title: Exposure to vector-borne pathogens in candidate blood donor and free-roaming dogs of northeast Italy.
abstract: Many vector-borne pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes occur in northeast Italy, representing a potential threat to animal and human populations. Little information is available on the circulation of the above vector-borne pathogens in dogs. This work aims to (i) assess exposure to and circulation of pathogens transmitted to dogs in northeast Italy by ticks, sandflies, and mosquitoes, and (ii) drive blood donor screening at the newly established canine blood bank of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie.
  
  
  
  Blood samples from 150 privately-owned canine candidate blood donors and 338 free-roaming dogs were screened by serology (IFA for Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocythophilum, Babesia canis, Rickettsia conorii, R. rickettsii), microscopic blood smear examination, and blood filtration for Dirofilaria spp. All candidate donors and seropositive free-roaming dogs were tested by PCR for L. infantum, E. canis, A. phagocythophilum, Babesia/Theileria and Rickettsia spp. The dogs had no clinical signs at the time of sampling.
  
  
  
  Overall, 40 candidate donors (26.7 %) and 108 free-roaming dogs (32 %) were seroreactive to at least one vector-borne pathogen. Seroprevalence in candidate donors vs free-roaming dogs was: Leishmania infantum 6.7 vs 7.1 %; Anaplasma phagocytophilum 4.7 vs 3.3 %; Babesia canis 1.3 vs 2.7 %; Ehrlichia canis none vs 0.9 %; Rickettsia conorii 16 vs 21.3 % and R. rickettsii 11 vs 14.3 %. Seroreactivity to R. rickettsii, which is not reported in Italy, is likely a cross-reaction with other rickettsiae. Filariae, as Dirofilaria immitis (n = 19) and D. repens (n = 2), were identified in free-roaming dogs only. No significant differences were observed between candidate donors and free-roaming dogs either in the overall seroprevalence of vector-borne pathogens or for each individual pathogen. All PCRs and smears performed on blood were negative.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrated that dogs are considerably exposed to vector-borne pathogens in northeast Italy. Although the dog owners reported regularly using ectoparasiticides against fleas and ticks, their dogs had similar exposure to vector-borne pathogens as free-roaming dogs. This prompts the need to improve owner education on the use of insecticidal and repellent compounds in order to reduce the risk of arthropod bites and exposure to vector-borne pathogens. Based on the absence of pathogens circulating in the blood of healthy dogs, the risk of transmission of these pathogens by blood transfusion seems to be low, depending also on the sensitivity of the tests used for screening.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vascellari
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravagnan
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carminato
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cazzin
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carli
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Da Rold
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucchese
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otranto
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy. gcapelli@izsvenezie.it.
authors.forename: Gioia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001179:Arthropod Vectors; D001782:Blood Donors; D060085:Coinfection / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004285:Dogs; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012282:Rickettsia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
keywords: Canine blood donors; Exposure; Free-roaming dogs; IFAT; Italy; Real-time PCR; Vector-borne pathogens