title: Maternal dietary folate, folic acid and vitamin D intakes during pregnancy and lactation and the risk of cows' milk allergy in the offspring.
abstract: Maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation potentially influences the development of allergic diseases. Cows' milk allergy (CMA) is often the first manifestation of atopic diseases, but the impact of early nutritional influences on CMA has not been explored. The associations between maternal intakes of folate, folic acid and vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation were addressed in a prospective, population-based birth cohort within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. Mothers of 4921 children during pregnancy and 2940 children during lactation provided information on maternal dietary intake during the 8th month of pregnancy and the 3rd month of lactation using a detailed, validated FFQ. Information on diagnosed CMA in the offspring was obtained from a medical registry as well as queried from the parents. The Finnish food composition database was used to calculate nutrient intake. Logistic regression was applied for statistical analyses. Folate intake and folic acid and vitamin D supplement use were associated with an increased risk of CMA in the offspring, whereas vitamin D intake from foods during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of CMA. Thus, maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation may affect the development of CMA in offspring. Supplementation with folic acid may not be beneficial in terms of CMA development, especially in children of allergic mothers. The association between dietary supplement use and CMA risk can at least partly be explained by increased health-seeking behaviour among more educated mothers who also use more dietary supplements.
authors.affiliation: 1Children's Hospital,University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital,Helsinki, 00029 HUH,Finland.
authors.forename: Jetta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuokkola
authors.affiliation: 1Children's Hospital,University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital,Helsinki, 00029 HUH,Finland.
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luukkainen
authors.affiliation: 3Public Health Medicine,00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital,Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaila
authors.affiliation: 2Nutrition Unit,National Institute for Health and Welfare,00271 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna-Mari
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Takkinen
authors.affiliation: 2Nutrition Unit,National Institute for Health and Welfare,00271 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niinistö
authors.affiliation: 6Department of Paediatrics,90014 University of Oulu,Oulu,Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.affiliation: 7Research Department,Social Insurance Institution,20720 Turku,Finland.
authors.forename: Lauri J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Virta
authors.affiliation: 1Children's Hospital,University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital,Helsinki, 00029 HUH,Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.affiliation: 10Department of Pediatrics,20014 University of Turku,Turku,Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: 11Department of Clinical Microbiology,University of Eastern Finland,70211 Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ilonen
authors.affiliation: 2Nutrition Unit,National Institute for Health and Welfare,00271 Helsinki,Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016269:Milk Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: CMA cows’ milk allergy; Cows’ milk allergy; DIPP Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study; Lactation; Maternal diet; Nutrients; Pregnancy