title: The association of maternal vitamin D status with infant birth outcomes, postnatal growth and adiposity in the first 2 years of life in a multi-ethnic Asian population: the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort study.
abstract: Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy has been associated with infant birth and postnatal growth outcomes, but reported findings have been inconsistent, especially in relation to postnatal growth and adiposity outcomes. In a mother-offspring cohort in Singapore, maternal plasma vitamin D was measured between 26 and 28 weeks of gestation, and anthropometric measurements were obtained from singleton offspring during the first 2 years of life with 3-month follow-up intervals to examine birth, growth and adiposity outcomes. Associations were analysed using multivariable linear regression. Of a total of 910 mothers, 13·2 % were vitamin D deficient (<50 nmol/l) and 26·5 % were insufficient (50-75 nmol/l). After adjustment for potential confounders and multiple testing, no statistically significant associations were observed between maternal vitamin D status and any of the birth outcomes - small for gestational age (OR 1·00; 95 % CI 0·56, 1·79) and pre-term birth (OR 1·16; 95 % CI 0·64, 2·11) - growth outcomes - weight-for-age z-scores, length-for-age z-scores, circumferences of the head, abdomen and mid-arm at birth or postnatally - and adiposity outcomes - BMI, and skinfold thickness (triceps, biceps and subscapular) at birth or postnatally. Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy did not influence infant birth outcomes, postnatal growth and adiposity outcomes in this cohort, perhaps due to the low prevalence (1·6 % of the cohort) of severe maternal vitamin D deficiency (defined as of <30·0 nmol/l) in our population.
authors.affiliation: 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences,Agency for Science, Technology and Research,Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine,30 Medical Drive,Singapore 117609,Singapore.
authors.forename: Yi Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences,Agency for Science, Technology and Research,Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine,30 Medical Drive,Singapore 117609,Singapore.
authors.forename: Phaik Ling
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Quah
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,National University of Singapore and National University Health System,Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road,Singapore 119228,Singapore.
authors.forename: Mya Thway
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tint
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Paediatrics,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,National University of Singapore and National University Health System,Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road,Singapore 119228,Singapore.
authors.forename: Izzuddin M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Aris
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Paediatrics,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,National University of Singapore and National University Health System,Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road,Singapore 119228,Singapore.
authors.forename: Ling Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 4Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health,National University of Singapore,Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive 2 #10-01,Singapore 117549,Singapore.
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology,Erasmus Medical Center,'s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam,The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heppe
authors.affiliation: 4Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health,National University of Singapore,Tahir Foundation Building, 12 Science Drive 2 #10-01,Singapore 117549,Singapore.
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: 6MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre,University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust,MP 218, Tremona Road,Southampton General Hospital,Southampton SO16 6YD,UK.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences,Agency for Science, Technology and Research,Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine,30 Medical Drive,Singapore 117609,Singapore.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.affiliation: 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences,Agency for Science, Technology and Research,Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine,30 Medical Drive,Singapore 117609,Singapore.
authors.forename: Yap Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: 8Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School,8 College Road, Singapore 169857,Singapore.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences,Agency for Science, Technology and Research,Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine,30 Medical Drive,Singapore 117609,Singapore.
authors.forename: Yung Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences,Agency for Science, Technology and Research,Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine,30 Medical Drive,Singapore 117609,Singapore.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foong-Fong Chong
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000886:Anthropometry; D044466:Asian People; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007228:Infant Nutrition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood*; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000209:etiology; D012846:Singapore; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Adiposity outcomes; BMIZ BMI-for-age z-scores; Birth outcomes; Growth outcomes; Infant anthropometric measures; LAZ length-for-age z-scores; Maternal vitamin D; Pregnancy; SGA small for gestational age; WAZ weight-for-age z-scores