title: Multifaceted Breast Cancer: The Molecular Connection With Obesity.
abstract: Obesity is characterized by a disruption in energy balance regulation that results in an excess accumulation of body fat. Its increasing prevalence poses a major public health concern because it is a risk factor for a host of additional chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Obesity is increasingly recognized as a growing cause of cancer risk. In particular excessive adipose expansion during obesity causes adipose dysfunction and inflammation that can regulate tumor growth. In obesity, dysregulated systemic metabolism and inflammation induce hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and enhance sex hormone production with increased secretion of proinflammatory adipokine that impact breast cancer development and progression. This review describes how adipose inflammation that characterizes obesity is responsible of microenvironment to promote cancer, and discuss how steroid hormones, that are essential for the maintenance of the normal development, growth and differentiation of the cells, influence the induction and progression of breast cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 69-77, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.|IRCCS Malzoni Clinic, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feola
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.|Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Université de la Manouba, ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Soumaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kouidhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penon
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Formisano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.|Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. marina.didomenico@unina2.it.|IRCCS Malzoni Clinic, Avellino, Italy. marina.didomenico@unina2.it.|Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. marina.didomenico@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Domenico
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*