title: Do great tits (Parus major) suppress basal metabolic rate in response to increased perceived predation danger? A field experiment.
abstract: Several studies have shown that individuals with higher metabolic rates (MRs) feed at higher rates and are more willing to forage in the presence of predators. This increases the acquisition of resources, which in turn, may help to sustain a higher MR. Elevated predation danger may be expected to result in reduced MRs, either as a means of allowing for reduced feeding and risk-taking, or as a consequence of adaptively reducing intake rates via reduced feeding and/or risk-taking. We tested this prediction in free-living great tits (Parus major) using a playback experiment to manipulate perceived predation danger. There was evidence that changes in body mass and BMR differed as a function of treatment. In predator treatment plots, great tits tended to reduce their body mass, a commonly observed response in birds to increased predation danger. In contrast, birds from control treatment plots showed no overall changes in body mass. There was also evidence that great tits from control treatment plots increased their basal metabolic rate (BMR) over the course of the experiment, presumably due to decreasing ambient temperatures over the study period. However, there was no evidence for changes in BMR for birds from predator treatment plots. Although the directions of these results are consistent with the predicted directions of effects, the effects sizes and confidence intervals yield inconclusive support for the hypothesis that great tits would adaptively suppress BMR in response to increased perceived predation risk. The effect size observed in the present study was small (~1%) and would not be expected to result in substantive reductions in feeding rate and/or risk-taking. Whether or not ecological conditions that generate greater energetic stress (e.g. lower food availability, lower ambient temperatures) could produce an effect that produces biologically meaningful reductions in feeding activity and/or risk-taking remains an open question.
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany. Electronic address: kmathot@nioz.nl.
authors.forename: Kimberley J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mathot
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robin N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Abbey-Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kempenaers
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany; Section of Behavioral Ecology, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Niels J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dingemanse
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020308:Songbirds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Adaptive phenotypic plasticity; Basal metabolic rate; Perceived predation danger; Predation risk