title: In Vitro Chondroprotective Potential of Extracts Obtained from Various Phyllantus Species.
abstract: Phyllanthus amarushas been proven to exhibit chondroprotection. Regarding the morphological similarities amongPhyllanthusspecies, we were attracted to evaluate the chondroprotective potential ofPhyllanthusspecies includingP. amarusobtained from Chiang Mai and Phuket,Phyllanthus urinariaL.,Phyllanthus urinariasubsp. chamaepeuce, Phyllanthus debilis, andPhyllanthus airy-shawiiusing interleukin-1β-induced degradation of cartilage explants. The ethanolic extracts of the plants were evaluated for major lignans, phyllanthin, and hypophyllanthin by HPLC and further measurements of the total contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds along with the assays for antioxidant and anti-collagenase activities. The interleukin-1β-induced cartilage explant degradation was performed with/without the extracts at concentrations of 50-250 µg/mL. After 4-14 days of incubation, the medium was assayed for the level of sulfated glycosaminoglycans while the explants were measured for the remaining content of uronic acid. Proteoglycan intensity in the explants was determined by safranin O staining. Diacerein, the antiarthritic agent, was used as the positive control. Although the two major lignans were found inP. amarusfrom Chiang Mai,P. amarusfrom Phuket, andP. urinariaL. extracts, similar chondroprotective activities were observed in allPhyllanthusextracts. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extracts showed a correlation with antioxidation, whereas the total phenolic content correlated with anti-collagenase activity. Among the six extracts,P. airy-shawiishowed the greatest antioxidant and collagenase inhibitory activities. The results revealed that chondroprotective activities of all of the extracts ofPhyllanthusspecies might result from an additive or synergistic influence of some constituents of these plants, which could be considered for antiarthritic purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kittisak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buddhachat
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Siriwadee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chomdej
authors.affiliation: Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Waranee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pradit
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Korakot
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nganvongpanit
authors.affiliation: Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry and the Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Siriwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ongchai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017364:Collagenases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D017705:Lignans / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D029803:Phyllanthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D007375:Interleukin-1; D017705:Lignans; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; C512682:hypophyllanthin; D000431:Ethanol; C517985:phyllanthin; D017364:Collagenases