title: Evaluation Methods for Assessing Users' Psychological Experiences of Web-Based Psychosocial Interventions: A Systematic Review.
abstract: The use of Web-based interventions to deliver mental health and behavior change programs is increasingly popular. They are cost-effective, accessible, and generally effective. Often these interventions concern psychologically sensitive and challenging issues, such as depression or anxiety. The process by which a person receives and experiences therapy is important to understanding therapeutic process and outcomes. While the experience of the patient or client in traditional face-to-face therapy has been evaluated in a number of ways, there appeared to be a gap in the evaluation of patient experiences of therapeutic interventions delivered online. Evaluation of Web-based artifacts has focused either on evaluation of experience from a computer Web-design perspective through usability testing or on evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Neither of these methods focuses on the psychological experience of the person while engaged in the therapeutic process.
  
  
  
  This study aimed to investigate what methods, if any, have been used to evaluate the in situ psychological experience of users of Web-based self-help psychosocial interventions.
  
  
  
  A systematic literature review was undertaken of interdisciplinary databases with a focus on health and computer sciences. Studies that met a predetermined search protocol were included.
  
  
  
  Among 21 studies identified that examined psychological experience of the user, only 1 study collected user experience in situ. The most common method of understanding users' experience was through semistructured interviews conducted posttreatment or questionnaires administrated at the end of an intervention session. The questionnaires were usually based on standardized tools used to assess user experience with traditional face-to-face treatment.
  
  
  
  There is a lack of methods specified in the literature to evaluate the interface between Web-based mental health or behavior change artifacts and users. Main limitations in the research were the nascency of the topic and cross-disciplinary nature of the field. There is a need to develop and deliver methods of understanding users' psychological experiences while using an intervention.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Interdisciplinary Trauma Research, Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. jackie.feather@aut.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Jacqueline Susan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3448-0191
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Feather
authors.forename: Moira
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3933-5986
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4908-7771
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6236-1560
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: David Tudor
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2812-047X
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Jane
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3453-023X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koziol-McLain
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D008603:Mental Health; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017216:Telemedicine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Web-based; computer systems; eHealth; eHealth evaluation; medical informatics applications; psychology, clinical; usability; usability testing; web browser