title: An exploratory pilot study of mechanisms of action within normative feedback for adult drinkers.
abstract: Background. Normative feedback (NF), or receiving information about one's drinking compared to peer drinking norms, is one of the most widely used brief interventions for prevention and intervention for hazardous alcohol use. NF has demonstrated predominantly small but significant effect sizes for intention to change and other drinking related outcomes. Identifying mechanisms of action may improve the effectiveness of NF; however, few studies have examined NF's mechanisms of action, particularly among adults. Objective. This study is an exploratory analysis of two theorized mechanisms of NF: discrepancy (specifically personal dissonance-the affective response to feedback) and belief in the accuracy of feedback. Method. Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk, 87 men (n = 56) and women (n = 31) completed an online survey during which they were asked about their perceptions about their drinking and actual drinking behaviors. Then participants were provided tailored NF and evaluated for their reactions. Severity of discrepancy was measured by the difference between one's estimated percentile ranking of drinking compared to peers and actual percentile ranking. Surprise and worry reported due to the discrepancy were proxies for personal dissonance. Participants were also asked if they believed the feedback and if they had any plans to change their drinking. Mediation analyses were implemented, exploring whether surprise, worry, or belief in the accuracy of feedback mediated severity of discrepancy's impact on plan for change. Results. Among this sample of adult drinkers, severity of discrepancy did not predict plan for change, and personal dissonance did not mediate severity of discrepancy. Severity of discrepancy was mediated by belief in the accuracy of feedback. In addition, viewing one's drinking as a problem prior to feedback and post-NF worry both predicted plan for change independently. Conclusions. Results revealed that NF may not work to create personal dissonance through discrepancy, but belief in the accuracy of feedback may be important. It appears the more one believes the feedback, the more one makes a plan for change, suggesting practitioners should be mindful of how information within feedback is presented. Findings also indicate NF may work by validating a preexisting perception that drinking is a problem instead of creating concern related to discrepancy where none existed. Limitations regarding generalizability are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Silberman School of Social Work, City University of New York, Hunter College , New York , NY , United States.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuerbis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health , Great Neck , NY , United States.
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Muench
authors.affiliation: Silberman School of Social Work, City University of New York, Hunter College , New York , NY , United States.
authors.forename: Rufina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Silberman School of Social Work, City University of New York, Hunter College , New York , NY , United States.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Metropolitan Campus , Teaneck , NJ , United States.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hail
keywords: Alcohol; Decision dilemma theory; Discrepancy; Mediation; Normative feedback