title: An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults.
abstract: Water intake is essential for health maintenance and disease prevention. The effects of an intervention with two mineral waters, sodium-bicarbonated mineral water (BW) or control mineral water low in mineral content (CW), on cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were studied. In a randomised-controlled crossover-trial, sixty-four moderately hypercholesterolaemic adults were randomly assigned to consume 1 L/day of either BW (sodium, 1 g/L; bicarbonate, 2 g/L) or CW with the main meals for eight weeks, separated by an eight-week washout period. Blood lipids, lipid oxidation, glucose, insulin, aldosterone, urine pH, urinary electrolytes, blood pressure, body weight, fluid intake, energy, and nutrients from total diet and beverages were determined. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and glucose decreased (p < 0.01), oxidised LDL tended to decrease (p = 0.073), and apolipoprotein B increased during the intervention, without water type effect. Energy and carbohydrates from beverages decreased since soft drinks and fruit juice consumptions decreased throughout the trial. BW increased urinary pH (p = 0.006) and reduced calcium/creatinine excretion (p = 0.011). Urinary potassium/creatinine decreased with both waters. Consumption of 1 L/day of mineral water with the main meals reduces cardiometabolic risk biomarkers, likely to be attributed to a replacement of soft drinks by water. In addition, BW does not affect blood pressure and exerts a moderate alkalizing effect in the body.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain. laura.toxqui@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toxqui
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain. mpvaquero@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vaquero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004326:Drinking; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000652:urine; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008900:Mineral Waters / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004573:Electrolytes; D007328:Insulin; D008900:Mineral Waters; D014280:Triglycerides; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D003404:Creatinine; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: cardiometabolic risk; cholesterol; fluid intake; human; randomised controlled trial; sodium-bicarbonated mineral water