title: Decreasing IV Potassium in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care: Quality Improvement Project.
abstract: IV potassium supplementation is commonly used in the pediatric cardiovascular ICU. However, concentrated IV potassium chloride doses can lead to life-threatening complications. We report results of a quality improvement project aimed at decreasing concentrated IV potassium chloride exposure.
  
  
  
  Retrospective evaluation of a quality improvement project aimed at reducing IV potassium chloride exposure.
  
  
  
  Pediatric cardiac ICU.
  
  
  
  All patients admitted to pediatric cardiac ICUs in April 2013 to September 2013 (preprotocol) and October 2013 to April 2014 (postprotocol).
  
  
  
  A quality improvement team developed a potassium protocol aimed at maintaining serum potassium levels 3.0-5.5 mEq/L, via algorithm focused on early enteral supplementation. All patients receiving IV diuretics who had a serum potassium level less than 4.5 mEq/L and urine output more than 0.5 mL/kg/hr had protocol initiated with potassium chloride-containing IV fluids or enteral potassium chloride. Concentrated IV potassium chloride infusions were limited to asymptomatic patients with serum potassium less than 2.0 mEq/L and high-risk patients at less than 3.0 mEq/L. Serum potassium levels were measured once daily, and protocolized adjustments were made based on this level and concurrent diuretic therapy.
  
  
  
  Serum potassium, potassium chloride supplementation, patient cost, fluid administration, and arrhythmia incidence were compared pre and post protocol. Four hundred forty-three admissions were included (234 pre protocol and 209 post protocol). No significant differences were found in demographics. There was no difference in mean morning serum potassium after protocol implementation (3.85 [0.77] mEq/L before protocol and 3.89 [0.75] mEq/L after protocol; p = 0.90). Concentrated IV potassium chloride administration was decreased by 86% (331 vs 47 doses). With protocol, there was decreased incidence in days with one measured episode of hyperkalemia (11 vs 4/1,000 patient-days; p = 0.02) and a trend toward decreased hypokalemia (433 vs 400/1,000 patient-days; p = 0.05). Arrhythmia incidence was similar (p = 0.59).
  
  
  
  Protocolized potassium management in pediatric cardiac intensive care patients decreased concentrated IV potassium chloride exposure and incidence of hyperkalemia. Lower potassium treatment threshold for IV potassium chloride was not associated with increased arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Section of Cardiac Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. 2Department of Nursing Services, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL. 3Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Staci L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Abernathy
authors.forename: Ashley B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Moellinger
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borasino
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alten
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007008:Hypokalemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D011189:Potassium Chloride