title: A review on the strategies for oral delivery of proteins and peptides and their clinical perspectives.
abstract: In the modern world, a number of therapeutic proteins such as vaccines, antigens, and hormones are being developed utilizing different sophisticated biotechnological techniques like recombinant DNA technology and protein purification. However, the major glitches in the optimal utilization of therapeutic proteins and peptides by the oral route are their extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism, degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (presence of enzymes and pH-dependent factors), large molecular size and poor permeation. These problems can be overcome by adopting techniques such as chemical transformation of protein structures, enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesive polymers and permeation enhancers. Being invasive, parenteral route is inconvenient for the administration of protein and peptides, several research endeavors have been undertaken to formulate a better delivery system for proteins and peptides with major emphasis on non-invasive routes such as oral, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, pulmonary and intrauterine. This review article emphasizes on the recent advancements made in the delivery of protein and peptides by a non-invasive (peroral) route into the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muheem
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arab.
authors.forename: Faiyaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shakeel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Luqman College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Mohammad Asadullah
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jahangir
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Gaurav Kumar
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Musarrat Husain
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Warsi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Farhan Jalees
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ahmad
keywords: Enzyme inhibitor; Insulin; Peptides; Permeability; Peroral; Proteins