title: Psychophysical and rTMS Evidence for the Presence of Motion Opponency in Human V5.
abstract: Motion sensitive cells within macaque V5, but not V1, exhibit motion opponency whereby their firing is suppressed by motion in their anti-preferred direction. fMRI studies indicate the presence of motion opponent mechanisms in human V5.
  
  
  
  We tested two hypotheses. 1) Performance of a motion discrimination task would be poorer when stimuli were constructed from pairs of dots that moved in counter-phase vs. in-phase, because counter-phase dots would activate motion opponent mechanisms in V5. 2) Offline 1 Hz rTMS of V5 would impair discrimination performance for in-phase stimuli but not counter-phase stimuli, and the opposite effect would be found for rTMS of V1.
  
  
  
  Stimuli were constructed from 100 dot pairs. Paired dots moved along a fixed motion axis either in counter-phase (motion opponent stimulus) or in-phase (non-opponent motion stimulus). Motion axis orientation discrimination thresholds were measured for each stimulus. Blocks of 300 trials were then presented at 85% correct threshold and discrimination accuracy was measured before and after 1 Hz offline rTMS of either V1 or V5. Subjects were 8 healthy adults.
  
  
  
  Discrimination thresholds were significantly larger (worse) for counter-phase than in-phase stimuli (p = 0.02). V5 rTMS mildly impaired discrimination accuracy for the in-phase dot stimuli (p = 0.02) but not the counter-phase dot stimuli. The opposite effect occurred for V1 rTMS (p = 0.05).
  
  
  
  Opponent motion mechanisms are present within human V5 and activation of these mechanisms impairs motion discrimination. In addition, perception of the motion axis within opponent motion stimuli involves processing within V1.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: ben.thompson@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: AcCENT (Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation), University Psychiatric Center - KU Leuven (University of Leuven) - Campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium.
authors.forename: Choi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deblieck
authors.affiliation: Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacoboni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Zili
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011601:Psychophysics; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: MT; Middle temporal area; Motion perception; Primary visual cortex; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Visual cortex