title: Multimorbidity, P4 medicine and holism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multimorbidity is a serious challenge to providing patients with quality health care. Sturmberg et al. propose a P4 or whole-person medical model based on a holistic approach to deliver such care. The aim of this commentary is to examine critically their P4 model and holistic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The P4 model and holistic approach of Sturmberg et al. are analysed conceptually in terms of an effective strategy or sequence for framing P4 medicine and with respect to different philosophical notions of holism for grounding it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instead of a P4 medicine strategy or sequence that emphasizes the predictive and preventive aspects of health care from a biomedical perspective, as Sturmberg et al. do, a more effective strategy or sequence for framing P4 medicine to deliver quality health care is to accentuate the personalized and participatory aspects from a humanistic perspective. The basis of this proposed strategy for P4 medicine is not a technoscientific holism that emphasizes mechanisms to define the whole utilizing bottom-up causation, as Sturmberg et al. ground their biomedical P4 model, but rather a phenomenological holism that also incorporates the person's illness experience and top-down causation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposal of Sturmberg et al. to treat patient multimorbidity through P4 medicine and a holistic approach is certainly a move in the right direction. However, to achieve their goal requires an alternative strategy for P4 medicine and a more robust notion of holism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Baylor University, Waco, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Marcum
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D015438:Health Behavior; D006694:Holistic Health; D006801:Humans; D000071069:Multiple Chronic Conditions / Q000628:therapy*; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: causality; humanity; multimorbidity; philosophy of medicine