title: Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gambling disorder.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent mental disorder with childhood onset and high persistence into adulthood. There is much evidence that ADHD increases the risk for the development of other psychiatric disorders and functional problems in several domains of everyday life. In this study, the association of ADHD with gambling disorder (GD) was investigated. 163 adult subjects suffering from GD were examined for childhood and current ADHD according to DSM-5 as well as co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Moreover, characteristics of gambling behavior have been evaluated. The prevalence of lifetime ADHD was 28.8 %, with 25.2 % of the study population presenting ADHD as a full syndrome according to DSM-5. The prevalence of co-morbid substance use disorders and adjustment disorders and cluster B personality disorders was higher in GD patients with current ADHD than in the group without. Also, an increased rate of suicide attempts was detected in gamblers with ADHD. In contrast with gamblers without ADHD, those with ADHD were reported to spend more time with gambling, a sedative effect of gambling and a faster development of GD. The high prevalence of ADHD in patients with GD indicates that childhood ADHD is a risk factor for the development of GD in later life. Moreover, treatment of patients with GD and ADHD is complicated by a high rate of co-morbid disorders. Regarding therapeutic approaches, it should be considered that functional aspects of gambling differ in GD patients with and without ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany. wolfgang.retz@unimedizin-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Retz
authors.affiliation: AHG Klinik Münchwies, Zentrum für Psychosomatische Medizin, Psychotherapie und Suchtmedizin, Neunkirchen, Germany.|Practice for Psychotherapy, Ottweiler, Germany.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringling
authors.affiliation: Neurocentre, Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Retz-Junginger
authors.affiliation: AHG Klinik Münchwies, Zentrum für Psychosomatische Medizin, Psychotherapie und Suchtmedizin, Neunkirchen, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogelgesang
authors.affiliation: Neurocentre, Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rösler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
keywords: ADHD; Co-morbidity; Gambling disorder; Prevalence