title: The role of antioxidants in sperm freezing: a review.
abstract: Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is becoming more important because of new clinical requirements and current clinical practice. Despite the success of sperm cryopreservation this routinely used procedure induces serious detrimental changes in sperm function. Some researchers believe that cryopreservation is associated with DNA fragmentation and DNA single strand breaks in sperm. Mechanisms of cryodamage to human spermatozoa are thought to be multifactorial including: cold shock, osmotic stress, intracellular ice crystal formation, oxidative stress, and combinations of these conditions. Additives showing antioxidative properties reported to reduce the impact of ROS-induced and cold shock damages. Many studies exist as regards the effects of antioxidants on the cryopreservation aimed at improving the quality of post-thaw semen. Hence, this review will clarify results of recent applications of various antioxidants used in numerous research efforts to improve cryopreservation of spermatozoa. This review is to increase the understanding of the roles of these antioxidants concerning mechanisms which enhance resistance to cryodamage of spermatozoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina ST, Box 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fardin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina ST, Box 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Azar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pazhohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina ST, Box 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran. maryam.shabani.n@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabani Nashtaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina ST, Box 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahshad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khodarahmian
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina ST, Box 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nekoonam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents
keywords: Cryodamage; Cryopreservation; Oxidative stress; Sperm