title: Multiplex APLP System for High-Resolution Haplogrouping of Extremely Degraded East-Asian Mitochondrial DNAs.
abstract: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) serves as a powerful tool for exploring matrilineal phylogeographic ancestry, as well as for analyzing highly degraded samples, because of its polymorphic nature and high copy numbers per cell. The recent advent of complete mitochondrial genome sequencing has led to improved techniques for phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA, and many multiplex genotyping methods have been developed for the hierarchical analysis of phylogenetically important mutations. However, few high-resolution multiplex genotyping systems for analyzing East-Asian mtDNA can be applied to extremely degraded samples. Here, we present a multiplex system for analyzing mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs), which relies on a novel amplified product-length polymorphisms (APLP) method that uses inosine-flapped primers and is specifically designed for the detailed haplogrouping of extremely degraded East-Asian mtDNAs. We used fourteen 6-plex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and subsequent electrophoresis to examine 81 haplogroup-defining SNPs and 3 insertion/deletion sites, and we were able to securely assign the studied mtDNAs to relevant haplogroups. Our system requires only 1×10-13 g (100 fg) of crude DNA to obtain a full profile. Owing to its small amplicon size (<110 bp), this new APLP system was successfully applied to extremely degraded samples for which direct sequencing of hypervariable segments using mini-primer sets was unsuccessful, and proved to be more robust than conventional APLP analysis. Thus, our new APLP system is effective for retrieving reliable data from extremely degraded East-Asian mtDNAs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kakuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shojo
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of General Dental Practice and Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Phrabhakaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nambiar
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-2331, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umetsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Adachi
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D053803:Forensic Genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial