title: Real-Time Bioluminescence Imaging of Cell Distribution, Growth, and Differentiation in a Three-Dimensional Scaffold Under Interstitial Perfusion for Tissue Engineering.
abstract: Bioreactor systems allow safe and reproducible production of tissue constructs and functional analysis of cell behavior in biomaterials. However, current procedures for the analysis of tissue generated in biomaterials are destructive. We describe a transparent perfusion system that allows real-time bioluminescence imaging of luciferase expressing cells seeded in scaffolds for the study of cell-biomaterial interactions and bioreactor performance. A prototype provided with a poly(lactic) acid scaffold was used for "proof of principle" studies to monitor cell survival in the scaffold (up to 22 days). Moreover, using cells expressing a luciferase reporter under the control of inducible tissue-specific promoters, it was possible to monitor changes in gene expression resulting from hypoxic state and endothelial cell differentiation. This system should be useful in numerous tissue engineering applications, the optimization of bioreactor operation conditions, and the analysis of cell behavior in three-dimensional scaffolds.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York.
authors.forename: Olaia F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.affiliation: 2 Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain .|3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.affiliation: 3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .|4 Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.affiliation: 2 Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain .|3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerra-Rebollo
authors.affiliation: 3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .|4 Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Melba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: 2 Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain .|3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Meca-Cortés
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .|4 Biomaterials for Regenerative Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.affiliation: 2 Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain .|3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.affiliation: 2 Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain .|3 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain .
authors.forename: Jerónimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanco
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds