title: The Influence of Witnessing Inter-parental Violence and Bullying Victimization in Involvement in Fighting among Adolescents: Evidence from a School-based Cross-sectional Survey in Peru.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Witnessing inter-parental violence and bullying victimization is common for many children and adolescents. This study examines the role of witnessing inter-parental violence and bullying victimization in involvement in physical fighting among Peruvian adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,368 randomly selected adolescents in 2015. We conducted logistic regression analyses to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for involvement in fighting among male and female adolescents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among all adolescents, 35.8% had been involved in fighting in the last 12 months, 32.9% had been victim of verbal bullying and 37.9% had been the victim of physical bullying. Additionally, 39.2% and 27.8% of adolescents witnessed violence against their mother and father, respectively, at least once in their lives. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that late adolescence, participation in economic activities, being the victim of verbal bullying, stress, and witnessing violence against the father among male adolescents, and self-rated academic performance and being the victim of physical or verbal bullying among female adolescents were associated with higher odds of being involved in fighting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Verbal bullying victimization and witnessing violence against the father in males and bullying victimization in females were associated with greater odds of adolescents being involved in fighting. Creating a non-violent environment at both home and school would be an effective strategy for reducing fighting among the adolescent population.
authors.affiliation: Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Bimala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Woo
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Department of Health Administration, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Ha Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Yonsei Global Health Center, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea; Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Koo
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Adolescents; Bullying; Fighting; Peru; Violence