title: Association of novel metrics of particulate matter with vascular markers of inflammation and coagulation in susceptible populations -results from a panel study.
abstract: Epidemiological studies have shown adverse effects of ambient air pollutants on health with inflammation and oxidative stress playing an important role. We examine the association between blood biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation and physical attributes of particulate matter which are not routinely measured such as particle length or surface area concentration and apparent density of PM.
  
  
  
  Between 3/2007 and 12/2008 187 non-smoking individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were examined within the framework of the KORA Study in Augsburg, Germany. In addition, we selected 87 participants with a potential genetic predisposition on detoxifying and inflammatory pathways. This was defined by the null polymorphism for glutathione S-transferase M1 in combination with a certain single nucleotide polymorphism on the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene (rs1205) or the fibrinogen gene (rs1800790). Participants had blood drawn up to seven different times, resulting in 1765 blood samples. Air pollutants were collected at a central measurement station and individual 24-h averages calculated. Associations between air pollutants and high sensitivity CRP, myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin (IL)-6 and fibrinogen were analysed using additive mixed models.
  
  
  
  For the panel with genetic susceptibility, increases were seen for CRP and MPO with most attributes, specifically particle length and active surface concentration. The %change of geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals for the 5-day average exposure for CRP and MPO were 34.6% [21.8;48.8] and 8.3% [3.2;13.6] per interquartile range increase of particle length concentration and 29.8% [15.9;45.3] and 10.4 [4.4;16.7] for active surface area. Results for the panel of T2D and IGT and the other blood biomarkers were less conclusive.
  
  
  
  Particle length concentration and active surface concentration showed strong positive associations with blood biomarkers reflecting inflammation. These air pollution metrics might reflect harmful aerosol properties better than particulate mass or number concentration. They might therefore be important for epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: regina.pickford@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rückerl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: alexandra.schneider@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: regina.hampel@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: susanne.breitner@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breitner
authors.affiliation: ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: cyrys@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cyrys
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: ute.kraus@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.affiliation: ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: jianwei.gu@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: ESC-Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 2, 86135 Augsburg, Germany. Electronic address: soentgen@wzu.uni-augsburg.de.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soentgen
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Herz-& Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: koenig@dhm.mhn.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München, Germany. Electronic address: peters@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000235:genetics; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005340:Fibrinogen; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052638:Particulate Matter; D009195:Peroxidase; C508600:IL6 protein, human
keywords: C-reactive protein; Inflammation; Particle density; Particle length; Particle surface area