title: Relationship between Visual Dysfunction and Retinal Changes in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate structural changes in the retina and their correlation with visual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 84) and healthy controls (n = 84) underwent structural evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and macular and ganglion cell layer thicknesses using Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). All subjects underwent high and low contrast visual acuity, color vision (using the Farnsworth and L´Anthony desaturated D15 color tests), and contrast sensitivity vision using the Pelli Robson chart and CSV 1000E test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macular, retinal nerve fiber layer, and ganglion cell layer thinning was observed in multiple sclerosis patients compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). High- and low-contrast visual acuity and contrast sensitivity vision at four different spatial frequencies were significantly reduced in comparison with healthy subjects (p<0.05). Macular, retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer measurements correlated with high and low contrast visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity vision. Contrast sensitivity vision was the functional parameter that most strongly correlated with the structural measurements in multiple sclerosis and was associated with ganglion cell layer measurements. The L´Anthony color vision score (age-corrected color confusion index) was associated with macular measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with multiple sclerosis had visual dysfunction that correlated with structural changes evaluated by SD-OCT. Macular and ganglion cell layer measurements may be good indicators of visual impairment in multiple sclerosis patients.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satue
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Jesus
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otin
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bambo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fuertes
authors.affiliation: Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.|Neurology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Ramon
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ara
authors.affiliation: Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.|Neurology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Polo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Larrosa
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pablo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.|Aragon Health Research Institute (IACS-IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia-Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D014792:Visual Acuity