title: The Association Between Psychiatric Disorders and Telomere Length: A Meta-Analysis Involving 14,827 Persons.
abstract: This study examined the relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cell aging, and psychiatric disorders in adults compared with controls using meta-analytic methods.
  
  
  
  Data were abstracted from studies examining the relationship between LTL and adult psychiatric disorders. In addition to an overall estimate of effect size, subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to examine whether covariates (including psychiatric diagnoses) moderated the estimate.
  
  
  
  A significant overall effect size showing LTL shortening was found across all psychiatric disorders (Hedge g = -0.50, p < .001). Subgroup analyses did not demonstrate significant differences in effect size based on individual covariates (psychiatric disorder, sex, age, or assay method). The meta-regression indicated that although type of disorder and, likely, age moderate the overall effect size, the heterogeneity between studies could not be explained by a model that included these variables as well as sex and assay method. Although not significantly different, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders had comparatively larger effect sizes (-1.27, -0.53, and -0.55), and psychotic and bipolar disorders had comparatively smaller ones (-0.23 and -0.26).
  
  
  
  We observed a robust effect size of LTL shortening for psychiatric disorders as a whole compared with controls. The results were less straightforward regarding relative differences in the strength of this association by specific disorder. Future studies should focus on mechanisms explaining accelerated cell aging with psychiatric illness, defining directions (if any) of causality and elucidating possible differences in this association between disorders.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry (Darrow, Lindqvist, Delucchi, Wolkowitz, Mathews), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Psychiatry (Verhoeven, Révész, Penninx) and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Sciences (Lindqvist), Section for Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sabrina M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: Josine E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.forename: Dóra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Révész
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Delucchi
authors.forename: Owen M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Wolkowitz
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mathews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D059506:Telomere Shortening / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult