title: Resilience in context: the special case of advanced age.
abstract: Advanced age is a time shaped by the current experience of physical, social and psychological characteristics associated with living into an eighth decade and beyond and also by reflection upon past experiences. Understanding the specific factors that contribute to ageing well is increasingly important as greater numbers of older people remain living independently in the community and may require targeted and sustainable support to do so. This paper offers a conceptualisation of resilience for advanced age (age 85+), a life stage currently under-researched.
  
  
  
  We utilise a developmental and socio-historical context to develop key arguments about adversity, resources and positive outcomes that affect the experience of resilient ageing.
  
  
  
  Very late life is characterised by a unique balance between losses, associated with vulnerability and resource restrictions, and potential gains based upon wisdom, experience, autonomy and accumulated systems of support, providing a specific context for the expression of resilience. Post-adversity growth is possible, but maintenance of everyday abilities may be more relevant to resilience in advanced age.
  
  
  
  An increasing life-span globally necessitates creative and conscientious thought about wellbeing, and resilience research has the important aim to focus health and wellness on success and what is possible despite potential limitations.
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.affiliation: a Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ngaire
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kerse
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Consedine
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012944:Social Support
keywords: Oldest-old; adaptation; positive ageing; resilience