title: Piribedil for the Treatment of Motor and Non-motor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease.
abstract: Dopamine agonists are well-established symptomatic medications for treating early and advanced Parkinson disease (PD). Piribedil was one of the first agonists to be marketed (1969) and is widely used as an extended-release oral formulation in European, Latin-American, and Asian countries. Piribedil acts as a non-ergot partial dopamine D2/D3-selective agonist, blocks alpha2-adrenoreceptors and has minimal effects on serotoninergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic receptors. Animal models support the efficacy of piribedil to improve parkinsonian motor symptoms with a lower propensity than levodopa to induce dyskinesia. In PD patients, randomized double-blind studies show that piribedil (150-300 mg/day, three times daily) is superior to placebo in improving motor disability in early PD patients. Based on such evidence, piribedil was considered in the last Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine review as "efficacious" and "clinically useful" for the symptomatic treatment of PD, either as monotherapy or in conjunction with levodopa, in non-fluctuating early PD patients. This effect appears comparable to what is known from other D2 agonists. However, randomized controlled trials are not available to assess the effect of piribedil in managing levodopa-induced motor complications. Pilot clinical studies suggest that piribedil may improve non-motor symptoms, such as apathy, but confirmatory trials are needed. The tolerability and safety profile of piribedil fits with that of the class of dopaminergic agonists. As for other non-ergot agonists, pneumo-pulmonary, retroperitoneal, and valvular fibrotic side effects are not a concern with piribedil. The original combination of piribedil D2 dopaminergic and alpha-2 adrenergic properties deserve further investigations to better understand its antiparkinsonian profile.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology Research, University of Buenos Aires, National Research Council (CONICET-ININCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perez-Lloret
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences and NeuroToul Center of Excellence in Neurodegeneration (COEN), University Hospital and University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France. olivier.rascol@univ-tlse3.fr.|INSERM CIC1436 and UMR1214, Toulouse, France. olivier.rascol@univ-tlse3.fr.|NS-Park/FCRIN Network, INSERM, Toulouse, France. olivier.rascol@univ-tlse3.fr.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rascol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010891:Piribedil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D010891:Piribedil