title: Scrambler Therapy(®) MC-5A for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Case Reports.
abstract: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disorder that is often challenging to treat and can be associated with a prolonged course of severe pain. Therapy of CRPS remains controversial; the pain often can be very difficult to control, and treatment includes medications, physical therapy, regional anesthesia, and neuromodulation.
  
  
  
  We evaluated Scrambler Therapy(®) (ST) in terms of efficacy, safety, and durability of treatment effect in patients suffering from CRPS.
  
  
  
  We report the response to ST in four patients with CRPS referred to the Pain Center of Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital. The patients previously did not respond to conventional and nonconventional medical treatments.
  
  
  
  The treatment with ST was found effective in all four of our patients; they obtained pain relief for long periods and an improvement in their quality of life. We observed a progressive improvement with complete disappearance of neuropathic pain. Patients also reported a muscle strength increase that allowed them to resume normal daily activities.
  
  
  
  We conclude that ST may offer a therapeutic opportunity for patients with neuropathic pain resulting from CRPS, without side effects and with minimal discomfort during treatment. The observed pain relief indicates that ST could be an effective option for such patients.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Raucci
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Pain Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomasello
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Pain Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marri
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Pain Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salzano
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Pain Center, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conicella
mesh_terms: D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: Scrambler Therapy; chronic pain; complex regional pain syndrome; electrical pain stimulation; neuromodulation; neuropathic pain; nonconventional therapy; quality of life