title: Effects of the swimming exercise on the consolidation and persistence of auditory and contextual fear memory.
abstract: Exposure to negative environmental events triggers defensive behavior and leads to the formation of aversive associative memory. Cellular and molecular changes in the central nervous system underlie this memory formation, as well as the associated behavioral changes. In general, memory process is established in distinct phases such as acquisition, consolidation, evocation, persistence, and extinction of the acquired information. After exposure to a particular event, early changes in involved neural circuits support the memory consolidation, which corresponds to the short-term memory. Re-exposure to previously memorized events evokes the original memory, a process that is considered essential for the reactivation and consequent persistence of memory, ensuring that long-term memory is established. Different environmental stimuli may modulate the memory formation process, as well as their distinct phases. Among the different environmental stimuli able of modulating memory formation is the physical exercise which is a potent modulator of neuronal activity. There are many studies showing that physical exercise modulates learning and memory processes, mainly in the consolidation phase of the explicit memory. However, there are few reports in the literature regarding the role of physical exercise in implicit aversive associative memory, especially at the persistence phase. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between swimming exercise and the consolidation and persistence of contextual and auditory-cued fear memory. Male Wistar rats were submitted to sessions of swimming exercise five times a week, over six weeks. After that, the rats were submitted to classical aversive conditioning training by a pairing tone/foot shock paradigm. Finally, rats were evaluated for consolidation and persistence of fear memory to both auditory and contextual cues. Our results demonstrate that classical aversive conditioning with tone/foot shock pairing induced consolidation as well as persistence of conditioned fear memory. In addition, rats submitted to swimming exercise over six weeks showed an improved performance in the test of auditory-cued fear memory persistence, but not in the test of contextual fear memory persistence. Moreover, no significant effect from swimming exercise was observed on consolidation of both contextual and auditory fear memory. So, our study, revealing the effect of the swimming exercise on different stages of implicit memory of tone/foot shock conditioning, contributes to and complements the current knowledge about the environmental modulation of memory process.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá-FMIt, São Vicente, Av. Renó Júnior, 368, Itajubá, MG 37502-138, Brazil. Electronic address: rodolfo_sfaria@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Rodolfo Souza
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá-FMIt, São Vicente, Av. Renó Júnior, 368, Itajubá, MG 37502-138, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís Felipe Soares
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Gutierres
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá-FMIt, São Vicente, Av. Renó Júnior, 368, Itajubá, MG 37502-138, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando César Faria
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Sobrinho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá-FMIt, São Vicente, Av. Renó Júnior, 368, Itajubá, MG 37502-138, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iris do Vale
authors.initials: Ido V
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá-FMIt, São Vicente, Av. Renó Júnior, 368, Itajubá, MG 37502-138, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlia Dos
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas-Unicamp, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elayne Vieira
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas-Unicamp, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cesar Renato
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Sartori
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá-FMIt, São Vicente, Av. Renó Júnior, 368, Itajubá, MG 37502-138, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dalmo Antonio Ribeiro
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Moreira
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D004597:Electroshock; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D000069077:Memory Consolidation / Q000502:physiology*; D057567:Memory, Long-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013550:Swimming
keywords: Classical aversive conditioning; Consolidation; Exercise; Memory; Persistence