title: Stimulation of cellular senescent processes, including secretory phenotypes and anti-oxidant responses, after androgen deprivation therapy in human prostate cancer.
abstract: Endocrine resistance is a major problem in prostate cancer. Recent studies suggest that cellular plasticity plays a key role in therapy resistance. Yet little is known about the cellular changes of human prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). In this study, we investigated cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), and anti-oxidant responses. Hormone ablation upregulated senescence-associated (SA)-β-Gal activity in prostate glands, as well as the expressions of p27KIP1and p53, in a mouse castration model. In line with this, the expressions of p21CIP1and p27KIP1were significantly more upregulated in human non-pathological prostatic glands after ADT than in untreated specimens. In a study of SASP markers, the expressions of IL6 and IL8 were also more upregulated in human non-pathological prostatic glands after ADT than in untreated specimens. IL6, IL8, and MMP2 were expressed more strongly in human prostate cancer specimens resected after ADT than in untreated tumors. Of note, treatment with the anti-oxidant reagent NAC significantly suppressed SA-β-Gal activity in androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. In immunohistochemical analyses on anti-oxidant response genes, NRF2 and NQO1 were more upregulated after hormone ablation in human prostate gland and carcinoma specimens after ADT than in untreated specimens or in murine prostate glands after castration. Taken together, these findings suggest that ADT induces cellular senescence processes accompanied by secretory phenotypes and anti-oxidant responses in prostate. These cellular changes may be attractive targets for preventing endocrine resistance in prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamiakito
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komatsubara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasumitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. Electronic address: atanaka@jichi.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016922:Cellular Senescence; D018450:Disease Progression; D004703:Endocrine System; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010641:Phenotype; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D000975:Antioxidants; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Androgen deprivation therapy; Anti-oxidant response; Cellular senescence; Prostate cancer; Senescence-associated secretory phenotype