title: Synthesis of geranyl propionate in a solvent-free medium using Rhizomucor miehei lipase covalently immobilized on chitosan-graphene oxide beads.
abstract: The chemical route of producing geranyl propionate involves the use of toxic chemicals, liberation of unwanted by-products as well as problematic separation process. In view of such problems, the use of Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) covalently bound onto activated chitosan-graphene oxide (RML-CS/GO) support is suggested. Following analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry, properties of the RML-CS/GO were characterized. A response surface methodological approach using a 3-level-four-factor (incubation time, temperature, substrate molar ratio, and stirring rate) Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the experimental conditions to maximize the yield of geranyl propionate. Results revealed that 76 ± 0.02% of recovered protein had yielded 7.2 ± 0.04 mg g-1and 211 ± 0.3% U g-1of the maximum protein loading and esterification activity, respectively. The actual yield of geranyl propionate (49.46%) closely agreed with the predicted value (49.97%) under optimum reaction conditions (temperature: 37.67°C, incubation time: 10.20 hr, molar ratio (propionic acid:geraniol): 1:3.28, and stirring rate: 100.70 rpm) and hence, verifying the suitability of this approach. Since the method is performed under mild conditions, the RML-CS/GO biocatalyst may prove to be an environmentally benign alternative for producing satisfactory yield of geranyl propionate.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdurrahman Adamu
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Isah
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Naji Arafat
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mahat
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Joazaizulfazli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jamalis
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nursyafreena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Attan
authors.affiliation: b Natural Product and Drug Discovery, Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals , Gelugor , Pulau Pinang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Iffah Izzati
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fahrul
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huyop
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Roswanira Abdul
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wahab
mesh_terms: D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003470:Culture Media; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011422:Propionates / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D020103:Rhizomucor / Q000201:enzymology*; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D010087:Oxides; D011422:Propionates; D012997:Solvents; D006108:Graphite; D048271:Chitosan; D008049:Lipase
keywords: Aromatic ester; Box–Behnken design; enzyme; solvent-free; support