title: Serum uric acid, gout, and venous thromboembolism: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammatory diseases increase risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Whether gout, the most common rheumatologic inflammatory arthritis, or its cause, elevated serum uric acid (SUA), is associated with VTE incidence is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study measured SUA in 14126 participants aged 45-64, without a history of VTE or gout and not using anticoagulants/gout medications, and obtained information on incident gout between 1987 and 1998 from 10247. We followed them for VTE occurrence from 1987 to 2011. Hazard ratios (HRs) of VTE were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We documented 632 incident cases of VTE (236 unprovoked and 396 provoked). Age, sex, and race-adjusted HRs for total VTE were 1, 1.40, 1.43, 1.91, 1.71, and 3.25 (P for trend<0.001) across levels of SUA (range mg/dL: ≤4.9, 5.0-5.9, 6.0-6.9, 7.0-7.5, 7.6-8.7, and ≥8.8). After adjustment for other VTE risk factors, those in the highest level of SUA had HRs [95% confidence interval] of 2.13 (1.47-3.07) for total VTE, 2.07 (1.17-3.67) for unprovoked VTE and 2.16 (1.33-3.50) for provoked VTE. Those with incident gout had a nonsignificantly increased risk of total VTE [HR (95% CI): 1.33 (0.95-1.86)].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated SUA was associated with an increased risk of VTE, suggesting that SUA might be a novel risk factor or marker for VTE. Further studies are needed to assess the association between gout and VTE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. Electronic address: kubot007@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and Surgery, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McAdams-DeMarco
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006073:Gout / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Arthritis; Gout; Inflammation; Uric acid; Venous thromboembolism