title: Quantitative EEG Neurometric Analysis-Guided Neurofeedback Treatment in Postconcussion Syndrome (PCS): Forty Cases. How Is Neurometric Analysis Important for the Treatment of PCS and as a Biomarker?
abstract: Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) has been used to describe a range of residual symptoms that persist 12 months or more after the injury, often despite a lack of evidence of brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. In this clinical case series, the efficacy of quantitative EEG-guided neurofeedback in 40 subjects diagnosed with PCS was investigated. Overall improvement was seen in all the primary (Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire, Clinical Global Impressions Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale) and secondary measures (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Test of Variables for Attention). The Neuroguide Traumatic Brain Index for the group also showed a decrease. Thirty-nine subjects were followed up long term with an average follow-up length of 3.1 years (CI = 2.7-3.3). All but 2 subjects were stable and were off medication. Overall neurofeedback treatment was shown to be effective in this group of subjects studied.
authors.affiliation: 1 Living Health Center for Research and Education, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tanju
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Surmeli
authors.affiliation: 2 Brain Power Institute, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eralp
authors.affiliation: 1 Living Health Center for Research and Education, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ilham
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mustafazade
authors.affiliation: 1 Living Health Center for Research and Education, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ismet Hadi
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.affiliation: 2 Brain Power Institute, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gül Elif
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Özer
authors.affiliation: 2 Brain Power Institute, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Orkun H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Surmeli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: EEG biofeedback; QEEG; TBI; Traumatic Brain Index; neurofeedback; neurometric analysis; postconcussion syndrome (PCS); traumatic brain injury