title: Increased CD86 but Not CD80 and PD-L1 Expression on Liver CD68+ Cells during Chronic HBV Infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The failure to establish potent anti-HBV T cell responses suggests the absence of an effective innate immune activation. Kupffer cells and liver-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages have an essential role in establishing anti-HBV responses. These cells express the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. CD80 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induces Th1 cell differentiation, whereas CD86 expression drives the differentiation towards a Th2 profile. The relative expression of CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 on APCs, regulates T cell activation. Few studies investigated CD80 and CD86 expression on KCs and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages in HBV-infected liver and knowledge about the expression of PD-L1 on these cells is controversial. The expression of these molecules together in CD68+ cells has not been explored in HBV-infected livers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double staining immunohistochemistry was applied to liver biopsies of HBV-infected and control donors to explore CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 expression in the lobular and portal areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic HBV infection was associated with increased CD68+CD86+ cell count and percentage in the lobular areas, and no changes in the count and percentage of CD68+CD80+ and CD68+PD-L1+ cells, compared to the control group. While CD68+CD80+ cell count in portal areas correlated with the fibrosis score, CD68+CD80+ cell percentage in lobular areas correlated with the inflammation grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The upregulation of CD86 but not CD80 and PD-L1 on CD68+ cells in HBV-infected livers, suggests that these cells do not support the induction of potent Th1. Moreover, the expression of CD80 on CD68+ cells correlates with liver inflammation and fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Elias A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Said
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Reesi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Marwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Riyami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Naamani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Shadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Sinawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Al-Balushi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Crystal Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Juma Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Al-Busaidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Jabri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism*; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism*; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D015415:Biomarkers; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule