title: Antimicrobial, antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of an ethanolic, anthocyanin-rich blueberry extract purified by solid phase extraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present work aimed to characterize the impact of an anthocyanin-rich blueberry extract upon the growth, adhesion and biofilm formation of several pathogens including some multiresistant bacteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A group comprised of reference strains and clinical multiresistant isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus, were used to screen for antimicrobial activity. Microbial growth was determined through the measurement of the optical density while adhesion and biofilm formation was determined using the standard crystal violet staining procedure. The results showed that, while blueberry extract was only effective in hindering the growth of Staph. aureus and E. coli, it was capable of significantly inhibiting biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion for all micro-organisms tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extract demonstrated a considerable potential as a natural, alternative antimicrobial capable of either interfering with microbial growth or hamper the adhesion to surfaces, with Staph. aureus proving to be the most susceptible micro-organism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall study demonstrates the potential of anthocyanin extracts as natural effective alternative antimicrobial agents. Additionally, the extract's capacity to reduce adhesion without reducing bacterial growth reduces the likeliness of resistance development while reducing the probability of infection.
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|CINTESIS-Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calhau
authors.affiliation: CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pintado
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D029798:Blueberry Plants / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Vaccinium corymbosum; adhesion inhibition; anthocyanins; antibiofilm activity; antimicrobial activity; blueberry