title: Detection Limits for Blood on Fabrics Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Derivative Processing.
abstract: Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) was used to detect blood stains based on signature protein absorption in the mid-IR region, where intensity changes in the spectrum can be related to blood concentration. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied for multivariate calibrations of IR spectra of blood dilutions on four types of fabric (acrylic, nylon, polyester, and cotton). Gap derivatives (GDs) were applied as a preprocessing technique to optimize the performance of calibration models. We report a much improved IR detection limit (DL) for blood on cotton (2700× in dilution factor units) and the first IR DL reported for blood on nylon (250×). Due to sample heterogeneity caused by fabric hydrophobicity, acrylic fabric produced variable ATR FT-IR spectra that caused poor DLs in concentration units compared to previous work. Polyester showed a similar problem at low blood concentrations that lead to a relatively poor DL as well. However, the increased surface sensitivity and decreased penetration depth of ATR FT-IR make it an excellent choice for detection of small quantities of blood on the front surface of all fabrics tested (0.0010 µg for cotton, 0.0077 µg for nylon, 0.011 µg for acrylic, and 0.0066 µg for polyester).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: DeJong
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Brianna M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Belliveau
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Myrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods*; D032561:Cotton Fiber; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009757:Nylons; D051381:Rats; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013784:Textiles
chemical_list: D009757:Nylons
keywords: ATR FT-IR; Attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared; detection limits; gap derivative