title: Review of novel therapeutic targets for improving heart failure treatment based on experimental and clinical studies.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a major public health priority due to its epidemiological transition and the world's aging population. HF is typified by continuous loss of contractile function with reduced, normal, or preserved ejection fraction, elevated vascular resistance, fluid and autonomic imbalance, and ventricular dilatation. Despite considerable advances in the treatment of HF over the past few decades, mortality remains substantial. Pharmacological treatments including β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone antagonists have been proven to prolong the survival of patients with HF. However, there are still instances where patients remain symptomatic, despite optimal use of existing therapeutic agents. This understanding that patients with chronic HF progress into advanced stages despite receiving optimal treatment has increased the quest for alternatives, exploring the roles of additional pathways that contribute to the development and progression of HF. Several pharmacological targets associated with pathogenesis of HF have been identified and novel therapies have emerged. In this work, we review recent evidence from proposed mechanisms to the outcomes of experimental and clinical studies of the novel pharmacological agents that have emerged for the treatment of HF.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Accident and Emergency Directorate, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwadwo Osei
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Bonsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Isaac Kofi
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Owusu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwame Ohene
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Buabeng
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Daniel Diamond
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Reidpath
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Amudha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadirvelu
keywords: experimental and clinical studies; heart failure; novel treatment; therapeutic targets