title: Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or autism spectrum disorder and its relation to lifestyle in female college students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its relation to lifestyle in female college students.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 375 female college students (19.2 ± 1.3 years) among 439 students were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Using a self-reported questionnaire, we measured the prevalence of ADHD using the ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1 (ASRS) and the prevalence of ASD using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). In addition, lifestyle choices such as medications, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and sleeping habits were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The suspected prevalence of ADHD was 102 students (27.2 %) and the suspected prevalence of ASD was 4 students (1.1 %). Only one student (0.3 %) was thought to have both ADHD and ASD. Subjects with suspected ADHD had higher AQ scores compared with those without suspected ADHD. There were no unhealthy lifestyle choices in subjects with suspected ADHD and/or ASD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of suspected ADHD and/or ASD may be relatively high even among female college students in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Matsuyama Shinonome College, Kuwabara, Matsuyama, Ehime, 791-8531, Japan. keizo@shinonome.ac.jp.|Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan. keizo@shinonome.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keizo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2944-4548
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyatake
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
authors.forename: Risa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurato
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Development, Faculty of Human Development, Takamatsu University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Autism spectrum disorder (ASD); Female college students; Lifestyle; Self-reported questionnaire