title: An Individualized Risk Calculator for Research in Prodromal Psychosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Approximately 20%-35% of individuals 12-35 years old who meet criteria for a prodromal risk syndrome convert to psychosis within 2 years. However, this estimate ignores the fact that clinical high-risk cases vary considerably in risk. The authors sought to create a risk calculator, based on profiles of risk indicators, that can ascertain the probability of conversion to psychosis in individual patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study subjects were 596 clinical high-risk participants from the second phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study who were followed up to the time of conversion to psychosis or last contact (up to 2 years). The predictors examined were limited to those that are supported by previous studies and are readily obtainable in general clinical settings. Time-to-event regression was used to build a multivariate model predicting conversion, with internal validation using 1,000 bootstrap resamples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 2-year probability of conversion to psychosis was 16%. Higher levels of unusual thought content and suspiciousness, greater decline in social functioning, lower verbal learning and memory performance, slower speed of processing, and younger age at baseline each contributed to individual risk for psychosis. Stressful life events, trauma, and family history of schizophrenia were not significant predictors. The multivariate model achieved a concordance index of 0.71 and, as reported in an article by Carrión et al., published concurrently with this one, was validated in an independent external data set. The results are instantiated in a web-based risk prediction tool envisioned to be most useful in research protocols involving the psychosis prodrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A risk calculator comparable in accuracy to those for cardiovascular disease and cancer is available to predict individualized conversion risks in newly ascertained clinical high-risk cases. Given that the risk calculator can be validly applied only for patients who screen positive on the Structured Clinical Interview for Psychosis Risk Syndromes, which requires training to administer, its most immediate uses will be in research on psychosis risk factors and in research-driven clinical (prevention) trials.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Tyrone D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Addington
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bearden
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Kristin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cadenhead
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cornblatt
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinssen
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Clark D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Mathalon
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Diana O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Ming T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta; the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, San Diego; the Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York; NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; the Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco; the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Center for Behavioral Genomics, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Institute of Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla; and the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012307:Risk Factors