title: Fluoride Intensifies Hypercaloric Diet-Induced ER Oxidative Stress and Alters Lipid Metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Here, we evaluated the relationship of diet and F-induced oxidative stress to lipid metabolism in the liver of rats eating normocaloric or hypercaloric diets for two time periods (20 or 60 days).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two 21-day-old Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 36) based on the type of diet they were eating; each of these groups was then further divided into another two groups (n = 18) based on the time periods of either 20 or 60 days, for a total of four groups. Each of these was divided into 3 subgroups (n = 6 animals/subgroup), dependent on the dose of F administered in the drinking water (0 mg/L(control), 15 mg/L or 50 mg/L). After the experimental period, blood samples and the liver were collected. Plasma samples were analyzed for HDL, cholesterol and triglycerides. Western blots were performed to probe for GRP78, Erp29, SOD2, Apo-E and SREBP in hepatic tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected,the expression of target proteins involved in oxidative stress increased in the F-treated groups, especially in liver tissue obtained from animals eating a hypercaloric diet. Most changes in the lipid levels and pathological conditions were seen earlier in the time period, at day 20. The morphometric analyses showed a reduction in steatosis in groups on ahypercaloric diet and treated with 50 mg F/L compared to the control, while no changes were obtained in normocaloric-fed rats. Accordingly, plasma TG was reduced in the F-treated group. The reduced expression of Apo-E in a time- and diet-dependent pattern may account for the particular decrease in steatosis in hypercaloric-fed F-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that F changes liver lipid homeostasis, possibly because of the induction of oxidative stress, which seems to be higher in animals fed hypercaloric diets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center of Biological Sciences and the Health, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luis, km 235,13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloisa Aparecida Barbosa Silva
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Salgado
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dionizio
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center of Biological Sciences and the Health, Federal University of São Carlos, Washington Luis, km 235,13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mileni Silva
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tamara Teodoro
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tânia Mary
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cestari
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Rua Irmã Arminda 10-50, 17011-160, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Peres
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Buzalaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia Godoy
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Iano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, 17012-901, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília Afonso Rabelo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buzalaf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D004032:Diet; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; D002149:Energy Intake; D005459:Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008055:Lipids; D005459:Fluorides