title: Comparison of early onset sepsis and community-acquired late onset sepsis in infants less than 3 months of age.
abstract: We compared demographic and clinical characteristics of early-onset sepsis (EOS) and community-acquired late onset sepsis (CA-LOS) in infants.
  
  
  
  Our medical center is the sole hospital in southern-Israel, enabling incidence calculations. EOS (<7 days) and CA-LOS (7-90 days) episodes recorded between 2007 and 2013 were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
  
  
  
  70 EOS and 114 CA-LOS episodes were recorded. The respective mean ± SD annual rates per 1,000 live-births were 0.66 ± 0.16 and 1.03 ± 0.23. Prematurity (42.9 % vs. 17.0 %), premature rupture of membranes (PROM; 22.9 % vs. 1.9 %), leukopenia (29.0 % vs. 11.6 %), thrombocytopenia (44.9 % vs. 14.3 %) and Streptococcus agalactiae infections (22.7 % vs. 8.1 %) were more common in EOS. Fever (25.4 % vs. 79.1 %) and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections (1.3 % vs. 12.9 %) were less common in EOS. In both groups, Gram-negative bacteria predominated (~60 %). Longer hospitalization duration (23.3 ± 25.1 vs. 10.3 ± 8.6 days) and higher case fatality rate (20.0 % vs. 5.3 %) were noted in EOS. Antibiotic resistance rates to empiric EOS and CA-LOS treatments were 0.0 % and 1.2 %, respectively. In multivariate analysis, adjusting for prematurity and ethnicity, PROM, central line, low Apgar-score, low birth-weight, ventilation support and non-vaginal delivery were risk factors for EOS. Normal temperature, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia characterized EOS.
  
  
  
  EOS and CA-LOS rates were low in Jewish compared with Bedouin infants. EOS was characterized by higher rates of perinatal risk factors, S. agalactiae infections, normal temperature, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and mortality, while fever and S. pneumoniae infections were common in CA-LOS. Current initial antibiotic regimens seem adequate, considering the susceptibility patterns of the isolated pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva, 84101, Israel.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Shlomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bulkowstein
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva, 84101, Israel. shalomb2@clalit.org.il.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. shalomb2@clalit.org.il.
authors.forename: Shalom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ben-Shimol
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva, 84101, Israel.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Noga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Givon-Lavi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva, 84101, Israel.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Rimma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melamed
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.|Neonatology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Eilon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shany
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, P.O. Box 151, Beer-Sheva, 84101, Israel.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Early vs. late onset; Group B Streptococcus; Infant, infection; Neonatal sepsis