title: CT-based morphometric analysis of the occipital condyle: focus on occipital condyle screw insertion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE The segmental occipital condyle screw (OCS) is an alternative fixation technique in occipitocervical fusion. A thorough morphological study of the occipital condyle (OC) is critical for OCS placement. The authors set out to introduce a more precise CT-based method for morphometric analysis of the OC as it pertains to the placement of the segmental OCS, and they describe a novel preoperative simulation method for screw placement. Two new clinically relevant parameters, the height available for the OCS and the warning depth, are proposed. METHODS CT data sets from 27 fresh-frozen human cadaveric occipitocervical spines were used. All measurements were performed using a commercially available 3D reconstruction software package. The length, width, and sagittal angle of the condyle were measured in the axial plane at the base of the OC. The height of the OC and the height available for the segmental OCS were measured in the reconstructed oblique sagittal plane, fitting the ideal trajectory of the OCS recommended in the literature. The placement of a 3.5-mm-diameter screw that had the longest length of bicortical purchase was simulated into the OC in the oblique sagittal plane, with the screw path not being blocked by the occiput and not violating the hypoglossal canal cranially or the atlantooccipital joint caudally. The length of the simulated screw was recorded. The warning depth was measured as the shortest distance from the entry point of the screw to the posterior border of the hypoglossal canal. RESULTS The mean length and width of the OC were found to be larger in males: 22.2 ± 1.7 mm and 12.1 ± 1.0 mm, respectively, overall (p < 0.0001 for both). The mean sagittal angle was 28.0° ± 4.9°. The height available for the OCS was significantly less than the height of the OC (6.2 ± 1.3 mm vs 9.4 ± 1.5 mm, p < 0.0001). The mean screw length (19.3 ± 1.9 mm) also presented significant sex-related differences: male greater than female (p = 0.0002). The mean warning depth was 7.5 ± 1.7 mm. In 7.4% of the samples, although the height of the OC was viable, the height available for the OCS was less than 4.5 mm, thus making screw placement impractical. For these cases, a new preoperative simulation method of the OCS placement was proposed. In 92.6% of the samples that could accommodate a 3.5-mm-diameter screw, 24.0% showed that the entry point of the simulated screw was covered by a small part of the C-1 posterosuperior joint rim. CONCLUSIONS The placement of the segmental OCS is feasible in most cases, but a thorough preoperative radiological analysis is essential and cannot be understated. The height available for the OCS is a more clinically relevant and precise parameter than the height of the OC to enable proper screw placement. The warning depth may be helpful for the placement of the OCS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan; and.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Alejandro A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Espinoza Orías
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan; and.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Jade
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aviation General Hospital, China Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhihai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Nozomu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Howard S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001863:Bone Screws; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D015588:Observer Variation; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
keywords: CT-based analyses; OC = occipital condyle; OCJ = occipitocervical junction; OCS = occipital condyle screw; hypoglossal canal; occipital condyle screw; occipitocervical fusion; screw trajectory; technique