title: Tumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Facing the Challenges.
abstract: Tumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), such as that found in second primary tumors after curative treatment, synchronous multifocal tumors of different clonality, or intratumor heterogeneity, poses severe challenges for the development and administration of systemic molecular targeted therapies. Various methodologies, including historical DNA ploidy analysis, integrated hepatitis B virus DNA analysis, DNA fingerprinting, and next-generation sequencing technologies, are used to explore tumor heterogeneity in HCC. It is estimated that 30%-60% of recurrent or metastatic tumors harbor clones different from the primary tumor, 22%-79% of synchronous tumors vary clonally, and 12%-66% of single tumors contain intratumor heterogeneity. Substantial intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity renders biomarker identification, which is critical for the development and administration of molecular targeted therapy, challenging when applied to a single tumor biopsy specimen. The use of circulating tumor cells or circulating tumor DNA to evaluate overall tumor heterogeneity may help resolve this problem. This article reviews previous studies of tumor heterogeneity and discusses the implications and future opportunities regarding tumor heterogeneity in HCC.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC); Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC).
authors.forename: Li-Chun
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC); Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC).
authors.forename: Chih-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC); Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC).
authors.forename: Chiun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC); Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC); Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC).
authors.forename: Ann-Lii
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cheng
keywords: Circulating tumor DNA; Circulating tumor cell; Clonality; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Tumor heterogeneity