title: Epoxy composite dusts with and without carbon nanotubes cause similar pulmonary responses, but differences in liver histology in mice following pulmonary deposition.
abstract: The toxicity of dusts from mechanical abrasion of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) epoxy nanocomposites is unknown. We compared the toxic effects of dusts generated by sanding of epoxy composites with and without CNT. The used CNT type was included for comparison.
  
  
  
  Mice received a single intratracheal instillation of 18, 54 and 162 μg of CNT or 54, 162 and 486 μg of the sanding dust from epoxy composite with and without CNT. DNA damage in lung and liver, lung inflammation and liver histology were evaluated 1, 3 and 28 days after intratracheal instillation. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of interleukin 6 and heme oxygenase 1 was measured in the lungs and serum amyloid A1 in the liver. Printex 90 carbon black was included as a reference particle.
  
  
  
  Pulmonary exposure to CNT and all dusts obtained by sanding epoxy composite boards resulted in recruitment of inflammatory cells into lung lumen: On day 1 after instillation these cells were primarily neutrophils but on day 3, eosinophils contributed significantly to the cell population. There were still increased numbers of neutrophils 28 days after intratracheal instillation of the highest dose of the epoxy dusts. Both CNT and epoxy dusts induced DNA damage in lung tissue up to 3 days after intratracheal instillation but not in liver tissue. There was no additive effect of adding CNT to epoxy resins for any of the pulmonary endpoints. In livers of mice instilled with CNT and epoxy dust with CNTs inflammatory and necrotic histological changes were observed, however, not in mice instilled with epoxy dust without CNT.
  
  
  
  Pulmonary deposition of epoxy dusts with and without CNT induced inflammation and DNA damage in lung tissue. There was no additive effect of adding CNT to epoxies for any of the pulmonary endpoints. However, hepatic inflammatory and necrotic histopathological changes were seen in mice instilled with sanding dust from CNT-containing epoxy but not in mice instilled with reference epoxy.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. ats@nrcwe.dk.
authors.forename: Anne Thoustrup
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Saber
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.|National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Józef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szarek
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ismo Kalevi
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Koponen
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nicklas Raun
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Veneto Nanotech SCpA, ECSIN - European Centre for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, I-45100, Rovigo, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pozzebon
authors.affiliation: Veneto Nanotech SCpA, ECSIN - European Centre for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, I-45100, Rovigo, Italy.|Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stefano Pozzi
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Mucelli
authors.affiliation: European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
authors.forename: David George
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rickerby
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.|Nanologica AB, SE-114 28, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rambabu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atluri
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne Mette
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Zdenka Orabi
authors.initials: ZO
authors.lastname: Kyjovska
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.|Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Keld Alstrup
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004731:Endotoxins; D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
keywords: CNT; DNA damage; Epoxy; Inflammation; Lifecycle; Liver histology; Matrix nanocomposite; Nanocyl NC7000; Nanomaterials; Nanoparticles; Sanding dust