title: Cytotoxicity of the Roots of Trillium govanianum Against Breast (MCF7), Liver (HepG2), Lung (A549) and Urinary Bladder (EJ138) Carcinoma Cells.
abstract: Trillium govanianum Wall. (Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae), commonly known as 'nag chhatri' or 'teen patra', is a native species of the Himalayas. It is used in various traditional medicines containing both steroids and sex hormones. In folk medicine, the rhizomes of T. govanianum are used to treat boils, dysentery, inflammation, menstrual and sexual disorders, as an antiseptic and in wound healing. With the only exception of the recent report on the isolation of a new steroidal saponin, govanoside A, together with three known steroidal compounds with antifungal property from this plant, there has been no systematic pharmacological and phytochemical work performed on T. govanianum. This paper reports, for the first time, on the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of the roots of T. govanianum and its solid-phase extraction (SPE) fractions against four human carcinoma cell lines: breast (MCF7), liver (HEPG2), lung (A549) and urinary bladder (EJ138), using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide cytotoxicity assay and liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of the SPE fractions. The methanol extract and all SPE fractions exhibited considerable levels of cytotoxicity against all cell lines, with the IC50values ranging between 5 and 16 µg/mL. Like other Trillium species, presence of saponins and sapogenins in the SPE fractions was evident in the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.|Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kashif M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Lutfun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nahar
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Afaf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Groshi
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Alexandra G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Zavoianu
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Dempster
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Jean D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wansi
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Fyaz M D
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mannan
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK. S.Sarker@ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Satyajit D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sarker
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D031446:Trillium / Q000737:chemistry*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: LC-MS; MTT; Trilliaceae; Trillium govanianum; cancer; cytotoxicity; sapogenin; saponin