title: Chelidonium majus crude extract inhibits migration and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chelidonium majus L (Papaveraceae) is widely used in alternative medicine for treatment of various disorders. Antitumor activities of alkaloids isolated from this plant have been reviewed, while there are only a few studies that examine properties of the whole extract.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate direct cytotoxic effects, as well as indirect antitumor effects of Chelidonium majus ethanolic extract against different tumor cell lines,.
  
  
  METHODS
  MTT and SRB assays were performed to estimate cytotoxic effects of Chelidonium majus extract against human tumor cell lines A549, H460, HCT 116, SW480, MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. Type of cell death induced by extract was determined by flow cytometry and cell morphology assessment. Inhibitory effect on migration of cancer cells was assessed by wound healing assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chelidonium majus extract showed selective time- and dose-dependent increase of cytotoxicity in all six cell lines, with individual cell line sensitivities. Extract promoted cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis. Cotreatment with doxorubicin enhanced cytotoxicity of the drug. Also, inhibitory effect on migration was shown with non-toxic extract concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate possible usefulness of Chelidonium majus crude extract in antitumor therapy, whether through its direct cytotoxic effect, by prevention of metastasis, or as adjuvant therapy.
authors.affiliation: College for Preschool Teachers, Cirila i Metodija 22, 37000 Krusevac, Serbia. Electronic address: milena.nikolic.1987@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deljanin
authors.affiliation: College of Applied Technical Studies and Technology, Kosanciceva 36, 37000 Krusevac, Serbia. Electronic address: mladennikolic2603@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mladen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nikolic
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Electronic address: dejan.baskic@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dejan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baskic
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Electronic address: dtodorovic@medf.kg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Todorovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Electronic address: pdjurdjevic@sbb.rs.
authors.forename: Predrag
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Djurdjevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Electronic address: zaricmilan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaric
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Electronic address: mstankovic@kg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stankovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Electronic address: mtodorovickg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Milos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Todorovic
authors.affiliation: Special Hospital for Internal Desease, Vojvode Misica 2, 11400 Mladenovac, Serbia. Electronic address: dr.damv@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dusko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Avramovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. Electronic address: suzana.popovic@medf.kg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Popovic
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D028281:Chelidonium / Q000737:chemistry*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: Apoptosis; Cancer; Chelidonium majus L; Crude extract; Cytotoxicity