title: Aphallia: Report of three cases and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aphallia or penile agenesis is a rare malformation accompanying with no phallus. This anomaly is extremely rare with abnormality of urogenital system and psychological consequences. Its outbreak is estimated 1 out of 10-30 million births.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reviewing 3 cases of male external genitalia agenesis, which associated with multiple anomalies of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and genitourinary system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aphallia has psychosocial consequences and a guarded prognosis. This study showed that if the kidney failure is due to its obstruction, these patients will be born in more favorable conditions and the future treatment measures will be directed to keep the external genitalia (male) through timely diagnosis and prenatal surgery and timely bladder drainage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Talebpour Amiri
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Davood
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nasiry Zarrin Ghabaee
authors.affiliation: Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ramezan Ali
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Naeimi
authors.affiliation: Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Javad
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Seyedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Antibacterial Resistance Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Abdollah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mousavi
keywords: Aphallia; Associated anomalies; Development of phallus