title: Translocation of nanoparticles and Mycobacterium marinum across the intestinal epithelium in zebrafish and the role of the mucosal immune system.
abstract: Nano- and microparticles are promising carrier systems for oral delivery of drugs or vaccines, particularly in fish aquaculture. However, the mechanisms of uptake, trans-epithelial transport and immune response to nano/micrometer sized particles, or microorganisms such as bacteria are poorly understood in fish. Here, adult zebrafish were used to study the uptake of different nano- and microparticles and the pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium marinum in the intestine, and their interactions with epithelial cells and the mucosal immune system. Fluorescent particles or bacteria were delivered directly into the adult zebrafish intestine by oral intubation and their localization was imaged in intestine, liver and spleen sections. Zebrafish do not appear to have M-cells, but both nanoparticles and bacteria were rapidly taken up in the intestine and transported to the liver and spleen. In each tissue, both bacteria and particles largely localized to leukocytes, presumably macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Signe Dille
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Løvmo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Martin Tobias
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Speth
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Urska
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Repnik
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Erling Olaf
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Koppang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: g.w.griffiths@ibv.uio.no.
authors.forename: Gareth Wyn
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jon Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hildahl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D018988:Bacterial Translocation / Q000276:immunology; D001692:Biological Transport; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D009165:Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous / Q000276:immunology*; D019910:Mycobacterium marinum / Q000502:physiology*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism*; D057705:Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: Antigen sampling; Intestine; Mucosal immunity; Mycobacterium marinum; Nanoparticles; Zebrafish