title: Effects of a ketogenic diet on adipose tissue, liver, and serum biomarkers in sedentary rats and rats that exercised via resisted voluntary wheel running.
abstract: We investigated the effects of different diets on adipose tissue, liver, serum morphology, and biomarkers in rats that voluntarily exercised. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (∼9-10 wk of age) exercised with resistance-loaded voluntary running wheels (EX; wheels loaded with 20-60% body mass) or remained sedentary (SED) over 6 wk. EX and SED rats were provided isocaloric amounts of either a ketogenic diet (KD; 20.2%-10.3%-69.5% protein-carbohydrate-fat), a Western diet (WD; 15.2%-42.7-42.0%), or standard chow (SC; 24.0%-58.0%-18.0%); n = 8-10 in each diet for SED and EX rats. Following the intervention, body mass and feed efficiency were lowest in KD rats, independent of exercise (P < 0.05). Absolute and relative (body mass-adjusted) omental adipose tissue (OMAT) masses were greatest in WD rats (P < 0.05), and OMAT adipocyte diameters were lowest in KD-fed rats (P < 0.05). None of the assayed OMAT or subcutaneous (SQ) protein markers were affected by the diets [total acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC), CD36, and CEBPα or phosphorylated NF-κB/p65, AMPKα, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)], although EX unexpectedly altered some OMAT markers (i.e., higher ACC and phosphorylated NF-κB/p65, and lower phosphorylated AMPKα and phosphorylated HSL). Liver triglycerides were greatest in WD rats (P < 0.05), and liver phosphorylated NF-κB/p65 was lowest in KD rats (P < 0.05). Serum insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were greater in WD and/or SC rats compared with KD rats (P < 0.05), and serum β-hydroxybutyrate was greater in KD vs. SC rats (P < 0.05). In conclusion, KD rats presented a healthier metabolic profile, albeit the employed exercise protocol minimally impacts any potentiating effects that KD has on fat loss.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Angelia Maleah
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
authors.forename: Wesley C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Kephart
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
authors.forename: Petey W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
authors.forename: Christopher Brooks
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mobley
authors.affiliation: Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida;
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lowery
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shake
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
authors.forename: Romil K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; and.
authors.forename: Danielle J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kluess
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors.forename: Kevin W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Huggins
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; and.
authors.forename: Andreas N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kavazis
authors.affiliation: Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida;
authors.forename: Jacob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama; and mdr0024@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic; D066273:Diet, Western; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D055070:Resistance Training; D012146:Rest; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D014836:Volition
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: adipose tissue; exercise; insulin; ketogenic diet; liver