title: Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock.
abstract: Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
authors.affiliation: a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.|b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Kundan Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chaubey
authors.affiliation: c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Rinkoo Devi
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.|b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Shoor Vir
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
authors.affiliation: a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Naveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Abhishek Singh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.affiliation: a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.
authors.lastname: Sahzad
authors.affiliation: d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India.
authors.forename: Jagdip Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sohal
authors.affiliation: a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Bjorn John
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.affiliation: a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
authors.affiliation: g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran.
authors.forename: Abdollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Derakhshandeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D058751:Livestock; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022581:Vaccines, Marker / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D022581:Vaccines, Marker
keywords: Cattle; Johne's disease; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; paratuberculosis; review; secretory proteins