title: Ultrahigh Pressure Processing Produces Alterations in the Metabolite Profiles of Panax ginseng.
abstract: Ultrahigh pressure (UHP) treatments are non-thermal processing methods that have customarily been employed to enhance the quality and productivity of plant consumables. We aimed to evaluate the effects of UHP treatments on ginseng samples (white ginseng: WG; UHP-treated WG: UWG; red ginseng: RG; UHP-treated RG: URG; ginseng berries: GB; and UHP-treated GB: UGB) using metabolite profiling based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-linear trap quadrupole-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-IT-MS/MS) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). Multivariate data analyses revealed a clear demarcation among the GB and UGB samples, and the phenotypic evaluations correlated the highest antioxidant activities and the total phenolic and flavonoid compositions with the UGB samples. Overall, eight amino acids, seven organic acids, seven sugars and sugar derivatives, two fatty acids, three notoginsenosides, three malonylginsenosides, and three ginsenosides, were identified as significantly discriminant metabolites between the GB and UGB samples, with relatively higher proportions in the latter. Ideally, these metabolites can be used as quality biomarkers for the assessment of ginseng products and our results indicate that UHP treatment likely led to an elevation in the proportions of total extractable metabolites in ginseng samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea. kkamlice@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Mee Youn
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea. singhdigar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Digar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Nutrex Technology Co., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13494, Korea. ksh@nutrex.co.kr.
authors.forename: Sung Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Holistic Bio Co., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13494, Korea. leesjun@holistic-bio.com.
authors.forename: Sang Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea. chlee123@konkuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Choong Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000378:metabolism*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D036145:Ginsenosides; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Panax ginseng; antioxidant activity; mass spectrometry; multivariate analyses; ultrahigh pressure