title: The usefulness of point-of-care (POC) tests in screening elevated glucose and ketone body levels postmortem.
abstract: The aim was to evaluate the performance of point-of-care (POC) tests in detecting glucose and ketone bodies in postmortem (PM) samples and to assess the usefulness of POC tests in sample screening for more precise analyses. Glucose and ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), were measured from vitreous humor (VH) in 52 autopsy cases with a POC blood glucose monitoring device (BGMD). In addition glucose and ketone bodies, acetone (Ac) and acetoacetate (AcAc), were measured from urine samples in another set of 59 cases with semi-quantitative stick tests. The results were compared to the concentration in VH measured with validated methods (values ≥ 7mmol/l indicate possible hyperglycemia and total ketone body levels ≥ 3mmol/l ketoacidosis). The sensitivity for glucose with the BGMD was 1.0 and specificity 0.94 when the threshold value for the meter to predict elevated glucose was set to ≥ 10mmol/l. The correlation between the BGMD and the validated method was strong (R(2)=0.89). For detecting ketoacidosis, the BGMD had a sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity of 0.73, when the threshold value was set to 2.5mmol/l. The urine stick test presented a sensitivity of 0.89 and specificity of 0.90 for detecting elevated VH glucose concentration. The sensitivity and specificity for the stick test to detect cases with possible ketoacidosis were 0.84 and 0.68, respectively. According to the results, BGMD can be reliably applied for sample screening, although more samples need to be analyzed for delineating the correct threshold values. In the case of glucose, the urine stick tests could be indicative in detecting cases with VH glucose ≥ 10mmol/l. For predicting possible ketoacidosis with elevated VH total ketone bodies, the stick test is not reliable as the test presented both false-positive and -negative results.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Biology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 40, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: annamari.walta@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna-Mari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Walta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Biology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 40, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Terhi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keltanen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Biology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 40, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindroos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Forensic Biology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O Box 40, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: antti.sajantila@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sajantila
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D001344:Autopsy / Q000592:standards*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000032:analysis*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000592:standards*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007657:Ketone Bodies; D005947:Glucose; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: Blood glucose monitoring device; Hyperglycemia; Ketoacidosis; Postmortem; Urine stick test