title: Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder and diabetes: a meta-analysis of prevalence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  adhesive capsulitis (AC) results in progressive painful restriction in range of movement and can reduce function and quality of life. Whilst it has been associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), there is considerable variation in the reported prevalence of AC in the diabetic population. The aim of this study is to determine through meta-analysis the prevalence of AC in DM and examine whether it is influenced by type of DM or insulin therapy. We also aim to further establish the prevalence of DM in patients presenting with AC.
  
  
  METHODS
  we conducted a literature search for terms regarding AC and DM on Embase and Pubmed NCBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  of 5411 articles identified, 18 were selected. Meta-analysis showed that patients with DM were 5 (95% CI 3.2-7.7) times more likely than controls to have AC. The overall prevalence of AC in DM was estimated at 13.4% (95% CI 10.2-17.2%). Comparison of prevalence in patients on insulin vs other treatments showed no significant difference between the two. Meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of DM in AC at 30% (95% CI 24-37%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  to our knowledge this is the first meta-analysis to estimate the overall prevalence of diabetes in a population with AC. A high prevalence of AC exists in DM and equally a high prevalence of DM is present in AC. Screening for DM should be considered in patients presenting with AC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK.
authors.forename: Nasri Hani
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Zreik
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar; Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Rayaz A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, UK; School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Charalambos P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Charalambous
keywords: diabetes; frozen shoulder; idiopathic adhesive capsulitis; prevalence