title: Assessment of recent developmental immunotoxicity studies with bisphenol A in the context of the 2015 EFSA t-TDI.
abstract: Humans are exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) mainly through the diet, air, dust, skin contact and water. There are concerns about adverse health effects in humans due to exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has extensively reviewed the available literature to establish a temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI). This exposure level was based on all available literature published before the end of 2012. Since then, new experimental animal studies have emerged, including those that identified effects of BPA on the immune system after developmental exposure. These studies indicate that developmental immunotoxicity might occur at lower dose levels than previously observed and on which the current EFSA t-TDI is based. The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) organized an expert workshop in September 2015 to consider recently published studies on the developmental immunotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA). Key studies were discussed in the context of other experimental studies. The workshop concluded that these new experimental studies provide credible evidence for adverse immune effects after developmental exposure to BPA at 5μg/kg BW/day from gestation day 15 to postnatal day 21. Supportive evidence for adverse immune effects in similar dose ranges was obtained from other publications that were discussed during the workshop. The dose level associated with adverse immune effects is considerably lower than the dose used by EFSA for deriving the t-TDI. The workshop unanimously concluded that the current EFSA t-TDI warrants reconsideration in the context of all currently available data.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ellen V S
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Hessel
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ezendam
authors.affiliation: Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fleur A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: van Broekhuizen
authors.affiliation: Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hakkert
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeWitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Granum
authors.affiliation: Department of Intestinal Development, Xenobiotics, and Immunotoxicology, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Research Centre in Food Toxicology (Toxalim), Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guzylack
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B Paige
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Formerly Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, TNO Triskelion BV, Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penninks
authors.affiliation: National Toxicology Program, Office of Health Assessment and Translation, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: aldert.piersma@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Aldert H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Piersma
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Currently Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Loveren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D060467:Disease Resistance; D005260:Female; D059022:Food Safety; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010047:Ovalbumin; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds