title: Hyper-resting brain entropy within chronic smokers and its moderation by Sex.
abstract: Cigarette smoking is a chronic relapsing brain disorder, and remains a premier cause of morbidity and mortality. Functional neuroimaging has been used to assess differences in the mean strength of brain activity in smokers' brains, however less is known about the temporal dynamics within smokers' brains. Temporal dynamics is a key feature of a dynamic system such as the brain, and may carry information critical to understanding the brain mechanisms underlying cigarette smoking. We measured the temporal dynamics of brain activity using brain entropy (BEN) mapping and compared BEN between chronic non-deprived smokers and non-smoking controls. Because of the known sex differences in neural and behavioral smoking characteristics, comparisons were also made between males and females. Associations between BEN and smoking related clinical measures were assessed in smokers. Our data showed globally higher BEN in chronic smokers compared to controls. The escalated BEN was associated with more years of smoking in the right limbic area and frontal region. Female nonsmokers showed higher BEN than male nonsmokers in prefrontal cortex, insula, and precuneus, but the BEN sex difference in smokers was less pronounced. These findings suggest that BEN mapping may provide a useful tool for probing brain mechanisms related to smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Zhengjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.|Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of International Business, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.|The Brain and Mind Institute, Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hager
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of International Business, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.|Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Hengyi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institutes of Neurological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Wenzhou RD 126, Building 7, CCBD MR, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310005, China.|Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Wenzhou RD 126, Building 7, CCBD MR, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310005, China.|Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.|Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D065726:Limbic Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D000074285:Smokers; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult