title: Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L-1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Salierno
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rivera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity*; D001681:Biological Assay; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D014260:Triclosan / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014260:Triclosan
keywords: Early life stage; Pimephales promelas; triclosan; fathead minnow; larvae