title: Polymorphisms in HLA-DQ genes, together with age, sex, and Helicobacter pylori infection, as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polymorphisms in inflammation-related genes are factors associated with the development of gastroduodenal diseases in Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We aimed to analyze polymorphisms in HLA-DQ, together with other host and H. pylori variables as risk factors for precancerous and cancerous gastric lesions. 1052 individuals were studied, including nonatrophic gastritis (NAG), intestinal metaplasia (IM), gastric cancer (GC) or duodenal ulcer (DU) patients, and healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with alleles DQA*01:01 (OR 0.78), *01:02 (OR 0.29), *01:03 (OR 0.31), and DQB*02:01/02 (OR 0.40) showed a reduced risk for GC. A multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that patients with homozygote genotypes DQA1*03:01 (OR 7.27) and DQA1*04:01 (OR 8.99) and DQB1*05:01:01 (OR 12.04) were at significantly increased risk for GC. Multivariate analyses also demonstrated that age (OR>10.0) and gender (OR>2.0) were variables that influenced significantly the risk for GC, while H. pylori infection (OR>2.5) increased the risk for IM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified HLA-DQ alleles associated with IM and GC, and confirm that age, sex, and H. pylori infection are variables that also influence the risk for disease. The use of multiple markers, HLA-DQ alleles, age, sex, and H. pylori infection may be useful biomarkers for the early diagnosis of patients with IM and GC.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Unit, CMN S-XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Immunology Research Unit, CMN S-XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Oswaldo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Partida-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Research Unit, CMN S-XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camorlinga-Ponce
authors.affiliation: Research Center in Health Population, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flores-Luna
authors.affiliation: Research Center in Health Population, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Research Unit, CMN S-XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Institute for Cancer, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herrera-Goepfert
authors.affiliation: Department of Sarcomas, UMAE Oncology, CMN S-XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Medrano-Guzmán
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Research Unit, CMN S-XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens
keywords: 
  H. pylori
  ; HLA; atrophic gastritis; gastric cancer; genetic polymorphism