title: Chinese Eye Exercises and Myopia Development in School Age Children: A Nested Case-control Study.
abstract: Chinese eye exercises have been implemented in China as an intervention for controlling children's myopia for over 50 years. This nested case-control study investigated Chinese eye exercises and their association with myopia development in junior middle school children. Outcome measures were the onset and progression of myopia over a two-year period. Cases were defined as 1. Myopia onset (cycloplegic spherical equivalent ≤ -0.5 diopter in non-myopic children). 2. Myopia progression (myopia shift of ≥1.0 diopter in those who were myopic at baseline). Two independent investigators assessed the quality of Chinese eye exercises performance at the end of the follow-up period. Of 260 children at baseline (mean age was 12.7 ± 0.5 years), 201 were eligible for this study. There was no association between eye exercises and the risk of myopia-onset (OR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.24-2.21), nor myopia progression (OR = 0.79, 95%CI: 0.41-1.53). The group who performed high quality exercises had a slightly lower myopia progression of 0.15 D than the children who did not perform the exercise over a period of 2 years. However, the limited sample size, low dosage and performance quality of Chinese eye exercises in children did not result in statistical significance and require further studies.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Tian
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Anran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ran
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yunyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Anyang Eye Hospital, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: Luo-Ru
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Anyang Eye Hospital, Henan Province, China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Millodot
authors.affiliation: Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ningli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional / Q000379:methods; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009799:Ocular Physiological Phenomena; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012307:Risk Factors