title: Positive association of the androgen receptor CAG repeat length polymorphism with the risk of prostate cancer.
abstract: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Ecuador (15.6%). The androgen receptor gene codes for a protein that has an androgen‑binding domain, DNA‑binding domain and N‑terminal domain, which contains two polymorphic trinucleotide repeats (CAG and GGC). The aim of the present study was to determine whether variations in the number of repetitions of CAG and GGC are associated with the pathological features and the risk of developing PC. The polymorphic CAG and GGC repeat lengths in 108 mestizo patients with PC, 148 healthy mestizo individuals, and 78 healthy indigenous individuals were examined via a retrospective case‑control study. Genotypes were determined by genomic sequencing. The results demonstrated that patients with ≤21 CAG repeats have an increased risk of developing PC [odds ratio (OR)=2.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.79‑5.01; P<0.001]. The presence of ≤21 CAG repeats was also associated with a tumor stage ≥T2c (OR=4.75; 95% CI=1.77‑12.72; P<0.005) and a Gleason score ≥7 (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.1‑7.66; P=0.03). In addition, the combination of ≤21 CAG and ≥17 GGC repeats was associated with the risk of developing PC (OR=2.42; 95% CI=1.38‑4.25; P=0.002) and with tumor stage ≥T2c (OR=2.77; 95% CI=1.13‑6.79; P=0.02). In conclusion, the histopathological characteristics and PC risk in Ecuadorian indigenous and mestizo populations differs in association with the CAG repeats, and the combination of CAG and GGC repeats.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170122, Ecuador.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paz-Y-Miño
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170122, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Robles
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170122, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170122, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Paola E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Leone
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170122, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Jennyfer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García-Cárdenas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Oncologic Hospital Solon Espinosa Ayala, Quito 170138, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naranjo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170122, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: López-Cortés
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D023061:Gene Order; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011944:Receptors, Androgen