title: Evaluation of different methods to detect microbial hygiene indicators relevant in the dairy industry.
abstract: It is estimated that 19% of the total food loss from retail, food service, and households comes from dairy products. A portion of this loss may be attributed to premature spoilage of products due to lapses in sanitation and postpasteurization contamination at the processing level. Bacterial groups including coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and total gram-negative organisms represent indicators of poor sanitation or postpasteurization contamination in dairy products worldwide. Although Petrifilms (3M, St. Paul, MN) and traditional selective media are commonly used for the testing of these indicator organism groups throughout the US dairy industry, new rapid methods are also being developed. This project was designed to evaluate the ability of different methods to detect coliforms, EB, and other gram-negative organisms isolated from various dairy products and dairy processing environments. Using the Food Microbe Tracker database, a collection of 211 coliform, EB, and gram-negative bacterial isolates representing 25 genera associated with dairy products was assembled for this study. We tested the selected isolates in pure culture (at levels of approximately 15 to 300 cells/test) to evaluate the ability of 3M Coliform Petrifilm to detect coliforms, 3M Enterobacteriaceae Petrifilm, violet red bile glucose agar, and an alternative flow cytometry-based method (bioMérieux D-Count, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) to detect EB, and crystal violet tetrazolium agar to detect total gram-negative organisms. Of the 211 gram-negative isolates tested, 82% (174/211) had characteristic growth on crystal violet tetrazolium agar. Within this set of 211 gram-negative organisms, 175 isolates representing 19 EB genera were screened for detection using EB selective/differential testing methods. We observed positive results for 96% (168/175), 90% (158/175), and 86% (151/175) of EB isolates when tested on EB Petrifilm, violet red bile glucose agar, and D-Count, respectively; optimization of the cut-off thresholds for the D-Count may further improve its sensitivity and specificity, but will require additional data and may vary in food matrices. Additionally, 74% (129/175) of the EB isolates tested positive as coliforms. The data obtained from this study identify differences in detection between 5 microbial hygiene indicator tests and highlight the benefits of EB and total gram-negative testing methods.
authors.affiliation: Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hervert
authors.affiliation: Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Alles
authors.affiliation: Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Boor
authors.affiliation: Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Electronic address: mw16@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wiedmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003612:Dairying; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006920:Hygiene; D010063:Ovum
keywords: Enterobacteriaceae; coliform; gram-negative; indicator organism