title: Efficacy of Sensory Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Perceived Pain and Gait Patterns in Individuals With Experimental Knee Pain.
abstract: To examine the effect of experimental knee pain on perceived knee pain and gait patterns and to examine the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on perceived knee pain and pain-induced knee gait mechanics.
  
  
  
  Crossover trial.
  
  
  
  Biomechanics laboratory.
  
  
  
  Recreationally active, individuals without musculoskeletal pain aged 18 to 35 years (N=30).
  
  
  
  Thirty able-bodied individuals were assigned to either a TENS (n=15) or a placebo (n=15) group. All participants completed 3 experimental sessions in a counterbalanced order separated by 2 days: (1) hypertonic saline infusion (5% NaCl); (2) isotonic saline infusion (0.9% NaCl); and (3) control. Each group received sensory electrical stimulation or placebo treatment for 20 minutes, respectively.
  
  
  
  Perceived pain was collected every 2 minutes using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) for 50 minutes and analyzed using a mixed model analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Gait analyses were performed at baseline, infusion, and treatment. Sagittal and frontal knee angles and internal net joint torque across the entire stance were analyzed using a functional data analysis approach.
  
  
  
  Hypertonic saline infusion increased perceived pain (4/10cm on a VAS; P<.05) and altered right knee angle (more flexion and less abduction; P<.05) and internal net joint torque (less extension and greater abduction; P<.05) across various stance phases. TENS treatment reduced perceived pain and improved right sagittal gait abnormalities as compared with placebo treatment (P<.05).
  
  
  
  This pain model increases perceived pain and induces compensatory gait patterns in a way that indicates potential quadriceps weakness. However, TENS treatment effectively reduces perceived pain and restores pain-induced gait abnormalities in sagittal knee mechanics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Sciences, Human Performance Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. Electronic address: seongjunson@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Sturzebecker Health Sciences Center, West Chester University, West Chester, PA.
authors.forename: Hyunsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Sciences, Human Performance Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Seeley
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Sciences, Human Performance Research Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
authors.forename: J Ty
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hopkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D019415:Torque; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic
keywords: Cartilage; Osteoarthritis; Patellofemoral pain syndrome; Physical therapy modalities; Quadriceps muscle; Rehabilitation