title: Venomic Analysis of the Poorly Studied Desert Coral Snake, Micrurus tschudii tschudii, Supports the 3FTx/PLA₂ Dichotomy across Micrurus Venoms.
abstract: The venom proteome of the poorly studied desert coral snake Micrurus tschudii tschudii was unveiled using a venomic approach, which identified ≥38 proteins belonging to only four snake venom protein families. The three-finger toxins (3FTxs) constitute, both in number of isoforms (~30) and total abundance (93.6% of the venom proteome), the major protein family of the desert coral snake venom. Phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s; seven isoforms, 4.1% of the venom proteome), 1-3 Kunitz-type proteins (1.6%), and 1-2 l-amino acid oxidases (LAO, 0.7%) complete the toxin arsenal of M. t. tschudii. Our results add to the growing evidence that the occurrence of two divergent venom phenotypes, i.e., 3FTx- and PLA₂-predominant venom proteomes, may constitute a general trend across the cladogenesis of Micrurus. The occurrence of a similar pattern of venom phenotypic variability among true sea snake (Hydrophiinae) venoms suggests that the 3FTx/PLA₂ dichotomy may be widely distributed among Elapidae venoms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain. libia.sanz@ibv.csic.es.
authors.forename: Libia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain. dpla@ibv.csic.es.
authors.forename: Davinia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pla
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain. aperez@ibv.csic.es.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain. yrodriguez@ibv.csic.es.
authors.forename: Yania
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Departamento Academico de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru;. alfonso.zavaleta@upch.pe.|Instituto Nacional de Salud, Ministerio de Salud, Lima 11, Peru;. alfonso.zavaleta@upch.pe.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zavaleta
authors.affiliation: Departamento Academico de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Peru;. maria.salas@upch.pe.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501, Costa Rica. bruno.lomonte@ucr.ac.cr.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lomonte
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, Valencia 46010, Spain. jcalvete@ibv.csic.es.
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Calvete
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017815:Elapidae; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005260:Female; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008297:Male; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013045:Species Specificity; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004546:Elapid Venoms; D020543:Proteome; D014118:Toxins, Biological; C053972:micrurus venom; D054467:Phospholipases A2
keywords: Micrurus tschudii tschudii venom; mass spectrometry; snake venom phospholipase A2; snake venom proteome; three-finger toxin; venomics