title: Sensory systems and ionocytes are targets for silver nanoparticle effects in fish.
abstract: Some nanoparticles (NPs) may induce adverse health effects in exposed organisms, but to date the evidence for this in wildlife is very limited. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be toxic to aquatic organisms, including fish, at concentrations relevant for some environmental exposures. We applied whole mount in-situ hybridisation (WISH) in zebrafish embryos and larvae for a suite of genes involved with detoxifying processes and oxidative stress, including metallothionein (mt2), glutathionine S-transferase pi (gstp), glutathionine S-transferase mu (gstm1), haem oxygenase (hmox1) and ferritin heavy chain 1 (fth1) to identify potential target tissues and effect mechanisms of AgNPs compared with a bulk counterpart and ionic silver (AgNO3). AgNPs caused upregulation in the expression of mt2, gstp and gstm1 and down regulation of expression of both hmox1 and fth1 and there were both life stage and tissue-specific responses. Responding tissues included olfactory bulbs, lateral line neuromasts and ionocytes in the skin with the potential for effects on olfaction, behaviour and maintenance of ion balance. Silver ions induced similar gene responses and affected the same target tissues as AgNPs. AgNPs invoked levels of target gene responses more similar to silver treatments compared to coated AgNPs indicating the responses seen were due to released silver ions. In the Nrf2 zebrafish mutant, expression of mt2 (24 hpf) and gstp (3 dpf) were either non-detectable or were at lower levels compared with wild type zebrafish for exposures to AgNPs, indicating that these gene responses are controlled through the Nrf2-Keap pathway.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK .
authors.forename: Olivia J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine , Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan .
authors.forename: Katsuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mukaigasa
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine , Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan .
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , School of Geography, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK , and.
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stolpe
authors.affiliation: c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , School of Geography, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK , and.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romer
authors.affiliation: c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , School of Geography, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK , and.
authors.forename: Uzoma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.affiliation: c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , School of Geography, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK , and.
authors.forename: Iseult
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK .
authors.forename: Sulayman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mourabit
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biological Sciences , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama , Japan.
authors.forename: Shigehisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.affiliation: c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , School of Geography, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK , and.
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lead
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine , Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan .
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK .
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK .
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tyler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007814:Larva; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495638:nfe2l2a protein, zebrafish; D012834:Silver; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins
keywords: Danio rerio; Nrf2 pathway; oxidative stress; silver nanoparticles; target tissues