title: Low-Grade Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Risk of Invasive Post-Menopausal Breast Cancer - A Nested Case-Control Study from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although cancer promotes inflammation, the role of inflammation in tumor-genesis is less well established. The aim was to examine if low-grade inflammation is related to post-menopausal breast cancer risk, and if obesity modifies this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, a nested case-control study was defined among 8,513 women free of cancer and aged 55-73 years at baseline (1991-96); 459 were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during follow-up (until December 31st, 2010). In laboratory analyses of blood from 446 cases, and 885 controls (matched on age and date of blood sampling) we examined systemic inflammation markers: oxidized (ox)-LDL, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, white blood cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer risk was calculated using multivariable conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inverse associations with breast cancer were seen in fully-adjusted models, for 2nd and 3rd tertiles of ox-LDL, OR (95% CI): 0.65 (0.47-0.90), 0.63 (0.45-0.89) respectively, p-trend = 0.01; and for the 3rd tertile of TNF-α, 0.65 (0.43-0.99), p-trend = 0.04. In contrast, those in the highest IL-1β category had higher risk, 1.71 (1.05-2.79), p-trend = 0.01. Obesity did not modify associations between inflammation biomarkers and breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study does not suggest that low-grade inflammation increase the risk of post-menopausal breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology research group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Joana A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cardiovascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunilla N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Fredrikson
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease - genetic epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology research group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gullberg
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology research group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hedblad
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Epidemiology research group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Engström
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Signe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgquist
authors.affiliation: Experimental Cardiovascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology research group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wirfält
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018836:Inflammation Mediators