title: Biogeography and evolutionary diversification in one of the most widely distributed and species rich genera of the Pacific.
abstract: The historical biogeography of many lineages-of both terrestrial and marine ocean habitats-remains poorly investigated even though remote ocean habitat covers approximately 66% of the Earth's surface. One such lineage with poorly understood biogeographic affinities across vast ocean habitat is the genus Coprosma (Rubiaceae) with numerous species, and a widespread and disjunct distribution among the far-flung insular localities of multiple Pacific Islands. Here, the first taxonomically robust phylogeny for Coprosma s.s. was dated using molecular clock techniques and indicated Coprosma s.s. diverged from its sister genus Nertera likely during or shortly after the Oligocene Marine Transgression of New Zealand. Diversification of the five major clades identified occurred in New Zealand during the Miocene, which was then followed by multiple independent dispersals from New Zealand to various localities in many directions. The pattern of Coprosma's distribution in the Pacific appears stochastic both temporally and spatially, but evolution of an orange to red fruit colour prior to nearly all inferred dispersals hints at endozoochory by birds. The number of inferred long-distance dispersals of Coprosma s.s. (>30), and number of repeated dispersals to the same insular locality from unrelated Coprosma s.s. sublineages (>8) is perhaps the most currently known for a remote Pacific-centred genus investigated to date. A New Zealand origin for a Pacific-wide dispersal of taxa is not novel, but the manner in which the temporal and spatial distribution for Coprosma s.s. was achieved contributes to a novel understanding of the historical biogeography of widespread Pacific genera that have origins in the Southern Hemisphere.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA jtc015@bucknell.edu.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cantley
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand Department of Parks and Wildlife Science and Conservation Division, Kensington, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrienne S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Markey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Sterling C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Keeley
keywords: Gondwana; New Zealand; Oceania; Oligocene Marine Transgression; Zealandia; island biogeography; long-distance dispersal; repeated dispersals