title: A refined method to evaluate diapers for effectiveness in reducing skin hydration using the adult forearm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Excessive skin hydration resulting from wet undergarments is a major cause of diaper rash in children and contributes to severe dermatitis in incontinent adults. Advancements in absorbent technology have led to diapers and incontinent garments that not only absorb urine, but also transfer it to different regions, and lock it away from the skin. The purpose of the present study was to develop a reliable method to assess the effectiveness of absorbent articles in mitigating skin hydration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disposable diapers with different absorbent structures were wrapped around the forearms of adult volunteers, loaded with urine substitute, and held in place for 1 h. Hydration of the volar region was measured by evaporimetry and compared with that of skin in the diaper region of children who had worn control loaded diapers in the usual way. The amount of fluid retained in various diaper layers and in the superabsorbent polymer core was measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaporative water loss measurement on adult forearms was shown to be a reliable test for comparing the effectiveness of absorbent articles in preventing excessive skin hydration provided that 1) the complete garment was used and 2) fluid was loaded in a manner that simulated normal urination. Skin on adult forearms and skin in the diaper region of children were concordant in their response to wet diapers. Skin wetness was directly related to the amount of liquid retained in absorbent layers close to the skin.
authors.affiliation: Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Roswell, GA, USAK.G.L.'s Skin Study Center, Broomall, PA, USA.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.affiliation: Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Roswell, GA, USAK.G.L.'s Skin Study Center, Broomall, PA, USA.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Lemmen
authors.affiliation: Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Roswell, GA, USAK.G.L.'s Skin Study Center, Broomall, PA, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bozarth
authors.affiliation: Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Roswell, GA, USAK.G.L.'s Skin Study Center, Broomall, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.affiliation: Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Roswell, GA, USAK.G.L.'s Skin Study Center, Broomall, PA, USA.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Grove
keywords: TEWL; dryness; evaporimeter; forearm; hydration; skin