title: Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive neurological syndromes.
abstract: A rare kind of antibody, known as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibody, is found in some patients. The antibody works against the GAD enzyme, which is essential in the formation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain. Patients found with this antibody present with motor and cognitive problems due to low levels or lack of GABA, because in the absence or low levels of GABA patients exhibit motor and cognitive symptoms. The anti-GAD antibody is found in some neurological syndromes, including stiff-person syndrome, paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), limbic encephalopathy, cerebellar ataxia, eye movement disorders, and epilepsy. Previously, excluding MFS, these conditions were calledhyperexcitability disorders. However, collectively, these syndromes should be known as "anti-GAD positive neurological syndromes." An important limitation of this study is that the literature is lacking on the subject, and why patients with the above mentioned neurological problems present with different symptoms has not been studied in detail. Therefore, it is recommended that more research is conducted on this subject to obtain a better and deeper understanding of these anti-GAD antibody induced neurological syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Valley View Court, Fairfield, California, United States of America. E-mail: hassaantohid@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Hassaan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tohid
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology*; D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002524:Cerebellar Ataxia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058786:GABA-B Receptor Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020363:Limbic Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D019846:Miller Fisher Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D016750:Stiff-Person Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D018757:GABA Modulators; D058786:GABA-B Receptor Agonists; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; D001418:Baclofen; D003975:Diazepam