title: Effects of sphincter of Oddi motility on the formation of cholesterol gallstones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanisms and effects of sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility on cholesterol gallbladder stone formation in guinea pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four adult male Hartley guinea pigs were divided randomly into two groups, the control group (n = 10) and the cholesterol gallstone group (n = 24), which was sequentially divided into four subgroups with six guinea pigs each according to time of sacrifice. The guinea pigs in the cholesterol gallstone group were fed a cholesterol lithogenic diet and sacrificed after 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk. SO manometry and recording of myoelectric activity were obtained by a multifunctional physiograph at each stage. Cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCKAR) expression levels in SO smooth muscle were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastrin, and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at each stage in the process of cholesterol gallstone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gallstone formation rate was 0%, 0%, 16.7%, and 83.3% in the 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk groups, respectively. The frequency of myoelectric activity in the 9 wk group, the amplitude of myoelectric activity in the 9 and 12 wk groups, and the amplitude and the frequency of SO in the 9 wk group were all significantly decreased compared to the control group. The SO basal pressure and common bile duct pressure increased markedly in the 12 wk group, and the CCKAR expression levels increased in the 6 and 12 wk groups compared to the control group. Serum VIP was elevated significantly in the 9 and 12 wk groups and gastrin decreased significantly in the 3 and 9 wk groups. There was no difference in serum CCK-8 between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cholesterol gallstone-causing diet can induce SO dysfunction. The increasing tension of the SO along with its decreasing activity may play an important role in cholesterol gallstone formation. Expression changes of CCKAR in SO smooth muscle and serum VIP and CCK-8 may be important causes of SO dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Hou
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Xing
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Yi
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Zhe
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Bang-Zhen
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Kun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Zhong-Hou Rong, Hong-Yuan Chen, Xin-Xing Wang, Zhi-Yi Wang, Guo-Zhe Xian, Bang-Zhen Ma, Cheng-Kun Qin, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shangdong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Hai
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004576:Electromyography; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D042882:Gallstones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005755:Gastrins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008365:Manometry; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D043886:Receptor, Cholecystokinin A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012844:Sincalide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009803:Sphincter of Oddi / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D046628:Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005755:Gastrins; D043886:Receptor, Cholecystokinin A; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D002784:Cholesterol; D012844:Sincalide
keywords: Cholecystokinin-A receptor; Cholesterol gallstone; Manometry; Myoelectric activity; Sphincter of Oddi