title: Comparison of initial stream urine samples and cervical samples for detection of human papillomavirus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uterine cervical cancer is a treatable and preventable cancer. Medical efforts to reduce rates of cervical cancer focus on the promotion of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and the promotion of routine cervical cancer screening done by cervical cytology and cervical HPV testing. Urine-based HPV testing would be simple and noninvasive approach to screen for cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two biospecimens (clinician-taken sample from cervix and initial stream urine sample) were provided from a total of 240 healthy women attending for cancer screening provided for HPV testing. We have assessed the HPV detection rates among cervical samples and pellet fraction of urine samples using HPV test (Anyplex™ II HPV28 Detection kit, Seegene, Korea).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 240 samples screened, HPV prevalence was 42.9% in pellet fractions of urine samples. The agreement between the two kinds of samples was 98.4%, k = 0.792. Discordant results were observed in 27 cases; 5 were positive only by urine samples and 22 were positive only by smear samples. Sensitivity and specificity for all HPV DNA in pellet fractions of urine using cervical samples as reference was 68.4% and 99.9%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparing methodologies of collection of samples for HPV detection, they showed the higher agreements for almost genotypes between cervical samples and pellet fractions of urine samples. These results suggest that urine could be a good noninvasive tool to monitor HPV infection in women. Additional research in a larger and general screening population would be needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan; Izumi Ladies Clinic, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: Izumi Ladies Clinic, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Narimi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suematsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Japan; Izumi Ladies Clinic, Japan. Electronic address: mikamo@aichi-med-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mikamo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine* / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014556:Urine / Q000821:virology*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: Human papillomavirus (HPV); Urine; Uterine cervical cancer