title: Pitch Characteristics Before Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Major League Pitchers Compared With Age-Matched Controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is commonly performed in Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers, but little is known about the preoperative pitch type and velocity characteristics of pitchers who go on to undergo UCLR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Pitchers who required UCLR have thrown a greater percentage of fastballs and have greater pitch velocities compared with age-matched controls in the season before injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  MLB pitchers active during the 2002 to 2015 seasons were included. The UCLR group consisted of MLB pitchers who received UCLR between 2003 and 2015, utilizing the season before surgery (2002-2014) for analysis. The control group comprised age-matched controls of the same season. Players who pitched less than 20 innings in the season before surgery were excluded. Pitch types were recorded as percentage of total pitches thrown. Pitch velocities were recorded for each pitch type. Pitch type and pitch velocities during preoperative seasons for UCLR pitchers were compared with age-matched controls using univariate and multivariate models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 114 cases that went on to UCLR and 3780 controls were included in the study. Pitchers who went on to UCLR appear to have greater fastball, slider, curveball, changeup, and split-fingered fastball velocities; there were no significant differences in pitch selection between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the season before surgery, MLB pitchers who underwent UCLR demonstrated greater fastball, slider, curveball, changeup, and split-fingered fastball velocities, with no significant difference in pitch type.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prodromo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Nimit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Denehy
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Loni Philip
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Tabb
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tom
keywords: Major League Baseball; elbow; pitching; ulnar collateral ligament