title: A guide to management of neuropsychiatric manifestations of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This clinical update review focuses on treatment approaches of neuropsychiatric manifestations in Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic search of the literature using Pubmed and selected recent and relevant papers for this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease usually require optimization of levodopa therapy as a first step. Most psychotropic drugs can be used in Parkinson's disease, however there is still lack of an evidence base due to limited studies and difficulties in diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Non-pharmacological treatments have also proved effective in Parkinson's disease. Cognitive impairment requires special consideration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Management of neuropsychiatric manifestations in Parkinson's disease is complicated by the lack of evidence. Treatment should be individualized and benefits and risks must be balanced.
authors.affiliation: Universitary Hospital Fundación Alcorcón, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain rmolinar@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Molina Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne & Northwestern Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Velakoulis
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne & Northwestern Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, and; Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeffrey Cl
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Looi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D007980:Levodopa
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; management; neuropsychiatric manifestations