title: The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus.
abstract: Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
authors.forename: Dimitar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Douchkov
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lueck
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
authors.forename: Goetz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hensel
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumlehn
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
authors.forename: Jeyaraman
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-0508
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajaraman
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johrde
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Monika S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Doblin
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Cherie T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Beahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kopischke
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lipka
authors.affiliation: Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rients E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Niks
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.|Division of Glycocience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bulone
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
authors.forename: Jamil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Little
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bacic
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoffrey B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Fincher
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany. schweiz@ipk-gatersleben.de.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schweizer
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D020868:Gene Silencing; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001467:Hordeum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D019441:Plant Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C478648:cellulose synthase
keywords: Blumeria graminis; CSL; RNAi; cell wall; cellulose synthase-like; transgenic barley plants