title: Graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nanofeatured scaffolds for the assisted deposition of nanohydroxyapatite: characterization and biological evaluation.
abstract: Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) is an emergent bioceramic that shows similar chemical and crystallographic properties as the mineral phase present in bone. However, nHAp presents low fracture toughness and tensile strength, limiting its application in bone tissue engineering. Conversely, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been widely used for composite applications due to their excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties, although their hydrophobicity usually impairs some applications. To improve MWCNT wettability, oxygen plasma etching has been applied to promote MWCNT exfoliation and oxidation and to produce graphene oxide (GO) at the end of the tips. Here, we prepared a series of nHAp/MWCNT-GO nanocomposites aimed at producing materials that combine similar bone characteristics (nHAp) with high mechanical strength (MWCNT-GO). After MWCNT production and functionalization to produce MWCNT-GO, ultrasonic irradiation was employed to precipitate nHAp onto the MWCNT-GO scaffolds (at 1-3 wt%). We employed various techniques to characterize the nanocomposites, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and gas adsorption (the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method). We used simulated body fluid to evaluate their bioactivity and human osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) to evaluate cytocompatibility. We also investigated their bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. TEM analysis revealed homogeneous distributions of nHAp crystal grains along the MWCNT-GO surfaces. All nanocomposites were proved to be bioactive, since carbonated nHAp was found after 21 days in simulated body fluid. All nanocomposites showed potential for biomedical applications with no cytotoxicity toward osteoblasts and impressively demonstrated a bactericidal effect without the use of antibiotics. All of the aforementioned properties make these materials very attractive for bone tissue engineering applications, either as a matrix or as a reinforcement material for numerous polymeric nanocomposites.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnology, Institute of Research and Development (IP&D), University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Vm
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnology, Institute of Research and Development (IP&D), University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nelly Cs
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Bruno das Neves
authors.initials: Bd
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Biology and Tissue, Institute of Research and Development (IP&D), University of Vale Do Paraiba (UNIVAP).
authors.forename: Newton S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnology, Institute of Research and Development (IP&D), University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Marciano
authors.affiliation: Associated Laboratory of Sensors and Materials, National Institute for Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evaldo J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Corat
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnology, Institute of Research and Development (IP&D), University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anderson O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D003460:Crystallization; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D016062:Porosity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D006108:Graphite; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: bactericidal effect; bioactivity; bone cells; graphene oxide; in vitro; multi-walled carbon nanotubes; nanohydroxyapatite; tissue engineering