title: Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Implications for human exposure.
abstract: Different flame retardants (FRs) namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), emerging brominated/chlorinated flame retardants (Br/Cl FRs), and organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) were analyzed in cars, air conditioner (AC) filters and floor dust of different households from Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To the best of our knowledge, this is first study in literature reporting emerging Br/Cl FRs and OPFRs in AC filter dust and also first to report on their occurrence in dust from KSA. Chlorinated alkyl phosphate, penta-BDEs, BDE-209, and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the major chemicals in dust samples from all microenvironments. ΣOPFRs occurred at median concentrations (ng/g dust) of 15,400, 10,500, and 3750 in AC filter, car and house floor dust, respectively. For all analyzed chemicals, relatively lower levels were observed in floor dust than car and AC filter dust. The profiles of FRs in car dust were different from AC filter and floor dust, which reflected their wider application as FR and plasticizer in variety of household and commercial products. For toddlers, assuming high dust intake and 95th percentile concentrations, the computed exposure estimation for BDE-99 was higher than RfD values.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: nbahadar@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah
authors.initials: SAMAS
authors.lastname: Eqani
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Iqbal Mohammad Ibrahim
authors.initials: IMI
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Govindan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malarvannan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kadi
authors.affiliation: Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hussain Mohammed Salem
authors.initials: HMS
authors.lastname: Albar
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rehan
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D012529:Saudi Arabia
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010755:Organophosphates
keywords: Brominated flame retardants; Human exposure; Indoor dust; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Organophosphate flame retardants