title: Predicting muscularity-related behavior, emotions, and cognitions in men: The role of psychological need thwarting, drive for muscularity, and mesomorphic internalization.
abstract: We examine the relationships that internalization, need thwarting (NT), and drive for muscularity (DFM), along with their interactions, had with weightlifting, muscle dissatisfaction (MD), and muscle-related-worry (MRW). A sample of 552 men (MAge=20.5 years, SD=3.1) completed the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale, the Internalization subscale of the male version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire, the Drive for Muscularity Scale-Attitudes subscale, the Male Body Attitudes Scale-Muscularity subscale, the Body Change Inventory-Worry subscale, and an inventory assessing weightlifting behavior. DFM significantly predicted weightlifting, MRW, and MD. Internalization significantly predicted weightlifting and MRW. NT significantly predicted weightlifting and MD, and its relationship with MRW approached significance. The interaction terms did not predict weightlifting or MRW. The NT/DFM and NT/Internalization interaction terms predicted MD. These results highlight the role of NT in predicting appearance variables in men.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom. Electronic address: C.Edwards@worc.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tod
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gyozo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Markland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001364:Awareness; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D004328:Drive; D004644:Emotions; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development; D053580:Muscle Strength; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Internalization; Male body image; Need thwarting; Self-Determination Theory