title: Guide to the littoral zone vascular flora of Carolina bay lakes (U.S.A.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carolina bays are elliptic, directionally aligned basins of disputed origin that occur on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from the Delmarva Peninsula to southern Georgia. In southeastern North Carolina, several large, natural, lacustrine systems (i.e., Carolina bay lakes) exist within the geomorphological features known as Carolina bays. Within the current distribution of Carolina bays, Bladen and Columbus counties (North Carolina) contain the only known examples of Carolina bay lakes. The Carolina bay lakes can be split into two major divisions, the "Bladen Lakes Group" which is characterized as being relatively unproductive (dystrophic - oligotrophic), and Lake Waccamaw, which stands alone in Columbus County and is known for its high productivity and species richness. Although there have been several studies conducted on these unique lentic systems, none have documented the flora comprehensively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the 2013-2014 growing seasons, the littoral zone flora of Carolina bay lakes was surveyed and vouchered. Literature reviews and herbarium crawls complemented this fieldwork to produce an inventory of the vascular plant species. This survey detected 205 taxa (species/subspecies and varieties) in 136 genera and 80 vascular plant families. Thirty-one species (15.2%) are of conservation concern. Lake Waccamaw exhibited the highest species richness with 145 catalogued taxa and 26 species of conservation concern. Across all sites, the Cyperaceae (25 spp.), Poaceae (21 spp.), Asteraceae (13 spp.), Ericaceae (8 spp.), Juncaceae (8 spp.), and Lentibulariaceae (6 spp.) were the six most species-rich vascular plant families encountered. A guide to the littoral zone flora of Carolina bay lakes is presented herein, including dichotomous keys, species accounts (including abundance, habitat, phenology, and exsiccatae), as well as images of living species and vouchered specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krings
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Braham
keywords: North American southeastern Coastal Plain lakes; aquatic; emersed vegetation; floristics