title: Generation of a Bone Organ by Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Through Endochondral Ossification.
abstract: : Recapitulation of endochondral ossification (ECO) (i.e., generation of marrow-containing ossicles through a cartilage intermediate) has relevance to develop human organotypic models for bone or hematopoietic cells and to engineer grafts for bone regeneration. Unlike bone marrow-derived stromal cells (also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells), adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) have so far failed to form a bone organ by ECO. The goal of the present study was to assess whether priming human ASC to a defined stage of chondrogenesis in vitro allows their autonomous ECO upon ectopic implantation. ASC were cultured either as micromass pellets or into collagen sponges in chondrogenic medium containing transforming growth factor-β3 and bone morphogenetic protein-6 for 4 weeks (early hypertrophic templates) or for two additional weeks in medium supplemented with β-glycerophosphate, l-thyroxin, and interleukin1-β to induce hypertrophic maturation (late hypertrophic templates). Constructs were implanted in vivo and analyzed after 8 weeks. In vitro, ASC deposited cartilaginous matrix positive for glycosaminoglycans, type II collagen, and Indian hedgehog. Hypertrophic maturation induced upregulation of type X collagen, bone sialoprotein, and matrix metalloproteinase13 (MMP13). In vivo, both early and late hypertrophic templates underwent cartilage remodeling, as assessed by MMP13- and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive staining, and developed bone ossicles, including bone marrow elements, although to variable degrees of efficiency. In situ hybridization for human-specific sequences and staining with a human specific anti-CD146 antibody demonstrated the direct contribution of ASC to bone and stromal tissue formation. In conclusion, despite their debated skeletal progenitor nature, human ASC can generate bone organs through ECO when suitably primed in vitro.
  
  
  
  Recapitulation of endochondral ossification (ECO) (i.e., generation of marrow-containing ossicles through a cartilage intermediate) has relevance to develop human organotypic models for bone or hematopoietic cells and to engineer grafts for bone regeneration. This study demonstrated that expanded, human adult adipose-derived stromal cells can generate ectopic bone through ECO, as previously reported for bone marrow stromal cells. This system can be used as a model in a variety of settings for mimicking ECO during development, physiology, or pathology (e.g., to investigate the role of BMPs, their receptors, and signaling pathways). The findings have also translational relevance in the field of bone regeneration, which, despite several advances in the domains of materials and surgical techniques, still faces various limitations before being introduced in the routine clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osinga
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nunzia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Maggio
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Atanas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Todorov
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allafi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbero
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laurent
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dirk Johannes
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland ivan.martin@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scherberich
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6; D003470:Culture Media; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; C509246:IHH protein, human; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3
keywords: Adipose-derived stromal cells; Bone organ; Differentiation; Endochondral ossification; Tissue engineering