title: Hesitation Wounds and Sharp Force Injuries in Forensic Pathology and Psychiatry: Multidisciplinary Review of the Literature and Study of Two Cases.
abstract: The aim of this paper was to showcase the significant diagnostic value of hesitation wounds in terms of forensic, psychiatric, and medicolegal interest. A number of studies were reviewed to update and summarize the relevant literature on the incidence, distribution, character, and function of hesitation wounds as well as the sociodemographic variables and psychopathology of the inducers. This study also investigates their importance as a forensic criterion in the distinction between suicide and homicide as well as a psychiatric diagnostic tool in suicide prevention. In addition, the paper reports two new cases. Results conclude that there is equal incidence, but different distribution of hesitation wounds between genders. Furthermore, the low dispersion of hesitation wounds contrasts with the high dispersion of defense wounds. The inducers' psychopathology lies principally in Axis I disorders. Finally, there is a comprehensive analysis of non-suicidal self-injury and the role of self-wounding in suicide prevention.
authors.affiliation: Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Department, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, GR 57010 Exohi, Asvestoxori, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria-Valeria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Karakasi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, GR 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nastoulis
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, GR 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapetanakis
authors.affiliation: Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Department, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, GR 57010 Exohi, Asvestoxori, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Epameinondas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasilikos
authors.affiliation: Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Department, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, GR 57010 Exohi, Asvestoxori, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Grigorios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kyropoulos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, GR 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Pavlos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
mesh_terms: D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D011570:Psychiatry; D014951:Wounds, Stab; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
keywords: cutting; forensic pathology; forensic psychiatry; forensic science; hesitation; injuries; legal medicine; marks; mutilation; prevention; self-harm; stab; suicide; tentative; trauma; wounds