title: Occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water and bottom water of the Shuangtaizi Estuary, China.
abstract: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants. However, there is limited information on the contamination level and spatial distribution of PFASs in the Shuangtaizi Estuary, where the Shuangtaizi Hekou Nature Reserve is located. In the present study, the contamination level and spatial distribution of PFASs in surface water (approximately 0.5 m below the surface) and bottom water (about 0.5 m above the bottom) of the Shuangtaizi Estuary were investigated. The data indicated that the Shuangtaizi Estuary was commonly contaminated by PFASs. The total concentration of PFASs in surface and bottom water of the Shuangtaizi Estuary ranged from 66.2 to 185 ng L(-1) and from 44.8 to 209 ng L(-1), respectively. The predominant PFASs were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). In general, PFAS concentrations in surface water samples were lower than those in bottom water samples. The spatial distribution of PFASs in the Shuangtaizi Estuary was mainly affected by particular landform, tide and residual currents in Liaodong Bay. The total mass flux of 15 PFASs from the Shuangtaizi River to Liaodong Bay was estimated to be 352 kg year(-1), which was lower than the total flux from the Daling River and the Daliao River. As short-chain PFASs, such as PFBS and PFBA, have been the prevalent compounds in some places and are continuously produced and used, long-term monitoring and effective pollution controls are suggested.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
authors.forename: Mihua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China. Electronic address: guanghuiding@dlmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
authors.forename: Lie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
authors.forename: Huanhuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
authors.forename: Nannan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Environment and Chemical Technology, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, PR China.
authors.forename: Guanqun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Linghai Road 1, Dalian 116026, PR China.
authors.forename: Yeqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D002208:Caproates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D063366:Estuaries; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D045483:Rivers; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D002208:Caproates; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C033094:perfluorobutyric acid; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C108042:perfluorobutane; C479228:perfluorohexanoic acid
keywords: Contamination; PFASs; PFBA; Shuangtaizi estuary; Spatial distribution