title: Increased CSF aquaporin-4, and interleukin-6 levels in dogs with idiopathic communicating internal hydrocephalus and a decrease after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies in animal models, in which internal hydrocephalus has been induced by obstructing the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, have documented an up-regulation of the concentrations of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the brain. In this study, the concentrations of aquaporin-1 (AQP1), AQP1, AQP4 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined in the CSF of dogs with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus before and after the reduction of intraventricular volume following ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VP-shunt) treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentrations of AQP4 and IL-6 were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with hydrocephalus compared to controls. Both parameters significantly decreased after surgical treatment, accompanied by decrease of ventricular size and the clinical recovery of the dogs. AQP1 was not detectable in CSF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain AQP4 up-regulation might be a compensatory response in dogs with hydrocephalus. Future determination of AQP4 at the mRNA and protein level in brain tissue is warranted to substantiate this hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany. Martin.J.Schmidt@vetmed.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rummel
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolecka
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nele
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ondreka
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.affiliation: Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
chemical_list: D051401:Aquaporin 4; D015850:Interleukin-6; D051398:Aquaporin 1
keywords: Aquaporin; Communicating hydrocephalus; Dogs; Interleukin-6