title: Maternal risk exposure during pregnancy and infant birth weight.
abstract: Birth weight is an important determinant of an infant's immediate and future health.
  
  
  
  This study examined associations between selected maternal psychosocial and environmental risk factors during pregnancy and subsequent infant birth weight, utilising data from the South African Birth to Twenty Plus (Bt20+) birth cohort study.
  
  
  
  Exposure to nine maternal risks were assessed in 1228 women who completed an antenatal questionnaire and whose infants were delivered within a seven-week period.
  
  
  
  The outcome of interest was infant birth weight. Birth weight z-scores (BWZ) were calculated using the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. Bivariate analyses and multiple regression models were used to identify significant risk factors.
  
  
  
  The mean infant birth weight was 3139g (SD 486g), with a significant advantage in mean birth weight for male infants of 73g (p=0.008). Being unsure or not wanting the pregnancy was associated with a ~156g reduction in infant birth weight (β=-0.32; 95% CI -0.51; -0.14). Tobacco use during pregnancy was also negatively associated with BWZ (β=-0.32; 95% CI -0.59; -0.05). Exposure to both significant risk factors (tobacco use and pregnancy wantedness) was associated with cumulative reductions in birth weight, particularly among boys.
  
  
  
  This study reinforces the importance of risks related to maternal attitudes and behaviours during pregnancy, namely unwanted pregnancy and tobacco use, which significantly lowered birth weight. Both identified risks are amenable to public health policy and programme intervention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: Wiedaad.Slemming@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: Wiedaad
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Slemming
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand; Centre for Statistical Analysis and Research (CESAR), Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: braimoh.bello@cesar-africa.com.
authors.forename: Braimoh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: Haroon.Saloojee@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: Haroon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saloojee
authors.affiliation: MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways to Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Electronic address: Linda.Richter@wits.ac.za.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000068097:Maternal Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013019:South Africa
keywords: Birth weight; Infant; Maternal; Pregnancy; Risk