title: Conservative management in a case of uncomplicated trap sequence: a case report and brief literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare anomaly that occurs in monochorionic twins with overall mortality rate ranging from 50% to 70% in the normal fetus, above all for congestive cardiac failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  a 31-year-old Caucasian gravida was referred to our fetomaternal medicine unit in the 25 gestational age. Ultrasound examination revealed a monochorionic, biamniotic twin pregnancy with a donor fetus showing normal morphology and growth corresponding to gestational age. The recipient twin appeared grossly abnormal with no head, upper limbs, heart, or thoracic structures and massive, diffuse, soft tissue edema. Fetal Doppler and fetal echocardiography revealed normal parameters. The patient refused any treatment and was monitored with weekly ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasound examination. She underwent cesarean section due to premature labor/rupture of membranes secondary to a mild polyhydramnios, at 36 weeks gestational age and delivered an apparent normal female live baby weighing 2550 gr, and another female acardius acephalus twin, birth weight 1300 gr. This baby had rudimental edematous lower limbs, pelvic bone, lower sacral vertebrae, and absence of thorax and cephalic structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  although the literature suggest that early intrafetal laser treatment of TRAP sequence is advantageous, our case shows that pregnancies referred late would still require a tailored approach after a risk-benefit assessment.
authors.affiliation: S. Bambino Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pepe
authors.affiliation: S. Bambino Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Teodoro
authors.affiliation: S. Bambino Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luca
authors.affiliation: S. Bambino Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Privitera
keywords: acardiac twin; fetal malformation; monochorionic; pregnancy complication; twin pregnancy