title: Race Differentiation by Raman Spectroscopy of a Bloodstain for Forensic Purposes.
abstract: Bearing in mind forensic purposes, a nondestructive and rapid method was developed for race differentiation of peripheral blood donors. Blood is an extremely valuable form of evidence in forensic investigations so proper analysis is critical. Because potentially miniscule amounts of blood traces can be found at a crime scene, having a method that is nondestructive, and provides a substantial amount of information about the sample, is ideal. In this study Raman spectroscopy was applied with advanced statistical analysis to discriminate between Caucasian (CA) and African American (AA) donors based on dried peripheral blood traces. Spectra were collected from 20 donors varying in gender and age. Support vector machines-discriminant analysis (SVM-DA) was used for differentiation of the two races. An outer loop subject-wise cross-validation (CV) method evaluated the performance of the SVM classifier for each individual donor from the training data set. The performance of SVM-DA, evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) metric, showed 83% probability of correct classification for both races, and a specificity and sensitivity of 80%. This preliminary study shows promise for distinguishing between different races of human blood. The method has great potential for real crime scene investigation, providing rapid and reliable results, with no sample preparation, destruction, or consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.
authors.forename: Ewelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mistek
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Halámková
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.
authors.forename: Kyle C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Doty
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.
authors.forename: Claire K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Muro
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.
authors.forename: Igor K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lednev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D001801:Blood Stains; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000145:classification*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D044465:White People