title: Radiotherapy Planning Using an Improved Search Strategy in Particle Swarm Optimization.
abstract: Evolutionary stochastic global optimization algorithms are widely used in large-scale, nonconvex problems. However, enhancing the search efficiency and repeatability of these techniques often requires well-customized approaches. This study investigates one such approach.
  
  
  
  We use particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve a 4D radiation therapy (RT) inverse planning problem, where the key idea is to use respiratory motion as an additional degree of freedom in lung cancer RT. The primary goal is to administer a lethal dose to the tumor target while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. Our optimization iteratively adjusts radiation fluence-weights for all beam apertures across all respiratory phases. We implement three PSO-based approaches: conventionally used unconstrained, hard-constrained, and our proposed virtual search. As proof of concept, five lung cancer patient cases are optimized over ten runs using each PSO approach. For comparison, a dynamically penalized likelihood (DPL) algorithm-a popular RT optimization technique is also implemented and used.
  
  
  
  The proposed technique significantly improves the robustness to random initialization while requiring fewer iteration cycles to converge across all cases. DPL manages to find the global optimum in 2 out of 5 RT cases over significantly more iterations.
  
  
  
  The proposed virtual search approach boosts the swarm search efficiency, and consequently, improves the optimization convergence rate and robustness for PSO.
  
  
  
  RT planning is a large-scale, nonconvex optimization problem, where finding optimal solutions in a clinically practical time is critical. Our proposed approach can potentially improve the optimization efficiency in similar time-sensitive problems.
authors.forename: Arezoo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Modiri
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawant
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009038:Motion; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity