title: In vitro effects of Pilocarpus microphyllus extracts and pilocarpine hydrochloride on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the activity of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) and pilocarpine hydrochloride, which were extracted and isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus (Jaborandi), respectively, on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to quantify these compounds. Larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted with different concentrations. Five AE and EE concentrations, ranging from 6.2 to 100.0 mg mL-1, and six concentrations of pilocarpine hydrochloride, ranging from 0.7 to 24.0 mg mL-1, were tested. The lethal concentration (LC50) of each extract for larvae and engorged females was calculated through Probit analysis. The concentration of pilocarpine hydrochloride obtained from the EE and the AE was 1.3 and 0.3% (m/m), respectively. Pilocarpine hydrochloride presented the highest acaricidal activity on larvae (LC50 2.6 mg mL-1) and engorged females (LC50 11.8 mg mL-1) of R.(B.) microplus, followed by the EE which presented LC50 of 56.4 and 15.9 mg mL-1, for larvae and engorged females, respectively. Such results indicate that pilocarpine hydrochloride has acaricidal activity, and may be the primary compound responsible for this activity by P. microphyllus EE.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Parnaíba PI , Brasil, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Parnaíba, PI, Brasil.
authors.forename: Karina Neoob de Carvalho
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Anidro do Brasil Extrações S.A., Parnaíba PI , Brasil, Anidro do Brasil Extrações S.A., Parnaíba, PI, Brasil.
authors.forename: David Fernandes
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Parnaíba PI , Brasil, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Parnaíba, PI, Brasil.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wolschick
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Piauí, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Parnaíba PI , Brasil, Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI, Parnaíba, PI, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ivanilza Moreira de
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Piauí, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Parnaíba PI , Brasil, Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI, Parnaíba, PI, Brasil.
authors.forename: Raimunda Cardoso Dos
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Parnaíba PI , Brasil, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Embrapa Meio-Norte, Parnaíba, PI, Brasil.
authors.forename: Francisco José de Seixas Dos
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Piauí, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Parnaíba PI , Brasil, Universidade Federal do Piauí - UFPI, Parnaíba, PI, Brasil.
authors.forename: Leiz Maria Costa
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Veras
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha MA , Brasil, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil.
authors.forename: Lívio Martins
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Costa-Júnior
mesh_terms: D056810:Acaricides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D010862:Pilocarpine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032103:Pilocarpus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048494:Rhipicephalus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D056810:Acaricides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010862:Pilocarpine