title: Reframing the association and significance of co-morbidities in heart failure.
abstract: Several co-existing diseases and/or conditions (co-morbidities) are present in patients with heart failure (HF), with diverse clinical relevance. Multiple mechanisms may underlie the co-existence of HF and co-morbidities, including direct causation, associated risk factors, heterogeneity, and independence. The complex inter-relationship of co-morbidities and their impact on the cardiovascular system contribute to the features of HF, both with reduced (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The purpose of this work is to provide an overview of the contribution of major cardiac and non-cardiac co-morbidities to HF development and outcomes, in the context of both HFpEF and HFrEF. Accordingly, epidemiological evidence linking co-morbidities to HF and the effect of prevalent and incident co-morbidities on HF outcome will be reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Filippos
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Triposkiadis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giamouzis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Athens University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parissis
authors.affiliation: Kaufman Center for Heart Failure, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Randall C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Starling
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, and, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Harisios
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boudoulas
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skoularigis
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Athens University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filippatos
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Anaemia; Atrial fibrillation; Coronary artery disease; Depression; Diabetes; Heart failure; Hypertension; Kidney disease; Myocardial infarction; Obesity; Obstructive pulmonary disease; Renal failure; Sleep-disordered breathing