title: Discovery of riblets in a bird beak (Rynchops) for low fluid drag.
abstract: Riblet structures found on fast-swimming shark scales, such as those found on a mako shark, have been shown to reduce fluid drag. In previous experimental and modelling studies, riblets have been shown to provide drag reduction by lifting vortices formed in turbulent flow, decreasing overall shear stresses. Skimmer birds (Rynchops) are the only birds to catch fish in flight by flying just above the water surface with a submerged beak to fish for food. Because they need to quickly catch prey, reducing drag on their beak is advantageous. For the first time, riblet structures found on the beak of the skimmer bird have been studied experimentally and computationally for low fluid drag properties. In this study, skimmer replicas were studied for drag reduction through pressure drop in closed-channel, turbulent water flow. Pressure drop measurements are compared for black and yellow skimmer beaks in two configurations, and mako shark skin. In addition, two configurations of skimmer beak were modelled to compare drag properties and vortex structures. Results are discussed, and a conceptual model is presented to explain a possible drag reduction mechanism in skimmers.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'.
authors.affiliation: Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142, USA bhushan.2@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-119X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLBB), The Ohio State University, 201 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1142, USA.
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7161-6601
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhushan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001502:Beak / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017276:Friction / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D012212:Rheology / Q000379:methods; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014783:Viscosity
keywords: frictional drag; low drag; riblet; shark; skimmer; vortex