title: 'Noises in the head': a prospective study to characterize intracranial sounds after cranial surgery.
abstract: Patients often report sounds in the head after craniotomy. We aim to characterize the prevalence and nature of these sounds, and identify any patient, pathology, or technical factors related to them. These data may be used to inform patients of this sometimes unpleasant, but harmless effect of cranial surgery.
  
  
  
  Prospective observational study of patients undergoing cranial surgery with dural opening. Eligible patients completed a questionnaire preoperatively and daily after surgery until discharge. Subjects were followed up at 14 days with a telephone consultation.
  
  
  
  One hundred fifty-one patients with various pathologies were included. Of these, 47 (31 %) reported hearing sounds in their head, lasting an average 4-6 days (median, 4 days, mean, 6 days, range, 1-14 days). The peak onset was the first postoperative day and the most commonly used descriptors were 'clicking' [20/47 (43 %)] and 'fluid moving' in the head [9/47 (19 %)]. A significant proportion (42 %, 32/77) without a wound drain experienced intracranial sounds compared to those with a drain (20 %, 15/74, p < 0.01); there was no difference between suction and gravity drains. Approximately a third of the patients in both groups (post-craniotomy sounds group: 36 %, 17/47; group not reporting sounds: 31 %, 32/104), had postoperative CT scans for unrelated reasons: 73 % (8/11) of those with pneumocephalus experienced intracranial sounds, compared to 24 % (9/38) of those without pneumocephalus (p < 0.01). There was no significant association with craniotomy site or size, temporal bone drilling, bone flap replacement, or filling of the surgical cavity with fluid.
  
  
  
  Sounds in the head after cranial surgery are common, affecting 31 % of patients. This is the first study into this subject, and provides valuable information useful for consenting patients. The data suggest pneumocephalus as a plausible explanation with which to reassure patients, rather than relying on anecdotal evidence, as has been the case to date.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Atkinson Morley Wing, St. George's Hospital, London, SW17 0QT, UK. vino.siva@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Vinothan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sivasubramaniam
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Atkinson Morley Wing, St. George's Hospital, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
authors.forename: Varinder Singh
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Alg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Atkinson Morley Wing, St. George's Hospital, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frantzias
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Atkinson Morley Wing, St. George's Hospital, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
authors.forename: Shami Yesha
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Atkinson Morley Wing, St. George's Hospital, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
authors.forename: Marios Costa
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Atkinson Morley Wing, St. George's Hospital, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D011007:Pneumocephalus / Q000209:etiology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Cranial surgery; Intracranial; Sounds