title: The efficacy and safety of extended-release methylphenidate following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of extended-release methylphenidate in enhancing processing speed, complex attentional functioning and everyday attentional behaviour after traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven week randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel pilot study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient and outpatient Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven individuals with reduced processing speed and/or attention deficits following complicated mild to severe traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were allocated using a blocked randomisation schedule to receive daily extended-release methylphenidate (Ritalin®LA at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg) or placebo (lactose) in identical capsules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tests of processing speed and complex attention, and ratings of everyday attentional behaviour were completed at baseline, week 7 (on-drug), week 8 (off-drug) and 9 months follow-up. Vital signs and side effects were monitored from baseline to week 8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three percent ( n = 11) of individuals screened participated (mean post-traumatic amnesia duration = 63.80 days, SD = 45.15). Results were analysed for six and four individuals on methylphenidate and placebo, respectively. Groups did not differ on attentional test performance or relative/therapist ratings of everyday attentional behaviour. One methylphenidate participant withdrew due to difficulty sleeping. Methylphenidate was associated with trends towards increased blood pressure and reported anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylphenidate was not associated with enhanced processing speed, attentional functioning or everyday attentional behaviour after traumatic brain injury. Alternative treatments for attention deficits after traumatic brain injury should be explored given the limited feasibility of methylphenidate in this population.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia.|2 Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Australia.
authors.forename: Alicia R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dymowski
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia.|2 Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ponsford
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia.|2 Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: 3 Epworth-Monash Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Epworth HealthCare, Australia.|4 Epworth Rehabilitation, Epworth HealthCare, Australia.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Olver
authors.affiliation: 4 Epworth Rehabilitation, Epworth HealthCare, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ponsford
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia.|2 Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willmott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D000066530:Neurological Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate
keywords: Methylphenidate; attention; rehabilitation; speed of processing; traumatic brain injury