title: Association of Different Human Rhinovirus Species with Asthma in Children: A Preliminary Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are divided into three genetic species: HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in children in China has not yet been evaluated. This preliminary study aimed to assess the associations between different HRV species, particularly HRV-C, and asthma in young children in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 702 nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 155 children with asthma (asthma group), 461 children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) without asthma (nonasthma ARI group), and 86 children from the control group. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HRVs, and PCR products were sequenced for species identification. Epidemiological characteristics of HRV-positive cases were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HRVs were the most common pathogen (15.4%; 108/702) in the patients in this study. The prevalence of HRV was significantly different (F = 20.633, P = 0.000) between the asthma (25.8%) and nonasthma ARI groups (11.1%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that in the 108 cases positive for HRVs, 41 were identified as HRV-A, 8 as HRV-B, and 56 as HRV-C. Comparing the asthma with the nonasthma ARI group, Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed an association between HRV-A (P < 0.05) and C (P < 0.01) and asthma, confirmed by regression analysis, with odds ratios of 2.2 (HRV-A) and 4.2 (HRV-C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data revealed a high prevalence of HRVs in children in China, regardless of clinical status. HRV-C was the dominant species and may be one of the key factors in the association of HRVs with asthma.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Jing
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Ru-Nan
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Xin
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Run
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Division of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Chuan-He
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Statistical Office, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Lin-Qing
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000472:pathogenicity