title: The consumption of fish cooked by different methods was related to the risk of hyperuricemia in Japanese adults: A 3-year follow-up study.
abstract: Fish consumption is a recognized risk factor for elevated serum uric acid (UA) levels, hyperuricemia, and gout. However, the relationship between the consumption of fish cooked by different methods and the risk of hyperuricemia is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of fish cooked by different methods and the risk of hyperuricemia in Japanese adults.
  
  
  
  A 3-year follow-up study was conducted with 424 Japanese adults aged 29-74 years. Fish consumption was assessed using a validated self-administered dietary history questionnaire, and hyperuricemia was defined as serum UA ≥7 mg/dL in men and ≥6 mg/dL in women or the use of any anti-gout treatment. During the 3-year follow-up period, we documented 30 newly diagnosed cases of hyperuricemia. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariate logistic regressions analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the risk of hyperuricemia and raw (sashimi and sushi) or roasted fish consumption, but not boiled or fried fish consumption. The odds ratios (95% CI) for hyperuricemia with increasing raw fish consumption were 1.00 (reference), 2.51 (0.85, 7.39), and 3.46 (1.07, 11.14) (P for trend: 0.036). Similarly, the odds ratios (95% CI) with increasing roasted fish consumption were 1.00 (reference), 3.00 (0.75, 11.89), and 5.17 (1.30, 20.62) (P for trend: 0.018).
  
  
  
  This 3-year follow-up study showed that the consumption of raw or roasted fish, but not boiled or fried fish, was related with a higher risk of hyperuricemia in Japanese adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Momma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan; Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 980-8575 Sendai, Japan. Electronic address: nagatomi@med.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagatomi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Hyperuricemia; Raw fish; Roasted fish; Serum UA