant Pau), Sant Antoni María Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jriba@santpau.cat.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Riba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D018967:Risperidone
keywords: Behavioral monitoring; Dopaminergic antagonism; Error-related negativity; Neurophysiology; Schizotypal personality disorder