title: Phytochemical Analysis with Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Studies of the Bioactive Principles from Zanthoxylum capense (Small Knobwood).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zanthoxylum capense (small knobwood) is a South African species known for a wide range of anecdotal uses. However, there is a dearth of information on its phytoconstitutional make-up, specifically its knobs, with only a few reports on the bioactive compounds that could justify its ethnomedicinal use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work aimed to identify the active principles in Z. capense and evaluate their cytotoxicity against breast cancer tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracts from the stem bark, knobs and leaves were purified using chromatographic methods and characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was evaluated on mammalian MCF-7, Caco-2 tumor cell lines and HEK295, a normal kidney cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following compounds were isolated from the plant: a quaternary benzophenanthridine-type alkaloid (chelerythrine) along with its alkanoamine derivative (6-hydroxydihydrochelerythrine), an indolopyridoquinazoline alkaloid (rutaecarpine), an alkyl p-coumaric acid ester (dodecyl-trans-p-coumarate), a lignan (sesamin), a flavanol (catechin), two triterpenoids (lupeol and sitosterol) and two pigments (pheophytin a and lutein). In the cytotoxicity study, all tested samples decreased the viability of the MCF-7 tumor cells by at least 23% at concentration 1 μg mL-1 and Caco-2 tumor cells by at least 15% at concentration 5 μg mL-1 but a mild toxic effect on HEK295 across the tested samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following compounds were isolated from the plant: a quaternary benzophenanthridine-type alkaloid (chelerythrine) along with its alkanoamine derivative (6-hydroxydihydrochelerythrine), an indolopyridoquinazoline alkaloid (rutaecarpine), an alkyl p-coumaric acid ester (dodecyl-trans-p-coumarate), a lignan (sesamin), a flavanol (catechin), two triterpenoids (lupeol and sitosterol) and two pigments (pheophytin a and lutein). In the cytotoxicity study, all tested samples decreased the viability of the MCF-7 tumor cells by at least 23% at concentration 1 μg mL-1 and Caco-2 tumor cells by at least 15% at concentration 5 μg mL-1 but a mild toxic effect on HEK295 across the tested samples.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus. Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Olusola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bodede
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus. Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shakira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaik
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus. Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Moganavelli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus. Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Roshila
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moodley
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D015394:Molecular Structure; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D032106:Zanthoxylum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Benzophenanthridine alkaloid; antioxidant; breast cancer; chromatography; ethnomedicine; tumour cells