title: Benchmarking electrical methods for rapid estimation of root biomass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To face climate change and subsequent rainfall instabilities, crop breeding strategies now include root traits phenotyping. Rapid estimation of root traits in controlled conditions can be achieved by using parallel electrical capacitance and its linear correlation with root dry mass. The aim of the present study was to improve robustness and efficiency of methods based on capacitance and other electrical variables, such as serial/parallel resistance, conductance, impedance or reactance. Using different electrode configurations and stem contact electrodes, we have measured the electrical impedance spectra of wheat plants grown in pots filled with three types of soil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each configuration, parallel capacitance and other linearly independent electrical variables were computed and their quality as root dry mass estimator was evaluated by a 'sensitivity score' that we derived from Pearson's correlation coefficient r and linear regression parameters. The highest sensitivity score was obtained by parallel capacitance at an alternating current frequency of 116 Hz in three-terminal configuration. Using a clamp, instead of a needle, as a stem electrode did not significantly affect the capacitance measurements. Finally, in handheld LCR meter equivalent conditions, capacitance had the highest sensitivity score and determination coefficient (r (2) = 0.52) at 10 kHz frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our benchmarking of linear correlations between different electrical variables and root dry mass enables to determine more coherent practices for ensuring a sensitive and robust root dry mass estimation, including in handheld LCR meter conditions. This would enhance the value of electrical capacitance as a tool for screening crops in relation with root systems in breeding programs.
authors.affiliation: ARVALIS Institut du végétal, 75116 Paris, France ; UMR EMMAH, INRA, UAPV, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Postic
authors.affiliation: UMR EMMAH, INRA, UAPV, Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9727-8281
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doussan
keywords: Capacitance; Contact electrode; Electrical impedance spectrometry; Root mass; Terminal configuration; Triticum durum; Wheat