title: Ortho-eugenol exhibits anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.
abstract: Ortho-eugenol is a much used phenylpropanoid whose ability to reduce pain and inflammation has never been studied. Researching ortho-eugenol's antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, and its possible mechanisms of action is therefore of interest. The administration of vehicle, ortho-eugenol (50, 75 and 100mg/kg i.p.), morphine (6mg/kg, i.p.) or dexamethasone (2mg/kg, s.c.) occurred 30min before the completion of pharmacological tests. Pretreatment with ortho-eugenol did not change motor coordination test results, but reduced the number of writhes and licking times in the writhing test and glutamate test, respectively. The reaction time from thermal stimulus was significantly increased in the hot plate test after administration of ortho-eugenol. Treatment with yohimbine reversed the antinociceptive effect of ortho-eugenol, suggesting involvement of the adrenergic system. In anti-inflammatory tests, ortho-eugenol inhibited acetic acid induced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration, reducing TNF-α and IL-1β by virtue of its suppression of NF-κB and p38 phosphorylated forms in the peritonitis test. From these results, ortho-eugenol antinociceptive effects mediated by the adrenergic system and anti-inflammatory activity through regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and phosphorylation of NF-kB and p38 become evident for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Fonsêca
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula R R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto de C
authors.initials: Hde C
authors.lastname: Aragão Neto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana M F O
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Golzio
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo R D
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Caldas Filho
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cynthia G F
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fagner C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunology, University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Piuvezam
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liana Clébia de Morais
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pordeus
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Barbosa Filho
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Bioactive Synthetics (PgPNSB), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Psychopharmacology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Electronic address: reinaldoan@uol.com.br.
authors.forename: Reinaldo N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D005054:Eugenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058669:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015016:Yohimbine; D005054:Eugenol; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Anti-nociception; Inflammation; NF-kB; Ortho-eugenol; p38