title: A nano-silver enzyme electrode for organophosphorus pesticide detection.
abstract: A nano-silver electrode immobilizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) for the detection of organophosphorus (OPPs) pesticides is reported. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface structure of two kinds of electrodes fabricated with different sizes of silver powders and the interface between chitosan layer and nano-silver powder layer. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out to characterize the response of silver/chitosan electrode in the absence and in the presence of thiocholine (TCh). It was also used to evaluate the insulativity of the chitosan layer. An amperometric method was performed to measure the response of the electrode to TCh, which is the product of the enzymatic reaction for detecting organophosphorus pesticides indirectly. Although there are many kinds of nanoparticles, silver was chosen for its internal advantage in detecting TCh at low potential without further modification. The result shows nano-silver powder has better performance than usual silver powder, and the limit of detection of paraoxon is 4 ppb under optimized conditions. One percent (w/v) chitosan solution was used as binder for the immobilization of nano-silver powder and AChE, which made it possible for independent electrode fabrication at room temperature, whereas 3% (w/v) chitosan solution was used as insulating compound for controlling the electrode area. Unlike traditional organic insulating ink, chitosan is safe and environmentally friendly, and it is used as insulating material for the first time. The flexible nano-silver/AChE/chitosan electrode was evaluated in Chinese chives and cabbage, and the recoveries of standard addition were 105.11 and 96.41%, respectively. Owing to the antibacterial property of nano-silver and the biocompatibility, safety, and biodegradability of chitosan, the proposed method is safe, facile, environmentally friendly, and has great potential in organophosphorus pesticide detection for food safety. Graphical Abstract Current response of nano-silver electrode (a) and silver electrode (b) to thiocholine in 0.02 M PBS + KCl at 0.15 V; addition of thiocholine (0.09 mM) every 50 s (↓); inset: calibration curve of nano-silver (▲) and silver (◆) electrode.
authors.affiliation: College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Qiqi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.|College of Life Information Science & Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. wujian69@zju.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. wujian69@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.|Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yibin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ying
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D004593:Electrophorus / Q000378:metabolism; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010261:Paraoxon / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D029941:Fish Proteins; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D012834:Silver; D048271:Chitosan; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D010261:Paraoxon
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Chitosan; Electrochemistry; Nano-silver; Organophosphorus pesticide