title: Hierarchical bioceramic scaffolds with 3D-plotted macropores and mussel-inspired surface nanolayers for stimulating osteogenesis.
abstract: The hierarchical structure of biomaterials plays an important role in the process of tissue reconstruction and regeneration. 3D-plotted scaffolds have been widely used for bone tissue engineering due to their controlled macropore structure and mechanical properties. However, the lack of micro- or nano-structures on the strut surface of 3D-plotted scaffolds, especially for bioceramic scaffolds, limits their biological activity. Inspired by the adhesive versatility of mussels and the active ion-chelating capacity of polydopamine, we set out to prepare a hierarchical bioceramic scaffold with controlled macropores and mussel-inspired surface nanolayers by combining the 3D-plotting technique with the polydopamine/apatite hybrid strategy in order to synergistically accelerate the osteogenesis and angiogenesis. β-Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds were firstly 3D-plotted and then treated in dopamine-Tris/HCl and dopamine-SBF solutions to obtain TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds, respectively. It was found that polydopamine/apatite hybrid nanolayers were formed on the surface of both TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds induced apatite mineralization for the second time during the cell culture. As compared to TCP scaffolds, both TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds significantly promoted the osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as well as the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the TCP-DOPA-SBF group presented the highest in vitro osteogenic/angiogenic activity among the three groups. Furthermore, both TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds significantly improved the formation of new bone in vivo as compared to TCP scaffolds without a nanostructured surface. Our results suggest that the utilization of a mussel-inspired Ca, P-chelated polydopamine nanolayer on 3D-plotted bioceramic scaffolds is a viable and effective strategy to construct a hierarchical structure for synergistically accelerating osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China. chengtiewu@mail.sic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Mengchi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China. chengtiewu@mail.sic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Lunguo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China. chengtiewu@mail.sic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China. chengtiewu@mail.sic.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Chengtie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D049872:Bivalvia; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures; D010012:Osteogenesis; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials