title: Effects of 3 Hz and 60 Hz Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Anxiety-Like Behaviors, Memory Retention of Passive Avoidance and Electrophysiological Properties of Male Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of electromagnetic fields on biological organisms have been a controversial and also interesting debate over the past few decades, despite the wide range of investigations, many aspects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF/EMFs) effects including mechanism of their interaction with live organisms and also their possible biological applications still remain ambiguous. In the present study, we investigated whether the exposures of ELF/EMF with frequencies of 3 Hz and 60 Hz can affect the memory, anxiety like behaviors, electrophysiological properties and brain's proteome in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats were exposed to 3 Hz and 60 Hz ELF/EMFs in a protocol consisting of 2 cycles of 2 h/day exposure for 4 days separated with a 2-day interval. Short term memory and anxiety like behaviors were assessed immediately, 1 and 2 weeks after the exposures. Effects of short term exposure were also assessed using electrophysiological approach immediately after 2 hours exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral test revealed that immediately after the end of exposures, locomotor activity of both 3 Hz and 60 Hz exposed groups significantly decreased compared to sham group. This exposure protocol had no effect on anxiety like behavior during the 2 weeks after the treatment and also on short term memory. A significant reduction in firing rate of locus coeruleus (LC) was found after 2 hours of both 3 Hz and 60 Hz exposures. Proteome analysis also revealed global changes in whole brain proteome after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, some evidence regarding the fact that such exposures can alter locomotor activity and neurons firing rate in male rats were presented.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostami
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Minoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zarrindast
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Semnanian
authors.affiliation: Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahmati Roudsari
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaei Tavirani
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center and Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasanzadeh
keywords: ELF/EMFs; Locomotion; Locus Coeruleus; Memory