title: Addressing the continuum of maternal and newborn care in Ghana: implications for policy and practice.
abstract: Although the past decade has brought global reductions in maternal, infant and child mortality, many low-resource settings have failed to make significant gains relative to their high-income counterparts. In Ghana, nearly 50% of under-five mortality in 2014 could be attributed to deaths during the first 28 days after birth. This article analyses the data across a mixed-methods study of the factors impacting maternal and neonatal care in northern Ghana. The stillbirth and neonatal death study (SANDS) was conducted in 2010 and included both quantitative (N = 20 497) and qualitative data collection (N = 253) to explore the issues associated with the continuum of reproductive health care. Findings were compared against an adaptation of the WHO/UNICEF framework for integrated maternal and newborn care and used to generate concrete recommendations for clinicians, policymakers and programmers across the continuum of care, from pregnancy through delivery and postnatal care. SANDS elucidated epidemiological trends: 40% of neonatal deaths occurred on the first day after birth, and the leading causes of early neonatal mortality were birth asphyxia/injury, infection and complications of prematurity. Qualitative data reflect findings along two axes-community to facility-based care, and pre-pregnancy through the postnatal period. Resulting recommendations include the need to improving clinicians' understanding of and sensitization to local traditional practices, the need for policies to better address quality of care and coordination of training efforts, and the need for comprehensive, integrated programmes that ensure continuity of care from pre-pregnancy through the post-partum period. SANDS illustrates complex medical-social-cultural knowledge, attitudes and practices that span the reproductive period in rural northern Ghana. Data illustrate that not only are the first few days of life critical in infant survival but also there are significant social and cultural barriers to ensuring that mothers and their newborns are cared for in a timely, evidence-based manner.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, WA, USA cengmann@uw.edu.|Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Nutrition, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Cyril M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Engmann
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aborigo
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Adongo
authors.affiliation: Department of Learning Health Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moyer
mesh_terms: D003153:Community Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000068104:Infant Health; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D000068101:Maternal-Child Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D054238:Perinatal Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Continuum of care; developing countries; maternal health; neonatal health