title: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study in Children With ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, OCD, and Matched Controls: Distinct and Non-Distinct White Matter Disruption and Dimensional Brain-Behavior Relationships.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], autism spectrum disorder [ASD], and obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD]) share genetic vulnerability and symptom domains. The authors present direct comparison of structural brain circuitry in children and adolescents with NDDs and control subjects and examine brain circuit-behavior relationships across NDDs using dimensional measures related to each disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diffusion imaging and behavioral measures were acquired in 200 children and adolescents (ADHD: N=31; OCD: N=36; ASD: N=71; controls: N=62; mean age range: 10.3-12.6 years). Following Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, multigroup comparison of white matter indices was conducted, followed by pairwise comparisons. Relationships of fractional anisotropy with dimensional measures of inattention, social deficits, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and general adaptive functioning were conducted across the NDD sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower fractional anisotropy within the splenium of the corpus callosum was found in each NDD group, compared with the control group. Lower fractional anisotropy in additional white matter tracts was found in the ASD and ADHD groups, compared with the control group, but not in the OCD group. Fractional anisotropy was lower in the ASD and ADHD groups compared with the OCD group but was not different in ADHD participants compared with ASD participants. A positive relation between fractional anisotropy (across much of the brain) and general adaptive functioning across NDDs was shown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified disruption in interhemispheric circuitry (i.e., fractional anisotropy alterations in the corpus callosum) as a shared feature of ASD, ADHD, and OCD. However, fractional anisotropy alterations may be more widespread and severe in ASD and ADHD than in OCD. Higher fractional anisotropy throughout the brain appears to be related to better adaptive function across NDDs.
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Stephanie H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ameis
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lerch
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Margot J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Viviano
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pipitone
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nazeri
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Croarkin
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Aristotle N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Voineskos
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Meng-Chuan
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crosbie
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brian
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Noam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soreni
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schachar
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szatmari
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: From the Centre for Brain and Mental Health and the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medical Biophysics, the Department of Pediatrics, and the Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto; the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and the Kimel Family Translational Imaging-Genetics Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto; the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; the Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Centre, St. Joseph's HealthCare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada; and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, the Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
authors.forename: Evdokia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anagnostou
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D066127:White Matter / Q000473:pathology*