title: In vivo and in vitro effects of the herbicide Roundup(®) on developmental stages of the trematode Echinostoma paraensei.
abstract: The exposure of wildlife and humans to toxic residues of Roundup(®) through agricultural practices or the food chain has been reported since the herbicide was found contaminating rivers. Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine acid, is a nonselective post-emergent herbicide and is formulated as an isopropylamine salt with the surfactant taloamine polyethoxylate (POEA) representing the commercial formulation of Roundup(®). There is little knowledge about the effects of the herbicide on helminth parasites, particularly those whose life cycle is related to water bodies. Here we investigated the effects of the Roundup(®) on the food-borne trematode Echinostoma paraensei in experimental conditions using different developmental stages (eggs, miracidia, cercariae, metacercariae, newly excysted larvae (NEL), helminths at seven days and helminths at fourteen days). Three different herbicide concentrations were tested based on concentrations typically applied in the field: 225, 450 and 900 mg/L. Specimens were analyzed in vitro for hatching miracidia, mortality and excystment rate of metacercariae and in vivo for parasitic load and egg production. There was a significant difference in the hatching miracidia rate only for the newly embryonated eggs. The mortality of specimens and excystment rate of metacercariae were concentration-dependent. There was a significant difference in the miracidia mortality with respect to concentration until 56.3 mg/L. The same effect was observed for cercariae, and mortality was observed from 15 min onwards at concentrations of 225-900 mg/L. At low concentrations, mortality was detected after 30 min. The effects of the herbicide concentration on NEL and on helminths at seven and fourteen days showed a significant difference after 24 h. There was no significant difference in parasitic load and egg production after infection of rodents with exposed metacercariae. All developmental stages of the trematode E. paraensei were affected by Roundup(®) exposure under experimental conditions. These results suggest that dynamics of transmission of the trematode could be affected in the natural environments. The study also reinforces the usefulness of this trematode as a good model organism to test pesticides regarding human and environmental health.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tainá C de C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Monte
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juberlan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício Carvalho
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Vasconcellos
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Brunna V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: maldonad@ioc.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Arnaldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maldonado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001700:Biomphalaria; D006224:Cricetinae; D004449:Echinostoma / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D004451:Echinostomiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects*; D008647:Mesocricetus; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D059208:Parasite Load; D016205:Sigmodontinae; D013997:Time Factors; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Developmental stages; Experimental assays; Herbicide; Mortality; Trematode