title: Dynamic Environmental Photosynthetic Imaging Reveals Emergent Phenotypes.
abstract: Understanding and improving the productivity and robustness of plant photosynthesis requires high-throughput phenotyping under environmental conditions that are relevant to the field. Here we demonstrate the dynamic environmental photosynthesis imager (DEPI), an experimental platform for integrated, continuous, and high-throughput measurements of photosynthetic parameters during plant growth under reproducible yet dynamic environmental conditions. Using parallel imagers obviates the need to move plants or sensors, reducing artifacts and allowing simultaneous measurement on large numbers of plants. As a result, DEPI can reveal phenotypes that are not evident under standard laboratory conditions but emerge under progressively more dynamic illumination. We show examples in mutants of Arabidopsis of such "emergent phenotypes" that are highly transient and heterogeneous, appearing in different leaves under different conditions and depending in complex ways on both environmental conditions and plant developmental age. These emergent phenotypes appear to be caused by a range of phenomena, suggesting that such previously unseen processes are critical for plant responses to dynamic environments.
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zegarac
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satoh-Cruz
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffry A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: William Kent
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kovac
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: kramerd8@msu.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kramer
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis; D002734:Chlorophyll; D008027:Light; D010641:Phenotype; D010788:Photosynthesis; D063245:Plant Development; D018515:Plant Leaves; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll
keywords: abiotic stress; biotic stress; chlorophyll fluorescence; imaging; phenometrics; phenomics; photosynthesis