title: Tillandsia stricta Sol (Bromeliaceae) leaves as monitors of airborne particulate matter-A comparative SEM methods evaluation: Unveiling an accurate and odd HP-SEM method.
abstract: Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been included among the most important air pollutants by governmental environment agencies and academy researchers. The use of terrestrial plants for monitoring PM has been widely accepted, particularly when it is coupled with SEM/EDS. Herein, Tillandsia stricta leaves were used as monitors of PM, focusing on a comparative evaluation of Environmental SEM (ESEM) and High-Pressure SEM (HPSEM). In addition, specimens air-dried at formaldehyde atmosphere (AD/FA) were introduced as an SEM procedure. Hydrated specimen observation by ESEM was the best way to get information from T. stricta leaves. If any artifacts were introduced by AD/FA, they were indiscernible from those caused by CPD. Leaf anatomy was always well preserved. PM density was determined on adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermis for each of the SEM proceedings. When compared with ESEM, particle extraction varied from 0 to 20% in air-dried leaves while 23-78% of particles deposited on leaves surfaces were extracted by CPD procedures. ESEM was obviously the best choice over other methods but morphological artifacts increased in function of operation time while HPSEM operation time was without limit. AD/FA avoided the shrinkage observed in the air-dried leaves and particle extraction was low when compared with CPD. Structural and particle density results suggest AD/FA as an important methodological approach to air pollution biomonitoring that can be widely used in all electron microscopy labs. Otherwise, previous PM assessments using terrestrial plants as biomonitors and performed by conventional SEM could have underestimated airborne particulate matter concentration.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamengo, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Martha Lima
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamengo, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edésio José Tenório
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: de Melo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamengo, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Costa
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Miguens
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D031232:Tillandsia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: HP-SEM; X-ray microanalysis; air drying; critical point drying; environmental-SEM