title: Antimicrobial molecular nanocarrier-drug conjugates.
abstract: Many antimicrobial drugs are poorly active against pathogenic microbes causing intracellular infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Plasmodium falciparum. On the other hand, several known antimicrobial agents are not effective enough because of their limited cellular penetration. A common feature of both challenges is the inability of an active agent to cross the biological membrane(s). One of the possible approaches facing these challenges is conjugation of an active substance with a molecular organic nanocarrier. The conjugate thus formed should be able to penetrate the membrane(s) and, once internalized, the active component could reach its intracellular target, either after release from the conjugate or in an intact form. Several molecular nanocarriers have been proposed: oligopeptides, including cell penetrating peptides, carbon nanotubes, siderophores, dendrimers, terpenoids and molecular umbrellas. A comprehensive review of the current status of molecular organic nanocarrier-drug conjugates and the future perspectives of their application as novel antimicrobials is presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Skwarecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schielmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: marmilew@pg.gda.pl.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Milewska
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D009842:Oligopeptides
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D009842:Oligopeptides
keywords: Carbon nanotubes; Dendrimers; Molecular umbrellas; Peptides; Siderophores; Terpenoids