title: Attention bias dynamics and symptom severity during and following CBT for social anxiety disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Threat-related attention bias figures prominently in contemporary accounts of the maintenance of anxiety disorders, yet longitudinal intervention research relating attention bias to anxiety symptom severity is limited. Capitalizing on recent advances in the conceptualization and measurement of attention bias, we aimed to examine the relation between attention bias, indexed using trial-level bias scores (TLBSs) to quantify temporal dynamics reflecting dysregulation of attentional processing of threat (as opposed to aggregated mean bias scores) and social anxiety symptom severity over the course of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and 1-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with social anxiety disorder (N = 39) assigned to either yohimbine- or placebo-augmented CBT completed measures of attention bias and social anxiety symptom severity weekly throughout CBT (5 sessions) and at 1-week and 1-month posttreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLBSs of attention bias temporal dynamics showed stronger psychometric properties than mean aggregated scores and were highly interrelated, in line with within-subject temporal variability fluctuating in time between attentional overengagement and strategic avoidance from threat. Attention bias toward threat and temporal variability in attention bias (i.e., attentional dysregulation), but not attention bias away from threat, significantly reduced over the course of CBT. Cross-lag analyses revealed no evidence of a causal relation between reductions in attentional dysregulation leading to symptom severity reduction, or vice versa. Observed relations did not vary as a function of time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence for attentional dysregulation as a causal mechanism for symptom reduction in CBT for social anxiety disorders. Implications for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Haifa.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Haifa.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zvielli
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reinecke
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Beevers
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Health Psychology, Ghent University.
authors.forename: Ernst H W
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0792-476X
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Jasper A J
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000070379:Attentional Bias / Q000502:physiology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000072861:Phobia, Social / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D015016:Yohimbine