title: Why the study of the effects of biological sex is important. Commentary.
abstract: Biological sex significantly affects the presentation, outcome of treatment and progression of disease. However, the role of sex has yet underestimated consequences for physiology and pathology. We put forward that a better understanding of the effects of sex in pathophysiology and the underlying mechanisms is necessary. This may facilitate the identification of targets that respond to specific therapies, thereby contributing towards a more appropriate and individualised medical care for both men and women.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University, Hospital, Berlin, Germany - German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kararigas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University, Hospital, Berlin, Germany - German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seeland
authors.affiliation: Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University, Hospital, Berlin, Germany - German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barcena de Arellano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University, Hospital, Berlin, Germany - German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dworatzek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Gender in Medicine (GiM), Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité University, Hospital, Berlin, Germany - German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Regitz-Zagrosek
mesh_terms: D004194:Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D057285:Precision Medicine; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors