title: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF 'SURE': A PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURE (PROM) FOR RECOVERY FROM DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE.
abstract: Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) assess health status and health-related quality of life from the patient/service user perspective. Our study aimed to: i. develop a PROM for recovery from drug and alcohol dependence that has good face and content validity, acceptability and usability for people in recovery; ii. evaluate the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the new PROM ('SURE').
  
  
  
  Item development included Delphi groups, focus groups, and service user feedback on draft versions of the new measure. A 30-item beta version was completed by 575 service users (461 in person [IP] and 114 online [OL]). Analyses comprised rating scale evaluation, assessment of psychometric properties, factorial structure, and differential item functioning.
  
  
  
  The beta measure had good face and content validity. Nine items were removed due to low stability, low factor loading, low construct validity or high complexity. The remaining 21 items were re-scaled (Rasch model analyses). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed 5 factors: substance use, material resources, outlook on life, self-care, and relationships. The MIMIC model indicated 95% metric invariance across the IP and OL samples, and 100% metric invariance for gender. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were granted. The 5 factors correlated positively with the corresponding WHOQOL-BREF and ARC subscales and score differences between participant sub-groups confirmed discriminative validity.
  
  
  
  'SURE' is a psychometrically valid, quick and easy-to-complete outcome measure, developed with unprecedented input from people in recovery. It can be used alongside, or instead of, existing outcome tools.
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK. Electronic address: joanne.neale@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Silia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitoratou
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK; London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Addictions Clinical Academic Group, Marina House, 63-65 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8RS, UK.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.affiliation: Aurora Project, 140 Stockwell Road, Brixton, London, SW9 9TQ, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Lambeth Drug and Alcohol Service, Lorraine Hewitt House, 12-14 Brighton Terrace, London, SW9 8DG, UK.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mitcheson
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panebianco
authors.affiliation: Service User Research Enterprise, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Strang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: Til
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wykes
authors.affiliation: National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marsden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM); addiction recovery; addiction service users; psychometrics; qualitative methods