title: Reverse engineering liver buds through self-driven condensation and organization towards medical application.
abstract: The self-organizing tissue-based approach coupled with induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology is evolving as a promising field for designing organoids in culture and is expected to achieve valuable practical outcomes in regenerative medicine and drug development. Organoids show properties of functional organs and represent an alternative to cell models in conventional two-dimensional differentiation platforms; moreover, organoids can be used to investigate mechanisms of development and disease, drug discovery and toxicity assessment. Towards a more complex and advanced organoid model, it is essential to incorporate multiple cell lineages including developing vessels. Using a self-condensation method, we recently demonstrated self-organizing "organ buds" of diverse systems together with human mesenchymal and endothelial progenitors, proposing a new reverse engineering method to generate a more complex organoid structure. In this section, we review characters of organ bud technology based on two important principles: self-condensation and self-organization focusing on liver bud as an example, and discuss their practicality in regenerative medicine and potential as research tools for developmental biology and drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: Tadahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan. Electronic address: hiroshi@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. Electronic address: Takanori.Takebe@cchmc.org.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takebe
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D038081:Organogenesis; D009940:Organoids / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends
keywords: Organ buds; Organoids; Self-condensation; Self-organization; iPS cells