title: Required transition from research to clinical application: Report on the 4D treatment planning workshops 2014 and 2015.
abstract: Since 2009, a 4D treatment planning workshop has taken place annually, gathering researchers working on the treatment of moving targets, mainly with scanned ion beams. Topics discussed during the workshops range from problems of time resolved imaging, the challenges of motion modelling, the implementation of 4D capabilities for treatment planning, up to different aspects related to 4D dosimetry and treatment verification. This report gives an overview on topics discussed at the 4D workshops in 2014 and 2015. It summarizes recent findings, developments and challenges in the field and discusses the relevant literature of the recent years. The report is structured in three parts pointing out developments in the context of understanding moving geometries, of treating moving targets and of 4D quality assurance (QA) and 4D dosimetry. The community represented at the 4D workshops agrees that research in the context of treating moving targets with scanned ion beams faces a crucial phase of clinical translation. In the coming years it will be important to define standards for motion monitoring, to establish 4D treatment planning guidelines and to develop 4D QA tools. These basic requirements for the clinical application of scanned ion beams to moving targets could e.g. be determined by a dedicated ESTRO task group. Besides reviewing recent research results and pointing out urgent needs when treating moving targets with scanned ion beams, the report also gives an outlook on the upcoming 4D workshop organized at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) in the Netherlands at the end of 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: 4Dworkshop.aknopf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antje-Christin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Knopf
authors.affiliation: OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stützer
authors.affiliation: OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: INFN Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rucinski
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: MGH, USA.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: HollandPTC, Delft, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engelsman
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jakobi
authors.affiliation: ETH, Zuerich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Orçun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Göksel
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tuathan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oshea
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fast
authors.affiliation: Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.affiliation: Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bert
authors.affiliation: Lyon 1 University and CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: EriK
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korevaar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Image Computing, Dept. Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McClelland
mesh_terms: D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011874:Radiometry; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D058028:Research Report; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
keywords: 4D treatment planning; Motion imaging; Motion mitigation; Motion modelling