title: Differences of psychological features in patients with heart failure with regard to gender and aetiology - Results of a CAPS-LOCK-HF (Complex Assessment of Psychological Status Located in Heart Failure) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Objective of the study was to assess the psychological state of HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) with regard to gender and aetiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  758 patients with HFrEF (mean age - 64±11years, men - 79%, NYHA class III-IV - 40%, ischemic aetiology - 61%) in a prospective Polish multicenter Caps-Lock-HF study. Scores on five different self-report inventories: CISS, MHLC, GSES, BDI and modified Mini-MAC were compared between the sexes taking into account the aetiology of HFrEF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were differences in the CISS and BDI score between the genders - women had higher CISS (emotion- and avoidance-oriented) and BDI (general score - 14.2±8.7 vs 12.3±8.6, P<0.05; subscale - somatic score - 7.3±3.7 vs 6.1±3.7, P<0.05). In the ischemic subpopulation, women had higher BDI (general and subscales) than men. In the non-ischemic subpopulation the differences between genders were limited to CISS scale. In a multivariable analysis with demographic and clinical data female sex, NYHA class, atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus determined BDI score. Similarly, in the ischemic subpopulation, the female sex, NYHA class and atrial fibrillation determined the BDI, while in the non-ischemic population NYHA class was the only factor that influenced the BDI score. Adding the psychological data made a significant additional contribution to the prediction of depression status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are distinct differences in psychological features with regard to gender in patients with HFrEF. Women demonstrate less favourable psychological characteristics. Gender-related differences in BDI score are especially explicit in patients with ischemic aetiology of HF. The BDI score is related to psychological predisposition.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. Electronic address: orszul@vp.pl.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orszulak
authors.affiliation: First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizia-Stec
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; Center for Heart Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland;; Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siennicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrocardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Upper-Silesian Medical Centre, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goscinska-Bis
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrocardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Upper-Silesian Medical Centre, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Waga
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojcik
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blaszczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Blazej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.affiliation: First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Filip M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Szymanski
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ptaszynska-Kopczynska
authors.affiliation: John Paul II Hospital, Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases of the Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kopec
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nadrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hrynkiewicz-Szymanska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Anaestesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Lukasz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krzych
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Cardiology, Center for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland;
authors.forename: Ewa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jankowska
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Gender; Health control localisation; Heart failure; Psychological features; Self-efficacy