title: The superwoman1-cleistogamy2 mutant is a novel resource for gene containment in rice.
abstract: Outcrossing between cultivated plants and their related wild species may result in the loss of favourable agricultural traits in the progeny or escape of transgenes in the environment. Outcrossing can be physically prevented by using cleistogamous (i.e. closed-flower) plants. In rice, flower opening is dependent on the mechanical action of fleshy organs called lodicules, which are generally regarded as the grass petal equivalents. Lodicule identity and development are specified by the action of protein complexes involving the SPW1 and OsMADS2 transcription factors. In the superwoman1-cleistogamy1 (spw1-cls1) mutant, SPW1 is impaired for heterodimerization with OsMADS2 and consequently spw1-cls1 shows thin, ineffective lodicules. However, low temperatures help stabilise the mutated SPW1/OsMADS2 heterodimer and lodicule development is restored when spw1-cls1 is grown in a cold environment, resulting in the loss of the cleistogamous phenotype. To identify a novel, temperature-stable cleistogamous allele of SPW1, targeted and random mutations were introduced into the SPW1 sequence and their effects over SPW1/OsMADS2 dimer formation were assessed in yeast two-hybrid experiments. In parallel, a novel cleistogamous allele of SPW1 called spw1-cls2 was isolated from a forward genetic screen. In spw1-cls2, a mutation leading to a change of an amino acid involved in DNA binding by the transcription factor was identified. Fertility of spw1-cls2 is somewhat decreased under low temperatures but unlike for spw1-cls1, the cleistogamous phenotype is maintained, making the line a safer and valuable genetic resource for gene containment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Breeding Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Hokkaido, Japan.|Division of Rice Research, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroki
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Development, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Shan-Guo
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Breeding Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Breeding Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikegaya
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Development, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimizu
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Development, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinnosuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Breeding Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Hokkaido, Japan.|Division of Agro-Production Technologies and Management Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Takami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Agro-Production Technologies and Management Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Agro-Production Technologies and Management Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Setsuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.affiliation: Division of Crop Development, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yatou
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki, Japan.|Division of Crop Development, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009929:Organ Size; D012275:Oryza / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D010641:Phenotype; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011485:Protein Binding; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013696:Temperature; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D019076:Transgenes; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D001616:beta-Galactosidase
keywords: 
  GMO
  ; MADS-box gene; breeding; cleistogamy; gene flow; lodicule