title: Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking of the Fetal Heart: A Practical Step-by-Step Approach for the Fetal Sonologist.
abstract: Various approaches to 2-dimensional speckle tracking have been used to evaluate left ventricular function and deformation in the fetus, child, and adult. In 2015, because of differences in imaging devices and analytical programs, the cardiology community published a consensus document proposing standards for pediatric/adult deformation imaging using 2-dimensional speckle tracking. The understanding and application of deformation imaging in the fetus have been limited by a lack of uniform software, terminology, techniques, and display. This article provides a practical, step-by-step approach for deformation analysis of the fetal heart using offline software that is independent of specific ultrasound vendors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA. Fetal Diagnostic Centers, Pasadena, Tarzana, and Lancaster, California USA grdevore@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Greggory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: DeVore
authors.affiliation: Fetal Diagnostic Centers, Pasadena, Tarzana, and Lancaster, California USA.
authors.forename: Bardo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polanco
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Satou
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sklansky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*
keywords: fetal echocardiography; obstetric ultrasound; speckle tracking; strain