title: High-throughput sequencing reveals unprecedented diversities of Aspergillus species in outdoor air.
abstract: This study used the Illumina MiSeq to analyse compositions and diversities of Aspergillus species in outdoor air. The seasonal air samplings were performed at two locations in Seoul, South Korea. The results showed the relative abundances of all Aspergillus species combined ranging from 0·20 to 18% and from 0·19 to 21% based on the number of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and β-tubulin (BenA) gene sequences respectively. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most dominant species with the mean relative abundances of 1·2 and 5·5% based on the number of the ITS1 and BenA sequences respectively. A total of 29 Aspergillus species were detected and identified down to the species rank, among which nine species were known opportunistic pathogens. Remarkably, eight of the nine pathogenic species were detected by either one of the two markers, suggesting the need of using multiple markers and/or primer pairs when the assessments are made based on the high-throughput sequencing. Due to diversity of species within the genus Aspergillus, the high-throughput sequencing was useful to characterize their compositions and diversities in outdoor air, which are thought to be difficult to be accurately characterized by conventional culture and/or Sanger sequencing-based techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aspergillus is a diverse genus of fungi with more than 300 species reported in literature. Aspergillus is important since some species are known allergens and opportunistic human pathogens. Traditionally, growth-dependent methods have been used to detect Aspergillus species in air. However, these methods are limited in the number of isolates that can be analysed for their identities, resulting in inaccurate characterizations of Aspergillus diversities. This study used the high-throughput sequencing to explore Aspergillus diversities in outdoor, which are thought to be difficult to be accurately characterized by traditional growth-dependent techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5969-5500
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D056910:Republic of Korea; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens; D017931:DNA Primers; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D014404:Tubulin
keywords: environmental health; environmental mycology; fungi; identification; moulds