title: Cardiovascular side effects of psychopharmacologic therapy.
abstract: WHO defined in 1976 psychopharmaca as drugs affecting psychological functions, behaviour and self-perception. Psychopharmacology is the study of pharmacological agents that affect mental and emotional functions. Creative approach to psychopharmacotherapy reflects a transdisciplinary, integrative and person-centered psychiatry. Psychiatric disorders often occur in cardiac patients and can affect the clinical presentation and morbidity. Cardiovascular (CV) side effects (SE) caused by psychopharmaceutic agents require comprehensive attention. Therapeutic approach can increase placebo and decrease nocebo reactions. The main purpose of this review is to comprehend CV SE of psychotropic drugs (PD). Critical overview of CV SE of PD will be presented in this review. Search was directed but not limited to CV effects of psychopharmacological substances, namely antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives, antidepressants and stimulants. Literature review was performed and data identified by searches of Medline and PubMed for period from 2004 to 2015. Only full articles and abstracts published in English were included. SE of PD are organized according to the following types of CV effects: cardiac and circulatory effects, abnormalities of cardiac repolarisation and arrhythmias and heart muscle disease. There is wide spectrum and various CV effects of PD. Results of this review are based on literature research. The reviewed data came largely from prevalence studies, case reports, and cross-sectional studies. Psychopharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders is complex and when concomitantly present with CV disease, presentation of drug SEs can significantly contribute to illness course. Further development of creative psychopharmacotherapy is required to deal with CV effects of PD.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Center Sisters of Charity, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: ines.potocnjak@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Potočnjak
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; University Hospital Center Sisters of Charity, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Degoricija
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Center Sisters of Charity, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vukičević Baudoin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
authors.forename: Josip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Čulig
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Miro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakovljević
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Cardiovascular system; Pharmacotherapy; Psychopharmacology; Psychotropic drugs; Side effects