title: "Children with cerebral palsy experience greater levels of loading at the low back during gait compared to healthy controls".
abstract: Excessive trunk motion has been shown to be characteristic of cerebral palsy (CP) gait. However, the associated demands on the lower spine are unknown. This study investigated 3-dimensional reactive forces and moments at the low back in CP children compared to healthy controls. In addition, the impact of functional level of impairment was investigated (GMFCS levels). Fifty-two children with CP (26 GMFCS I and 26 GMFCS II) and 26 controls were recruited to the study. Three-dimensional thorax kinematics and reactive forces and moments at the low back (L5/S1 spine) were examined. Discrete kinematic and kinetic parameters were assessed between groups. Thorax movement demonstrated increased range for CP children in all 3 planes while L5/S1 reactive forces and moments increased with increasing level of functional impairment. Peak reactive force data were increased by up to 57% for GMFCS I and 63% for GMFCS II children compared to controls. Peak moment data were increased by up to 21% for GMFCS II children compared to GMFCS I and up to 90% for GMFCS II compared to control. In addition, a strong correlation was demonstrated between thorax side flexion and L5/S1 lateral bend moment (r=0.519, p<0.01) and medial/lateral force (r=0.352, p<0.01). Children with CP demonstrated increased lower spinal loading compared to TD. Furthermore, GMFCS II children demonstrated significantly more involvement. Intervention should be aimed at reducing excessive thorax movement, especially in the coronal plane, in order to reduce abnormal loading on the spine in this population.
authors.affiliation: Gait Laboratory, Central Remedial Clinic, Clontarf, Dublin 3, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Electronic address: dkiernan@crc.ie.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kiernan
authors.affiliation: Gait Laboratory, Central Remedial Clinic, Clontarf, Dublin 3, Ireland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Gait Laboratory, Central Remedial Clinic, Clontarf, Dublin 3, Ireland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Parsons Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Simms
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D013909:Thorax / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Cerebral palsy; Gait; Inverse dynamics; L5/S1 spine; Paediatric