title: Chemical speciation and enzymatic impact of silver in antimicrobial fabric buried in soil.
abstract: This study investigated the impact of Ag in antibacterial fabric on soil enzymes in relation to solubility and speciation of Ag. Sections of Ag-containing sock fabric (1.0-1.5cm(2)) were incubated in soils with aerobic and anaerobic conditions and periodically determined activity of arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase and urease. Microscale distribution and speciation of Ag at the interface between socks and soil particles were investigated using micro-focused X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), and Ag speciation was determined using micro-focused X-ray absorption near edge structure (μ-XANES) spectroscopy. Results showed that the sock fabric consisted of elemental Ag and Ag2S. After 60-day exposure to soil, majority (50-90%) of Ag in sock did not undergo phase transformation and present as elemental Ag and Ag2S in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A part of Ag in sock fabric was bound with soil colloids (<15%), depending on the distance from the edge of sock fabric. Soil enzyme activities were overall unaffected by Ag in sock textile after 60days of incubation, although a significant decrease in arylsulfatase activity was found only in the initial stage of soil incubation. Silver in the sock fabric is relatively stable and has little detrimental impacts on enzyme activity in ordinary soil conditions.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan; National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations (ZEN-NOH).
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan. Electronic address: yhashim@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yohey
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyota
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D001192:Arylsulfatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D044367:Phase Transition; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013784:Textiles / Q000032:analysis*; D014510:Urease / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012987:Soil; D012834:Silver; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D001192:Arylsulfatases; D014510:Urease
keywords: Antibacterial fabric; Nanomaterial; Soil ecosystem; XAFS