title: Up-regulation of neural indicators of empathic concern in an offender population.
abstract: Empathic concern has traditionally been conceived of as a spontaneous reaction to others experiencing pain or distress. As such, the potential role of more deliberate control over empathic responses has frequently been overlooked. The present fMRI study evaluated the role of such deliberate control in empathic concern by examining the extent to which a sample of offenders recruited through probation/parole could voluntarily modulate their neural activity to another person in pain. Offenders were asked to either passively view pictures of other people in painful or non-painful situations, or to actively modulate their level of concern for the person in pain. During passive viewing of painful versus non-painful pictures, offenders showed minimal neural activity in regions previously linked to empathy for pain (e.g., dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula). However, when instructed to try to increase their concern for the person in pain, offenders demonstrated significant increases within these regions. These findings are consistent with recent theories of empathy as motivational in nature, and suggest that limitations in empathic concern may include a motivational component.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Forensic Psychology , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , ON , Canada.|b Rotman School of Management , The University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Nathan L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Arbuckle
authors.affiliation: a Department of Forensic Psychology , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , ON , Canada.|c Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, The Mind Research Network , Albuquerque , NM , USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology*; D004645:Empathy / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D058748:Pain Perception; D012938:Social Perception; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Empathic concern; emotion regulation; fMRI; offenders; pain