title: Internet Pornography Use, Perceived Addiction, and Religious/Spiritual Struggles.
abstract: Prior work has demonstrated that religious beliefs and moral attitudes are often related to sexual functioning. The present work sought to examine another possibility: Do sexual attitudes and behaviors have a relationship with religious and spiritual functioning? More specifically, do pornography use and perceived addiction to Internet pornography predict the experience of religious and spiritual struggle? It was expected that feelings of perceived addiction to Internet pornography would indeed predict such struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time, but that actual pornography use would not. To test these ideas, two studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate students (N = 1519) and a sample of adult Internet users in the U.S. (N = 713). Cross-sectional analyses in both samples found that elements of perceived addiction were related to the experience of religious and spiritual struggle. Additionally, longitudinal analyses over a 1-year time span with a subset of undergraduates (N = 156) and a subset of adult web users (N = 366) revealed that perceived addiction to Internet pornography predicted unique variance in struggle over time, even when baseline levels of struggle and other related variables were held constant. Collectively, these findings identify perceived addiction to Internet pornography as a reliable predictor of religious and spiritual struggle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. GrubbsJ@BGSU.edu.|Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA. GrubbsJ@BGSU.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Grubbs
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Julie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Exline
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Pargament
authors.affiliation: Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lindberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004882:Erotica / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D010465:Perception; D012067:Religion; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Addiction; Hypersexual behavior; Pornography; Religion; Spirituality