title: A fundamental study of the impact of pressure on the adsorption mechanism in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
abstract: A fundamental investigation of the pressure effect on individual adsorption sites was undertaken based on adsorption energy distribution and adsorption isotherm measurements. For this purpose, we measured adsorption equilibrium data at pressures ranging from 100 to 1000bar at constant flow and over a wide concentration range for three low-molecular-weight solutes, antipyrine, sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate, and benzyltriethylammonium chloride, on an Eternity C18 stationary phase. The adsorption energy distribution was bimodal for all solutes, remaining clearly so at all pressures. The bi-Langmuir model best described the adsorption in these systems and two types of adsorption sites were identified, one with a low and another with a high energy of interaction. Evidence exists that the low-energy interactions occur at the interface between the mobile and stationary phases and that the high-energy interactions occur nearer the silica surface, deeper in the C18 layer. The contribution of each type of adsorption site to the retention factor was calculated and the change in solute molar volume from the mobile to stationary phase during the adsorption process was estimated for each type of site. The change in solute molar volume was 2-4 times larger at the high-energy site, likely because of the greater loss of solute solvation layer when penetrating deeper into the C18 layer. The association equilibrium constant increased with increasing pressure while the saturation capacity of the low-energy site remained almost unchanged. The observed increase in saturation capacity for the high-energy site did not affect the column loading capacity, which was almost identical at 50- and 950-bar pressure drops over the column.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Åsberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden. Electronic address: Jorgen.Samuelsson@kau.se.
authors.forename: Jörgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-65188 Karlstad, Sweden. Electronic address: Torgny.Fornstedt@kau.se.
authors.forename: Torgny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fornstedt
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D056148:Chromatography, Reverse-Phase / Q000379:methods*; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000032:analysis; D011312:Pressure; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012996:Solutions; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012996:Solutions; C000168:benzyltrimethylammonium; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C534215:2-naphthalenesulfonic acid; D000983:Antipyrine
keywords: Adsorption isotherm; Loading capacity; Pressure; Retention factor; UHPLC