title: Entomophytophagy ('Sequential Predatory, then Phytophagous Behaviour') in an Indian Braconid 'Parasitoid' Wasp (Hymenoptera): Specialized Larval Morphology, Biology and Description of a New Species.
abstract: The vast majority of braconid wasps are parasitoids of other insects. Although a few cases of pure phytophagy (primary gall production and seed predation) are known, no previous entomophytophagous species (i.e. ones that display entomophagy and phytophagy sequentially), has been discovered among braconids. We describe the detailed biology and specialized larval morphology for the first confirmed entomophytophagous braconid species. Leaf galls on Garuga pinnata Roxb. (Burseraceae) in India, induced by the psyllid, Phacopteron lentiginosum Buckton (Hemiptera: Psylloidea, Phacopteronidae) were sampled throughout a period of several months and found to suffer a high level of attack by a new species Bracon garugaphagae Ranjith & Quicke which is here described and illustrated. The wasps oviposit singly into the galls without paralysing the psyllids. The larvae first attack psyllid nymphs which they seek out within the gall, kill them with a single bite and consume them. Unique dorsal abdominal tubercles, with eversible tips present on the abdominal segments of the larvae that are used to help maintain larval position while feeding, are illustrated. After consuming all available prey, the larvae continue feeding on gall tissue until mature enough to spin cocoons and pupate. The new species illustrates, for the first time, a possible intermediate stage in the evolution of pure phytophagy within the Braconidae. Interestingly, the two unrelated seed predator Bracon species are also associated with Burseraceae, perhaps indicating that this plant family is particularly suited as a food for braconine wasps.
authors.affiliation: Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673635, India.|Department of Zoology, Malabar Christian College, Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673001, India.
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ranjith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, BKK 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Donald L J
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Quicke
authors.affiliation: Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673635, India.
authors.forename: U K A
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, BKK 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Buntika A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Butcher
authors.affiliation: Colección Nacional de Insectos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. circuito exterior s/n Cd. Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, A. P. 70-233, C.P. 04510, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaldívar-Riverón
authors.affiliation: Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, Pin: 673635, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007194:India; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology*; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013045:Species Specificity; D014863:Wasps / Q000145:classification / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology*