title: Review of esophageal injuries and stenosis: Lessons learn and current concepts of management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the patients with esophageal injuries and stenosis with respect to their etiology, clinical course, management, and the lessons learnt from these.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective descriptive observation review of children with esophageal injuries and stenosis admitted between January 2009 and April 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen children with esophageal injuries of varied etiology were managed and included, seven with corrosive injury, five with perforation due to various causes, three with mucosal erosion, two with trachea esophageal fistula (TEF), and one wall erosion. The five children who had perforation were due to poststricture dilatation in a child with esophageal atresia and secondary to foreign body impaction or its attempted retrieval in four. Alkaline button cell had caused TEF in two. Three congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) had presented with dysphagia and respiratory tract infection. Six corrosive stricture and two CES responded to dilatation alone and one each of them required surgery. Four of the children with esophageal perforation were detected early and required drainage procedure (1), diversion (1), and medical management (2). Pseudo diverticulum was managed expectantly. Among TEF, one had spontaneous closure and other one was lost to follow-up. All the remaining nineteen children have recovered well except one CES had mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Esophageal injuries though rare can be potentially devastating and life-threatening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Raghu Sampalli
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ramareddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alladi
keywords: Corrosive injury; esophagus; foreign body