title: Modelling levels of nitrous oxide exposure for healthcare professionals during EMONO usage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to compute nitrous oxide (N2O) levels within a room during the administration of an equimolar mix of N2O/oxygen (EMONO) in the clinical setting. This study modelled realistic scenarios of EMONO usage in hospital or primary care, in order to estimate the potential N2O exposure of healthcare professionals (HCP) with routine EMONO use and to provide guidance for EMONO users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen scenarios were defined by carrying out a survey of practitioners. CFD simulations were performed for each scenario and N2O concentrations over time were calculated. N2O exposures (time-weighted average of concentration over 8 h [TWA-8 h]) were calculated at the HCPs' mouth to be compared with a predefined occupational exposure limit (OEL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration duration and ventilation type were the main factors influencing N2O levels; ventilation type also influenced wash-out time between EMONO administrations. N2O concentration showed a plume distribution towards the ceiling and was highly heterogeneous, highlighting the importance of measurement location. Although estimated TWA-8 h varied widely, 13 of the 16 scenarios had an N2O TWA-8 h of <100 parts per million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data demonstrate that EMONO usage in well ventilated rooms - as recommended - helps to ensure that N2O exposure does not exceed the OEL and does not signal any major risks for HCPs when recommendations are followed. Although these data are numerical simulations and should be considered as such, they can provide guidance for EMONO users.
authors.affiliation: Air Liquide Santé International, WBL Healthcare, Medical R&D, 1 chemin de la Porte des Loges, 78350 Les Loges-En-Josas, France.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pichelin
authors.affiliation: Air Liquide Santé International, WBL Healthcare, Medical R&D, 28 Rue d'Arcueil, 94250 Gentilly, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Billoet
authors.affiliation: Air Liquide Santé International, WBL Healthcare, Medical R&D, 1 chemin de la Porte des Loges, 78350 Les Loges-En-Josas, France.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caillibotte
keywords: 3D numerical simulation; Equimolar mix of nitrous oxide (N2O)/oxygen (O2); Occupational exposure limit