title: Transverse writing of three-dimensional tubular optical waveguides in glass with a slit-shaped femtosecond laser beam.
abstract: We report on fabrication of tubular optical waveguides buried in ZBLAN glass based on transverse femtosecond laser direct writing. Irradiation in ZBLAN with focused femtosecond laser pulses leads to decrease of refractive index in the modified region. Tubular optical waveguides of variable mode areas are fabricated by forming the four sides of the cladding with slit-shaped femtosecond laser pulses, ensuring single mode waveguiding with a mode field dimension as small as ~4 μm.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.|School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.|School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.|State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng