title: Chorionic villous sampling through transvaginal ultrasound approach: A retrospective analysis of 1138 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a transvaginal approach for chorionic villous sampling (CVS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We carried out a retrospective data analysis of all the transvaginal CVS procedures performed for the purpose of prenatal diagnosis in a university-level referral center between January 2000 and December 2014. Women underwent the prenatal testing between 10 and 17 weeks of gestation mainly for hematological disorders involving single gene defects. The main outcomes were successful sampling rate, maternal contamination rate, post-procedure complications rates, and immediate fetal loss rate (<14 days post-procedure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1138 transvaginal CVS were performed during the study period and were available for analysis. The sampling success rate after the first attempt was 98.5% (1121/1138) and the overall success rate was 99.6% (1133/1138). The maternal contamination rate was 0.4% (5/1138). While two patients had vaginal bleeding (0.2%), fresh retroplacental collection was noted in four patients (0.4%) post-procedure. None of the patients developed ascending uterine infection following CVS. The immediate fetal loss rate was 0.2% (2/1138).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transvaginal approach is associated with high sampling success, along with low rates of maternal contamination and post-procedure complications; hence, it can be offered as an effective alternative method of CVS.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Mohan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Eunice Sindhuvi
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edison
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Shaji Ramachandran
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Velayudhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Belavendra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Antonisamy
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Muthukumar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mangalaraj
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Aleyamma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kunjummen
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Unit, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India. gkorula@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Korula
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: George
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015193:Chorionic Villi Sampling / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female; D006801:Humans; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D014621:Vagina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CVS; chorionic villous sampling; molecular genetics