title: The Future of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer.
abstract: : Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for 10%-15% of lung cancer cases, is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread metastasis. Although up to 80% of patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, most eventually relapse, and there are no approved agents beyond the second line. Despite the high incidence of mutations in SCLC, to date no targeted therapy has shown a benefit for this patient population, and systemic treatment has not changed significantly during the past 3 decades. Given that extensive-stage SCLC has a 5-year survival rate of only 1%-2%, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating antitumor responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with SCLC. Of the immunotherapies being investigated for patients with SCLC, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are perhaps the most promising. Because these immune checkpoint pathways, which under normal circumstances function to protect healthy tissues from damage during inflammatory responses and maintain self-tolerance, can help tumor cells evade elimination by the immune system, they represent potential therapeutic targets. This review discusses the rationale for immunotherapy and the early clinical results of immunotherapeutic agents being investigated in SCLC.
  
  
  
  Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung cancer subtype. Despite sensitivity to first-line chemotherapy, SCLC has high recurrence rates, and responses to second-line treatments are poor. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable approach for patients with SCLC. Of several immunotherapies being investigated, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are among the most promising for patients with SCLC and are the focus of this review.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA leora.horn@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Leora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Oncology Department, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, a member of the German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reck
authors.affiliation: Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Spigel
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D000077594:Nivolumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000077594:Nivolumab; C582435:pembrolizumab
keywords: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4; Immune checkpoint pathways; Immunotherapy; Programmed cell death protein-1; Small cell lung cancer