title: Respiratory challenge MRI: Practical aspects.
abstract: Respiratory challenge MRI is the modification of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and/or carbon dioxide (PaCO2) concentration to induce a change in cerebral function or metabolism which is then measured by MRI. Alterations in arterial gas concentrations can lead to profound changes in cerebral haemodynamics which can be studied using a variety of MRI sequences. Whilst such experiments may provide a wealth of information, conducting them can be complex and challenging. In this paper we review the rationale for respiratory challenge MRI including the effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the cerebral circulation. We also discuss the planning, equipment, monitoring and techniques that have been used to undertake these experiments. We finally propose some recommendations in this evolving area for conducting these experiments to enhance data quality and comparison between techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Moreton
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Krishna A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goutcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroanaesthesia, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Keith W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010100:Oxygen; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Cerebral blood flow; Cerebrovascular reactivity; Magnetic resonance imaging; Respiratory challenge; Review