title: Pain and anxiety management for pediatric dental procedures using various combinations of sedative drugs: A review.
abstract: For fearful and uncooperative children behavioral management techniques are used. In order to control the pain and anxiety in pedodontic patients, pharmacologic sedation, anesthesia and analgesia are commonly used. Midazolam is commonly used as an oral sedation agent in children; it has several features such as safety of use, quick onset and certain degree of amnesia that makes it a desirable sedation agent in children. This review paper discusses various aspects of oral midazolam, ketamine and their combinations in conscious sedation including, advantages of oral route of sedation, pharmacokinetics, range of oral doses, and antagonists for clinical dental treatment procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, P.O. Box 2898, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Giath
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gazal
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, P.O. Box 2898, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Wamiq Musheer
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Fareed
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, P.O. Box 2898, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Sohail
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, P.O. Box 2898, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Al-Samadani
keywords: Ketamine; Oral midazolam; Pedodontics; Sedation in dentistry