title: Intrinsic brain network abnormalities in codeine-containing cough syrup-dependent male individuals revealed in resting-state fMRI.
abstract: To identify codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS)-related modulations of intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) and to investigate whether these changes of ICN can be related to duration of CCS use and to impulsivity behavior in CCS-dependent individuals.
  
  
  
  Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in 41 CCS-dependent individuals and 34 healthy controls (HC) were scanned at 1.5T and analyzed using independent component analysis (ICA), in combination with a "dual-regression" technique to identify the group differences of three important resting-state networks, the default mode network (DMN), the executive control network (ECN), and the salience network (SN) between the CCS-dependent individuals and HC.
  
  
  
  Compared with the HC, CCS-dependent individuals had aberrant intrinsic connectivity within the DMN, ECN, and SN (P < 0.05, AlphaSim corrected). Furthermore, a longer duration of CCS use was associated with greater abnormalities in the intrinsic network functional connectivity (FC, P < 0.05, Bonferroni correction). Intrinsic network FC also correlated with higher impulsivity in CCS-dependent individuals (P < 0.05, AlphaSim corrected).
  
  
  
  Our findings revealed aberrant DMN, ECN, and SN connectivity patterns in CCS-dependent patients, which may provide new insight into how neuronal communication and information integration are disrupted among DMN, ECN, and SN key structures due to long duration of CCS use.
  
  
  
  1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:177-186.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.|Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China.|Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ying-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Huan-Huan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fen
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Gui-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jun-Zhang
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003061:Codeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D063132:Connectome / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012146:Rest; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000996:Antitussive Agents; D003061:Codeine
keywords: addiction; cough medicine; fMRI; impulsivity; resting-state networks