title: The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Alcohol Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have a double increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and associated premature mortality. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are highly predictive of CVD. The primary aim of this meta-analysis was to describe pooled rates of MetS and its components in people with AUDs taking into account variations in demographic and clinical variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase and CINAHL were searched until 03/2016 for cross-sectional and baseline data of longitudinal studies in adults with AUDs. Two independent reviewers extracted data. Random effects meta-analysis with a relative risk, subgroups and meta-regression analyses were employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pooled MetS prevalence after adjusting for publication bias was 21.8% (95% CI = 19.1%-24.8%; N studies = 5; n participants = 865; age range = 34.8-51.1 years). Abdominal obesity was observed in 38.3% (N = 4, n = 389; 95%CI = 30.2%-47.0%), hyperglycemia in 14.3% (N = 4, n = 389; 95% CI = 3.7%-42.3%), hypertriglyceridemia in 43.9% (N = 4, n = 389; 95% CI = 31.7%-56.8%), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 7.6% (N = 4, n = 389; 95% CI = 4.3%-13.2%) and hypertension in 46.5% (95% CI = 21.7%-73.1%). The MetS prevalence was similar across settings. A separate meta-regression analysis revealed that a higher MetS frequency was moderated by a higher percentage of psychiatric co-morbidity (coefficient = 3.651; standard error = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.50 to 5.80, z = 3.3, P < 0.001), CONCLUSIONS: Routine screening and multidisciplinary management of metabolic abnormalities in people with AUD is needed. Special attention should be given to people with AUDs with psychiatric co-morbidities. Future research should focus on how cardio-metabolic outcomes are moderated by clinical characteristics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are highly predictive of cardiovascular diseases. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that more than 1 in 5 persons with alcohol use disorder (AUDs) has the MetS. Routine screening and multidisciplinary management of metabolic abnormalities should be an integral part of the multidisciplinary treatment of AUDs.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium Davy.Vancampfort@uc-kortenberg.be.
authors.forename: Davy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vancampfort
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinksa Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallgren
authors.affiliation: Butabika National Referral and Mental Health Hospital, Kampala, Uganda Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mugisha
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Hert
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Monsieur
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence