title: Warm-Season (C4) Turfgrass Genotypes Resistant to Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae).
abstract: Screening for resistance to insect pests is one of the early stages of grass breeding programs. Pasture spittlebugs are sap-sucking insects that potentially cause severe damage to turfgrasses, including the loss of functional quality and perenniallity. The Brazilian flora has a large number of grass species with wide morphological variability and adaptability to different soil and climate conditions that can potentially be used as lawns. However, no study has screened turfgrass genotypes for resistance to spittlebug attack. In this study, we evaluated the intra- and interspecific variability of 35 turfgrass genotypes in the genera Paspalum, Axonopus, and Zoysia for resistance to the pasture spittlebugs, Deois flavopicta (Stal) and Notozulia entreriana (Berg) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), as measured by damage scores, densities of nymphs and adults, and level of antibiosis resistance. Genotypes were grouped into three groups using cluster analysis and principal component analysis: GroupI had genotypes associated with low damage scores and high density of adult spittlebugs; GroupII had genotypes with intermediate damage scores and low density of nymphs and adults; and GroupIII was formed by genotypes with high damage scores and high nymph density. Intra- and interspecific genotypic variability was related to antibiosis resistance and morphological variation among genotypes with some indicating nonpreference resistance and others indicating tolerance resistance. Our results indicate that besides antibiosis resistance studies, it is essential to evaluate the morphological variability of grass genotypes when screening for resistance to insects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the intraspecific variability of Paspalum notatum Flüggé genotypes for resistance to spittlebug attack.
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - P.O. Box 339, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, Brazil (marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br; frederico.matta@embrapa.br; francisco.dubbern-souza@embrapa.br; bianca.vigna@embrapa.br; alessandra.favero@embrapa.br; waldomiro.barioni@embrapa.br; gustavor14@yahoo.com.br), marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gusmão
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Beef Cattle, Avenida Rádio Maia 830, Campo Grande - MS, 79106-550, Brazil (jose.valerio@embrapa.br).
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Valério
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - P.O. Box 339, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, Brazil (marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br; frederico.matta@embrapa.br; francisco.dubbern-souza@embrapa.br; bianca.vigna@embrapa.br; alessandra.favero@embrapa.br; waldomiro.barioni@embrapa.br; gustavor14@yahoo.com.br).
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Matta
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - P.O. Box 339, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, Brazil (marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br; frederico.matta@embrapa.br; francisco.dubbern-souza@embrapa.br; bianca.vigna@embrapa.br; alessandra.favero@embrapa.br; waldomiro.barioni@embrapa.br; gustavor14@yahoo.com.br).
authors.forename: F H D
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - P.O. Box 339, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, Brazil (marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br; frederico.matta@embrapa.br; francisco.dubbern-souza@embrapa.br; bianca.vigna@embrapa.br; alessandra.favero@embrapa.br; waldomiro.barioni@embrapa.br; gustavor14@yahoo.com.br).
authors.forename: B B Z
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Vigna
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - P.O. Box 339, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, Brazil (marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br; frederico.matta@embrapa.br; francisco.dubbern-souza@embrapa.br; bianca.vigna@embrapa.br; alessandra.favero@embrapa.br; waldomiro.barioni@embrapa.br; gustavor14@yahoo.com.br).
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fávero
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - P.O. Box 339, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, Brazil (marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br; frederico.matta@embrapa.br; francisco.dubbern-souza@embrapa.br; bianca.vigna@embrapa.br; alessandra.favero@embrapa.br; waldomiro.barioni@embrapa.br; gustavor14@yahoo.com.br).
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Barioni
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 - P.O. Box 339, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, Brazil (marcos.gusmao@embrapa.br; frederico.matta@embrapa.br; francisco.dubbern-souza@embrapa.br; bianca.vigna@embrapa.br; alessandra.favero@embrapa.br; waldomiro.barioni@embrapa.br; gustavor14@yahoo.com.br).
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Inácio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000898:Antibiosis; D001938:Brazil; D005838:Genotype; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D060434:Herbivory; D009758:Nymph / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D031781:Paspalum / Q000235:genetics; D006109:Poaceae / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Paspalum; froghopper; germplasm resource; insect plant resistance; lawn