title: The effect of interference on temporal order memory in individuals with Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Memory for the temporal order of items or events in a sequence has been shown to be impaired in older adults and individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study examined the effects of high and low interference on temporal order memory in individuals diagnosed with PD (n=20) and demographically similar healthy older adults (n=20) utilizing a computerized task used in previously published studies. During the sample phase of each trial, a series of eight circles were randomly presented one at a time in eight different spatial locations. Participants were instructed to remember the sequence in which the circles appeared in the locations. During the choice phase, participants were presented with two circles in two different locations and were asked to indicate which circle appeared earliest in the sample phase sequence. The two circles were separated by one of four possible temporal separation lags (0, 2, 4, and 6), defined as the number of circles occurring in the sample phase sequence between the two choice phase circles. Shorter temporal lags (e.g., 0 and 2 lags) were hypothesized to result in higher interference compared to longer temporal lags (e.g., 4 and 6 lags). The results demonstrated that on trials involving high interference, no differences were found between the two groups. However, healthy older adults significantly outperformed individuals with PD (p<0.05) on trials involving low interference. Although differences were found between the PD and healthy older adult groups, both groups significantly improved on low interference trials compared to high interference trials (p<0.001). The findings indicate that temporal order memory improves in healthy older adults and individuals with PD when interference is reduced. However, individuals with PD demonstrated poorer temporal order memory even with less interference. Therefore, temporal order memory is differentially affected by interference in healthy older adults and individuals with PD. Given that both groups did improve with lessened interference, behavioral interventions that minimize temporal interference potentially could improve memory function in older adults and to a lesser extent in individuals with PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: DeFord
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Landy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pirogovsky-Turk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Van Etten
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J Vincent
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Filoteo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: pgilbert@mail.sdsu.edu.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Basal ganglia; Frontal lobes; Interference; Memory; Sequence; Visuospatial