title: Temporal Trends of Insecticide Concentrations in Carpet Dust in California from 2001 to 2006.
abstract: Active ingredients in residential and agricultural insecticides have changed over time, due in part to regulatory restrictions. Few studies have evaluated how changes in active ingredients have impacted insecticide levels measured in homes. We measured concentrations of insecticides in one carpet-dust sample from each of 434 homes in California from 2001 to 2006. Analytes included four insecticides sold for indoor home use during our study period (carbaryl, cypermethrin, permethrin, and propoxur) and four that are no longer sold for indoor use including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDT, removed from the market in 1972), chlordane (1988), chlorpyrifos (2001), and diazinon (2004). We considered other potential determinants of concentrations of insecticides in carpet dust, such as home and garden use, occupational exposure, and nearby agricultural applications. We calculated the percentage change in the concentration of each insecticide per year, adjusting for significant determinants. In adjusted models, concentrations of insecticides in carpet dust decreased for three of four insecticides no longer sold for residential use: chlordane (-15% per year), chlorpyrifos (-31%), diazinon (-48%), and propoxur (-34%), which is currently sold for residential use but with increased restrictions since 1997. Concentrations of other insecticides sold for indoor use (carbaryl, cypermethrin, and permethrin) and DDT did not change over time in our study population.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94704, United States.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gunier
authors.affiliation: Emeritus Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, United States.|JRN Environmental Health Sciences , North Bethesda, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nuckols
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94704, United States.
authors.forename: Todd P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Joanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Colt
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.|Yale School of Public Health , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Deziel
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94704, United States.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Metayer
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Institute of California , Berkeley, California 94538, United States.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004391:Dust; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D007306:Insecticides; D004390:Chlorpyrifos