title: No effect of 24 h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in overweight and obese males.
abstract: Long-term success of weight loss diets might depend on how the appetite regulatory system responds to energy restriction (ER). This study determined the effect of 24 h severe ER on subjective and hormonal appetite regulation, subsequent ad libitum energy intake and metabolism.
  
  
  
  In randomised order, eight overweight or obese males consumed a 24 h diet containing either 100% (12105 (1174 kJ; energy balance; EB) or 25% (3039 (295) kJ; ER) of estimated daily energy requirements (EER). An individualised standard breakfast containing 25% of EER (3216 (341) kJ) was consumed the following morning and resting energy expenditure, substrate utilisation and plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-17-36), glucose-dependant insulinotropic peptide (GIP1-42), glucose, insulin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were determined for 4 h after breakfast. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed in the laboratory on day 2 and via food records on day 3. Subjective appetite was assessed throughout.
  
  
  
  Energy intake was not different between trials for day 2 (EB: 14946 (1272) kJ; ER: 15251 (2114) kJ; P=0.623), day 3 (EB: 10580 (2457) kJ; 10812 (4357) kJ; P=0.832) or day 2 and 3 combined (P=0.693). Subjective appetite was increased during ER on day 1 (P<0.01), but was not different between trials on day 2 (P>0.381). Acylated ghrelin, GLP-17-36and insulin were not different between trials (P>0.104). Post-breakfast area under the curve (AUC) for NEFA (P<0.05) and GIP1-42(P<0.01) were greater during ER compared with EB. Fat oxidation was greater (P<0.01) and carbohydrate oxidation was lower (P<0.01) during ER, but energy expenditure was not different between trials (P=0.158).
  
  
  
  These results suggest that 24 h severe ER does not affect appetite regulation or energy intake in the subsequent 48 h. This style of dieting may be conducive to maintenance of a negative EB by limiting compensatory eating behaviour, and therefore may assist with weight loss.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Creese
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skidmore
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stensel
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000215:Acylation / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1