title: Insert, remove or replace: A highly advanced genome editing system using CRISPR/Cas9.
abstract: The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) system discovered as an adaptive immunity mechanism in prokaryotes has emerged as the most popular tool for the precise alterations of the genomes of diverse species. CRISPR/Cas9 system has taken the world of genome editing by storm in recent years. Its popularity as a tool for altering genomes is due to the ability of Cas9 protein to cause double-stranded breaks in DNA after binding with short guide RNA molecules, which can be produced with dramatically less effort and expense than required for production of transcription-activator like effector nucleases (TALEN) and zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN). This system has been exploited in many species from prokaryotes to higher animals including human cells as evidenced by the literature showing increasing sophistication and ease of CRISPR/Cas9 as well as increasing species variety where it is applicable. This technology is poised to solve several complex molecular biology problems faced in life science research including cancer research. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 system in editing genomes of prokaryotes, fungi, plants and animals and provide details on software tools available for convenient design of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting plasmids. We also discuss the future prospects of this advanced molecular technology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Biotechnology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, India; Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors.forename: S Antony
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ceasar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Vinothkumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Sergey V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Prykhozhij
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Electronic address: Jason.berman@iwk.nshealth.ca.
authors.forename: Jason N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Biotechnology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai, India; International Scientific Partnership Program, Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: eriloyola@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ignacimuthu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064113:CRISPR-Cas Systems / Q000235:genetics*; D000072669:Gene Editing; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D000094704:RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems / Q000378:metabolism; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D000094704:RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
keywords: CRISPR; Cas9; Double stranded breaks; Genome editing; Indel; Mutation; sgRNA