title: Patient Pre-Treatment Expectations Do Not Predict Cocaine Use Outcomes: Data From Four Clinical Trials.
abstract: There are very few data regarding the extent to which patients' initial expectations regarding treatment are associated with substance use treatment outcomes.
  
  
  
  This study sought to determine how patients' treatment expectations were associated with treatment outcomes.
  
  
  
  This study explored patient pre-treatment expectations and substance use treatment outcomes for 387 individuals participating in treatment for cocaine use within the United States (68.2% male, mean age 36 years old, 54.8% Caucasian).
  
  
  
  Participants' expectations regarding abstinence were not strongly associated with post-treatment or follow-up cocaine use outcome measures. There was a significant association between the expected timeframe of receiving a positive treatment effect (i.e., outcome efficiency expectations) and days of cocaine use at the 1-month follow-up point (F = 3.45, p =.009). Post-hoc comparisons revealed that participants that expected positive effects of treatment within 0-1 week reported fewer days of cocaine use than those that expected results in 1-2 months. Also, those that expected positive effects of treatment in 1-2 months reported more cocaine use than those who expected positive results within two weeks to one month. Further, there was a significant effect of outcome efficiency expectations on a proxy measure of achieving a good treatment outcome at the three-month follow-up point (F = 11.13, p =.025).
  
  
  
  Results suggest that treatment outcomes are not associated with patients' treatment outcome expectations, but that some outcomes are associated with treatment outcome efficiency expectations.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kiluk
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Babuscio
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut , USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Treatment expectations; cocaine; expectancies; substance use; treatment