title: Effects of diaphragm stretching on posterior chain muscle kinematics and rib cage and abdominal excursion: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Few studies have explored the effects of stretching techniques on diaphragm and spine kinematics.
  
  
  
  To determine whether the application of diaphragm stretching resulted in changes in posterior chain muscle kinematics and ribcage and abdominal excursion in healthy subjects.
  
  
  
  Eighty healthy adults were included in this randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into two groups: the experimental group, which received a diaphragmatic stretching technique, or the placebo group, which received a sham-ultrasound procedure. The duration of the technique, the position of participants, and the therapist who applied the technique were the same for both treatments. Participant assessment (cervical range of movement, lumbar flexibility, flexibility of the posterior chain, and rib cage and abdominal excursion) was performed at baseline and immediately after the intervention by a blinded assessor.
  
  
  
  The mean between-group difference [95% CI] for the ribcage excursion after technique at xiphoid level was 2.48 [0.97 to 3.99], which shows significant differences in this outcome. The remaining between-group analysis showed significant differences in cervical extension, right and left flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level (p<0.05) in favor of the experimental group.
  
  
  
  Diaphragm stretching generates a significant improvement in cervical extension, right and left cervical flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level compared to a placebo technique in healthy adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: González-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valenza
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Torres-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cabrera-Martos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Castellote-Caballero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D000070602:Rib Cage / Q000502:physiology*