title: Understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation.
abstract: This Review summarizes mechanistic investigations in faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which has increasingly been adapted into clinical practice as treatment for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) that cannot be eliminated with antibiotics alone. Administration of healthy donor faecal microbiota in this clinical situation results in its engraftment and restoration of normal gut microbial community structure and functionality. In this Review, we consider several main mechanisms for FMT effectiveness in treatment of CDI, including direct competition of C. difficile with commensal microbiota delivered by FMT, restoration of secondary bile acid metabolism in the colon and repair of the gut barrier by stimulation of the mucosal immune system. Some of these mechanistic insights suggest possibilities for developing novel, next-generation CDI therapeutics. FMT might also have potential applications for non-CDI indications. The gut can become a reservoir of other potential antibiotic-resistant pathogens under pressure of antibiotic treatments, and restoration of normal microbial community structure by FMT might be a promising approach to protect against infections with these pathogens as well. Finally, FMT could be considered for multiple chronic diseases that are associated with some form of dysbiosis. However, considerable research is needed to optimize the FMT protocols for such applications before their therapeutic promise can be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Immunology and BioTechnology Institute, Medical Biosciences Building, 2101 6th Street South East, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khoruts
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, BioTechnology Institute, and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Lab, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sadowsky
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D016360:Clostridioides difficile; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D000069467:Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; D005544:Forecasting; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts