title: Effect of adjuvant sleep hygiene psychoeducation and lorazepam on depression and sleep quality in patients with major depressive disorders: results from a randomized three-arm intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disturbances are a common co-occurring disturbance in patients with major depressive disorders (MDDs) and accordingly deserve particular attention. Using a randomized design, we investigated the effects of three different adjuvant interventions on sleep and depression among patients with MDD: a sleep hygiene program (SHP), lorazepam (LOR), and their combination (SHP-LOR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 outpatients with diagnosed MDD (mean age: 48.25 years; 56.7% females) and treated with a standard SSRI (citalopram at 20-40 mg at therapeutic level) were randomly assigned to one of the following three conditions: SHP (n=40), LOR (1 mg/d; n=40), SHP-LOR (1 mg/d; n=40). At the beginning and at the end of the study 8 weeks later, patients completed two questionnaires, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep and the Beck Depression Inventory to assess symptoms of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep disturbances decreased over time and in all groups. No group differences or interactions were observed. Symptoms of depression decreased over time and in all three groups. Reduction in symptoms of depression was greatest in the SHP-LOR group and lowest in the LOR group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of results suggests that all three adjuvant treatments improved symptoms of sleep disturbances and depression, with greater benefits for the SHP-LOR for symptoms of depression, but not for sleep. Nevertheless, risks and benefits of benzodiazepine prescriptions should be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuses Research Center, Hamadan University of Medial Sciences, Hamadan.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuses Research Center, Hamadan University of Medial Sciences, Hamadan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmadpanah
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuses Research Center, Hamadan University of Medial Sciences, Hamadan.
authors.forename: Farshid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shamsaei
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Chronic Disease Care at Home, Hamadan University of Medial Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cheraghi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS).
authors.forename: Dena
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sadeghi Bahmani
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS).
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holsboer-Trachsler
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS); Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brand
keywords: depression; lorazepam; pharmacotherapy; psychoeducation; sleep disturbances; sleep hygiene