title: Synthesis and Function of Apocarotenoid Signals in Plants.
abstract: In plants, carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection. However, carotenoids are not the end products of the pathway; apocarotenoids are produced by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) or non-enzymatic processes. Apocarotenoids are more soluble or volatile than carotenoids but they are not simply breakdown products, as there can be modifications post-cleavage and their functions include hormones, volatiles, and signals. Evidence is emerging for a class of apocarotenoids, here referred to as apocarotenoid signals (ACSs), that have regulatory roles throughout plant development beyond those ascribed to abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactone (SL). In this context we review studies of carotenoid feedback regulation, chloroplast biogenesis, stress signaling, and leaf and root development providing evidence that apocarotenoids may fine-tune plant development and responses to environmental stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivers
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: León
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: McQuinn
authors.affiliation: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. Electronic address: barry.pogson@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pogson
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids; D049308:Dioxygenases
keywords: apocarotenoid; carotenoid; carotenoid cleavage.; plant development; signaling