title: Seasonal and Diurnal Air Pollution from Residential Cooking and Space Heating in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau.
abstract: Residential combustion of solid fuel is a major source of air pollution. In regions where space heating and cooking occur at the same time and using the same stoves and fuels, evaluating air-pollution patterns for household-energy-use scenarios with and without heating is essential to energy intervention design and estimation of its population health impacts as well as the development of residential emission inventories and air-quality models. We measured continuous and 48 h integrated indoor PM2.5 concentrations over 221 and 203 household-days and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations on a subset of those days (in summer and winter, respectively) in 204 households in the eastern Tibetan Plateau that burned biomass in traditional stoves and open fires. Using continuous indoor PM2.5 concentrations, we estimated mean daily hours of combustion activity, which increased from 5.4 h per day (95% CI: 5.0, 5.8) in summer to 8.9 h per day (95% CI: 8.1, 9.7) in winter, and effective air-exchange rates, which decreased from 18 ± 9 h(-1) in summer to 15 ± 7 h(-1) in winter. Indoor geometric-mean 48 h PM2.5 concentrations were over two times higher in winter (252 μg/m(3); 95% CI: 215, 295) than in summer (101 μg/m(3); 95%: 91, 112), whereas outdoor PM2.5 levels had little seasonal variability.
authors.affiliation: Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States.
authors.forename: Ellison
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: National Center for Atmospheric Research , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Archer-Nicholls
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Hongjiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Secrest
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London W2 1PG, U.K.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezzati
authors.affiliation: National Center for Atmospheric Research , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wiedinmyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota , Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States.|Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montréal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D003296:Cooking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006361:Heating; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012621:Seasons; D018609:Tibet
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter