title: Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores.
abstract: Witches' broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in epidermis cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model.
  
  
  
  The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm(2). The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching.
  
  
  
  The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 10(9); 5.2 × 10(8), and 6.7 × 10(8) were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joise Hander
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Mares
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.|Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau - CEPEC, Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira- CEPLAC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina Peres
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Gramacho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Everton Cruz
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: André da Silva
authors.initials: Ada S
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson Mário de Andrade
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fátima Cerqueira
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Alvim
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. pirovanicp@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos Priminho
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Pirovani
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins
keywords: Basidiospores; Interaction network; Mass spectrometry; Proteomics; Witches’ broom