title: Metabolomics reveals differences between three daidzein metabolizing phenotypes in adults with cardiometabolic risk factors.
abstract: The soy isoflavone, daidzein, is metabolized by gut microbiota to O-desmethylangolensin (ODMA) and/or equol. Producing equol is postulated as a contributing factor for the beneficial effects of soy.
  
  
  
  This randomized, controlled, cross-over design used an untargeted metabolomic approach to assess the metabolic profile of different daidzein metabolizers. Adults (n = 17) with cardiometabolic risk factors received soy nuts or control food for 4 weeks, separated by a 2-week washout. No significant differences were detected pre- and postintervention and between interventions. Examination of the ability to metabolize daidzein revealed three groups: ODMA only producers (n = 4), equol + ODMA producers (n = 8), and nonproducers (n = 5). Analysis of the serum metabolome revealed nonproducers could be distinguished from ODMA-only and equol + ODMA producers. Differences between these phenotypes were related to obesity and metabolic risk (methionine, asparagine, and trimethylamine) with equol + ODMA producers having lower concentrations, yet paradoxically higher pro-inflammatory cytokines. In urine, nonproducers clustered with ODMA producers and were distinct from equol + ODMA producers. Urinary metabolite profiles revealed significantly higher excretion of fumarate and 2-oxoglutarate, as well as pyroglutamate, alanine, and the gut microbial metabolite dimethylamine in equol + ODMA producers.
  
  
  
  These results emphasize that the serum and urine metabolomes are distinct based on the ability to metabolize isoflavones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Reverri
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.|Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Slupsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Darya O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Mishchuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Francene M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D060754:Equol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D013025:Glycine max
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D060754:Equol; C004742:daidzein; C050052:O-desmethylangolensin
keywords: Cardiometabolic risk; Daidzein; Metabolomics; Phenotype; Soy