title: The Site of Spontaneous Ectopic Spike Initiation Facilitates Signal Integration in a Sensory Neuron.
abstract: Essential to understanding the process of neuronal signal integration is the knowledge of where within a neuron action potentials (APs) are generated. Recent studies support the idea that the precise location where APs are initiated and the properties of spike initiation zones define the cell's information processing capabilities. Notably, the location of spike initiation can be modified homeostatically within neurons to adjust neuronal activity. Here we show that this potential mechanism for neuronal plasticity can also be exploited in a rapid and dynamic fashion. We tested whether dislocation of the spike initiation zone affects signal integration by studying ectopic spike initiation in the anterior gastric receptor neuron (AGR) of the stomatogastric nervous system of Cancer borealis Like many other vertebrate and invertebrate neurons, AGR can generate ectopic APs in regions distinct from the axon initial segment. Using voltage-sensitive dyes and electrophysiology, we determined that AGR's ectopic spike activity was consistently initiated in the neuropil region of the stomatogastric ganglion motor circuits. At least one neurite branched off the AGR axon in this area; and indeed, we found that AGR's ectopic spike activity was influenced by local motor neurons. This sensorimotor interaction was state-dependent in that focal axon modulation with the biogenic amine octopamine, abolished signal integration at the primary spike initiation zone by dislocating spike initiation to a distant region of the axon. We demonstrate that the site of ectopic spike initiation is important for signal integration and that axonal neuromodulation allows for a dynamic adjustment of signal integration.
  
  
  
  Although it is known that action potentials are initiated at specific sites in the axon, it remains to be determined how the precise location of action potential initiation affects neuronal activity and signal integration. We addressed this issue by studying ectopic spiking in the axon of a single-cell sensory neuron in the stomatogastric nervous system. Action potentials were consistently initiated at a specific region of the axon trunk, near a motor neuropil. Spike frequency was regulated by motor neuron activity, but only if spike initiation occurred at this location. Neuromodulation of the axon dislocated the site of initiation, resulting in abolishment of signal integration from motor neurons. Thus, neuromodulation allows for a dynamic adjustment of axonal signal integration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurobiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany, and School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1761-6296
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Städele
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790 wstein@neurobiologie.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8876-7537
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D003386:Brachyura; D017952:Ganglia, Invertebrate / Q000166:cytology; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging
keywords: axon physiology; ectopic spike initiation; octopamine; optical imaging; signal integration; stomatogastric