title: How dietary evidence for the prevention and treatment of CVD is translated into practice in those with or at high risk of CVD: a systematic review.
abstract: CVD is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and nutrition is an important lifestyle factor. The aim of the present systematic review was to synthesise the literature relating to knowledge translation (KT) of dietary evidence for the prevention and treatment of CVD into practice in populations with or at high risk of CVD.
  
  
  
  A systematic search of six electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus) was performed. Studies were included if a nutrition or dietary KT was demonstrated to occur with a relevant separate measureable outcome. Quality was assessed using a tool adapted from two quality checklists.
  
  
  
  Population with or at high risk of CVD or clinicians likely to treat this population.
  
  
  
  A total of 4420 titles and abstracts were screened for inclusion, with 354 full texts retrieved to assess inclusion. Forty-three articles were included in the review, relating to thirty-five separate studies. No studies specifically stated their aim to be KT. Thirty-one studies were in patient or high-risk populations and four targeted health professionals. Few studies stated a theory on which the intervention was based (n 10) and provision of instruction was the most common behaviour change strategy used (n 26).
  
  
  
  KT in nutrition and dietary studies has been inferred, not stated, with few details provided regarding how dietary knowledge is translated to the end user. This presents challenges for implementation by clinicians and policy and decision makers. Consequently a need exists to improve the quality of publications in this area.
authors.affiliation: 1Faculty of Health and Medicine,University of Newcastle,Callaghan,NSW 2308,Australia.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.affiliation: 1Faculty of Health and Medicine,University of Newcastle,Callaghan,NSW 2308,Australia.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Burrows
authors.affiliation: 3Charles Perkins Centre,University of Sydney,Camperdown,NSW,Australia.
authors.forename: Lis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neubeck
authors.affiliation: 4George Institute for Global Health,Sydney,NSW,Australia.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Redfern
authors.affiliation: 1Faculty of Health and Medicine,University of Newcastle,Callaghan,NSW 2308,Australia.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Callister
authors.affiliation: 1Faculty of Health and Medicine,University of Newcastle,Callaghan,NSW 2308,Australia.
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Behaviour change; CVD; Diet; Knowledge translation; Nutrition; Prevention