title: Regional Myelin and Axon Damage and Neuroinflammation in the Adult Mouse Brain After Long-Term Postnatal Vanadium Exposure.
abstract: Environmental exposure to vanadium occurs in areas of persistent burning of fossil fuels; this metal is known to induce oxidative stress and oligodendrocyte damage. Here, we determined whether vanadium exposure (3 mg/kg) in mice during the first 3 postnatal months leads to a sustained neuroinflammatory response. Body weight monitoring, and muscle strength and open field tests showed reduction of body weight gain and locomotor impairment in vanadium-exposed mice. Myelin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for astrocytes, microglia, and nonphosphorylated neurofilaments revealed striking regional heterogeneity. Myelin damage involved the midline corpus callosum and fibers in cortical gray matter, hippocampus, and diencephalon that were associated with axonal damage. Astrocyte and microglial activation was identified in the same regions and in the internal capsule; however, no overt myelin and axon damage was observed in the latter. Double immunofluorescence revealed induction of high tumor necrosis factor (TNF) immunoreactivity in reactive astrocytes. Western blotting analysis showed significant induction of TNF and interleukin-1β expression. Together these findings show that chronic postnatal vanadium exposure leads to functional deficit and region-dependent myelin damage that does not spare axons. This injury is associated with glial cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine induction, which may reflect both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO).
authors.forename: Idris A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Azeez
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO).
authors.forename: Funmilayo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Olopade
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO).
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laperchia
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO).
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andrioli
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO).
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Scambi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO).
authors.forename: Silas K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Onwuka
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO).
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bentivoglio
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (IAA, SKO, JOO); Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy (IAA, CL, AA, IS, MB); Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (FO). jkayodeolopade@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Olopade
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014639:Vanadium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D014639:Vanadium
keywords: Astrocytes; Demyelination; Environmental neurotoxicity; Interleukin-1β; Microglia; Tumor necrosis factor; Vanadium.