title: Peumus boldus (Boldo) Aqueous Extract Present Better Protective Effect than Boldine Against Manganese-Induced Toxicity in D. melanogaster.
abstract: The cellular, intracellular and molecular mechanism(s) underlying the toxicity of Mn are still incompletely understood, although several points concerning Mn neurotoxicity have been addressed. Importantly, oxidative changes have been reported to be involved in Mn-induced toxicity. As a consequence, antioxidants are expected to offer protection in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to this metal. So, in this study we evaluated the hypothesis that the aqueous extract of boldo (Peumus boldus), and its alkaloids boldine, could prevent/ameliorate behavioral and oxidative alterations induced by Mn in a D. melanogaster intoxication model. Adult wild-type flies were concomitantly exposed to Mn (3 mM) and boldo aqueous extract (5 mg/mL) or boldine (327.37 µg/mL) in the food during 9 days. Mn-fed flies had a worse performance in the negative geotaxis assay and in the open-field test, as well as a higher incidence of mortality and TBARS levels in head and body, when compared to control group. Boldo aqueous extract was found to reduce the mortality rate of the flies exposed to Mn. In turn, boldine was ineffective against Mn-induced mortality and significantly increases mortality per se. Additionally, Mn-induced locomotors dysfunction were fully ameliorated by boldo crude extract and only partially ameliorated by boldine. Likewise, boldo completely normalize head and body TBARS levels, whereas boldine only partially normalize in body. Finally, we found that flies treated with Mn presented significantly decrease in dopamine levels. Our results suggest that boldo crude extract can exert protective effect against Mn-induced toxicity in D. melanogaster, whereas boldine do not. Moreover, our data confirm the utility of this model to investigate potential therapeutic strategies on movement disorders, such as that caused by Mn.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Matheus Chimelo
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bianchini
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Ortiz Alves
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Gularte
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dandara Fidélis
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Escoto
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geovana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mateus Cristofari
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gayer
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roehrs
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima nº 1000, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Félix Alexandre Antunes
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR-472 Km 7, Uruguaiana, RS, CEP 97500-970, Brazil. robson_puntel@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Robson L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Puntel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001060:Aporphines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000187:drug effects; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D031611:Peumus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001060:Aporphines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008345:Manganese; C011686:boldine
keywords: Locomotors dysfunction; Manganese; Mortality; TBARS; Toxicity