title: Fine particulate matter potentiates type 2 diabetes development in high-fat diet-treated mice: stress response and extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio analysis.
abstract: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We argue whether the potentiating effect of PM2.5over the development of T2DM in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice would be related to modification in cell stress response, particularly in antioxidant defenses and 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) status. Male mice were fed standard chow or HFD for 12 weeks and then randomly exposed to daily nasotropic instillation of PM2.5for additional 12 weeks under the same diet schedule, divided into four groups (n = 14-15 each): Control, PM2.5, HFD, and HFD + PM2.5were evaluated biometric and metabolic profiles of mice, and cellular stress response (antioxidant defense and HSP70 status) of metabolic tissues. Extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio ([eHSP72]/[iHSP70]), viz. H-index, was then calculated. HFD + PM2.5mice presented a positive correlation between adiposity, increased body weight and glucose intolerance, and increased glucose and triacylglycerol plasma levels. Pancreas exhibited lower iHSP70 expression, accompanied by 3.7-fold increase in the plasma to pancreas [eHSP72]/[iHSP70] ratio. Exposure to PM2.5markedly potentiated metabolic dysfunction in HFD-treated mice and promoted relevant alteration in cell stress response assessed by [eHSP72]/[iHSP70], a relevant biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammatory state and T2DM risk.
authors.affiliation: Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUI), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Air Pollution, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS-UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pauline Brendler
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Goettems-Fiorin
authors.affiliation: Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUI), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Air Pollution, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS-UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bethânia Salamoni
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Grochanke
authors.affiliation: Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUI), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Air Pollution, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS-UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Giesel
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Baldissera
authors.affiliation: Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUI), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil.|Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Analu Bender
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (FisCel), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Ivo
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Homem de Bittencourt
authors.affiliation: Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUI), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil.|Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirna Stela
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Air Pollution, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Ramos
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Rhoden
authors.affiliation: Research Group in Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul State (UNIJUI), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil. gomesheck@yahoo.com.|Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS-UNIJUI/UNICRUZ), Rua do Comércio, 3000 - Bairro Universitário, Ijuí, RS, Brazil. gomesheck@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Thiago Gomes
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Heck
mesh_terms: D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D050884:HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Adiposity; Blood glucose; Glycemic control; HSP70; Heat shock protein; Particulate matter