title: Time to analgesia in an emergency department in Eastern Nepal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nepal is a least developed country, with limited healthcare resources. An 18 month Fellowship in Emergency Medicine has contributed some improvements to care. This study assessed time to first analgesia in higher and lower acuity patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study of 101 patients in each of the Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) 2, 3 and 100 in ATS 4 was undertaken at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Convenience sampling was used coinciding with researcher's duty hours. Pain scores and time to analgesia were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 302 patients were included. The doctors identified pain in 274 (90%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 86.74-93.65), severity recorded in 92 (30.5%, 95% CI 25-36). Median time from triage to analgesia was 30 min (interquartile range [IQR] 15-60) for ATS 2 patients, 60 min (IQR 40-70) for ATS 3 and 69 min (IQR 45-116) for ATS 4. Tramadol was the analgesic used most commonly (33%), followed by diclofenac (25%), morphine (16%), paracetamol (14%) and ketamine (2%). Analgesia was provided to 212 (70%, 95% CI 64.6-75.2), 65 (30.66%, 95% CI 24.5-37.3) with ATS 2, 85 (40%, 95% CI 33.4-47) with ATS 3 and 62 (29.2%, 95% CI 23.2-35.8) with ATS 4. A total of 44 patients (20.7%, 95% CI 15.5-26.8) with mild, 101 (47.6%, 95% CI 40.7-54.6) with moderate and 60 (28.3%, 95% CI 22.3-34.8) with severe pain received analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time to analgesia for triage score 2 is lower compared to higher triage score. However, a large proportion of patients still do not receive analgesia. This is likely addressed by using a combination of strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Rabin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Gyanendra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malla
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
authors.forename: Bijendra Kumar
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009390:Nepal; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D014218:Triage
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: Nepal; analgesia; emergency