title: Impact of Pharmaceutical Care Interventions on Health-Related Quality-of-Life Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: To evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care (PC) interventions on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and determine sensitivity of HRQoL measures to PC services.
  
  
  
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PubMed, Global Health, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science (January 2005 to September 2015) were searched.
  
  
  
  Original English-language articles were included if PC impact on HRQoL was evaluated and reported using validated HRQoL measures.
  
  
  
  A total of 31 randomized controlled trials, 9 nonrandomized studies with comparison groups, and 8 before-after studies were included. PC interventions resulted in significant improvement in 1 domain and ≥3 domains of HRQoL measures in 66.7% and 27.1% of the studies, respectively. There was a significant improvement in at least 1 domain in 18 of 32 studies using generic and 16 of 21 studies using disease-specific measures. When the Short Form 36 Items Health Survey (SF-36) measure was used, PC interventions had a moderate impact on social functioning (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.14, 1.04), general health (SMD = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.59), and physical functioning (SMD = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.48). The pooled data on heart failure-specific (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.43, 0.09), asthma-specific (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.03, 0.36), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-specific (SMD = -0.09; 95% CI = -0.37, 0.19) measures indicated no significant impact of PC on HRQoL.
  
  
  
  PC interventions can significantly improve at least 1 domain of HRQoL. Existing measures may have minimal to moderate sensitivity to PC interventions, with evidence pointing more toward social functioning, general health, and physical functioning of the SF-36 measure. However, evidence generated from current non-PC-specific HRQoL measures is insufficient to judge the impact of PC interventions on HRQoL. The development of a suitable HRQoL measure for PC interventions may help generate better evidence for the contribution of pharmacist services to improving HRQoL.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Australia mmoh2116@uni.sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebekah J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Moles
authors.affiliation: The University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: disease-specific measures; generic measures; health-related quality of life; pharmaceutical care