title: Nutritional status of lactating women in Bogor district, Indonesia: cross-sectional dietary intake in three economic quintiles and comparison with pre-pregnant women.
abstract: The way in which women accommodate for their increased nutritional needs during the lactation period is poorly investigated. In a cross-sectional study involving 220 lactating women (LW), equally distributed in economic quintiles (Q2, Q3, Q4), we investigated whether habitual dietary intake of LW differed from that of 200 pre-pregnant women (PPW) studied using the same methodology. Differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status were also investigated. Dietary intake data were collected using 2×24-h dietary recalls and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn and vitamins A and C intakes were calculated utilising local food composition tables and were compared against Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes 25 % of LW. For Q2-LW, this proportion was >50 %, except for protein. LW across all studied economic quintiles approximately doubled their vegetable intake, and 71 % of LW indicated a belief that this enhances lactation performance. Biochemical status parameters were analysed in a subset of forty-five women. Anaemia as well as Fe, Zn and Se deficiencies were prevalent among LW, supporting the nutrient intake deficiency data. Despite increasing intakes in LW compared with PPW, habitual diets in the study area do not provide for daily nutrient requirements in substantial proportions for both LW and PPW across all investigated economic groups.
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Siti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madanijah
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Rimbawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rimbawan
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Dodik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Briawan
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Zulaikhah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zulaikhah
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Nuri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andarwulan
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Lilis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nuraida
authors.affiliation: 4Research & Development,PT Sarihusada Generasi Mahardhika,Jakarta 12950,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Tonny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sundjaya
authors.affiliation: 5Research & Development,PT Nutricia Indonesia Sejahtera,Jakarta 13710,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Laksmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murti
authors.affiliation: 6Nutricia Research,Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition,Singapore 138661,Singapore.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bindels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009752:Nutritional Status
keywords: Food intakes; HHEQ Household Expenditure Quintiles; LW lactating women; Lactating women; MUAC mid-upper-arm circumference; Micronutrient intakes; PPW pre-pregnant women; Vegetable intakes