title: Macronutrient ratios in pollen shape bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) foraging strategies and floral preferences.
abstract: To fuel their activities and rear their offspring, foraging bees must obtain a sufficient quality and quantity of nutritional resources from a diverse plant community. Pollen is the primary source of proteins and lipids for bees, and the concentrations of these nutrients in pollen can vary widely among host-plant species. Therefore we hypothesized that foraging decisions of bumble bees are driven by both the protein and lipid content of pollen. By successively reducing environmental and floral cues, we analyzed pollen-foraging preferences of Bombus impatiens in (i) host-plant species, (ii) pollen isolated from these host-plant species, and (iii) nutritionally modified single-source pollen diets encompassing a range of protein and lipid concentrations. In our semifield experiments, B impatiens foragers exponentially increased their foraging rates of pollen from plant species with high protein:lipid (P:L) ratios; the most preferred plant species had the highest ratio (∼4.6:1). These preferences were confirmed in cage studies where, in pairwise comparisons in the absence of other floral cues, B impatiens workers still preferred pollen with higher P:L ratios. Finally, when presented with nutritionally modified pollen, workers were most attracted to pollen with P:L ratios of 5:1 and 10:1, but increasing the protein or lipid concentration (while leaving ratios intact) reduced attraction. Thus, macronutritional ratios appear to be a primary factor driving bee pollen-foraging behavior and may explain observed patterns of host-plant visitation across the landscape. The nutritional quality of pollen resources should be taken into consideration when designing conservation habitats supporting bee populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; adv124@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Vaudo
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
authors.forename: Harland M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Patch
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tooker
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grozinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D005518:Food Preferences; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: foraging behavior; nutritional ecology; pollen; pollinator; preferences