title: Analysis of volatile organic compounds in compost samples: A potential tool to determine appropriate composting time.
abstract: Changes in volatile organic compound contents in compost samples during pig manure composting were studied using a headspace, solid-phase micro-extraction method (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). Parameters affecting the SPME procedure were optimized as follows: the coating was carbon molecular sieve/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fiber, the temperature was 60°C and the time was 30min. Under these conditions, 87 compounds were identified from 17 composting samples. Most of the volatile components could only be detected before day 22. However, benzenes, alkanes and alkenes increased and eventually stabilized after day 22. Phenol and acid substances, which are important factors for compost quality, were almost undetectable on day 39 in natural compost (NC) samples and on day 13 in maggot-treated compost (MC) samples. Our results indicate that the approach can be effectively used to determine the composting times by analysis of volatile substances in compost samples. An appropriate composting time not only ensures the quality of compost and reduces the loss of composting material but also reduces the generation of hazardous substances. The appropriate composting times for MC and NC were approximately 22days and 40days, respectively, during the summer in Zhejiang.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
authors.forename: Fengxiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
authors.forename: Zaifa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
authors.forename: Chunlai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China. Electronic address: xzyhjwsw@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environment, Resource, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China. Electronic address: yaoyl0679@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yanlai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D017688:Cholera Morbus; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Compost; Composting time; GC/MS; Pig manure; SPME; Volatile organic compounds