title: Combined effects of temperature changes and metal contamination at different levels of biological organization in yellow perch.
abstract: In this study, we measured the effects of temperature (9°C, 20°C, and 28°C), metal contamination (cadmium and nickel) and their interaction on yellow perch (Perca flavescens) using liver enzymatic and transcriptomic endpoints and biometric indices. Kidney metal concentrations increased with a rise of temperature. The biometric indices analysed (Fulton condition factor, pyloric cæca, hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices) generally decreased with an increase of temperature but not with metal contamination. At the enzymatic level, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), involved in antioxidant response, was affected by both temperature and metal contamination, whereas the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), involved in energy accumulation but also in antioxidant response, was only affected by metal exposure. The response of perch to the stressors at the transcriptional level differed from the metabolic response. In particular, the transcription level of the cco and g6pdh genes sharply decreased with increasing temperature, while the activities of the corresponding enzymes remained stable. The normal response of the transcription level of the apoptotic gene (diablo) to heat stress was also altered in metal-contaminated fish. The combination of metal and temperature stresses also modified the response of antioxidant metabolism induced by these stressors individually. This study contributes to a better understanding of the influences of natural stressors like temperature on biomarkers commonly used in ecotoxicological studies and will facilitate their interpretation in the context of multiple stressors characteristic of field situations.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grasset
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
authors.forename: Élodie
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Ollivier
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Bérénice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bougas
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université de Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376 Le Bourget-du-lac, France.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yannic
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter G C
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernatchez
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada. Electronic address: patrice.couture@ete.inrs.ca.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Couture
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009532:Nickel / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D010471:Perches / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Biometric condition indicators; Cadmium; Fish; Gene transcription level; Metabolic capacities; Metals; Nickel; Oxidative stress; Perca flavescens; Temperature; Yellow perch