title: Papaya (Carica papaya) leaf methanolic extract modulates in vitro rumen methanogenesis and rumen biohydrogenation.
abstract: Papaya leaf methanolic extract (PLE) at concentrations of 0 (CON), 5 (LLE), 10 (MLE) and 15 (HLE) mg/250 mg dry matter (DM) with 30 mL buffered rumen fluid were incubated for 24 h to identify its effect on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis and ruminal biohydrogenation (BH). Total gas production was not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of PLE compared to the CON at 24 h of incubation. Methane (CH4) production (mL/250 mg DM) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of PLE. Acetate to propionate ratio was lower (P <0.05) in MLE (2.02) and HLE (1.93) compared to the CON (2.28). Supplementation of the diet with PLE significantly (P <0.05) decreased the rate of BH of C18:1n-9 (oleic acid; OA), C18:2n-6 (linoleic acid; LA), C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid; LNA) and C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to CON after 24 h incubation, which resulted in higher concentrations of BH intermediates such as C18:1 t11 (vaccenic acid; VA), c9t11 conjugated LA (CLA) (rumenic acid; RA) and t10c12 CLA. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the total bacteria, total protozoa, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and methanogen population in HLE decreased (P <0.05) compared to CON, but the total bacteria and B. fibrisolvens population were higher (P < 0.05) in CON compared to the PLE treatment groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.|Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yong M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rajion
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohammad F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Jahromi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yusof H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D029441:Carica / Q000737:chemistry*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005740:Gases; D006041:Goats; D006865:Hydrogenation / Q000187:drug effects*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008697:Methane / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005740:Gases; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011422:Propionates; D008697:Methane
keywords: biohydrogenation; in vitro gas production; methanogenesis; papaya leaf extract; rumen fermentation