title: Coarse Fraction Particle Matter and Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Non-Asthmatic Children.
abstract: Coarse particle matter, PMcoarse, is associated with increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between short-term changes in PMcoarse and sub-clininal airway inflammation in children. Healthy children aged 11 years from two northern Swedish elementary schools underwent fraction of exhaled nitrogen oxide (FENO) measurements to determine levels of airway inflammation twice weekly during the study period from 11 April-6 June 2011. Daily exposure to PMcoarse, PM2.5, NO₂, NOx, NO and O₃ and birch pollen was estimated. Multiple linear regression was used. Personal covariates were included as fixed effects and subjects were included as a random effect. In total, 95 children participated in the study, and in all 493 FENO measurements were made. The mean level of PMcoarse was 16.1 μg/m³ (range 4.1-42.3), and that of O₃ was 75.0 μg/m³ (range: 51.3-106.3). That of NO₂ was 17.0 μg/m³ (range: 4.7-31.3), NOx was 82.1 μg/m³ (range: 13.3-165.3), and NO was 65 μg/m³ (range: 8.7-138.4) during the study period. In multi-pollutant models an interquartile range increase in 24 h PMcoarse was associated with increases in FENO by between 6.9 ppb (95% confidence interval 0.0-14) and 7.3 ppb (95% confidence interval 0.4-14.9). PMcoarse was associated with an increase in FENO, indicating sub-clinical airway inflammation in healthy children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ume&#229;, Ume&#229; 90187, Sweden. hannekcarlsen@envmed.umu.se.|Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden. hannekcarlsen@envmed.umu.se.|Centre of Public Health, University of Iceland, Reykjav&#237;k 101, Iceland. hannekcarlsen@envmed.umu.se.
authors.forename: Hanne Krage
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ume&#229;, Ume&#229; 90187, Sweden. boman76@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boman
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ume&#229;, Ume&#229; 90187, Sweden. bodil.bjor@envmed.umu.se.
authors.forename: Bodil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Björ
authors.affiliation: Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden. anna-carin.olin@envmed.umu.se.
authors.forename: Anna-Carin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Olin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ume&#229;, Ume&#229; 90187, Sweden. bertil.forsberg@envmed.umu.se.
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Forsberg
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: air pollution; children; coarse particle matter; exhaled NO; respiratory inflammation