title: The epithelial cell response to health and disease associated oral biofilm models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Different bacteria differentially stimulate epithelial cells. Biofilm composition and viability are likely to influence the epithelial response. In vitro model systems are commonly used to investigate periodontitis-associated bacteria and their interactions with the host; therefore, understanding factors that influence biofilm-cell interactions is essential. The present study aimed to develop in vitro monospecies and multispecies biofilms and investigate the epithelial response to these biofilms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacterial biofilms were cultured in vitro and then either live or methanol-fixed biofilms were co-cultured with epithelial cells. Changes in epithelial cell viability, gene expression and cytokine content of culture supernatants were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacterial viability was better preserved within mixed-species biofilm culture than within single-species biofilm culture. Both mixed- and single-species biofilms stimulated increased expression of mRNA for interleukin 8 (IL8), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), interleukin 1 (IL1), interleukin 6 (IL6), colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and the response was greatest in response to mixed-species biofilms. Following co-culture, cytokines detected in the supernatants included IL-8, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, with the greatest release of cytokines found following co-culture with methanol-fixed, mixed-species biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that epithelial cells generate a distinct cytokine gene- and protein-expression signature in response to live or fixed, single- or multispecies biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramage
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lappin
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Millhouse
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.|Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malcolm
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.|GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pratten
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.|Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Culshaw
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000378:metabolism; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009055:Mouth / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000378:metabolism; D034361:Streptococcus mitis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: biofilm; epithelial; inflammation