title: Urinary inflammatory cytokines as indicators of kidney damage in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are altered in normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and whether these cytokines are able to identify diabetic kidney disease (DKD) among these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 125 T2DM patients classified into 3 groups according to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR): uACR <10mg/g creatinine, uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine and uACR >30mg/g creatinine. Urinary inflammatory cytokines were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urinary IL-6 concentrations increased from uACR <10 (97.2±26.4pg/ml) to uACR 10-30 (113.6±28.0pg/ml) and to uACR >30mg/g creatinine (163.5±25.6pg/ml) (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively) patients. The urinary IL-10 concentrations decreased in these uACR ranges [100.0 (58.0-141.0) pg/ml vs. 62.0 (54.5-71.5) pg/ml vs. 42.0 (32.0-48.0) pg/ml] (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). All urinary cytokines demonstrated good ability to identify DKD (areas under curves >0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6 and IL-10, may assist in the identification of DKD in T2DM patients, even in the absence of micro- and macroalbuminuria.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Health Sciences, Integrated Regional University of High Uruguay and Missions, Santiago, RS, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manuela Borges
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sangoi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Antonio M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Etiane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tatsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Hausen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yãnaí S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Bollick
authors.affiliation: University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sílvia W K
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Londero
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Labimed, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogério
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scolari
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Labimed, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta M M F
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melissa O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Premaor
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Comim
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Moretto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Pharmacology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: rnmoresco@ufsm.br.
authors.forename: Rafael N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Moresco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000652:urine*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; Diabetic kidney disease; Inflammation; Urine