title: Eggshells as a source for occupational exposure to airborne bacteria in hatcheries.
abstract: Occupational exposure to high concentrations of airborne bacteria in poultry production is related to an increased risk of respiratory disorders. However, potential sources and formation of hatchery bioaerosols are rarely characterized. In this study, bacterial multiplication on fresh shell fragments from turkey hatching eggs under conditions present in a hatcher incubator was investigated. A 105-fold amplification was observed both by colony count and total cell count gaining 4 × 107cfu/cells per gram eggshell within 30 hr of incubation. Furthermore, the bacterial community present on eggshells was analyzed by generation of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and identification of eight isolates. RFLP analysis revealed no shift in community composition during incubation and Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus gallinarum were found as the predominant species on turkey eggshells, both have been classified as risk group 2 microorganisms (German TRBA 466). Since Enterococcus spp. were found as predominant species on turkey eggshells, contribution of this genus to bioaerosol formation was demonstrated. During different work activities with poult and eggshell handling concentrations of airborne enterococci up to 1.3 × 104cfu m-3were detected. In contrast, no enterococci were identified at a day without poult or eggshell processing. In conclusion, turkey hatching eggs carry a viable specific microflora from breeder flocks to hatcheries. After hatching of turkey poults, hatcher incubators and eggshell fragments provide appropriate conditions for excessive bacterial growth. Thus, high bacterial loads on eggshell fragments are a source of potential harmful bioaersols caused by air flows, poult activity, and handling of equipment.
authors.affiliation: a Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brauner
authors.affiliation: a Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klug
authors.affiliation: a Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jäckel
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000382:microbiology*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014422:Turkeys / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: 16S rRNA; RFLP; bacteria; bioaerosols; clone library; eggshell; hatchery; occupational health; respiratory disorder; turkey