title: Comparison of outcomes and toxicities among radiation therapy treatment options for prostate cancer.
abstract: We review radiation therapy (RT) options available for prostate cancer, including external beam (EBRT; with conventional fractionation, hypofractionation, stereotactic body RT [SBRT]) and brachytherapy (BT), with an emphasis on the outcomes, toxicities, and contraindications for therapies. PICOS/PRISMA methods were used to identify published English-language comparative studies on PubMed (from 1980 to 2015) that included men treated on prospective studies with a primary endpoint of patient outcomes, with ⩾70 patients, and ⩾5year median follow up. Twenty-six studies met inclusion criteria; of these, 16 used EBRT, and 10 used BT. Long-term freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) rates were roughly equivalent between conventional and hypofractionated RT with intensity modulation (evidence level 1B), with 10-year FFBF rates of 45-90%, 40-60%, and 20-50% (for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively). SBRT had promising rates of BF, with shorter follow-up (5-year FFBF of >90% for low-risk patients). Similarly, BT (5-year FFBF for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients have generally been >85%, 69-97%, 63-80%, respectively) and BT+EBRT were appropriate in select patients (evidence level 1B). Differences in overall survival, distant metastasis, and cancer specific mortality (5-year rates: 82-97%, 1-14%, 0-8%, respectively) have not been detected in randomized trials of dose escalation or in studies comparing RT modalities. Studies did not use patient-reported outcomes, through Grade 3-4 toxicities were rare (<5%) among all modalities. There was limited evidence available to compare proton therapy to other modalities. The treatment decision for a man is usually based on his risk group, ability to tolerate the procedure, convenience for the patient, and the anticipated impact on quality of life. To further personalize therapy, future trials should report (1) race; (2) medical comorbidities; (3) psychiatric comorbidities; (4) insurance status; (5) education status; (6) marital status; (7) income; (8) sexual orientation; and (9) facility-related characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: nicholaszaorsky@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Zaorsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Talha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Colin T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hallman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Shelly B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sobczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Horwitz
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Brachytherapy; Clinical trials; Comparative effectiveness research; Personalized medicine; Prostate cancer; Proton therapy; Quality of life; Radiation therapy; Technology