title: Effect of Punica granatum on the virulence factors of cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: Dental caries is caused by acids produced by biofilm-forming Streptococcus mutans from fermentable carbohydrates and bacterial byproducts. Control of these bacteria is important in the prevention of dental caries. This study investigated the effect of the fruit peel of Punica granatum on biofilm formation, acid and extracellular polysaccharides production (EPS) by S. mutans. Pomegranate fruit peels crude extracts were prepared. The Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined against S. mutans. At 3 sub-bactericidal concentrations, the effect on the acid production, biofilm formation and EPS production was determined. The results were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests. The lowest MBC was 6.25 mg/mL. Punica granatum significantly inhibited acid production (p < 0.01). After 6 and 24 h, it significantly reduced biofilm-formation by 91% and 65% respectively (p < 0.01). The plant extract did not inhibit the production of soluble EPS in either the biofilm or the planktonic growth. However, it significantly reduced the insoluble EPS in the biofilm and the plantktonic (p = < 0.01) form of S. mutans. The crude extract of P. granatum killed cariogenic S. mutans at high concentrations. At sub-bactericidal concentrations, it reduced biofilm formation, acid and EPS production. This suggests that P. granatum extract has the potential to prevent dental caries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Zandiswa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gulube
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Oral Biological Sciences, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: Mrudula.patel@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: Mrudula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: Biofilm; Caries; EPS; Pomegranate; Punica granatum; Streptococcus mutans