title: Chemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Achillea moschata Wulfen, an Endemic Species from the Alps.
abstract: Aerial parts of Achillea moschata Wulfen (Asteraceae) growing wild in the Italian Rhaetian Alps were investigated to describe, for the first time, their phenolic content, as well as to characterize the essential oil. Inspection of the metabolic profile combining HPLC-DAD and ESI-MS/MS data showed that the methanol extract contained glycosylated flavonoids with luteolin and apigenin as the main aglycones. Among them, the major compound was 7-O-glucosyl apigenin. Caffeoyl derivates were other phenolics identified. The essential oil obtained by steam distillation and investigated by GC/FID and GC/MS showed camphor, 1,8-cineole, and bornylacetate as the main constituents. The antioxidant capacity of three different extracts with increasing polarity and of the essential oil was evaluated by employing ABTS·+ and DPPH· radical scavenging assays. The methanolic extract was the only significantly effective sample against both synthetic radicals. All samples were also tested against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial species using the disk diffusion assay. The non-polar extracts (dichloromethane and petroleum ether) and the essential oil possessed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity expressed according to inhibition zone diameter (8-24 mm).
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy. sara.vitalini@guest.unimi.it.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitalini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy. moira.madeo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Moira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madeo
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria-Centro di Ricerca per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero Casearie (CREA-FLC), viale Piacenza 29, 26900 Lodi, Italy. aldo.tava@crea.gov.it.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tava
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy. marcello.iriti@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iriti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via Grasselli 7, 20137 Milano, Italy. lisa.vallone@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vallone
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. pinarosa.avato@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Pinarosa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Avato
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy. clementina.cocuzza@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Clementina Elvezia
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cocuzza
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy. paolo.simonetti@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simonetti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. mariapia.argentieri@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Argentieri
mesh_terms: D031162:Achillea / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Achillea moschata; alpine ethnobotany; alpine medicinal plants; antimicrobial activity; antiradical activity; essential oil; flavonoids; phenolic acids