title: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the effect of omega-3 on embryonic implantation in an experimental mouse model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Implantation is the first step to a healthy pregnancy. Omega-3 supplementation is common to use during pregnancy, for its antioxidant and membrane stabilising effect. In this study we have aimed to study the effect of Omega-3 supplementation on implantation in a mouse model by immunohistochemical methods and electron microscopic evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were randomized into three groups to receive standard food, Omega-3 400 mg/kg and Omega-3 1000 mg/kg one menstrual cycle before mating. Mice were sacrificed on third day of estimated implantation and uterine horns were evaluated immunohistochemically for staining of Laminin and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) and ultrastructural morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laminin and LIF immunoreactivity were increased signifcantly in the high dose group when compared to the control and low-dose groups in lumen epithelium basal membrane, gland epithelium basal membrane and endometrial stroma. Electron-microscopic evaluation showed a decrease in epithelial height and microvilli loss in the high dose groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omega-3 supplementation increased implantation markers Laminin and LIF and decreased epithelial height and microvilli thus seems to prepare the endometrium for a favorable environment of implantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarsmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey. Electronic address: asligoker@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Asli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goker
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap Cilaker
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Micili
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embryology, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bekir Ugur
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Ergur
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Naci Kemal
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kuscu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004848:Epithelium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D007797:Laminin / Q000032:analysis; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008871:Microvilli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D023421:Models, Animal; D011247:Pregnancy; D014599:Uterus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007797:Laminin; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; C507838:Lif protein, mouse
keywords: electron microscope; implantation; laminin; leukemia inhibitory factor; omega-3