title: Infective endocarditis in patients on haemodialysis - possible strategies for prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infective endocarditis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving haemodialysis for established renal failure. We carried out a prospective audit of patients developing infective endocarditis in a single renal unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2013, we collected data on all cases of endocarditis occurring in patients receiving haemodialysis at Monklands Hospital, Airdrie. Twenty-nine patients developed endocarditis during our audit period. Twenty-three (79.3%) of the patients had pre-existing cardiac valve abnormalities such as regurgitation or calcification. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism cultured from the blood of 22 patients (75.9%). MRSA bacteraemia was identified in eight of these patients and all eight patients died during that first presentation. Different strategies were introduced within the unit during the audit period aiming to reduce the rate of bacteraemia. Since 2011, a successful strategy has been introduced under the auspices of the Scottish Patient Safety Programme. This led to our Staph aureus bacteraemia rate related to non-tunnelled venous catheters going from an average of 15 days between episodes to having had no episodes between 2 December 2011 and the end of the study period (760 days). This also appears to have had a positive impact on reducing the rate of endocarditis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infective endocarditis remains a devastating consequence of bacteraemia in patients receiving haemodialysis. An effective strategy aimed at reducing the rate of bacteraemia appears to have a similar effect on the rate of endocarditis.
authors.affiliation: Associate Specialist, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK Hadi.oun@lanarkshire.scot.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Hadi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Oun
authors.affiliation: Associate Specialist, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Consultant Nephrologist, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK.
authors.forename: Jamie P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Traynor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification
keywords: Endocarditis; Staph aureus; bacteraemia; dialysis; patient safety programme