title: Validation of a calf-side β-hydroxybutyrate test and its utility for estimation of starter intake in dairy calves around weaning.
abstract: Recent research suggests that circulating β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels may be a meaningful indicator of grain intake and rumen development in pre-ruminant calves. As such, BHB levels may be a surrogate measure of rumen function to contribute to minimal weaning stress during the transition from liquid to solid feed. The primary objective of this study was to determine the optimal cut-point of circulating BHB levels that would be predictive of sufficient grain intake and rumen development for a successful transition from liquid to solid feed at the time of weaning. An additional objective was to validate the Precision Xtra (Abbott Diabetes Care, Abingdon, UK) calf-side test for determination of BHB in whole blood in calves around weaning, as compared with the gold standard laboratory method. A total of 20 Holstein female calves were randomly assigned at birth to be weaned at 6 wk (n=10) or 8 wk (n=10) of age. Milk replacer (mixed at 150 g/L) was offered at 1.2kg/calf per d in 2 meals until a 1-wk step down, when milk meals were reduced by 50% 1 wk before weaning. Daily measurements included the intakes of starter grain, chopped straw, and water. Weekly measurements included body weight and blood BHB, until 70 d of life. To assess digestive tract development, rumen fluid samples were taken before and after weaning (d 35, 49, and 63) and analyzed for ruminal short-chain fatty acids. Whole blood was collected by jugular venipuncture, and BHB was determined by the Precision Xtra test at calf-side. In addition, serum was separated from a clotted sample, frozen, and stored until laboratory analysis was performed. Laboratory BHB results were correlated with both the Precision Xtra test (r=0.95) and starter intake over 1 d (r=0.89), a 3-d average (r=0.90), and a 7-d average (r=0.90). Additionally, laboratory BHB results were associated with total ruminal volatile fatty acids (r=0.82), ruminal butyrate (r=0.77), and body weight (r=0.69). A receiver operating characteristic curve was created to plot the true positive rate against the false positive rate at 10μmol/L BHB intervals to determine the optimal cut-point of circulating BHB that is predictive of an average starter intake of 1,000 g/d over a 3-d period. The optimal combination of sensitivity (95.7%) and specificity (96.1%) was at 100µmol of BHB/L of blood. A value of 0.2 mmol/L on the Precision Xtra test yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 84.0 and 97.2%, respectively, over the 3-d average period of starter intake. These results show considerable promise for use of the Precision Xtra whole blood BHB test in the decision-making process of determining sufficient starter grain intake and rumen development for a successful transition from liquid to solid feed, and indicate that this test conducted at calf-side is highly accurate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Deelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5 Canada.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada. Electronic address: tdevries@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: DeVries
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D000367:Age Factors; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000254:growth & development; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: dairy calf; diagnostic test; weaning; β-hydroxybutyrate