title: Oral mucosal progenitor cell clones resist in vitro myogenic differentiation.
abstract: Progenitor cells derived from the oral mucosa lamina propria (OMLP-PCs) demonstrate an ability to differentiate into tissue lineages removed from their anatomical origin. This clonally derived population of neural-crest cells have demonstrated potential to differentiate along mesenchymal and neuronal cell lineages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Significant efforts are being made to generate functioning muscle constructs for use in research and clinical tissue engineering. In this study we aimed to determine the myogenic properties of clonal populations of expanded OMLP-PCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  PCs were subject to several in vitro culture conditions in an attempt to drive myogenic conversion. Methodologies include use of demethylation gene-modifying reagents, mechanical conditioning of tissue culture substrates, tuneable polyacrylamide gels and a 3-dimensional construct as well as published myogenic media compositions. PCR and immunostaining for the muscle cell markers Desmin and MyoD1 were used to assess muscle differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clones tested did not intrinsically express myogenic lineage markers. Despite use of two and 3-dimensional pre-published in vitro culture protocols OMLP clones could not be differentiated down a myogenic lineage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the confines of these experimental parameters it was not possible to generate identifiable muscle using the clonal populations. When reviewing the previously successful reports of myogenic conversion, cells utilised have either been derived from tissues that are already 'primed' with the requisite myogenic genetic potential or have undergone specific genetic reprogramming to enhance the myogenic conversion rate. This, along with as yet unidentified stromal interplay, may therefore be required for positive myogenic differentiation to be realised.
authors.affiliation: Wound Biology Group, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: lockem1@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Locke
authors.affiliation: Wound Biology Group, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: davieslc1@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lindsay C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Wound Biology Group, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: stephensp@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002999:Clone Cells; D003893:Desmin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000494:pharmacology; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000166:cytology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D003893:Desmin; D017570:MyoD Protein; C057363:MyoD1 myogenic differentiation protein
keywords: Differentiation; Myogenic; Oral mucosa; Oral progenitor; Pluripotential