title: Biofilm Formation by Environmental Isolates of Salmonella and Their Sensitivity to Natural Antimicrobials.
abstract: The objective of this study was to determine reduction of Salmonella in biofilms by essential oils. Biofilm formation of 15 Salmonella isolates from conventional swine farm environment was evaluated by 96-well microtiter plate crystal violet and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays. Only one of the 15 isolates was a strong biofilm producer as classified by crystal violet assay. All Salmonella isolates formed biofilm on MBEC assay. The curli expression was robust among strains S322 and S435 (Salmonella Infantis), S644, S777, S931, S953, and S977 (Salmonella Typhimurium) as observed by Congo red dye binding assay. The cell hydrophobicity varied with strains and growth phase of the strain; however, there was no significant difference in hydrophobicity of these strains. Natural antimicrobials were evaluated with MBEC assay for their bactericidal efficacy in reducing Salmonella in biofilms. Cinnamaldehyde and sporran at 1000 ppm significantly reduced Salmonella in biofilms. The bactericidal effect of these antimicrobials increased with their concentrations. Salmonella were reduced by 6 log CFU from their initial populations of 7-7.5 log CFU/cm(2) when 2000 ppm concentration of these antimicrobials were used. Salmonella were undetectable when 3000 ppm of cinnamaldehyde or sporran was used. Natural antimicrobials such as cinnamaldehyde and sporran can be used to reduce Salmonella in biofilms.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Population Health and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Shivaramu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keelara
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Population Health and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Siddhartha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: 2 Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009657:North Carolina; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D000171:Acrolein; C012843:cinnamaldehyde