title: Circulating Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview Based on Physiopathology.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of working-age adult-onset blindness. The currently available treatments for DR are applicable only at advanced stages of the disease and are associated with significant adverse effects. In early stages of DR the only therapeutic strategy that physicians can offer is a tight control of the risk factors for DR. Therefore, new pharmacological treatments for these early stages of the disease are required. In order to develop therapeutic strategies for early stages of DR new diagnostic tools are urgently needed. In this regard, circulating biomarkers could be useful to detect early disease, to identify those diabetic patients most prone to progressive worsening who ought to be followed up more often and who could obtain the most benefit from these therapies, and to monitor the effectiveness of new drugs for DR before more advanced DR stages have been reached. Research of biomarkers for DR has been mainly based on the pathogenic mechanism involved in the development of DR (i.e., AGEs, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and proangiogenic factors). This review focuses on circulating biomarkers at both early and advanced stages that could be relevant for the prediction or detection of DR.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simó-Servat
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simó
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hernández
mesh_terms: D053607:Adrenomedullin / Q000097:blood; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000097:blood; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood*; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D066026:Endothelial Progenitor Cells; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007797:Laminin / Q000097:blood; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D024141:Collagen Type IV; D019040:E-Selectin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007797:Laminin; D035683:MicroRNAs; C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D006710:Homocysteine; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D053607:Adrenomedullin; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001120:Arginine; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9