title: Association of clonidine and ropivacaine in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Arthroscopy for shoulder disorders is associated with severe and difficult to control pain, postoperatively. The addition of clonidine to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve block has become increasingly common, thanks to the potential ability of this drug to reduce the mass of local anesthetic required and to prolonging analgesia postoperatively. The present study aimed to evaluate the success of brachial plexus block for arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery using local anesthetic with or without clonidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  53 patients of both genders, between 18 and 70 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic shoulder surgery were selected. Patients were then randomized into two groups. The verbal numerical pain scale and the presence of motor block were obtained in the post-anesthetic recovery room and 6, 12, 18 and 24h postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The association of clonidine (0.15mg) to a solution of 0.33% ropivacaine (30mL) in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy has not diminished the visual numeric pain scale values, nor the need for opioid rescue postoperatively. There was a lower incidence of nausea/vomiting postoperatively and a significant motor block time prolongation in the group of patients who received clonidine as adjuvant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of brachial plexus block with local anesthetic for analgesic postoperative control is well established in the literature. The addition of clonidine in the dose proposed for prolongation of the analgesic effect and reduction of opioid rescue proved unhelpful.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: dr.raphael.faria@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faria-Silva
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Câmara
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: de Rezende
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juarez Mundim
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Telmo Heleno
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Braulio Antônio Maciel Faria Mota
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio Maciel R
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ildeu Afonso
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: de Almeida Filho
authors.affiliation: Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio Enéas Rangel
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: de Carvalho Junior
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000577:Amides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D065527:Brachial Plexus Block / Q000379:methods*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D003000:Clonidine
keywords: Anestésicos locais; Arthroscopy; Artroscopia; Clonidina; Clonidine; Dor pós-operatória; Local anesthetics; Postoperative pain