title: Enhancing Attraction of African Malaria Vectors to a Synthetic Odor Blend.
abstract: The deployment of odor-baited tools for sampling and controlling malaria vectors is limited by a lack of potent synthetic mosquito attractants. A synthetic mixture of chemical compounds referred to as "the Mbita blend" (MB) was shown to attract as many host-seeking malaria mosquitoes as attracted to human subjects. We hypothesized that this effect could be enhanced by adding one or more attractive compounds to the blend. We tested changes in the capability of MB (ammonia + L-lactic acid + tetradecanoic acid +3-methyl-1-butanol + carbon dioxide) to attract host-seeking malaria mosquitoes by addition of selected dilutions of butyl-2-methylbutanoate (1:10,000), 2-pentadecanone (1:100), 1-dodecanol (1:10,000), and butan-1-amine (1:10,000,000). The experiments were conducted in semi-field enclosures and in a village in western Kenya. In semi-field enclosures, the attraction of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto females to MB-baited traps was not enhanced by adding butyl-2-methylbutanoate. There was, however, an increase in the proportion of An. gambiae caught in traps containing MB augmented with the selected dilutions of butan-1-amine, 2-pentadecanone, and 1-dodecanol. When tested in the village, addition of butan-1-amine to MB enhanced catches of female An. gambiae sensu lato, An. funestus, and Culex mosquitoes. 1-Dodecanol increased attraction of An. gambiae s.l. to the MB, while addition of 2-pentadecanone improved trap catches of An. funestus and Culex mosquitoes. This study demonstrates the possibility of enhancing synthetic odor blends for trapping the malarial mosquitoes An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus, as well as some culicine species. The findings provide promising results for the optimization and utilization of synthetic attractants for sampling and controlling major disease vectors.
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, GPO Nairobi, Kenya. collins.mweresa@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Collins K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Mweresa
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, GPO Nairobi, Kenya.|School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, GPO Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Wolfgang R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Mukabana
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, GPO Nairobi, Kenya.|International Centre for Aids Care and Treatment Program, Ministry of Health, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 849 -, Kisumu, 50100, Kenya.
authors.forename: Philemon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Omusula
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, GPO Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Boxs 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joop J A
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Van Loon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Boxs 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Takken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D000072777:Host-Seeking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*
keywords: Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Attractant; Host-seeking behavior; Mosquito; Olfaction; Synthetic odor