title: Three-dimensional photographs for determining the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need in scientific studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plaster casts as the medium for data collection in orthodontic studies pose disadvantages. In this study, we aimed to assess the validity and reliability of using 3-dimensional (3D) photographs instead of plaster casts to determine the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) score.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected retrospectively from the clinical records of 91 subjects. The IOTN grades were independently determined first from plaster casts, then from 2-dimensional (2D) and 3D photographs only, and then from 2D and 3D photographs combined with radiographs. IOTN grade agreement was assessed using kappa statistics and percentages of agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of agreement between both photographic sets and the plaster casts varied among the different occlusal traits from 63.7% to 93.4%. Agreement between the IOTN grades obtained from 2D and 3D photographs only and the IOTN grades obtained from plaster casts was fair (K = 0.35). The reliability of using 2D and 3D photographs instead of plaster casts was improved when those were combined with radiographs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general terms, orthodontic treatment need can be assessed from 2D and 3D pictures; however, the individual occlusal traits are sufficiently assessed only when these pictures are combined with radiographs. Plaster casts remain the preferred method compared with 3D pictures for assessment of the IOTN.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: l.kragt@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kragt
authors.affiliation: Orthodontist, private practice, Capelle aan den Ijssel, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ad M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hermus
authors.affiliation: Professor and head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; principal investigator, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eppo B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Wolvius
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Capelle aan den Ijssel, The Netherlands; senior researcher, Department of Orthodontics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; researcher, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edwin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ongkosuwito
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D061326:Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need / Q000379:methods*; D023861:Photography, Dental; D012189:Retrospective Studies