title: Allograft tissue irradiation and failure rate after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) allograft irradiation is effective for sterility without compromising graft integrity and increasing failure rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, and Google. The following search terms were used: "Gamma irradiation AND anterior cruciate ligament AND allograft" with a return of 30 items. Filters used included: English language, years 1990-2015. There were 6 hits that were not reviewed, as there were only abstracts available. Another 5 hits were discarded, as they did not pertain to the topic of interest. There were 9 more articles that were excluded: Three studies were performed on animals and 6 studies were meta-analyses. Therefore, a total of 10 articles were applicable to review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is a delicate dosing crossover where gamma irradiation is both effective for sterility without catastrophically compromising the structural integrity of the graft. Of note, low dose irradiation is considered less than 2.0 Mrad, moderate dose is between 2.1-2.4 Mrad, and high dose is greater than or equal to 2.5 Mrad. Based upon the results of the literature search, the optimal threshold for sterilization was found to be sterilization at less than 2.2 Mrad of gamma irradiation with the important caveat of being performed at low temperatures. The graft selection process also must include thorough donor screening and testing as well as harvesting the tissue in a sterile fashion. Utilization of higher dose (≥ 2.5 Mrad) of irradiation causes greater allograft tissue laxity that results in greater graft failure rate clinically in patients after ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Allograft ACL graft gamma irradiated with less than 2.2 Mrad appears to be a reasonable alternative to autograft for patients above 25 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Jesse Dashe, Robert L Parisien, Antonio Cusano, Emily J Curry, Xinning Li, Depatment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine - Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dashe
authors.affiliation: Jesse Dashe, Robert L Parisien, Antonio Cusano, Emily J Curry, Xinning Li, Depatment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine - Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Parisien
authors.affiliation: Jesse Dashe, Robert L Parisien, Antonio Cusano, Emily J Curry, Xinning Li, Depatment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine - Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cusano
authors.affiliation: Jesse Dashe, Robert L Parisien, Antonio Cusano, Emily J Curry, Xinning Li, Depatment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine - Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.affiliation: Jesse Dashe, Robert L Parisien, Antonio Cusano, Emily J Curry, Xinning Li, Depatment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine - Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Asheesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedi
authors.affiliation: Jesse Dashe, Robert L Parisien, Antonio Cusano, Emily J Curry, Xinning Li, Depatment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine - Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Xinning
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Allograft; Anterior cruciate ligament graft failure rate; Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Gamma irradiation; Graft choice