title: A review of post-stroke urinary incontinence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebrovascular accidents, or strokes, are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Urinary incontinence is a prevalent morbidity experienced by post-stroke patients that is associated with long term disability and institutionalization effects on these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature review was conducted using multiple academic search engines using the keywords: 'stroke,' 'CVA,' 'urinary incontinence,' 'urodynamics,' 'pharmacologic treatments,' and 'conservative treatments.' Articles were reviewed and summarized to explain incidence, assessment, and treatments of urinary incontinence in post-stroke individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight percent to seventy-nine percent of stroke survivors experience urinary incontinence with detrusor overactivity being the most common type of incontinence assessed by urodynamic studies. There continues to be insufficient data studying the effects and benefits of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments in post-stroke patients. Similarly, urinary incontinence remains an indicator of increased morbidity, disability, and institutionalization rates in the post-stroke patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke is a debilitating disease which causes urinary incontinence in many patients. As a result, patients have increased rates of hospitalization and disability compared to post-stroke patients without urinary incontinence. The history and physical exam are key in diagnosing the type of urinary incontinence with urodynamic studies being an adjunctive study. Non-pharmacologic treatment, such as behavioral therapy, and pharmacologic agents including antimuscarinics and beta adrenergic medications, are not well studied in the post-stroke patient. Urinary incontinence in stroke patients needs to be further studied to help decrease morbidity and mortality rates within this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Tuong
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Klausner
authors.forename: Lance J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hampton
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000209:etiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014563:Urodynamics