title: MAL and TMEM220 are novel DNA methylation markers in human gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the mRNA-expression of the MAL, TMEM220, MMP28, IL-19 and HOPX genes and analyse the methylation statuses of MAL and TMEM220.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene-expression levels were analysed in 10 GC cell lines and 30 matched pairs of GC and normal mucosa (NM) gastric tissue specimens in real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions. Gene methylation was evaluated by bisulphite sequencing. Detailed gene-methylation patterns were confirmed by pyrosequencing analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MAL, TMEM220, MMP28 and IL-19 were significantly down-regulated in GC cell lines and GC tissues compared to NM tissues. MAL and TMEM220 were highly methylated in GC tissues, and methylation inversely correlated with expression. MAL and TMEM220 expression were restored by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. MAL and TMEM220 were specifically methylated and were down-regulated in human GC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These loci may serve as novel methylation markers for patients with GC.
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Research Institute , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Boram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: b Division of Genetics , Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Tae-Su
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Korea.
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Korea.
authors.forename: Keun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology , Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Research Institute , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.|e Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Graduate School , Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk-Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: e Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Graduate School , Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Joon
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Cancer Research Institute , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.|f Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Kwang
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C569026:MAL protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C000613878:TMEM220 protein, human
keywords: Biomarker; HOPX; IL-19; MMP28; T-cell differentiation protein; gastric cancer methylation