title: Inverse Correlation between Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Demonstrated by Linear and Nonlinear Analysis.
abstract: The dynamical fluctuations in the rhythms of biological systems provide valuable information about the underlying functioning of these systems. During the past few decades analysis of cardiac function based on the heart rate variability (HRV; variation in R wave to R wave intervals) has attracted great attention, resulting in more than 17000-publications (PubMed list). However, it is still controversial about the underling mechanisms of HRV. In this study, we performed both linear (time domain and frequency domain) and nonlinear analysis of HRV data acquired from humans and animals to identify the relationship between HRV and heart rate (HR). The HRV data consists of the following groups: (a) human normal sinus rhythm (n = 72); (b) human congestive heart failure (n = 44); (c) rabbit sinoatrial node cells (SANC; n = 67); (d) conscious rat (n = 11). In both human and animal data at variant pathological conditions, both linear and nonlinear analysis techniques showed an inverse correlation between HRV and HR, supporting the concept that HRV is dependent on HR, and therefore, HRV cannot be used in an ordinary manner to analyse autonomic nerve activity of a heart.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.|Department of CS&IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Zaki Hassan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2923-632X
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Kazmi
authors.affiliation: School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Henggui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of CS&IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.|Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computing &IT, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Wajid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Monfredi
authors.affiliation: Department of CS&IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Department of CS&IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saeed Arif
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of CS&IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syeda Sobia Hassan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kazmi
authors.affiliation: College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Wasi Haider
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Butt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D011817:Rabbits; D012849:Sinoatrial Node; D013997:Time Factors