title: Toll-like receptor (TLR4) Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms in relation to clinical falciparum malaria among Nigerian children: a multisite cross-sectional immunogenetic study in Lagos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study determined the association of TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile with uncomplicated and severe malaria among Nigerian children of similar ethnic background in Lagos. The association of these SNPs with high parasite density, malnutrition, hyperpyrexia and anaemia was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA of the study participants was screened for the genotypes of TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile by PCR-RFLP. Anthropometric measurement was performed on the Pf infected children stratified into asymptomatic malaria (control), uncomplicated and severe malaria (case). Parasites were detected by light microscopy and Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) of SNP genotypes was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 279 children comprising 182 children (62.1 % male; mean ± SEM age, 57.3 ± 1.7 months) with clinical falciparum malaria and 97 children (55.7 % male; mean ± SEM age, 55.6 ± 2.5 years) with asymptomatic falciparum malaria were enrolled. All the genotypes of both TLR4 SNPs were found in the study population with their minor alleles: 299Gly and 399Ile, found to be 17.6 % and 14.7 % in severe malaria children. Unlike in asymptomatic population, the genotype distribution of TLR4 Asp299Gly SNP was not in HWE in the clinical malaria group but did not condition susceptibility. However, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms were found to increase the risk of severe malaria 3-fold and 8-fold respectively (P < 0.05). They also increased the risk of severe anaemia, high parasite density and severe malnutrition 3.8 -5.3-fold, 3.3 - 4.4-fold and 4-fold respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the above findings, we conclude that TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile polymorphisms may modulate susceptibility to severe malaria among Nigerian children of Yoruba ethnic background.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba. PMB. 2013, Lagos, Nigeria ; Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Bamidele Abiodun
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Iwalokun
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Afolabi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oluwadun
authors.affiliation: Iru Primary Health Centre, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Senapon Olusola
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Iwalokun
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba. PMB. 2013, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agomo