title: Explaining variability in first grazing season heifer growth combining individually measured parasitological and clinical indicators with exposure to gastrointestinal nematode infection based on grazing management practice.
abstract: The objective of our study was to explain the variability of average daily weight gain (ADWG) due to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection for 291 non treated first grazing season (FGS) heifers, from 12 independent groups in the western part of France, by combining parasitological and clinical indicators at individual level and grazing management indicators at group level. Parasitological indicators were faecal egg count (FEC), anti Ostertagia ostertagi antibody level (Ostertagia ODR), and pepsinogen level. Clinical indicators were diarrhea score (DISCO) and breech soiling score (BSS). At group level, grazing management practice (GMP), based on three variables (supplementation, month of turnout, grazing season duration), was clustered into three categories reflecting low, medium or high exposure (EXP) to GIN. Depending on the groups, turnout was from mid-March to early July and housing was from mid-October to late November, with a FGS duration ranging from 4 to 8.4 months. At turnout, the mean age of heifers was 8 months (range: 6-16 months) and they weighed between 175 and 268kg. In each GMP category, FEC significantly decreased between the mid-season and the housing, while Ostertagia ODR and pepsinogen level increased gradually throughout the grazing season. In contrast, clinical indicators did not show any seasonal variation. In a multivariate linear model, 22% of the ADWG variability was significantly explained by two individual indicators (Ostertagia ODR: 12.6%, DISCO: 4.8%) and by the group indicator (GMP category: 4.8%). ADWG losses due to GIN exposure (Ostertagia ODR) were estimated up to 39kg per heifer for the overall grazing season. For groups within the low EXP category the difference between animals with low (<697g/day) or high (>697g/day) ADWG was explained by the clinical indicator DISCO. In contrast, for groups within the medium and high EXP categories this difference was explained by a parasitological indicator (Ostertagia ODR). This study highlighted the value of combining both grazing management (group level) and parasitological (individual level) indicators to assess the impact of GIN on ADWG of FGS heifers. As a result, this combination might allow a better discrimination of animals or groups that may be in need of treatment in a targeting selective treatment approach.
authors.affiliation: LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, F-44307 Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, F-44307 Nantes, France. Electronic address: aurelie.merlin@oniris-nantes.fr.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merlin
authors.affiliation: LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, F-44307 Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, F-44307 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chauvin
authors.affiliation: LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, F-44307 Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, F-44307 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Aurélien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madouasse
authors.affiliation: LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, F-44307 Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, F-44307 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Froger
authors.affiliation: LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, F-44307 Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, F-44307 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bareille
authors.affiliation: LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences and Engineering, F-44307 Nantes, France; INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, F-44307 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chartier
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005248:Feeding Methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D009348:Nematoda; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010028:Ostertagia; D010029:Ostertagiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D020116:Pepsinogen A / Q000097:blood; D012621:Seasons; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D020116:Pepsinogen A
keywords: Average daily weight gain; Breech soiling score; Diarrhea score; ELISA Ostertagia ODR; Faecal egg count; Heifer-nematoda; Pepsinogen