title: Pleiotropic Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Dysregulated Metabolic Homeostasis, Inflammation and Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have demonstrated a lot of important effects in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and in the correct functioning of adipose tissue. Recently, many studies have evaluated a possible effect of PPARs on tumor cells. The purpose of this review is to describe the effects of PPARs, their action and their future prospective;
  
  
  METHODS
  Narrative review aimed to synthesize cutting-edge evidence retrieved from searches of computerized databases;
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPARs play a key role in metabolic diseases, which include several cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, impaired immunity and the increasing risk of cancer; in particular, PPARα and PPARβ/δ mainly enable energy combustion, while PPARγ contributes to energy storage by enhancing adipogenesis;
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PPAR agonists could represent interesting types of molecules that can treat not only metabolic diseases, but also inflammation and cancer. Additional research is needed for the identification of high-affinity, high-specificity agonists for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and other metabolic diseases. Further studies are needed also to elucidate the role of PPARs in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ''G. Barresi'', University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina 98125, Italy. antlagana@unime.it.
authors.forename: Antonio Simone
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Laganà
authors.affiliation: Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ''G. Barresi'', University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina 98125, Italy. vitalesalvatore@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Salvatore Giovanni
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diabetology and Endocrino-Metabolic Diseases, Hospital for Emergency Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, Catania 95126, Italy. ang.nigro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dentistry and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina 98100, Italy. vsofo@unime.it.
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sofo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dentistry and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina 98100, Italy. fmsalmeri@unime.it.
authors.forename: Francesca Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Salmeri
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diabetology and Endocrino-Metabolic Diseases, Hospital for Emergency Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, Catania 95126, Italy. paolarossetti@alice.it.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossetti
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy. agni.rap@live.it.
authors.forename: Agnese Maria Chiara
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rapisarda
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-CRAMD (Research Centre of Motor Activity and Metabolic Rehabilitation in Diabetes), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy. sandrolavignera@unict.it.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: La Vignera
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-CRAMD (Research Centre of Motor Activity and Metabolic Rehabilitation in Diabetes), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy. rositacondorelli@email.it.
authors.forename: Rosita Angela
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Condorelli
authors.affiliation: Independent Researcher, Catania 95124, Italy. gianlucarizzo@email.it.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diabetology and Endocrino-Metabolic Diseases, Hospital for Emergency Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, Catania 95126, Italy. buscemamassimo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buscema
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D058685:Genetic Pleiotropy; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
keywords: cancer; cardiovascular diseases; dyslipidemia; energy balance; fibrates; metabolic syndrome; obesity; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; thiazolinediones; type 2 diabetes