title: Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Intra-arterial Delivery of Doxorubicin-loaded Hollow Gold Nanospheres for Photothermal Ablation-Chemoembolization Therapy in Rats.
abstract: Purpose To determine if combretastatin A-4 phosphate disodium (CA4P) can enhance the tumor uptake of doxorubicin (Dox)-loaded, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNS) mixed with ethiodized oil for improved photothermal ablation (PTA)-chemoembolization therapy (CET) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. Materials and Methods Animal experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee and performed from February 2014 to April 2015. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 45; age, 12 weeks) were inoculated with N1S1 HCC cells in the liver, and 8 days later, were randomly divided into two groups of 10 rats. Group 1 rats received intrahepatic arterial injection of PEG-HAuNS and ethiodized oil alone; group 2 received pretreatment with CA4P and injection of PEG-HAuNS and ethiodized oil 5 minutes later. The gold content of tumor and liver tissue at 1 hour or 24 hours after injection was quantified by using neutron activation analysis (n = 5 per time point). Five rats received pretreatment CA4P, PEG-copper 64-HAuNS, and ethiodized oil and underwent micro-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). In a separate study, three groups of six rats with HCC were injected with saline solution (control group); CA4P, Dox-loaded PEG-coated HAuNS (Dox@PEG-HAuNS), and ethiodized oil (CET group); or CA4P, Dox@PEG-HAuNS, ethiodized oil, and near-infrared irradiation (PTA-CET group). Temperature was recorded during laser irradiation. Findings were verified at postmortem histopathologic and/or autoradiographic examination. Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. Results PEG-HAuNS uptake in CA4P-pretreated HCC tumors was significantly higher than that in non-CA4P-pretreated tumors at both 1 hour (P < .03) and 24 hours (P < .01). Mean ± standard deviation of tumor-to-liver PEG-HAuNS uptake ratios at 1 hour and 24 hours, respectively, were 5.63 ± 3.09 and 1.68 ± 0.77 in the CA4P-treated group and 1.29 ± 2.40 and 0.14 ± 0.11 in the non-CA4P-treated group. Micro-PET/CT allowed clear delineation of tumors, enabling quantitative imaging analysis. Laser irradiation increased temperature to 60°C and 43°C in the tumor and adjacent liver, respectively. Mean HCC tumor volumes 10 days after therapy were 1.68 cm3± 1.01, 3.96 cm3± 1.75, and 6.13 cm3± 2.27 in the PTA-CET, CET, and control groups, respectively, with significant differences between the PTA-CET group and other groups (P < .05). Conclusion CA4P pretreatment caused a higher concentration of Dox@PEG-HAuNS to be trapped inside the tumor, thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-HCC treatment with PTA-CET in rats.©RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Fengyong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Chiyi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Wanqin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Qizhen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Y Andrew
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Cancer Systems Imaging (J.L., M.Z., C.X., W.W., Q.C., X.W., C.L.) and Interventional Radiology (F.L., S.G.), the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, TX 77030; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (J.D.R.); and Ocean Nanotech, San Diego, Calif (X.J., Y.A.W.).
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D006046:Gold / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D054118:Nanospheres; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D013267:Stilbenes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006046:Gold; D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D004317:Doxorubicin; C058728:fosbretabulin