title: Plasma Soluble CD163 Level Independently Predicts All-Cause Mortality in HIV-1-Infected Individuals.
abstract: CD163, a monocyte- and macrophage-specific scavenger receptor, is shed as soluble CD163 (sCD163) during the proinflammatory response. Here, we assessed the association between plasma sCD163 levels and progression to AIDS and all-cause mortality among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV).
  
  
  
  Plasma sCD163 levels were measured in 933 HIV-infected individuals. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with mortality were computed by Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  
  At baseline, 86% were receiving antiretroviral treatment, 73% had plasma a HIV RNA level of <50 copies/mL, and the median CD4(+) T-cell count was 503 cells/µL. During 10.5 years of follow-up, 167 (17.9%) died. Plasma sCD163 levels were higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (4.92 mg/L [interquartile range {IQR}, 3.29-8.65 mg/L] vs 3.16 mg/L [IQR, 2.16-4.64 mg/L]; P = .0001). The cumulative incidence of death increased with increasing plasma sCD163 levels, corresponding to a 6% or 35% increased risk of death for each milligram per liter or quartile increase, respectively, in baseline plasma sCD163 level (adjusted HR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.03-1.09] and 1.35 [95% CI, 1.13-1.63], respectively).
  
  
  
  Plasma sCD163 was an independent marker of all-cause mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals, suggesting that monocyte/macrophage activation may play a role in HIV pathogenesis and be a target of intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases.
authors.forename: Troels Bygum
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases.
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ertner
authors.affiliation: Optimed, Clinical Research Center Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health.
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital.
authors.forename: Holger Jon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense.
authors.forename: Søren K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Moestrup
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Hvidovre Hospital.
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eugen-Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Gitte
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kronborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Center, Hvidovre Hospital Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Benfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood*; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000502:physiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface
keywords: HIV; inflammation; mortality; outcome; soluble CD163