title: Fine Particulate Matter, Residential Proximity to Major Roads, and Markers of Small Vessel Disease in a Memory Study Population.
abstract: Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with impaired cognitive function and vascular disease in older adults, but little is known about these associations among people with concerns about memory loss.
  
  
  
  To examine associations between exposures to fine particulate matter and residential proximity to major roads and markers of small vessel disease.
  
  
  
  From 2004-2010, 236 participants in the Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Longitudinal Cohort participated in neuroimaging studies. Residential proximity to major roads and estimated 2003 residential annual average of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) were linked to measures of brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and cerebral microbleeds. Associations were modeled using linear and logistic regression and adjusted for clinical and lifestyle factors.
  
  
  
  In this population (median age [interquartile range] = 74 [12], 57% female) living in a region with median 2003 PM2.5 annual average below the current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard, there were no associations between living closer to a major roadway or for a 2μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 and smaller BPF, greater WMH volume, or a higher odds of microbleeds. However, a 2μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 was associated with -0.19 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.37, -0.005) lower natural log-transformed WMH volume. Other associations had wide confidence intervals.
  
  
  
  In this population, where median 2003 estimated PM2.5 levels were below the current EPA standard, we observed no pattern of association between residential proximity to major roads or 2003 average PM2.5 and greater burden of small vessel disease or neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Elissa H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wilker
authors.affiliation: Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martinez-Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Itai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kloog
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mostofsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koutrakis
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Murray A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mittleman
authors.affiliation: Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants; D000397:Air Pollution; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D062306:Geography, Medical; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D016017:Odds Ratio; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Air pollution; microbleeds; small vessel disease; white matter hyperintensities