title: The Role of Family Income Dynamics in Predicting Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems.
abstract: Economic disparities in children's behavioral functioning have been observed in prior research. Yet, studies have ignored important perspectives from developmental psychopathology and have not delineated how aspects of income dynamics (i.e., cumulative family income versus income volatility) differentially relate to behavior problems. To address these limitations, the current study examined how both cumulative income and income volatility predict trajectories of children's internalizing and externalizing problems from kindergarten through fifth grade in a nationally representative sample of 10,900 children (51.4 % male). Results showed four distinct trajectories of internalizing problems and five distinct externalizing trajectories. Family income dynamics were related to trajectory group membership. Specifically, increased cumulative income decreased risk of membership in mid-increasing and mid-stable internalizing groups, and children whose families experienced multiple waves of income loss were 2.4 times as likely to be in the mid-increasing group instead of the low-stable group. With respect to externalizing, higher cumulative income increased the likelihood of belonging in the group exhibiting stably low externalizing problems. Experiencing income loss increased the risk of belonging in the trajectory group exhibiting chronically high externalizing behaviors. These results enhance our knowledge of the role of family income in the development of behavior problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. plm11@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Portia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Votruba-Drzal
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000066553:Problem Behavior
keywords: Behavioral trajectories; Economic disparities; Externalizing; Income; Internalizing