title: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and putative genetic basis of carbamazepine- and oxcarbazepine-induced hyponatremia.
abstract: The use of carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC) as first-line antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of focal epilepsy is limited by hyponatremia, a known adverse effect. Hyponatremia occurs in up to half of people taking CBZ or OXC and, although often assumed to be asymptomatic, it can lead to symptoms ranging from unsteadiness and mild confusion to seizures and coma. Hyponatremia is probably due to the antidiuretic properties of CBZ and OXC that are, at least partly, explained by stimulation of the vasopressin 2 receptor/aquaporin 2 pathway. No known genetic risk variants for CBZ- and OXC-induced hyponatremia exist, but likely candidate genes are part of the vasopressin water reabsorption pathway.
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berghuis
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G-J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M P H
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle, The Netherlands.|UCL Institute of Neurology, NIHR UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Zwolle, The Netherlands.|Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9580-624X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindhout
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B P C
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Koeleman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine; D010597:Pharmacogenetics
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002220:Carbamazepine; D000078330:Oxcarbazepine
keywords: antiepileptic drugs; drug treatment; epilepsy; sodium; vasopressin receptor 2