title: Doubling of serum creatinine and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doubling of serum creatinine is often used as a marker for worsening kidney function in nephrology trials. Most people with chronic kidney disease die of other causes before reaching end-stage renal disease. We were interested in the association between doubling of serum creatinine and the risk of a first-time diagnosis of angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or transient ischemic attack in patients with chronic kidney disease and with diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all adult patients registered in the "Clinical Practice Research Datalink" between 2002 and 2011 with incident chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus and did a cohort study with a Cox proportional hazard analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified in total 27,811 patients, 693 developed angina pectoris, 1,069 CHF, 508 MI, 970 stroke, and 578 transient ischemic attacks. Patients whose serum creatinine doubled during follow-up had increased risks of CHF (hazard ratio [HR] 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.27-3.89), MI (HR 2.53, 95% CI 1.62-3.96), and stroke (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.38-2.69), as compared with patients whose serum creatinine did not double. The relative risks of angina pectoris (HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.66-2.10) or a transient ischemic attack (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.78-2.22) were similar in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetic patients with a doubling of serum creatinine were at an increased risk of CHF, MI, or stroke, compared with diabetic patients whose serum creatinine did not double during follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Renal Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Blai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.affiliation: Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jick
authors.affiliation: Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Meier
keywords: angina pectoris; congestive heart failure; gender; glomerular filtration rate; myocardial infarction; stroke; transient ischemic attack