title: Species Identification of Food Contaminating Beetles by Recognizing Patterns in Microscopic Images of Elytra Fragments.
abstract: A crucial step of food contamination inspection is identifying the species of beetle fragments found in the sample, since the presence of some storage beetles is a good indicator of insanitation or potential food safety hazards. The current pratice, visual examination by human analysts, is time consuming and requires several years of experience. Here we developed a species identification algorithm which utilizes images of microscopic elytra fragments. The elytra, or hardened forewings, occupy a large portion of the body, and contain distinctive patterns. In addition, elytra fragments are more commonly recovered from processed food products than other body parts due to their hardness. As a preliminary effort, we chose 15 storage product beetle species frequently detected in food inspection. The elytra were then separated from the specimens and imaged under a microscope. Both global and local characteristics were quantified and used as feature inputs to artificial neural networks for species classification. With leave-one-out cross validation, we achieved overall accuracy of 80% through the proposed global and local features, which indicates that our proposed features could differentiate these species. Through examining the overall and per species accuracies, we further demonstrated that the local features are better suited than the global features for species identification. Future work will include robust testing with more beetle species and algorithm refinement for a higher accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.|Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Su Inn
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Halil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bisgin
authors.affiliation: Arkansas Regional Laboratories, Office for Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hongjian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Arkansas Regional Laboratories, Office for Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Howard G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Semey
authors.affiliation: Arkansas Regional Laboratories, Office for Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Darryl A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Weida
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5313-5847
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu