title: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-308G/A promoter polymorphism in colorectal cancer in ethnic Kashmiri population - A case control study in a detailed perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation constitutes one of the important components of colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a cytokine and an important inflammatory mediator plays a pivotal role in the malignant cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis in CRC. The studies on association of various polymorphisms in human TNF-α gene including TNF-α-308G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are limited, mixed and inconclusive.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to analyze the association of TNF-α-308G/A promoter SNP with colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility and development risk and also to evaluate the modifying effects of possible TNF-α-308G/A genotypes on different risk factors of CRC in ethnic population of Kashmir, India through a case-control setup. The genotype frequencies of TNF-α-308G/A promoter SNP were compared between 142 CRC patients and 184 individually matched healthy controls by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The associations between the TNF-α-308G/A SNP and CRC risk were examined through conditional logistic regression models adjusted for multiple possible confounding (third) variables. Further, the associations between this SNP and various clinico-pathological parameters, demographic variables and environmental factors within the case group subjects with regard to CRC risk were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association between the TNF-α-308G/A SNP and the modulation of risk of CRC was not found to be significant (p value = 0.156). The effect of less common TNF-α-308A allele on the risk of colorectal cancer was also not found to be significant (p value = 0.175). The variant genotype (AA) was nonexistent in the study population. Further, we found no significant effect modulation of CRC risk by wild and heterozygous TNF-α-308G/A SNP genotypes in presence of different possible risk factors (p > 0.05). We also found no significant association of TNF-α-308G/A SNP with the subsets of various characteristics of the case group subjects under study (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that there is no significant association between the TNF-α-308G/A promoter SNP and the risk of developing CRC in ethnic Kashmiri population. However, in order to substantiate our findings, this study needs to be replicated with bigger sample size and should involve other ethnically defined populations with high CRC risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Mujeeb Zafar
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Banday
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Henah Mehraj
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Balkhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Zeenat
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Aga Syed
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sameer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Nissar A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Chowdri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
authors.forename: Ehtishamul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haq
keywords: Case control study; Colorectal cancer (CRC); Kashmir; Polymorphism; Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)