title: The Role of Neutrophils in Transplanted Organs.
abstract: Neutrophils are often viewed as nonspecialized effector cells whose presence is a simple indicator of tissue inflammation. There is new evidence that neutrophils exist in subsets and have specialized effector functions that include extracellular trap generation and the stimulation of angiogenesis. The application of intravital imaging to transplanted organs has revealed novel requirements for neutrophil trafficking into graft tissue and has illuminated direct interactions between neutrophils and other leukocytes that promote alloimmunity. Paradoxically, retaining some neutrophilia may be important to induce or maintain tolerance. Neutrophils can stimulate anti-inflammatory signals in other phagocytes and release molecules that inhibit T cell activation. In this article, we will review the available evidence of how neutrophils regulate acute and chronic inflammation in transplanted organs and discuss the possibility of targeting these cells to promote tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scozzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.|Department of Medical - Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical - Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menna
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.|Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Krupnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.|Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kreisel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.|Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Gelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D016377:Organ Transplantation
keywords: basic (laboratory) research/science; immune regulation; immunobiology; innate immunity; organ transplantation in general; rejection; tolerance: clinical; tolerance: mechanisms