title: Noninvasive methods of detecting increased intracranial pressure.
abstract: The detection of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is of paramount importance in the diagnosis and management of a number of neurologic pathologies. The current gold standard is the use of intraventricular or intraparenchymal catheters; however, this is invasive, expensive, and requires anesthesia. On the other hand, diagnosing intracranial hypertension based on clinical symptoms such as headaches, vomiting, and visual changes lacks sensitivity. As such, there exists a need for a noninvasive yet accurate and reliable method for detecting elevated ICP. In this review, we aim to cover both structural modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ocular ultrasound, fundoscopy, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) as well as functional modalities such as transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), visual evoked potentials (VEPs), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).
authors.affiliation: Craniofacial Surgery Center and Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Colket Translational Research Building, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Craniofacial Surgery Center and Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Colket Translational Research Building, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gerety
authors.affiliation: Scheie Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.affiliation: Craniofacial Surgery Center and Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Colket Translational Research Building, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: Craniofacial Surgery Center and Division of Plastic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Colket Translational Research Building, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. taylorj5@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Noninvasive intracranial pressure; Optic nerve sheath diameter; Optical coherence tomography; Papilledema; Transcranial Doppler ultrasound; Visual evoked potentials