title: Fabrication of nano-mosquitocides using chitosan from crab shells: Impact on non-target organisms in the aquatic environment.
abstract: Mosquitoes are arthropods of huge medical and veterinary relevance, since they vector pathogens and parasites of public health importance, including malaria, dengue and Zika virus. Currently, nanotechnology is considered a potential eco-friendly approach in mosquito control research. We proposed a novel method of biofabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using chitosan (Ch) from crab shells. Ch-AgNP nanocomposite was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDX and XRD. Ch-AgNP were tested against larvae and pupae of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi obtaining LC50 ranging from 3.18 ppm (I) to 6.54 ppm (pupae). The antibacterial properties of Ch-AgNP were proved against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi, while no growth inhibition was reported in assays conducted on Proteus vulgaris. Concerning non-target effects, in standard laboratory considtions the predation efficiency of Danio rerio zebrafishes was 68.8% and 61.6% against I and II instar larvae of A. stephensi, respectively. In a Ch-AgNP-contaminated environment, fish predation was boosted to 89.5% and 77.3%, respectively. Quantitative analysis of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and LPO from hepatopancreas of fresh water crabs Paratelphusa hydrodromous exposed for 16 days to a Ch-AgNP-contaminated aquatic environment were conducted. Notably, deleterious effects of Ch-AgNP contaminating aquatic enviroment on the non-target crab P. hydrodromous were observed, particularly when doses higher than 8-10ppm are tested. Overall, this research highlights the potential of Ch-AGNP for the development of newer control tools against young instar populations of malaria mosquitoes, also highlighting some risks concerned the employ of nanoparticles in aquatic environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore 632115, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kadarkarai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murugan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jaganathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anitha
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Devakumar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dinesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Udaiyan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Rajapandian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajaganesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Balamurugan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chandramohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jayapal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Manickam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paulpandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Chitravel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vadivalagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Pandiyan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amuthavalli
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jiang-Shiou
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer,King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Saleh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alsalhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer,King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sandhanasamy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devanesan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, India.
authors.forename: Kannaiyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pugazhendy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300 Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Akon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.affiliation: Insect Behavior Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy. Electronic address: g.benelli@sssup.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D003386:Brachyura; D048271:Chitosan / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009032:Mosquito Control; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012834:Silver; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Anopheles stephensi; Culicidae; Danio rerio; Non-target effects; Plasmodium; biosafety