title: [Clinical application value of echocardiography combined with genetic testing in fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical value of echocardiography combined with genetic testing in the fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma cases diagnosed by fetal echocardiogram in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from Jan. 2011 to Oct. 2015 were enrolled in a retrospective analysis. The results of other examination and pregnancy outcomes of them were followed up, the genetic characteristics of cardiac rhabdomyoma were summarized on the basis of pathology and genetics examination results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pregnancy outcomes: 24 cases were terminated pregnancy, 4 cases were born and 5 cases were lost. The results of ultrasound, pathology and genetic examination were detailed in 8 cases. Pathological examination: the typical characteristics of cardiac rhabdomyoma were found in the 8 cases with cardiac rhabdomyoma. The tumor tissue was composed of irregular and swelling shape of cardiomyocytes, and the cytoplasm was vacuole like, which was characteristic of " spider like cells" through microscopic observation. The geneticdetection results: 7 cases had tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) gene mutation, TSC gene abnormalities were not detected in 1 case. Among the 7 cases with TSC gene mutations, 6 cases were with TSC2 gene mutation and the other 1 case was with TSC1 gene mutation. The family gene was investigated in the 5 cases, which including 3 cases of TSC gene mutation in mother passed on to the fetus (1 case with family of three generations of genetic) and 2 cases of spontaneous TSC gene mutation in the fetus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal echocardiography combined with genetic detection have important clinical significance, which not only can clear if cardiac rhabdomyomas were associated with TSC, but also can clear the TSC gene mutation source. So as to further guide the perinatal management.
authors.affiliation: The 2nd Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: X W
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012207:Rhabdomyoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics