title: Complex water management in modern agriculture: Trends in the water-energy-food nexus over the High Plains Aquifer.
abstract: In modern agriculture, the interplay between complex physical, agricultural, and socioeconomic water use drivers must be fully understood to successfully manage water supplies on extended timescales. This is particularly evident across large portions of the High Plains Aquifer where groundwater levels have declined at unsustainable rates despite improvements in both the efficiency of water use and water productivity in agricultural practices. Improved technology and land use practices have not mitigated groundwater level declines, thus water management strategies must adapt accordingly or risk further resource loss. In this study, we analyze the water-energy-food nexus over the High Plains Aquifer as a framework to isolate the major drivers that have shaped the history, and will direct the future, of water use in modern agriculture. Based on this analysis, we conclude that future water management strategies can benefit from: (1) prioritizing farmer profit to encourage decision-making that aligns with strategic objectives, (2) management of water as both an input into the water-energy-food nexus and a key incentive for farmers, (3) adaptive frameworks that allow for short-term objectives within long-term goals, (4) innovative strategies that fit within restrictive political frameworks, (5) reduced production risks to aid farmer decision-making, and (6) increasing the political desire to conserve valuable water resources. This research sets the foundation to address water management as a function of complex decision-making trends linked to the water-energy-food nexus. Water management strategy recommendations are made based on the objective of balancing farmer profit and conserving water resources to ensure future agricultural production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: smidtsam@msu.edu.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Smidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Erin M K
authors.initials: EMK
authors.lastname: Haacker
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Jillian M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Deines
authors.affiliation: University Corporation of Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA; NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
authors.forename: Lisi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Kayla A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cotterman
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Haoyang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hyndman
keywords: Agriculture; Economics; High Plains Aquifer; Irrigation; Policy; Water management