title: Learning from a cluster randomized controlled trial to improve healthcare workers' access to prevention and care for tuberculosis and HIV in Free State, South Africa: the pivotal role of information systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational tuberculosis (TB) continues to plague the healthcare workforce in South Africa. A 2-year cluster randomized controlled trial was therefore launched in 27 public hospitals in Free State province, to better understand how a combined workforce and workplace program can improve health of the healthcare workforce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This mid-term evaluation aimed to analyze how well the intervention was being implemented, seek evidence of impact or harm, and draw lessons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both intervention and comparison sites had been instructed to conduct bi-annual and issue-based infection control assessments (when healthcare workers [HCW] are diagnosed with TB) and offer HCWs confidential TB and HIV counseling and testing, TB treatment and prophylaxis for HIV-positive HCWs. Intervention sites were additionally instructed to conduct quarterly workplace assessments, and also offer HCWs HIV treatment at their occupational health units (OHUs). Trends in HCW mortality, sick-time, and turnover rates (2005-2014) were analyzed from the personnel salary database ('PERSAL'). Data submitted by the OHUs were also analyzed. Open-ended questionnaires were then distributed to OHU HCWs and in-depth interviews conducted at 17 of the sites to investigate challenges encountered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OHUs reported identifying and treating 23 new HCW cases of TB amongst the 1,372 workers who used the OHU for HIV and/or TB services; 39 new cases of HIV were also identified and 108 known-HIV-positive HCWs serviced. Although intervention-site workforces used these services significantly more than comparison-site healthcare staff (p<0.001), the data recorded were incomplete for both the intervention and comparison OHUs. An overall significant decline in mortality and turnover rates was documented over this period, but no significant differences between intervention and comparison sites; sick-time data proved unreliable. Severe OHU workload as well as residual confidentiality concerns prevented the proper implementation of protocols, especially workplace assessments and data recording. Particularly, the failure to implement computerized data collection required OHU staff to duplicate their operational data collection duties by also entering research paper forms. The study was therefore halted pending the implementation of a computerized system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant differences in OHU use documented cannot be attributable to the intervention due to incomplete data reporting; unreliable sick-time data further precluded ascertaining the benefit potentially attributable to the intervention. Computerized data collection is essential to facilitate operational monitoring while conducting real-world intervention research. The digital divide still requires the attention of researchers along with overall infrastructural constraints.
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Program, The University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada; annalee.yassi@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Annalee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassi
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Program, The University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Prince A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Adu
authors.affiliation: Provincial Occupational Health Unit, Free State Department of Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
authors.forename: Letshego
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nophale
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Health, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.|School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Muzimkhulu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zungu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017132:Workplace
keywords: HIV; cluster randomized controlled trial; healthcare workers; information systems; tuberculosis