title: Review of key telepsychiatry outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a review of the telepsychiatry literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic search of the literature on telepsychiatry using the search terms, "telepsychiatry", "telemental health", "telecare", "telemedicine", "e-health", and "videoconferencing". To meet criteria for inclusion, studies had to: (1) be published in a peer-reviewed journal after the year 2000; (2) be written in English; (3) use videoconferencing technology for the provision of mental health assessment or treatment services; and (4) use an adequately-powered randomized controlled trial design in the case of treatment outcome studies. Out of 1976 studies identified by searches in PubMed (Medline database), Ovid medline, PsychInfo, Embase, and EBSCO PSYCH, 452 met inclusion criteria. Studies that met all inclusion criteria were organized into one of six categories: (1) satisfaction; (2) reliability; (3) treatment outcomes; (4) implementation outcomes; (5) cost effectiveness; and (6) and legal issues. All disagreements were resolved by reassessing study characteristics and discussion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, patients and providers are generally satisfied with telepsychiatry services. Providers, however, tend to express more concerns about the potentially adverse of effects of telepsychiatry on therapeutic rapport. Patients are less likely to endorse such concerns about impaired rapport with their provider. Although few studies appropriately employ non-inferiority designs, the evidence taken together suggests that telepsychiatry is comparable to face-to-face services in terms of reliability of clinical assessments and treatment outcomes. When non-inferiority designs were appropriately used, telepsychiatry performed as well as, if not better than face-to-face delivery of mental health services. Studies using both rudimentary and more sophisticated methods for evaluating cost-effectiveness indicate that telepsychiatry is not more expensive than face-to-face delivery of mental health services and that telepsychiatry is actually more cost-effective in the majority of studies reviewed. Notwithstanding legal concerns about loss of confidentiality and limited capacity to respond to psychiatric emergencies, we uncovered no published reports of these adverse events in the use of telepsychiatry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A large evidence base supports telepsychiatry as a delivery method for mental health services. Future studies will inform optimal approaches to implementing and sustaining telepsychiatry services.
authors.affiliation: Sam Hubley, Christopher Schneck, Marshall Thomas, Jay Shore, Helen and Arthur E Johnson Depression Center, Department of Family Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hubley
authors.affiliation: Sam Hubley, Christopher Schneck, Marshall Thomas, Jay Shore, Helen and Arthur E Johnson Depression Center, Department of Family Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Sam Hubley, Christopher Schneck, Marshall Thomas, Jay Shore, Helen and Arthur E Johnson Depression Center, Department of Family Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schneck
authors.affiliation: Sam Hubley, Christopher Schneck, Marshall Thomas, Jay Shore, Helen and Arthur E Johnson Depression Center, Department of Family Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
authors.forename: Marshall
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Sam Hubley, Christopher Schneck, Marshall Thomas, Jay Shore, Helen and Arthur E Johnson Depression Center, Department of Family Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shore
keywords: Implementation; Telemental health; Telepsychiatry; Treatment access; Videoconferencing