title: Production of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles by Shewanella Species.
abstract: Several species of the bacterial genus Shewanella are well-known dissimilatory reducers of manganese under anaerobic conditions. In fact, Shewanella oneidensis is one of the most well studied of all metal-reducing bacteria. In the current study, a number of Shewanella strains were tested for manganese-oxidizing capacity under aerobic conditions. All were able to oxidize Mn(II) and to produce solid dark brown manganese oxides. Shewanella loihica strain PV-4 was the strongest oxidizer, producing oxides at a rate of 20.3 mg/liter/day and oxidizing Mn(II) concentrations of up to 9 mM. In contrast, S. oneidensis MR-1 was the weakest oxidizer tested, producing oxides at 4.4 mg/liter/day and oxidizing up to 4 mM Mn(II). Analysis of products from the strongest oxidizers, i.e., S loihica PV-4 and Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32, revealed finely grained, nanosize, poorly crystalline oxide particles with identical Mn oxidation states of 3.86. The biogenic manganese oxide products could be subsequently reduced within 2 days by all of the Shewanella strains when culture conditions were made anoxic and an appropriate nutrient (lactate) was added. While Shewanella species were detected previously as part of manganese-oxidizing consortia in natural environments, the current study has clearly shown manganese-reducing Shewanella species bacteria that are able to oxidize manganese in aerobic cultures.
  
  
  
  Members of the genus Shewanella are well known as dissimilatory manganese-reducing bacteria. This study shows that a number of species from Shewanella are also capable of manganese oxidation under aerobic conditions. Characterization of the products of the two most efficient oxidizers, S. loihica and S. putrefaciens, revealed finely grained, nanosize oxide particles. With a change in culture conditions, the manganese oxide products could be subsequently reduced by the same bacteria. The ability of Shewanella species both to oxidize and to reduce manganese indicates that the genus plays a significant role in the geochemical cycling of manganese. Due to the high affinity of manganese oxides for binding other metals, these bacteria may also contribute to the immobilization and release of other metals in the environment.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA wrigmit@ohsu.edu t.greene@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mitchell H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Saad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Farooqui
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia wrigmit@ohsu.edu t.greene@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D007700:Kinetics; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020592:Shewanella / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017895:Manganese Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C027424:manganese oxide