title: Assessing supply-side barriers to uptake of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy: a qualitative study and document and record review in two regions of Uganda.
abstract: Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), provided as part of routine antenatal care (ANC), is one of three malaria-in-pregnancy prevention and control mechanisms recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, despite high ANC attendance and increased efforts to address known obstacles, IPTp uptake figures have remained low. This study aimed to identify and assess barriers that continue to impede IPTp uptake in Uganda, in particular for women who attend ANC. The paper focuses on supply-side barriers, i.e., challenges relating to the health service provider.
  
  
  
  In-depth interviews were conducted in two regions of Uganda in November 2013 and April/May 2014 with four different target audiences: seven district health officials, 15 health workers, 19 women who had attended ANC, and five opinion leaders. In addition, a document and record review was carried out at four health facilities.
  
  
  
  Guidelines with regard to IPTp provision in Uganda have been shown to be inconsistent and, at the time of the research, did not reflect the most recent WHO policy recommendation. There is a lack of training and supervision opportunities for health workers, resulting in poor knowledge of IPTp guidelines and uncertainty about the safety and efficacy of SP. ANC is not consistently offered in health facilities, leading to some women being denied services. While strengthening of the supply chain appears to have reduced the occurrence of stock-outs of SP in public facilities, stock-outs reportedly continue to occur in the private sector. There are also sources of data inaccuracy along the data recording and reporting chain, limiting policy makers' ability to react adequately to trends and challenges.
  
  
  
  Given the high ANC attendance rates in Uganda, supply-side barriers are likely to account for many missed opportunities for the provision of IPTp in Uganda. Improvements will require consistent provision of ANC, implementation of current WHO IPTp policy recommendations, supply of SP to the private sector, availability of clear guidelines, as well as improved training and supervision for health workers. Improving facility and district-level recording and reporting will further strengthen the country's ability to address uptake of IPTp.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, UK. c.rassi@malariaconsortium.org.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0402-2410
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rassi
authors.affiliation: Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kirstie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Malaria Consortium Uganda and PAMU Consults (U) Ltd, Plot 577, Block 15, Nsambya Road, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Patrobas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mufubenga
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Malaria Consortium Uganda, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Joslyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Malaria Consortium Uganda, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Sam Siduda
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gudoi
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D011739:Pyrimethamine
keywords: ANC; Antenatal care; COMDIS-HSD; IPTp; Malaria Consortium; Malaria in pregnancy; Prevention