title: Associations Between Cigarette Print Advertising and Smoking Initiation Among African Americans.
abstract: The objective of this study was to examine changes in the annual number of cigarette advertisements in magazines with a predominantly African-American audience following the broadcast ban on tobacco, and whether fluctuations in cigarette print advertising targeting African Americans during the late-1970s until the mid-1980s were associated with declines in smoking initiation.
  
  
  
  We tabulated the annual number of cigarette advertisements from magazines with large African-American readerships (Ebony, Essence, and Jet) from 1960 to 1990. Advertisements were coded depending on whether they featured African-American models. We calculated the incidence rate of regular smoking initiation from 1975 to 1990 for African-American 14-25 years old using data from the 1992-1993, 1995-1996, 1998-1999, and 2001-2002 Tobacco Use Supplements of the Current Population Survey. We examined whether trends in smoking initiation coincided with trends in cigarette advertising practices among African Americans.
  
  
  
  The annual aggregated number of printed cigarette advertisements in Ebony, Essence, and Jet magazines increased at least five-fold starting in 1971, following the broadcast ban on cigarette advertising. A decrease in the percentage of ads by Brown & Williamson that showed African-American models was positively correlated (r = 0.30) with declines in the incidence rate of smoking initiation among African Americans from the late-1970s to the mid-1980s.
  
  
  
  The tobacco industry adapted quickly following the broadcast ban on cigarettes by increasing print advertising in African-American magazines. However, changes in print advertising practices by were associated with declines in smoking initiation among African Americans from the late-1970s to mid-1980s.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Trinidad
authors.affiliation: School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, 675 West Foothill Boulevard, Suite 310, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA. lyzette.blanco@cgu.edu.
authors.forename: Lyzette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Pebbles
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.affiliation: Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol & Drug Studies & Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Reed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Advertising; African Americans; Race/ethnicity; Tobacco