title: Mortality among homeless people in France, 2008-10.
abstract: Studies in various countries have shown that homeless people have high mortality levels. The aims of this study concerning the French population were to investigate mortality among the homeless and to study their causes of death in comparison to those of the general population.
  
  
  
  A representative sample of 1145 homeless deaths registered by an association was matched to the national database of medical causes of death using common descriptive variables. Log-binomial regression was used to compare mortality among the homeless to that of the general population. Multiple imputation was used to manage missing causes of deaths.
  
  
  
  Out of the 1145 registered homeless deaths, 693 were matched to the causes of death database. Homeless deaths were young (average age: 49). Overall, homeless deaths were slightly more frequent during winter. Among all deaths, the probability of being homeless was higher when dying from hypothermia (RR = 6.4), alcohol-related deaths (RR = 1.7), mental disorders, diseases of the digestive and circulatory systems, and undetermined causes (RR from 1.5 to 3.7).
  
  
  
  The homeless died at 49 years old on average compared with 77 in the general population in 2008-10. The health of homeless people should be considered not only in winter periods or in terms of alcohol- or cold-related conditions. This study also highlights the need for more precise data to estimate the mortality risks of the homeless in France.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, CépiDc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France cecile.vuillermoz@inserm.fr.|Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Department of Social Epidemiology, 75012, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vuillermoz
authors.affiliation: INSERM, CépiDc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Albertine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aouba
authors.affiliation: Le Collectif Les Morts de la Rue, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grout
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Department of Social Epidemiology, 75012, Paris, France.|Department of Infectious diseases, French Institute of Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandentorren
authors.affiliation: Observatoire National de la Pauvreté et de l'Exclusion Sociale, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tassin
authors.affiliation: INSERM, CépiDc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno-Betancur
authors.affiliation: INSERM, CépiDc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Éric
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Jougla
authors.affiliation: INSERM, CépiDc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D012621:Seasons