title: Pesticides, Neurodevelopmental Disagreement, and Bradford Hill's Guidelines.
abstract: Neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism affect one-eighth of all U.S. newborns. Yet scientists, accessing the same data and using Bradford-Hill guidelines, draw different conclusions about the causes of these disorders. They disagree about the pesticide-harm hypothesis, that typical United States prenatal pesticide exposure can cause neurodevelopmental damage. This article aims to discover whether apparent scientific disagreement about this hypothesis might be partly attributable to questionable interpretations of the Bradford-Hill causal guidelines. Key scientists, who claim to employ Bradford-Hill causal guidelines, yet fail to accept the pesticide-harm hypothesis, fall into errors of trimming the guidelines, requiring statistically-significant data, and ignoring semi-experimental evidence. However, the main scientists who accept the hypothesis appear to commit none of these errors. Although settling disagreement over the pesticide-harm hypothesis requires extensive analysis, this article suggests that at least some conflicts may arise because of questionable interpretations of the guidelines.
authors.affiliation: a Departments of Biological Sciences and Philosophy , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana , USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shrader-Frechette
authors.affiliation: b Department of History and Philosophy of Science & Medicine , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: ChoGlueck
keywords: Bradford-Hill; cause; neurodevelopment; pesticide; statistical significance; trimming the data