title: Protective mechanisms of Cucumis sativus in diabetes-related modelsof oxidative stress and carbonyl stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress and carbonyl stress have essential mediatory roles in the development of diabetes and its related complications through increasing free radicals production and impairing antioxidant defense systems. Different chemical and natural compounds have been suggested for decreasing such disorders associated with diabetes. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the protective effects of Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) fruit (cucumber) in oxidative and carbonyl stress models. These diabetes-related models with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive carbonyl species (RCS) simulate conditions observed in chronic hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity induced by cumene hydroperoxide (oxidative stress model) or glyoxal (carbonyl stress model) were measured and the protective effects of C. sativus were evaluated using freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aqueous extract of C. sativus fruit (40 μg/mL) prevented all cytotoxicity markers in both the oxidative and carbonyl stress models including cell lysis, ROS formation, membrane lipid peroxidation, depletion of glutathione, mitochondrial membrane potential decline, lysosomal labialization, and proteolysis. The extract also protected hepatocytes from protein carbonylation induced by glyoxal. Our results indicated that C. sativus is able to prevent oxidative stress and carbonyl stress in the isolated hepatocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that C. sativus has protective effects in diabetes complications and can be considered a safe and suitable candidate for decreasing the oxidative stress and carbonyl stress that is typically observed in diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zajan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Himan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heidari
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamalinejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noubarani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mokhtar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahmati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jafarian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adiban
authors.affiliation: Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zajan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eskandari
keywords: C. sativus; Cucumber; Diabetes complications; Glycation; Hepatoprotection; Liver