title: Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of several human disorders, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD recognizes endothelial dysfunction (ED) as its pathogenetic primum movens; interestingly a large body of evidence has identified the unchecked ER stress response as a main actor in vascular damage elicited by various cardio-metabolic risk factors. In the present Review, we summarize findings from experimental studies on the ER stress-related ED, focusing on the mechanisms underlying this association.
  
  
  
  Different noxious agents, such as hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation, induce ED promoting an amplified ER stress response as demonstrated by several studies in animal models, as well as in human primary and immortalized endothelial cells. ER stress represents therefore a key mediator of vascular damage, operating in a setting of increased inflammatory burden and oxidative stress, thus contributing to foster a vicious pathogenic cycle.
  
  
  
  Experimental studies summarized in this Review strongly suggest that an unchecked ER stress response plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ED and, consequently, CVD. Counteracting ER stress may thus represent a promising, even if largely unexplored as-yet, therapeutic approach aimed to prevent vascular damage, slowing the progression from ED to cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cimellaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perticone
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Fiorentino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciacqua
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy. Electronic address: hribal@unicz.it.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hribal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Chronic inflammation; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Endothelial dysfunction