title: Predicting Therapeutic Response by in vivo Molecular Imaging in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities are indispensable tools in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Standard imaging procedures like white light endoscopy or MRI are used to define gut inflammation based on structural changes and altered morphology of the mucosa. Nevertheless, it has thus far not been possible to analyse biological processes at the cellular level, which drive intestinal inflammation in IBD patients. The recent advent of molecular imaging in the field of IBD has opened new promising avenues to allow personalized medicine approaches based on in vivo-detected molecular findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent clinical studies have attempted to address the issue of predicting therapeutic response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment in IBD patients based on the molecular mechanism of action of these agents and corresponding in vivo assessment of mucosal immune responses. Several experimental studies have indicated that one of the main functions of efficacious anti-TNF therapy in IBD is the induction of intestinal cell apoptosis. Fittingly, a corresponding molecular-imaging study using single-photon emission CT for the localization and quantification of cell apoptosis, demonstrated that induction of mucosal T-cell apoptosis correlated with the therapeutic response to anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease patients. There was moreover a predictive capacity regarding therapeutic efficacy. As the main biological properties of anti-TNF antibodies in IBD are mediated through binding to membrane-bound TNF (mTNF) expressing intestinal cells, another study used molecular imaging for in vivo visualization of these cells via fluorescent anti-TNF antibodies to predict therapeutic efficacy of these agents. It could be shown that patients with high amounts of mTNF positive cells showed significantly better response rates compared to patients with low amounts of mTNF positive cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo molecular imaging in IBD has the potential to have an impact on our current treatment approaches and may allow us to individualize specific therapies based on molecular level analysis.
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic I, Friedrich-Alexander Universitx00E4;t Erlangen-Nx00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atreya
authors.forename: Markus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Neurath
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha