title: State Legal Restrictions and Prescription-Opioid Use among Disabled Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In response to rising rates of opioid abuse and overdose, U.S. states enacted laws to restrict the prescribing and dispensing of controlled substances. The effect of these laws on opioid use is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested associations between prescription-opioid receipt and state controlled-substances laws. Using Medicare administrative data for fee-for-service disabled beneficiaries 21 to 64 years of age who were alive throughout the calendar year (8.7 million person-years from 2006 through 2012) and an original data set of laws (e.g., prescription-drug monitoring programs), we examined the annual prevalence of beneficiaries with four or more opioid prescribers, prescriptions yielding a daily morphine-equivalent dose (MED) of more than 120 mg, and treatment for nonfatal prescription-opioid overdose. We estimated how opioid outcomes varied according to eight types of laws.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2006 through 2012, states added 81 controlled-substance laws. Opioid receipt and potentially hazardous prescription patterns were common. In 2012 alone, 47% of beneficiaries filled opioid prescriptions (25% in one to three calendar quarters and 22% in every calendar quarter); 8% had four or more opioid prescribers; 5% had prescriptions yielding a daily MED of more than 120 mg in any calendar quarter; and 0.3% were treated for a nonfatal prescription-opioid overdose. We observed no significant associations between opioid outcomes and specific types of laws or the number of types enacted. For example, the percentage of beneficiaries with a prescription yielding a daily MED of more than 120 mg did not decline after adoption of a prescription-drug monitoring program (0.27 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -0.05 to 0.59).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adoption of controlled-substance laws was not associated with reductions in potentially hazardous use of opioids or overdose among disabled Medicare beneficiaries, a population particularly at risk. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging and others.).
authors.affiliation: From the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (E.M., W.P., W.Z., A.J.O., N.E.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (E.M., J.R.H.); and the UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.R.H., L.M.).
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meara
authors.affiliation: From the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (E.M., W.P., W.Z., A.J.O., N.E.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (E.M., J.R.H.); and the UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.R.H., L.M.).
authors.forename: Jill R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.affiliation: From the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (E.M., W.P., W.Z., A.J.O., N.E.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (E.M., J.R.H.); and the UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.R.H., L.M.).
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: From the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (E.M., W.P., W.Z., A.J.O., N.E.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (E.M., J.R.H.); and the UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.R.H., L.M.).
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.affiliation: From the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (E.M., W.P., W.Z., A.J.O., N.E.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (E.M., J.R.H.); and the UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.R.H., L.M.).
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: From the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (E.M., W.P., W.Z., A.J.O., N.E.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (E.M., J.R.H.); and the UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.R.H., L.M.).
authors.forename: A James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.affiliation: From the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (E.M., W.P., W.Z., A.J.O., N.E.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA (E.M., J.R.H.); and the UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (J.R.H., L.M.).
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Morden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D018588:Fee-for-Service Plans; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013219:State Government; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid