title: Supinated forearm is correlated with the onset of medial epicondylitis in professional slalom water-skiers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  prolonged and laborious activities involving wrists and forearms has been long associated with the onset of epicondylitis. Slalom water-skiing can be included in this category. The purpose of the study is to analyse the correlation between the pronated or supinated position of forearms during water-skiing practice and the presence respectively of lateral and medial epicondylitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  sixty-six pro and semi-pro slalom water-skiers were enrolled in the study. A questionnaire was submitted to each athlete. Diagnosis of lateral or medial epicondylitis was made through anamnesis and clinical exam by an expert orthopaedic surgeon. Chi-squared were performed for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous ones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  from 116 upper limbs examined, we observed 15 (12.9%) cases of lateral epicondylitis, 30 (25.9%) cases of medial epicondylitis, 10 (8.6%) were affected by both lateral and medial epicondylitis. Lateral and medial epicondylitis were associated (95% C.I.=2,489-26,355; P=<0,001) and the supinated position was correlated with medial epicondylitis (95% C.I.=1,529-9,542; P=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  slalom water-skiing can be considered a high-risk sport for epicondylitis. In slalom water-skiers there is a correlation between development of lateral and medial epicondylitis in the same upper limb. Supinated position of forearms is strongly associated with the diagnosis of medial epicondylitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Sigismondo Luca
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Di Donato
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balato
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Addona
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schonauer
keywords: biomechanics; elbow; pain; tendinopathy; water-skiing