title: [Medicine and politics in the lives of Kazimierz Noiszewski, Józef Piłsudski, Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski and Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski].
abstract: Changes in the economy in Poland in the years 1864-1914 generated changes in the structure of society. A new social stratum, the intelligentsia, was formed from the educated children of rich landowners. To meet social needs Polish universities in Cracow and Lviv opened new departments of medicine. The article presents fragments of the biographies of 4 Poles: Kazimierz Noiszewski, Józef Piłsudski, Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski and Stanislaw Sławoj Składkowski to illustrate how their study of medicine affected their further activity as patriots and politicians. Kazimierz Noiszewski was an emigrant who lived and worked as an ophthalmologist in Russia. He tried to support the Polish community and Polish medical knowledge. For Józef Pilsudski and Stanisław Sławoj Składkowski medical studies gave freedom of thought and the opportunity to meet other patriots. Boleslaw Wieniawa-Długoszowski was a man of many interests, and after graduating from a medical university in Lviv, and a short stay in Paris, he became engaged in military service for his country.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rejdak
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czepita
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rekas
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wróbel
mesh_terms: D004501:Education, Medical / Q000266:history*; D005602:France; D006666:History of Medicine; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000266:history*; D010820:Physicians / Q000266:history*; D011044:Poland; D011057:Politics; D012426:Russia; D014455:Ukraine