title: The cytotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants on HepG2, A549 and Caco-2 cells.
abstract: In order to elucidate the cytotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), three human in vitro models, namely the HepG2 hepatoma cells, the A549 lung cancer cells and the Caco-2 colon cancer cells, were chosen to investigate the toxicity of triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tributylphosphate (TBP), tris(2-butoxyexthyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). Cytotoxicity was assayed in terms of cell viability, DNA damage status, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. The results showed that all these four OPFRs could inhibit cell viability, overproduce ROS level, induce DNA lesions and increase the LDH leakage. In addition, the toxic effects of OPFRs in Caco-2 cells were relatively severer than those in HepG2 and A549 cells, which might result from some possible mechanisms apart from oxidative stress pathway. In conclusion, TBP, TPP, TBEP and TCPP could induce cell toxicity in various cell lines at relatively high concentrations as evidenced by suppression of cell viability, overproduction of ROS, induction of DNA lesions and increase of LDH leakage. Different cell types seemed to have different sensitivities and responses to OPFRs exposure, as well as the underlying potential molecular mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Jingwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: b State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000633:toxicity*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000633:toxicity*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D010755:Organophosphates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C034906:Fyrol PCF; C009524:tributyl phosphate; C013320:tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate; C005445:triphenyl phosphate
keywords: A549; Caco-2; HepG2; cytotoxicity; organophosphate flame retardants