title: Differences in cytocompatibility, dynamics of the oxide layers' formation, and nickel release between superelastic and thermo-activated nickel-titanium archwires.
abstract: Superelastic (SE) and thermo-activated (TA) nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires are used in everyday orthodontic practice, based on their acceptable biocompatibility and well-defined shape memory properties. However, the differences in their surface microstructure and cytotoxicity have not been clearly defined, and the standard cytotoxicity tests are too robust to detect small differences in the cytotoxicity of these alloys, all of which can lead to unexpected adverse reactions in some patients. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the differences in manufacture and microstructure of commercially available SE and TA archwires may influence their biocompatibility. The archwires were studied as-received and after conditioning for 24 h or 35 days in a cell culture medium under static conditions. All of the tested archwires, including their conditioned medium (CM), were non-cytotoxic for L929 cells, but Rematitan SE (both as received and conditioned) induced the apoptosis of rat thymocytes in a direct contact. In contrast, TruFlex SE and Equire TA increased the proliferation of thymocytes. The cytotoxic effect of Rematitan SE correlated with the higher release of Ni ions in CM, higher concentration of surface Ni and an increased oxygen layer thickness after the conditioning. In conclusion, the apoptosis assay on rat thymocytes, in contrast to the less sensitive standard assay on L929 cells, revealed that Rematitan SE was less cytocompatible compared to other archwires and the effect was most probably associated with a higher exposition of the cells to Ni on the surface of the archwire, due to the formation of unstable oxide layer.
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, Institute for Medical Research, University of Defense in Belgrade, Crnotravska 17, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia. mjcolic@eunet.rs.
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Čolić
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, Institute for Medical Research, University of Defense in Belgrade, Crnotravska 17, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
authors.forename: Sergej
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-1295
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomić
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Rebeka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rudolf
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Evgenija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marković
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Šćepan
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003470:Culture Media; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004548:Elasticity; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000379:methods*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D060168:Thymocytes / Q000166:cytology; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003470:Culture Media; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D010087:Oxides; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium