title: Playing up and playing down cultural identity: Introducing cultural influence and cultural variability.
abstract: Cultural variability (CV) is introduced as an overlooked dimension of cultural identity development pertaining to emphasizing and de-emphasizing the influence of a single cultural identity (i.e., cultural influence [CI]) on daily interactions and behaviors. The Cultural IDentity Influence Measure (CIDIM) is introduced as a novel measure of CI and CV, and hypothesis-driven validation is conducted in two samples along with exploration of associations between CV and well-being.
  
  
  
  A multicultural sample of 242 emerging adults participated in a daily diary study (Mage = 19.95 years, SDage = 1.40) by completing up to eight daily online surveys containing the CIDIM, criterion measures (ethnic identity, other group orientation, ethnic identity salience and daily variability in salience, social desirability), and measures of personal and interpersonal well-being. A second validation sample (n = 245) completed a 1-time survey with the CIDIM and a subset of criterion measures.
  
  
  
  Results using both samples show evidence of CI and CV and demonstrate the validity, reliability, and domain-sensitivity of the CIDIM. Further, CV made unique and positive contributions to predicting interaction quality after accounting for ethnic salience and variability in ethnic salience. An analytic approach utilizing standard deviations produced near-identical results to multilevel modeling and is recommended for parsimony.
  
  
  
  Ethnic minority and majority individuals make daily adjustments to play up and play down the influence of cultural identity on their social interactions and behaviors, and these adjustments predict interpersonal well-being. Cultural influence and cultural variability contribute to our emerging understanding of cultural identity as dynamic and agentic. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Iturbide
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D012933:Social Identification; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires