title: Inclusion of Specialist and Generalist Stimuli in Attract-and-Kill Programs: Their Relative Efficacy in Apple Maggot Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pest Management.
abstract: Investigating the chemical ecology of agricultural systems continues to be a salient part of integrated pest management programs. Apple maggot fly, a key pest of apple in eastern North America, is a visual specialist with attraction to host fruit-mimicking cues. These cues have been incorporated into red spherical traps used for both monitoring and behaviorally based management. Incorporating generalist or specialist olfactory cues can potentially increase the overall success of this management system. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the attractiveness of a generalist olfactory cue, ammonium carbonate, and the specialist olfactory cue, a five-component apple volatile blend, when included as a component of a red attracticidal sphere system. Secondly, we assessed how critical it was to maintain minimal deviation from the optimal, full-round specialist visual stimulus provided by red spheres. Finally, attracticidal spheres were deployed with specialist olfactory cues in commercial apple orchards to evaluate their potential for effective management of apple maggot. Ammonium carbonate did not increase residency, feeding time, or mortality in the laboratory-based trials. Field deployment of specialist olfactory cues increased apple maggot captures on red spheres, while the generalist cue did not. Apple maggot tolerated some deviation from the optimal visual stimulus without reducing captures on red spheres. Attracticidal spheres hung in perimeter trees in orchards resulted in acceptable and statistically identical levels of control compared with standard insecticide programs used by growers. Overall, our study contributes valuable information for developing a reliable attract-and-kill system for apple maggot.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV (william.morrison@ars.usda.gov; tracy.leskey@ars.usda.gov) william.morrison@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Kyeonggi-do, South Korea dl343@gachon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Doo-Hyung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY (whr1@cornell.edu; dbc10@cornell.edu).
authors.forename: W Harvey
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Reissig
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY (whr1@cornell.edu; dbc10@cornell.edu).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Combs
authors.affiliation: Polaris Orchard Management, Colrain, MA (polaris2@rcn.com), and.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.affiliation: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (aft@umass.edu; dcooley@umass.edu).
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuttle
authors.affiliation: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (aft@umass.edu; dcooley@umass.edu).
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV (william.morrison@ars.usda.gov; tracy.leskey@ars.usda.gov).
authors.forename: Tracy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Leskey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D010675:Pheromones; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C040502:ammonium carbonate
keywords: Malus domestica; attract and kill; integrated pest management; semiochemical; tephritid