title: Brominated, chlorinated and phosphate organic contaminants in house dust from Portugal.
abstract: House dust is an important matrix to evaluate the human exposure to a large number of contaminants including organochlorine compounds and flame retardants. In this study, we measured the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and several organophosphorus flames retardants (PFRs) in 28 house dust samples collected between 2010 and 2011 in two Portuguese cities, Aveiro and Coimbra. Among the measured compounds, PFRs, particularly tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP), were the dominant group (median: 3200ngg(-1)). PBDE levels were the second highest (median: 340ngg(-1)) with great predominance of BDE 209 (median 270ngg(-1)), followed by HBCDDs (median: 150ngg(-1)), DBDPE (54ngg(-1)), PCBs (median: 6.3ngg(-1)) and BTBPE (median: 1.2ngg(-1)). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via dust ingestion showed a higher intake of PFRs (median: 4.6ngkg-bw(-1)day); however for all contaminants the EDIs were much lower than the established reference dose (RfD) values. Therefore, the studied population is exposed to non-hazardous levels of the target compounds when considering the exposure through house dust ingestion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: sdcoelho@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Sónia D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal. Electronic address: anasousa@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Ana C A
authors.initials: ACA
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Integrated Health Risk Assessment Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. Electronic address: isobe.tomohiko@nies.go.jp.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isobe
authors.affiliation: Monitoring and Analysis Division, Saemangeum Regional Environmental Office,100 Seogok-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-870, Korea. Electronic address: pacex.kim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joon-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: kunisue.tatsuya.ew@ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunisue
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: antonio.nogueira@ua.pt.
authors.forename: António J A
authors.initials: AJA
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: shinsuke@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006798:Housing; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011174:Portugal
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010755:Organophosphates; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: BFRs; Dust; EBFRs; PCBs; PFRs