title: Occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis during immunosuppressive treatment: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunosuppressive therapy has been-until the recent release of new guidelines on diagnosis and management-the recommended treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, its efficacy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has always been a matter of debate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in a white man receiving chronic immunosuppressive treatment following a heart transplant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case report suggests that the immune mechanisms targeted by azathioprine and cyclosporine do not play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Rare Lung Diseases, University Hospital Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71-41124, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cerri
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Mailpoint 813, LE75 E Level, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK.|University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgalla
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Mailpoint 813, LE75 E Level, South Academic Block, Southampton, UK.|University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richeldi
authors.affiliation: Center for Rare Lung Diseases, University Hospital Policlinico di Modena, Via del Pozzo, 71-41124, Modena, Italy. fabrizio.luppi@unimore.it.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luppi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D001379:Azathioprine
keywords: Heart transplantation; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; Immunosuppressant; Steroids; Treatment