title: High Glucose and Glucose Deprivation Modulate Müller Cell Viability and VEGF Secretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic retinopathy is manifested by excessive angiogenesis and high level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human (MIO-M1) and rat (rMC-1) Müller cells were treated with 0, 5.5, or 30mM glucose for 24 hours. Viable cell counts were obtained by Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion Method. ELISA was used to determine VEGF levels in cell medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to 24 hour treatment by 5.5mM glucose, MIO-M1 and rMC-1 in 30mM glucose increased in viable cell number by 38% and 24% respectively. In contrast, viable cells in 0mM glucose decreased by 28% and 50% respectively. Compared to 5.5mM, MIO-M1 and rMC-1 in 30mM glucose had increased levels of VEGF in cell medium (pg/ml by 24% and 20%) and also VEGF concentration in cells held in 0mM increased by 47% and 10% respectively. In both MIO-M1 and rMC-1, the amount of VEGF secreted per cell increased by about 100% when glucose was changed from 5.5 to 0mM but decreased slightly (17% in MIO-M1 and 11% in rMC-1) when glucose was increased from 5.5 to 30mM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that MIO-M1 and rMC-1 are highly responsive to changes in glucose concentrations. 30mM compared to 5.5mM significantly increased cell viability but induced a significant change in VEGF secretion per cell in rMC-1 only. At 0, 5.5, and 30mM glucose, MIO-M1 secreted about 5-7-fold higher level of VEGF (pg/cell) than rMC-1. The mechanism of glucose-induced changes in rMC-1 and MIO-M1 cell viability and VEGF secretion remains to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vellanki
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alanis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Betts-Obregon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Tsin
keywords: Angiogenesis; Diabetic Retinopathy; Müller Cells; Retina; VEGF