title: Baseline cytokine profiling identifies novel risk factors for invasive fungal disease among haematology patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
abstract: Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a disease of immunocompromised hosts. Cytokines are important mediators of innate and adaptive immune system. The aim of this study was to identify cytokine profiles that correlate with increased risk of IFD.
  
  
  
  We prospectively enrolled 172 adult haematology patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pro-inflammatory cytokine profiling using 30-plex Luminex assay was performed at baseline and during treatment. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4.1, TLR4.2, TLR6, CLEC7A, CARD9, and INFG) were investigated among transplant recipients and donors.
  
  
  
  The incidence of IFD in this cohort was 16.9% (29/172). Median baseline serum concentrations of IL-15, IL-2R, CCL2, and MIP-1α were significantly higher whilst IL-4 was lower in patients with proven/probable IFD compared to those with no evidence of IFD. Baseline high IL-2R and CCL2 were associated with increased risk of IFD in the multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio 2.3 [95% CI 1.1-5.1; P = 0.037], and hazard ratio 2.7 [95% CI 1.2-6.1; P = 0.016], respectively). However, these differences were not significant in follow up measurements. Similarly, no significant independent prognostic value was associated with baseline cytokine profile.
  
  
  
  High baseline IL-2R and CCL2 concentrations were independent indicators of the risk of developing IFD and could be used to identify patients for enhanced prophylaxis and early antifungal therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mansour.ceesay@nhs.net.
authors.forename: M Mansour
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ceesay
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kordasti
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eamaan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rufaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lea
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Science, King's College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Abdel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Douiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ghulam J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mufti
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagliuca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000276:immunology; D000072742:Invasive Fungal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D066027:Transplant Recipients; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; C508017:IL2RA protein, human; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit
keywords: Baseline cytokines; CCL2; IL2R; Invasive aspergillosis; Invasive fungal disease