title: High pulse pressure is related to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese middle-aged females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To examine the association of risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with high pulse pressure (PP) by sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective cohort study of 12,272 eligible participants (4664 males and 7608 females) without diabetes at baseline. Participants were classified as having normal PP (20-60mmHg) and high PP (>60mmHg) at baseline. The analysis was further stratified by sex, quartiles of age and high PP categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 6years of follow-up, T2DM developed in 775 participants and the incidence was 10.57/1000person-years. With PP 70 to 76mmHg, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) for incident T2DM in females was 1.722 (1.093-2.714) after adjustment for baseline age, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity level and family history of T2DM, and 1.634 (1.037-2.575) after adjustment for the above factors and body mass index, waist circumference, blood lipid levels and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) category. After stratification by quartiles of age, for females aged 52 to 59, the multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CI) for high PP as compared to normal PP were 2.263 (1.517-3.377) and 2.140 (1.426-3.210) in different models. During follow-up, levels of FPG, fasting plasma insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were higher in females with higher than normal PP group, but β-cell function was impaired in the high PP group (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High PP may be related to incident T2DM among female in China, especially women 52 to 59years old.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; The affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China.
authors.forename: Bingyuan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chongjian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yongcheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiangyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chengyi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China.
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, China. Electronic address: lxp2005@szu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xinping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. Electronic address: dongsheng-hu@zzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dongsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Cohort; Female; Pulse pressure; Type 2 diabetes mellitus