title: Bacteremia: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiling in chronic kidney diseases and renal transplant patients.
abstract: To determine the prevalence of bacteraemia in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly those on dialysis and those who had had renal transplant, and to evaluate resistance among the isolated strains.
  
  
  
  The cross-sectional study was conducted at Kidney Centre, Al-Sayyed Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from June to December 2014. Samples that displayed positive growth were separated from the rest. The isolates were then identified and screened for extended spectrum beta lactamases and metallo beta lactamases production and other resistance mechanisms by phenotypic method.
  
  
  
  Of the 1400 samples, only 46 samples (3.3%) displayed signal for positive growth. The prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing strains was recorded to be 37%.Carbapenem resistance was witnessed in 15% samples. Whereas, Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus prevalence was detected to be 2%.
  
  
  
  Resistance in gram-negative microbes was rising, while it was declining in gram-positive microbes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Comsats Institute of Information Technology. Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.affiliation: Al-Sayed Hospital (Pvt) Ltd. Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Mohammad Tauseef Mukhtar
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bokhari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Comsats Institute of Information Technology. Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Comsats Institute of Information Technology. Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Zahid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Mukhtar Bokhari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Comsats Institute of Information Technology. Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zakir
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Al-Sayed Hospital (Pvt) Ltd. Rawalpindi..
authors.forename: Tayabba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Comsats Institute of Information Technology. Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bukhari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Comsats Institute of Information Technology. Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.affiliation: Al-Sayed Hospital (Pvt) Ltd. Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Shahid Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abbasi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010154:Pakistan; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; D001618:beta-Lactamases
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Bacteraemia, Chronic kidney diseases, ESBL, MBL.