title: Investigation on the biotrophic interaction of Ustilago esculenta on Zizania latifolia found in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot.
abstract: Ustilago esculenta is a uniquely flavored biotrophic smut fungus that forms a smut gall on the top internodal region of Zizania latifolia, a perennial wild rice found in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. The smut gall is an edible vegetable locally called "kambong" in Manipur, India. The life cycle of the fungus was studied in vitro and its biotrophism was observed during different stages of the plant growth starting from the bud stage to decaying stage using light, fluorescent and electron microscopy. The size of the smut gall and the number of internodes below the apical smut gall varied significantly (P < 0.05). Examination of various parts of infected plants using culture methods, microscopy and polymerase chain reaction revealed that Ustilago esculenta colonized Zizania latifolia in a non-systemic manner. Spores and fragmented hyphae of U. esculenta were present in the rhizome of infected plant throughout the year, but shoot interiors were without any fungal structures from April until September. The smut region of infected plants in early September to December were heavily sporulated with fragmented hyphae, while the nodal regions of infected plants had no spores and fragmented hyphae. Hyphae and spores were also absent in the internodes and membranes aboveground up to smut region of infected plants but were present in the old rhizomes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001 Manipur, India; Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014 Assam, India; Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India. Electronic address: robinsoncjose@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Robinson C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001 Manipur, India.
authors.forename: Sailendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goyari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001 Manipur, India; The University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Science, PMB 31, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
authors.forename: Bengyella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001 Manipur, India; The University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Science, PMB 31, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
authors.forename: Sayanika D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Waikhom
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014 Assam, India.
authors.forename: Pratap J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Handique
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001 Manipur, India; Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, 781014 Assam, India; Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035 Assam, India. Electronic address: nctalukdar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Narayan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Talukdar
mesh_terms: D025301:Hyphae / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D007194:India; D008853:Microscopy; D002052:Myanmar; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D014588:Ustilago / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Biotrophic interaction; Life cycle; Non-systemic; Smut; Wild rice