title: Performance of outpatient transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy.
abstract: What is the feasibility of performing transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) in an outpatient setting?
  
  
  
  It is feasible to perform THL in an outpatient setting, reflected by a low complication and failure rate and a high patients' satisfaction.
  
  
  
  THL is a safe method to investigate tubal patency and exploring the pelvis in subfertile women.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort study of 1127 subfertile women who underwent THL as primary diagnostic method for testing tubal patency in an outpatient setting.
  
  
  
  We studied all THL procedures performed as a primary diagnostic tubal patency test in an outpatient setting in subfertile women starting from the initial THL in four large hospitals. Baseline characteristics were obtained, as well as the outcome of the procedures in terms of success, complications and findings by examining medical records. We used a uniform visual analogue scale (VAS) score document to collect data on pain and acceptability prospectively and compared two methods of pain relief.
  
  
  
  We studied a total of 1103 women who underwent THL. Successful access to the pouch of Douglas was achieved in 1028 women (93.2%), and 1017 women had a complete evaluation (92.2%). Double-sided tubal patency was found in 844 women (83%), unilateral tubal patency in 127 women (12.5%), while in 46 women (4.5%) bilateral occluded tubes were diagnosed. Endometriosis alone was seen in 64 women (6.3%), adhesions alone in 87 women (8.6%) and both endometriosis and adhesions in 42 women (4.1%).Complications occurred in 29 (2.6%) women, including 10 perforations of the rectum (0.9%), 8 perforations of the posterior uterine wall (0.7%) and 5 infections/pelvic inflammatory diseases (PIDs) (0.5%). Bleeding of the vaginal wall requiring intervention and hospital admissions due to pain was seen in 4 (0.4%) and 2 women, respectively (0.2%). The average pain score was rated 4.0 (±2.4 SD) on a VAS from 0 to 10 with 0 meaning no pain at all with no difference in different types of pain relief. Acceptability was rated 1.5 (±2.1 SD).
  
  
  
  The main limitation of the study is its retrospective character and the fact that only a fourth of the women were asked for pain and acceptability scores.
  
  
  
  THL can be used as a primary method for tubal assessment in an outpatient setting. Further randomized studies are needed to assess whether THL is superior to other methods and strategies for tubal assessment in terms of prognostic capacity and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  
  No external funding was either sought or obtained for this study. The authors have no competing interests to declare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands r.tros@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coenders-Tros
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Kessel
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M A
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vernooij
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G J E
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Oosterhuis
authors.affiliation: Fertility Centre, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W K H
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kuchenbecker
authors.affiliation: The Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: B W J
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Maxima Medisch Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Koks
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005186:Fallopian Tube Patency Tests / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010045:Outpatients; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: fallopian tubes; fertility; patency tests; transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy; tubal pathology