title: Megalo-type α-1,6-glucosaccharides induce production of tumor necrosis factor α in primary macrophages via toll-like receptor 4 signaling.
abstract: The term "megalo-saccharide" is used for saccharides with ten or more saccharide units, whereas the term "oligo-saccharide" is used for saccharides containing fewer than ten monosaccharide units. Megalo-type α-1,6-glucosaccharide (M-IM) is a non-digestible saccharide and not utilized by intestinal bacteria, suggesting that ingested M-IM may encounter ileum Peyer's patches that contains immune cells such as macrophages. Macrophages are responsible for antigen incorporation and presentation during the initial step of immune responses. We investigated whether M-IMs modulate macrophage functions such as cytokine production, nitric oxide production, cell viability, and phagocytosis. Primary macrophages collected from the rats were cultured with the existence of M-IM or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). M-IM and LPS induced the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), and nitric oxide in the primary macrophages. The gene expression profile of inflammatory factors including TNFα, IL6, and ILlβ in M-IM-stimulated cells was similar to that of LPS-stimulated cells. The M-IM did not affect phagocytosis in the primary macrophages. The M-IM-induced TNFα production was suppressed in the cells treated with a tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor called TAK-242. In conclusion, the M-IM modulates cytokine expression via TLR4 signaling and may play a role in the modulation of immune responses.
authors.forename: Ga-Hyun
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andoh
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shinoki
authors.forename: Weeranuch
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: Juri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadahiro
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okuyama
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Hidehisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide