title: Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Components from Fish for Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease remains the most common health problem in developed countries, and residual risk after implementing all current therapies is still high. Permanent changes in lifestyle may be hard to achieve and people may not always be motivated enough to make the recommended modifications. Emerging research has explored the application of natural food-based strategies in disease management. In recent years, much focus has been placed on the beneficial effects of fish consumption. Many of the positive effects of fish consumption on dyslipidemia and heart diseases have been attributed to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs, i.e., EPA and DHA); however, fish is also an excellent source of protein and, recently, fish protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides have shown promising activities for the prevention/management of cardiovascular disease and associated health complications. The present review will focus on n-3 PUFAs and bioactive peptides effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Moreover, since considerable controversy exists regarding the association between n-3 PUFAs and major cardiovascular endpoints, we have also reviewed the main clinical trials supporting or not this association.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milano 20133, Italy. giulia.chiesa@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milano 20133, Italy. marco.busnelli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Busnelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milano 20133, Italy. stefano.manzini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, Milano 20133, Italy. cinzia.parolini@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parolini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils
keywords: cardiovascular disease; cholesterol; clinical trials; fish proteins; hypertension; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; triglycerides