title: Contribution of Histologic Chorioamnionitis and Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome to Increased Risk of Brain Injury in Infants With Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes.
abstract: To determine the association of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) and fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) with brain injuries in infants born to mothers with preterm premature rupture of membranes.
  
  
  
  A total of 103 singleton infants born to mothers with preterm premature rupture of membranes were enrolled. The placental inflammation was confirmed by HCA, and FIRS was defined in fetuses with preterm labor and an elevation of the fetal plasma interleukin-6 concentration. Examination of brain images was conducted to confirm the existence of brain injuries. Based on placental HCA and umbilical cord blood interleukin-6 level, all patients were divided into three groups: HCA(-)FIRS(+), HCA(+)FIRS(-), and HCA(+)FIRS(+).
  
  
  
  Among all infants with preterm premature rupture of membranes, 53.40% were exposed to HCA, 20.38% experienced FIRS, and the overall incidence of brain injuries was 38.83%. The incidence of brain injury in HCA(-)FIRS(+), HCA(+)FIRS(-), and HCA(+)FIRS(+) groups were 20.83%, 41.18%, and 76.19%, respectively. HCA at the advanced grades and stages was associated with increased risk of brain injury. Umbilical cord blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in premature infants with brain injuries were significantly higher than in those without brain injuries. Infants diagnosed with both HCA and FIRS showed significantly higher levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and G-CSF than those with HCA alone.
  
  
  
  Preterm infants exposed to severe chorioamnionitis had an increased risk of brain injury. IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and G-CSF in cord blood were associated with brain injuries in preterm infants and may be used as extradiagnostic criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: lhy5154@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Qiu-Xia
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D002821:Chorioamnionitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000276:immunology; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010920:Placenta / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: brain injury; cytokine; fetal inflammatory response syndrome; histologic chorioamnionitis; premature infants