title: Fingerprinting and validation of a LC-DAD method for the analysis of biflavanones in Garcinia kola-based antimalarial improved traditional medicines.
abstract: African populations use traditional medicines in their initial attempt to treat a range of diseases. Nevertheless, accurate knowledge of the composition of these drugs remains a challenge in terms of ensuring the health of population and in order to advance towards improved traditional medicines (ITMs). In this paper chromatographic methods were developed for qualitative and quantitative analyses of a per os antimalarial ITM containing Garcinia kola. The identified analytical markers were used to establish TLC and HPLC fingerprints. G. kola seeds were analysed by HPLC to confirm the identity of the extract used by the Congolese manufacturer in the ITM. The main compounds (GB1, GB2, GB-1a and Kolaflavanone) were isolated by preparative TLC and identified by UPLC-MS and NMR. For the quantification of the major compound GB1, a simple and rapid experimental design was applied to develop an LC method, and then its validation was demonstrated using the total error strategy with the accuracy profile as a decision tool. The accurate results were observed within 0.14-0.45mg/mL range of GB1 expressed as naringenin. The extracts used in several batches of the analysed oral solutions contained GB1 (expressed as naringenin) within 2.04-2.43%. Both the fingerprints and the validated LC-DAD were found suitable for the quality control of G. kola-based raw material and finished products, respectively.
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, B-127 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: P Tshisekedi
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Tshibangu
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, B-127 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: P Mutwale
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kapepula
authors.affiliation: University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, B-127 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: M J Kabongo
authors.initials: MJK
authors.lastname: Kapinga
authors.affiliation: University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, B-127 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: H Kabika
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lupona
authors.affiliation: University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, B-127 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: N Kabamba
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Ngombe
authors.affiliation: University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, B-127 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: Dibungi T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kalenda
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Wauters
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tits
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Angenot
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rozet
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hubert
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; University of Kisangani (UNIKIS), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, B.P. 2012 Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, 15, Avenue Hippocrate, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium. Electronic address: M.frederich@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frédérich
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D044950:Flavanones / Q000032:analysis; D029763:Garcinia kola / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D044946:Biflavonoids; D044950:Flavanones; D010936:Plant Extracts; C005273:naringenin
keywords: Analytical marker; Antimalarial; Fingerprint; Garcinia kola; Improved traditional medicine