title: Birth by cesarean section and schizophrenia: results from the multicenter FACE-SZ data-set.
abstract: Children born by cesarean section ("c-birth") are known to have different microbiota and a natural history of different disorders including allergy, asthma and overweight compared to vaginally born ("v-birth") children. C-birth is not known to increase the risk of schizophrenia (SZ), but to be associated with an earlier age at onset. To further explore possible links between c-birth and SZ, we compared clinical and biological characteristics of c-born SZ patients compared to v-born ones. Four hundred and fifty-four stable community-dwelling SZ patients (mean age = 32.4 years, 75.8 % male gender) were systematically included in the multicentre network of FondaMental Expert Center for schizophrenia. Overall, 49 patients (10.8 %) were c-born. These subjects had a mean age at schizophrenia onset of 21.9 ± 6.7 years, a mean duration of illness of 10.5 ± 8.7 years and a mean PANSS total score of 70.9 ± 18.7. None of these variables was significantly associated with c-birth. Multivariate analysis showed that c-birth remained associated with lower CRP levels (aOR = 0.07; 95 % CI 0.009-0.555, p = 0.012) and lower premorbid ability (aOR = 0.945; 95 % CI 0.898-0.994, p = 0.03). No significant association between birth by C-section and, respectively, age, age at illness onset, sex, education level, psychotic and mood symptomatology, antipsychotic treatment, tobacco consumption, birth weight and mothers suffering from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder has been found. Altogether, the present results suggest that c-birth is associated with lower premorbid intellectual functioning and lower blood CRP levels in schizophrenia. Further studies should determine the mechanisms underlying this association.
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France. guillaume.fond@gmail.com.|Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, Créteil, France. guillaume.fond@gmail.com.|DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Paris Est University, Créteil, France. guillaume.fond@gmail.com.|Hôpital A. Chenevier, Pole de Psychiatrie, 40 rue de Mesly, 94010, Créteil, France. guillaume.fond@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3249-2030
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fond
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, Créteil, France.|DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Paris Est University, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bulzacka
authors.affiliation: CHU Sainte-Marguerite, Pôle Psychiatrie Universitaire, 13274, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, 75013, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, 75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Godin
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, Créteil, France.|DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Paris Est University, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunel
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, Créteil, France.|DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Paris Est University, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Andrianarisoa
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Université de Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France.|Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Inserm, U862, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aouizerate
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berna
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, Inserm 1061, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capdevielle
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chereau
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Denizot
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier Pole Est, BP 300 39, 95 bd Pinel, 69678, Bron Cedex, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dorey
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Faculté de Médecine, Louis Mourier Hospital, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Colombes, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dubertret
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubreucq
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faget
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gabayet
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Faculté de Médecine, Louis Mourier Hospital, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Colombes, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Strat
authors.affiliation: Bordeaux Sleep Clinique, Pellegrin University Hospital, USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, Research Unit, Bordeaux University, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Micoulaud-Franchi
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Université de Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France.|CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA, Talence, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misdrahi
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier Pole Est, BP 300 39, 95 bd Pinel, 69678, Bron Cedex, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richieri
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, Créteil, France.|DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Paris Est University, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roger
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service de Psychiatrie d'Adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Passerieux
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, Inserm 1061, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schandrin
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Service de Psychiatrie d'Adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vidalhet
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, Créteil, France.|DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Paris Est University, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schürhoff
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.|Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, INSERM U955, Créteil, France.|DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Paris Est University, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leboyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein (CRP); Cesarean section birth (C-section); Microbiota; Schizophrenia; Weight