title: Schisandrae fructus enhances myogenic differentiation and inhibits atrophy through protein synthesis in human myotubes.
abstract: Schisandrae fructus (SF) has recently been reported to increase skeletal muscle mass and inhibit atrophy in mice. We investigated the effect of SF extract on human myotube differentiation and its acting pathway. Various concentrations (0.1-10 μg/mL) of SF extract were applied on human skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Myotube area and fusion index were measured to quantify myotube differentiation. The maximum effect was observed at 0.5 μg/mL of SF extract, enhancing differentiation up to 1.4-fold in fusion index and 1.6-fold in myotube area at 8 days after induction of differentiation compared to control. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, which initiate translation as downstream of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, was upregulated in early phases of differentiation after SF treatment. SF also attenuated dexamethasone-induced atrophy. In conclusion, we show that SF augments myogenic differentiation and attenuates atrophy by increasing protein synthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin/70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 signaling pathway in human myotubes. SF can be a useful natural dietary supplement in increasing skeletal muscle mass, especially in the aged with sarcopenia and the patients with disuse atrophy.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cy Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yung Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae-Seong
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheol Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D032141:Schisandra / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C087000:EIF4EBP1 protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
keywords: Schisandrae fructus; human skeletal muscle cells; mTOR signaling; myotubes