title: Searching for strategies to reduce the mechanical demands of the sit-to-stand task with a muscle-actuated optimal control model.
abstract: The sit-to-stand task, which involves rising unassisted from sitting on a chair to standing, is important in daily life. Many people with muscle weakness, reduced range of motion or loading-related pain in a particular joint have difficulty performing the task. How should a person suffering from such impairment best perform the sit-to-stand task and, in the case of pain in a particular joint, with reduced loading of that joint?
  
  
  
  We developed a musculoskeletal model with reference parameter values based on properties of healthy strong subjects. The model's muscle stimulation-time input was optimized using direct collocation to find strategies that yielded successful sit-to-stand task performance with minimum 'control effort' for the reference set and modified sets of parameter values, and with constraints on tibiofemoral compression force.
  
  
  
  The sit-to-stand task could be performed successfully and realistically by the reference model, by a model with isometric knee extensor forces reduced to 40% of reference, by a model with isometric forces of all muscles reduced to 45% of reference, and by the reference model with the tibiofemoral compression force constrained during optimization to 65% of the peak value in the reference condition.
  
  
  
  The strategies found by the model in conditions other than reference could be interpreted well on the basis of cost function and task biomechanics. The question remains whether it is feasible to teach patients with musculoskeletal impairments or joint pain to perform the sit-to-stand task according to strategies that are optimal according to the simulation model.
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: M_F_Bobbert@fbw.vu.nl.
authors.forename: Maarten F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bobbert
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dinant A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kistemaker
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Aurélio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, FEI University, Av. Humberto de A. C. Branco, 3972, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 01525-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Biomechanics; Musculoskeletal impairment; Optimization; Simulation; Standing up; Tibiofemoral contact force