title: Antimutagenic, Antigenotoxic, and Anticytotoxic Activities of Silybum Marianum [L.] Gaertn Assessed by the Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay (Ames Test) and the Micronucleus Test in Mice Bone Marrow.
abstract: Silymarin (SM), a standardized extract from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., is composed mainly of flavonolignans, and silibinin (SB) is its major active constituent. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimutagenic activities of SM and SB using the Ames mutagenicity test in Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as their anticytotoxic and antigenotoxic activities using the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. To assess antimutagenicity, Salmonella Typhimurium strains were treated with different concentrations of SM or SB and the appropriate positive control for each strain. To assess antigenotoxicity and anticytotoxicity, Swiss mice were treated with different concentrations of SM or SB and mitomycin C (MMC). The results showed that SM was not significantly effective in reducing the number of frameshift mutations in strain TA98, while SB demonstrated significant protection at higher doses (P < 0.05). Regarding strain TA 100, SM and SB significantly decreased mutagenicity (point mutations) (P < 0.05). The results of the antigenotoxic evaluation demonstrated that SM and SB significantly reduced the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) (P < 0.05). The results also indicated that SM and SB significantly attenuated MMC-induced cytotoxicity (P < 0.05). Based on these results, both SM and SB presented antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, and anticytotoxic actions.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Fernandes Veloso
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Ribeiroe
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jefferson Hollanda
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Véras
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Morfologia (ICB3) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Clever Gomes
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Biologia e Medicina , Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-Goiás) , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Aparecido Divino
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Lee Chen
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D020944:Silybum marianum / Q000737:chemistry*; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077385:Silybin; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012838:Silymarin; D000077385:Silybin; D016685:Mitomycin