title: Utilization of highly robust and selective crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid-based sorbent coatings in direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for determining polar organic pollutants in waters.
abstract: Several crosslinked polymeric ionic liquid (PIL)-based sorbent coatings of different nature were prepared by UV polymerization onto nitinol wires. They were evaluated in a direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) method in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and diode array detection (DAD). The studied PIL coatings contained either vinyl alkyl or vinylbenzyl imidazolium-based (ViCnIm- or ViBCnIm-) IL monomers with different anions, as well as different dicationic IL crosslinkers. The analytical performance of these PIL-based SPME coatings was firstly evaluated for the extraction of a group of 10 different model analytes, including hydrocarbons and phenols, while exhaustively comparing the performance with commercial SPME fibers such as polydimethylsyloxane (PDMS), polyacrylate (PA) and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), and using all fibers under optimized conditions. Those fibers exhibiting a high selectivity for polar compounds were selected to carry out an analytical method for a group of 5 alkylphenols, including bisphenol-A (BPA) and nonylphenol (n-NP). Under optimum conditions, average relative recoveries of 108% and inter-day precision values (3 non-consecutive days) lower than 19% were obtained for a spiked level of 10µgL(-1). Correlations coefficients for the overall method ranged between 0.990 and 0.999, and limits of detection were down to 1µgL(-1). Tap water, river water, and bottled water were analyzed to evaluate matrix effects. Comparison with the PA fiber was also performed in terms of analytical performance. Partition coefficients (logKfs) of the alkylphenols to the SPME coating varied from 1.69 to 2.45 for the most efficient PIL-based fiber, and from 1.58 to 2.30 for the PA fiber. These results agree with those obtained by the normalized calibration slopes, pointing out the affinity of these PILs-based coatings.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Unidad de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife 38206, Spain. Electronic address: ipacheco@ull.edu.es.
authors.forename: Idaira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pacheco-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA. Electronic address: Ali.Najafi@rockets.utoledo.edu.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Unidad de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife 38206, Spain. Electronic address: veropino@ull.edu.es.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pino
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Electronic address: andersoj@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Jared L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Unidad de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife 38206, Spain. Electronic address: jayala@ull.es.
authors.forename: Juan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Unidad de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Tenerife 38206, Spain. Electronic address: aafonso@ull.es.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Afonso
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D010636:Phenols; D011108:Polymers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C013616:nitinol
keywords: Alkylphenols; Crosslinked polymers; High-performance liquid chromatography; Ionic liquids; Polymeric ionic liquids; Solid-phase microextraction