title: Comparative studies in electrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac in water by using various electrodes and phosphate and sulfate supporting electrolytes.
abstract: In this study, the electro-oxidation capacities of Na2SO4 and potassium phosphate buffer supporting electrolytes were tested and compared for destruction of the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and diclofenac (DCF) on platinum (Pt) electrode and graphite carbon electrode in aqueous medium. The suitability of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) for electrochemical oxidation was tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique performed in the potential range -1.5 to +1.5 V versus Ag/AgCl, which confirmed the electro-activity of the selected PhACs. The degradation and mineralization were monitored by ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC. 0.1 M Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte was found to be more effective for mineralization of SMX and DCF, with efficiency of 15-30% more than the 0.1 M phosphate buffer supporting electrolyte on the platinum (Pt) and carbon electrodes. The Pt electrode showed better performance in the degradation of the two PhACs while under the same conditions than the carbon electrode for both 0.1 M Na2SO4 and 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer supporting electrolytes. The SMX and DCF degradation kinetics best fitted the second-order reaction, with rate constants ranging between 0.000389 and 0.006 mol(2) L(-2) min(-1) and correlation coefficient (R(2)) above 0.987. The second-order degradation kinetics indicated that the rate-determining step in the degradation could be a chemical process, thus suggesting the active involvement of electrolyte radical species in the degradation of SMX and DCF. Results obtained from a real field sample showed a more than 98% removal of the PhACs from the wastewater by electrochemical degradation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology , Kakamega , Kenya.
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Sifuna
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology , Kakamega , Kenya.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orata
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physical Sciences , Machakos University College , Machakos , Kenya.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology , Kakamega , Kenya.
authors.forename: Selly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jemutai-Kimosop
mesh_terms: D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry*; D004566:Electrodes; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D010984:Platinum / Q000737:chemistry; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D010710:Phosphates; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D004008:Diclofenac; D010984:Platinum; D006108:Graphite; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
keywords: Electrochemical degradation; Na2SO4; diclofenac; graphite carbon; platinum plate; pollutant; potassium phosphate buffer; sulfamethoxazole; supporting electrolytes