title: The persistence of illicit drug smoke residues and their recovery from common household surfaces.
abstract: Third-hand smoke is the residue remaining on surfaces during smoking events. It is composed of particles and vapours that form upon heating. The phrase 'third-hand smoke' is primarily used to describe nicotine and other chemicals from cigarettes, but any residues formed from the smoking of various substances could be classified similarly. There has been an increasing body of research on third-hand smoke from cigarettes in the last decade, but little has been done in regards to understanding the persistence of particles and vapours from illicit drugs. In this work, small samples of cocaine and methamphetamine were volatilized to produce an illicit drug smoke that was collected onto various surface materials and left exposed to ambient conditions over 672 h (four weeks). Chemical analyses by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of residues on silicon, plastic, laminate, and artificial leather surfaces indicated a rapid decrease in recovery of the parent molecule, with varied formation of decomposition products over the first 168 h of exposure. Measurable amounts of the parent molecule were still present after 672 h, exhibiting a strong persistence of these drugs on various household materials. This is important in a forensic science context, as third-hand smoke residues could provide a viable source of trace evidence previously not utilized. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards, Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bitter
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000032:analysis*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000032:analysis*; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*; D012907:Smoking; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D012906:Smoke; D008694:Methamphetamine; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: cocaine; forensic science; methamphetamine; residue