title: From continuous flow analysis to programmable Flow Injection techniques. A history and tutorial of emerging methodologies.
abstract: Automation of reagent based assays, also known as Flow Analysis, is based on sample processing, in which a sample flows towards and through a detector for monitoring of its components. The Achilles heel of this methodology is that the majority of FA techniques use constant continuous forward flow to transport the sample - an approach which continually consumes reagents and generates chemical waste. Therefore the purpose of this report is to highlight recent developments of flow programming that not only save reagents, but also lead by means of advanced sample processing to selective and sensitive assays based on stop flow measurement. Flow programming combined with a novel approach to data harvesting yields a novel approach to single standard calibration, and avoids interference caused by refractive index. Finally, flow programming is useful for sample preparation, such as rapid, extensive sample dilution. The principles are illustrated by selected references to an available online tutorial http://www.flowinjectiontutorial,com/.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. Electronic address: jarda@hawaii.rr.com.
authors.forename: Jaromir Jarda
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ruzicka
keywords: Continuous flow analysis; Extensive dilution; Flow Injection; Flow programming; Microfluidics; Sequential Injection; Single standard calibration