title: Identification and Quantification of Volatile Chemical Spoilage Indexes Associated with Bacterial Growth Dynamics in Aerobically Stored Chicken.
abstract: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as chemical spoilage indexes (CSIs) of raw chicken breast stored aerobically at 4, 10, and 21 °C were identified and quantified using solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The growth dynamics of total viable count (TVC), psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Brochothrix thermosphacta and H2 S producing bacteria were characterized based on maximum growth rates (μmax ), maximal microbial concentration (Nmax ) and at the moment of microbial shelf life (Svalues ), calculated from Gompertz-fitted growth curves. Pseudomonas spp. was predominant species, while B. thermosphacta was characterized by the highest μmax . The microbiological and sensory shelf lives were estimated based on TVC, Pseudomonas spp., and B. thermosphacta counts and sensory evaluation, respectively. Among 27 VOCs identified by GC-MS in spoiled chicken samples, ethanol (EtOH), 1-butanol-3-methyl (1But-3M), and acetic acid (C2 ) achieved the highest Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.66, 0.61, and 0.59, respectively, with TVC, regardless of storage temperature. Partial least squares (PLS) regression revealed that the synthesis of 1But-3M and C2 was most likely induced by the metabolic activity of B. thermosphacta and LAB, while EtOH was attributed to Pseudomonas spp. The increase in concentration of selected volatile spoilage markers (EtOH, 1But-3M, and C2 ) in the headspace over spoiled chicken breast was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) with TVC growth. These findings highlight the possibility of analyzing the combination of 3 selected spoilage markers: EtOH, 1But-3M, and C2 as rapid evaluation for poultry quality testing using SPME-GC-MS.
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Dept. of Chemistry, National Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.|Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, Univ. of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikš-Krajnik
authors.affiliation: Div. of Engineering Mechanics, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological Univ, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yong-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 600 East, Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pa., 19038, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Dike O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Ukuku
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Dept. of Chemistry, National Univ. of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.|National Univ. of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Inst., No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
authors.forename: Hyun-Gyun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Yuk
mesh_terms: D020001:1-Butanol / Q000032:analysis; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D058640:Brochothrix / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods; D061353:Food Storage / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007777:Lactobacillaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013696:Temperature; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D000431:Ethanol; D020001:1-Butanol; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: 3-methyl-1-butanol; acetic acid; ethanol; multivariate analysis; shelf life