title: Enclomiphene citrate for the treatment of secondary male hypogonadism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypogonadism is a growing concern in an aging male population. Historically treated using exogenous testosterone, concerns about possible adverse effects of testosterone have led physicians to seek alternative treatment approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enclomiphene citrate is the trans isomer of clomiphene citrate, a non-steroidal estrogen receptor antagonist that is FDA-approved for the treatment of ovarian dysfunction in women. Clomiphene citrate has also been used off-label for many years to treat secondary male hypogonadism, particularly in the setting of male infertility. Here we review the literature examining the efficacy and safety of enclomiphene citrate in the setting of androgen deficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial results support the conclusion that enclomiphene citrate increases serum testosterone levels by raising luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, without negatively impacting semen parameters. The ability to treat testosterone deficiency in men while maintaining fertility supports a role for enclomiphene citrate in the treatment of men in whom testosterone therapy is not a suitable option.
authors.affiliation: a Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: b Center for Reproductive Medicine , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.|c Scott Department of Urology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Alexander W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Pastuszak
authors.affiliation: b Center for Reproductive Medicine , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.|c Scott Department of Urology , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Larry I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Lipshultz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064695:Enclomiphene / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005058:Eunuchism / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D013739:Testosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D002996:Clomiphene; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D064695:Enclomiphene
keywords: Hypogonadism; enclomiphene citrate; selective estrogen receptor modulator; testosterone