title: New insights into the regulatory pathways associated with the activation of the stringent response in bacterial resistance to the PBP2-targeted antibiotics, mecillinam and OP0595/RG6080.
abstract: The diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor OP0595 (RG6080) also acts as an antibiotic, targeting PBP2 in Enterobacteriaceae, but this activity is vulnerable to mutational resistance. We used WGS to investigate the basis of this resistance.
  
  
  
  Twenty OP0595-selected mutants, comprising four derived from each of five different Escherichia coli strains, were sequenced on Illumina HiSeq. Reads from each mutant were mapped to the assembled genome of the corresponding parent. A variant-calling file generated with Samtools was parsed to determine genetic alterations.
  
  
  
  Besides OP0595, the mutants consistently showed decreased susceptibility to mecillinam, which likewise targets PBP2, and grew as stable round forms in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of OP0595. Among the 20 mutants, 18 had alterations in genes encoding tRNA synthase and modification functions liable to induce expression of the RpoS sigma factor through activation of the stringent response or had mutations suppressing inactivators of RpoS or the stringent response signal-degrading enzyme, SpoT. TolB was inactivated in one mutant: this activates RcsBC regulation and was previously associated with mecillinam resistance. The mechanism of resistance remained unidentified in one mutant. Both the RpoS and RcsBC systems regulate genes of cell division, including ftsAQZ that can compensate for loss or inhibition of PBP2, allowing survival of the challenged bacteria as stable round forms, as seen.
  
  
  
  WGS identified the global stringent response signal, entailing induction of RpoS, as the main mediator of mutational resistance to OP0595 in E. coli.
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK michel.doumith@phe.gov.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doumith
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mushtaq
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Livermore
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woodford
mesh_terms: D000560:Amdinocillin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007769:Lactams / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009154:Mutation; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012808:Sigma Factor / Q000235:genetics; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D007769:Lactams; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; D012808:Sigma Factor; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; C069567:sigma factor KatF protein, Bacteria; C000608518:nacubactam; C582982:MrdA protein, E coli; D000560:Amdinocillin