title: Palmitoylation on the carboxyl terminus tail is required for the selective regulation of dopamine D2 versus D3 receptors.
abstract: Dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and D3 receptor (D3R) possess highly conserved amino acid sequences but this study showed that D3R was more extensively palmitoylated than D2R. Based on this finding, the molecular basis of this selective palmitoylation of D3R was determined and the roles of palmitoylation in the regulation of D3R functions were investigated. D3R was palmitoylated on the cysteine residue on its carboxyl terminus tail, the last amino acid residue of D3R, and an exchange of the carboxyl terminus tail between D2R and D3R (D2R-D3C and D3R-D2C) resulted in the switching of the palmitoylation phenotype. When the consensus site for palmitoylation was mutated or the palmitoylation of D3R was inhibited by treatment with 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), a palmitoylation blocker, cell-surface expression, PKC-mediated endocytosis, agonist affinity, and agonist-induced tolerance of D3R were all inhibited. However, these changes were not observed when D3R palmitoylation was inhibited by replacing its carboxyl tail with that of D2R (D3R-D2C) or when the palmitoylation of D2R-D3C was inhibited by treatment with 2BP. Overall, this study shows that D3R is palmitoylated more extensively than D2R even though the carboxyl terminus tails of D2R and D3R are highly homologous, and thus provides a new clue regarding the consensus sequence for palmitoylation. This study also shows that palmitoylation controls various functionalities of D3R only when the receptor is in the intact D3R configuration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Xiaowei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hang Thi
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Xiaohan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo-Gil
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kmkim@jnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyeong-Man
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000494:pharmacology; D054878:Lipoylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000072417:Protein Domains; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C581293:DRD2 protein, human; C493593:DRD3 protein, human; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D011493:Protein Kinase C
keywords: Agonist affinity; Dopamine receptor; Endocytosis; Palmitoylation; Tolerance