title: Guideline of Chronic Urticaria Beyond.
abstract: Urticaria is a relatively common condition that if chronic can persist for weeks, months or years and affect quality of life significantly. The etiology is often difficult to determine, especially as it becomes chronic. Many cases of chronic urticaria are thought to be autoimmune, although there is no consensus that testing for autoimmunity alters the diagnostic or management strategies or outcomes. Many times, urticaria is easily managed with antihistamines and/or short courses of oral corticosteroids, but too often control is insufficient and additional therapies must be added. For years, immune modulating medications, such as cyclosporine and Mycophenolate Mofetil, have been used in cases refractory to antihistamines and oral corticosteroids, although the evidence supporting their efficacy and safety has been limited. Omalizumab was recently approved for the treatment of chronic urticaria unresponsive to H1-antagonists. This IgG anti-IgE monoclonal antibody has been well demonstrated to safely and effectively control chronic urticaria at least partially in approximately 2/3 of cases. However, the mechanism of action and duration of treatment for omalizumab is still unclear. It is hoped that as the pathobiology of chronic urticaria becomes better defined, future therapies that target specific mechanistic pathways will be developed that continue to improve the management of these often challenging patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fine
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Jonathan.Bernstein@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bernstein
keywords: Urticaria; angioedema; diagnosis; guidelines; hives; management