title: Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions.
abstract: The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane's relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses. In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of ± 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, West Virginia University; Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions, West Virginia University; Derek.Johnson@mail.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, West Virginia University; Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions, West Virginia University.
authors.forename: April N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.affiliation: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, West Virginia University.
authors.forename: Nigel N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005740:Gases; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis*; D059206:Natural Gas
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D059206:Natural Gas; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008697:Methane