title: Structural comparison of AP endonucleases from the exonuclease III family reveals new amino acid residues in human AP endonuclease 1 that are involved in incision of damaged DNA.
abstract: Oxidatively damaged DNA bases are substrates for two overlapping repair pathways: DNA glycosylase-initiated base excision repair (BER) and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease-initiated nucleotide incision repair (NIR). In the BER pathway, an AP endonuclease cleaves DNA at AP sites and 3'-blocking moieties generated by DNA glycosylases, whereas in the NIR pathway, the same AP endonuclease incises DNA 5' to an oxidized base. The majority of characterized AP endonucleases possess classic BER activities, and approximately a half of them can also have a NIR activity. At present, the molecular mechanism underlying DNA substrate specificity of AP endonucleases remains unclear mainly due to the absence of a published structure of the enzyme in complex with a damaged base. To identify critical residues involved in the NIR function, we performed biochemical and structural characterization of Bacillus subtilis AP endonuclease ExoA and compared its crystal structure with the structures of other AP endonucleases: Escherichia coli exonuclease III (Xth), human APE1, and archaeal Mth212. We found conserved amino acid residues in the NIR-specific enzymes APE1, Mth212, and ExoA. Four of these positions were studied by means of point mutations in APE1: we applied substitution with the corresponding residue found in NIR-deficient E. coli Xth (Y128H, N174Q, G231S, and T268D). The APE1-T268D mutant showed a drastically decreased NIR activity and an inverted Mg(2+) dependence of the AP site cleavage activity, which is in line with the presence of an aspartic residue at the equivalent position among other known NIR-deficient AP endonucleases. Taken together, these data show that NIR is an evolutionarily conserved function in the Xth family of AP endonucleases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Modesto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redrejo-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France.
authors.forename: Armelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vigouroux
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Aibek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mursalimov
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France; SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Doria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alili
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Zhanat
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Koshenov
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 530038, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Zhiger
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Akishev
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maksimenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 530038, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Amangeldy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bissenbaev
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Bakhyt T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Matkarimov
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saparbaev
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif Cedex, France. Electronic address: alexander.ishchenko@gustaveroussy.fr.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ishchenko
authors.affiliation: Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France. Electronic address: solange.morera@i2bc.paris-saclay.fr.
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moréra
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D055162:Biocatalysis; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000072417:Protein Domains; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D005090:Exodeoxyribonucleases; C020133:exodeoxyribonuclease III; C085108:APEX1 protein, human; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase
keywords: AP endonuclease; Base excision repair; Crystal structure; Nucleotide incision repair; Oxidative DNA damage