title: Applicability of Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse grading methods to MRI when assessing hand bone age in forensic age estimation: A pilot study.
abstract: Determination of skeletal development is a key pillar in forensic age estimation of living persons. Radiological assessment of hand bone age is widely used until the age of about 17-18 years, applying visual grading techniques to hand radiographs. This study investigated whether Greulich-Pyle (GP) and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW2) grading can be equally used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, which would offer the huge benefit of avoiding ionizing radiation. In 18 subjects aged between 7 and 17 years a radiograph and an MRI scan of the hand were performed. Epiphyseal ossification of hand bones was rated by two blinded radiologists with both GP and TW2. Correlation between hand MRIs and radiographs was analyzed by linear regression and inter-observer agreement was assessed. Correlation between age estimates from MRI and radiographs was high for both GP (r(2)=0.98) and TW2 (r(2)=0.93). MRI showed a tendency to estimate age slightly lower for 14-18 year-olds, which would be favorable regarding majority age determination in case this result could be reproduced using a currently not existing reference estimation method based on MRI data. Inter-observer agreement was similar for GP in radiographs and MRI, while for TW2, agreement in MRI was lower than in radiographs. In spite of limitations regarding sample size and recruited subjects, our results indicate that the use of GP and TW2 on MRI data offers the possibility of hand bone age estimation without the need for ionizing radiation.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria. Electronic address: martin.urschler@cfi.lbg.ac.at.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urschler
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krauskopf
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Widek
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sorantin
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ehammer
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borkenstein
authors.affiliation: Institute for Forensic and Traffic Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scheurer
mesh_terms: D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D050276:Hand Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010865:Pilot Projects
keywords: Forensic age estimation; Greulich–Pyle; Hand–wrist; MRI; Tanner–Whitehouse; X-ray