title: Hyperkinetic disorders and loss of synaptic downscaling.
abstract: Recent clinical and preclinical studies have shown that hyperkinetic disorders such as Huntington's disease, dystonia and l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease are all characterized by loss of the ability to reverse synaptic plasticity and an associated increase in the excitability of excitatory neuronal inputs to a range of cortical and subcortical brain areas. Moreover, these changes have been detected in humans with hyperkinetic disorders either via direct recordings from implanted deep brain electrodes or noninvasively using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying the loss of bidirectional plasticity and the possibility that future interventions could be devised to reverse these changes in patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.|Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calabresi
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.|Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.affiliation: Department MRC Human Movement and Balance Unit Institution Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1367-6467
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.|Department of Philosophy, Human, Social and Educational Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ghiglieri
authors.affiliation: HM CINAC, Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid, Mostoles, Spain.|CEU-San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain.|CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Josè A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Obeso
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Picconi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods