title: Quantifying prosthetic gait deviation using simple outcome measures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a subset of simple outcome measures to quantify prosthetic gait deviation without needing three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight unilateral, transfemoral amputees and 12 unilateral, transtibial amputees were recruited. Twenty-eight able-bodied controls were recruited. All participants underwent 3DGA, the timed-up-and-go test and the six-minute walk test (6MWT). The lower-limb amputees also completed the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire. Results from 3DGA were summarised using the gait deviation index (GDI), which was subsequently regressed, using stepwise regression, against the other measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Step-length (SL), self-selected walking speed (SSWS) and the distance walked during the 6MWT (6MWD) were significantly correlated with GDI. The 6MWD was the strongest, single predictor of the GDI, followed by SL and SSWS. The predictive ability of the regression equations were improved following inclusion of self-report data related to mobility and prosthetic utility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study offers a practicable alternative to quantifying kinematic deviation without the need to conduct complete 3DGA.
authors.affiliation: Lauren Kark, Ross Odell, Anne Simmons, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kark
authors.affiliation: Lauren Kark, Ross Odell, Anne Simmons, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.affiliation: Lauren Kark, Ross Odell, Anne Simmons, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.affiliation: Lauren Kark, Ross Odell, Anne Simmons, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simmons
keywords: Amputation; Functional outcomes; Gait deviation; Prosthesis; Receiver operating characteristic curve; Regression