title: Annihilation of Leishmania by daylight responsive ZnO nanoparticles: a temporal relationship of reactive oxygen species-induced lipid and protein oxidation.
abstract: Lipid and protein oxidation are well-known manifestations of free radical activity and oxidative stress. The current study investigated extermination of Leishmania tropica promastigotes induced by lipid and protein oxidation with reactive oxygen species produced by PEGylated metal-based nanoparticles. The synthesized photodynamic therapy-based doped and nondoped zinc oxide nanoparticles were activated in daylight that produced reactive oxygen species in the immediate environment. Lipid and protein oxidation did not occur in dark. The major lipid peroxidation derivatives comprised of conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, and malondialdehyde whereas water, ethane, methanol, and ethanol were found as the end products. Proteins were oxidized to carbonyls, hydroperoxides, and thiol degrading products. Interestingly, lipid hydroperoxides were produced by more than twofold of the protein hydroperoxides, indicating higher degradation of lipids compared to proteins. The in vitro evidence represented a significant contribution of the involvement of both lipid and protein oxidation in the annihilated antipromastigote effect of nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Akhtar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadhman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Malik Ihsanullah
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Nanosciences and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Samina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazir
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Momin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shahnaz
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Dilawar Farhan
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBS), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Masoom
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasinzai
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007895:Leishmania tropica / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011090:Polyenes / Q000378:metabolism; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D011090:Polyenes; D011506:Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Leishmania tropica; doping; lipid peroxidation; nanoparticles; photodynamic therapy (PDT); protein oxidation; reactive oxygen species (ROS); zinc oxide (ZnO)