title: Micro-CT and Histological Evaluation of an Neural Interface Implanted Within a Blood Vessel.
abstract: Recently, we reported the development of a stent-mounted electrode array (Stentrode) capable of chronically recording neural signals from within a blood vessel with high fidelity. Preliminary data suggested incorporation of the Stentrode into the blood vessel wall was associated with improved recording sensitivity. We now investigate neointimal incorporation of the Stentrode, implanted in a cohort of sheep for up to 190 days.
  
  
  
  Micro-CT, obtained from the Imaging and Medical Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, and histomorphometic techniques developed specifically for evaluation of cerebral vasculature implanted with a stent-electrode array were compared as measures to assess device incorporation and vessel patency.
  
  
  
  Both micro-CT analysis and histomorphometry, revealed a strong correlation between implant duration and the number of incorporated stent struts. <10% (26/268) of stent struts were covered in neointima in sheep implanted for <2 weeks, increasing to >78% (191/243) between 2 and 4 weeks. Average strut-to-lumen thickness from animals implanted >12 weeks was comparable across both modalities, 339 ±15 μm measured using micro-CT and 331 ±19 μm ( n = 292) measured histologically. There was a strong correlation between lumen areas measured using the two modalities ( ), with no observation of vessel occlusion observed from any of the 12 animals implanted for up to 190 days.
  
  
  
  Micro-CT and the histomorphometric techniques we developed are comparable and can both be used to identify incorporation of a Stentrode implanted in cerebral vessels.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrates preliminary safety of a stent-electrode array implanted in cerebral vasculature, which may facilitate technological advances in minimally invasive brain-computer interfaces.
authors.forename: Nicholas Lachlan
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Opie
authors.forename: Nicole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: van der Nagel
authors.forename: Sam E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Kirstan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vessey
authors.forename: Gil S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rind
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ronayne
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Clive N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Terence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: OBrien
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Oxley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012756:Sheep; D015607:Stents; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods