title: Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings.
abstract: This review discusses the utility of pathogen-specific antibody biomarkers for improving estimates of the population burden of waterborne infections, assessing the fraction of infections that can be prevented by specific water treatments, and understanding transmission routes and the natural history and ecology of disease in different populations (including asymptomatic infection rates).
  
  
  
  We review recent literature on the application of pathogen-specific antibody response data to estimate incidence and prevalence of acute infections and their utility to assess the contributions of waterborne transmission pathways. Advantages and technical challenges associated with the use of serum versus minimally invasive salivary antibody biomarkers in cross-sectional and prospective surveys are discussed. We highlight recent advances and challenges and outline future directions for research, development, and application of antibody-based and other immunological biomarkers of waterborne infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Exum
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pisanic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.|Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Acute and Chronic Care, School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kellogg J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Detrick
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosek
authors.affiliation: National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Andrey I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Egorov
authors.affiliation: National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. cheaney1@jhu.edu.|Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Room W7033B, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-2179, USA. cheaney1@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Heaney
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution; D000069578:Waterborne Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Antibodies; Biomarkers; Immunoconversion; Pathogens; Saliva; Serology; Waterborne infections