title: PGK1, a glucose metabolism enzyme, may play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some studies have indicated that glucose metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to find the novel genes affecting glucose metabolism in RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Synovial tissues of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were analyzed with Rat Glucose Metabolism RT(2) Profiler™ PCR Array to screen those genes with special expressions in glucose metabolism. Real-time PCR, western blotting, and ELISA were used to confirm the result in synovial tissues and blood of human RA. Culture synovial fibroblast cells (RASF) was treated with siRNA to suppress expressions of the target genes. CCK-8 cell proliferation assay and two-compartment transwell system were performed to examine cell proliferation and cell migration of the treated RASF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both PCR array and real-time PCR detected the up-regulation of ENO1, HK2, and PGK1 and the down-regulation of PCK1 and PDK4 in synovial tissues of CIA rats. Real-time PCR and western blotting detected the increased expression of ENO1 and PGK1 in RA synovial tissues. ELISA detected a high level of PGK1 in the blood of RA patients. Decreased cell proliferation and cell migration capabilities were significantly detected in RASF following treatment of anti-PGK1 siRNA. IL-1β and IFN-γ rather than TNF-α and IL-1α levels were significantly declined in supernatants of the treated RASF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGK1, a glycolytic enzyme catalyzing the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate, has increased expression in synovial tissues and blood of RA, which may be involved in pro-inflammation and synovial hyperplasia of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinfeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jianguoxiaojingsan Road 2, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yabing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shufeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China. changxt@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaotian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001168:Arthritis; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003094:Collagen; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016547:Kinesins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C509805:KIF2A protein, human; C000631432:PDK4 protein, human; C000631440:Pdk4 protein, rat; D000081382:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D003094:Collagen; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C577282:PGK1 protein, human; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase; D016547:Kinesins; C521898:PCK1 protein, human; D010729:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP); C095157:ENO1 protein, human; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA); Enolase 1 (ENO1); Glucose metabolism; Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1); Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)