title: The iron status of a healthy South African adult population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iron deficiency is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, can present with or without haematological changes and is a major cause of microcytic anaemia. In South Africa and Africa in general, there is a paucity of studies on the iron status of healthy adult non pregnant females and males >18years of age. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency in a healthy South African population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 651 healthy adults >18years were included in the study. Blood samples were taken for the determination of iron status, haematological and inflammatory parameters. A ferritin level of <30μg/L was used to define iron deficiency and these subjects were further divided into those with and without anaemia. Diet and menstrual history in females was further investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the prevalence of anaemia was 12.6% and iron deficiency was found in 78% of anaemic subjects. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 39.8% in all participants and females and Black Africans had a very high prevalence of 56.6% and 50.7% respectively. Significant (p<0.05) differences were found in concentrations of ferritin, haemoglobin, iron, transferrin, transferrin saturation, MCV and MCH between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anaemia is a minor health problem but a large proportion of subjects with iron deficiency do not present with anaemia. The prevalence of iron deficiency was high especially in females and Black African participants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: Dineo.Phatlhane@nhls.ac.za.
authors.forename: Dineo V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Phatlhane
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: azemlin@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Annalise E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Zemlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa. Electronic address: matshat@cput.ac.za.
authors.forename: Tandi E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Matsha
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: mariza@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Mariza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: nnaidoo@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Nasheen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan. Electronic address: ichihara@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa; PathCare Laboratories, Mediclinic Vergelegen, Somerset West, South Africa. Electronic address: smitfc@afrihost.co.za.
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: rte@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Rajiv T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Erasmus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005293:Ferritins
keywords: Anaemia; Ferritin; Iron deficiency; Iron status