title: Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Is Aβ a Crucial Factor in Both Pathologies?
abstract: Recently, chronic degenerative diseases have become one of the main health problems worldwide. That is the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), whose expression can be influenced by different risk factors. Recent Advances: In recent decades, it has been widely described that MetS increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. MetS pathogenesis involves several vascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance (I/R).
  
  
  
  Reported evidence shows that vascular risk factors are associated with AD, particularly in the development of protein aggregation, inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal dysfunction, and disturbances in signaling pathways, with insulin receptor signaling being a common alteration between MetS and AD.
  
  
  
  Insulin signaling has been involved in tau phosphorylation and amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism. However, it has also been demonstrated that Aβ oligomers can bind to insulin receptors, triggering their internalization, decreasing neuron responsiveness to insulin, and promoting insulin I/R. Thus, it could be argued that Aβ could be a convergent factor in the development of both pathologies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 542-560.
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Campos-Peña
authors.affiliation: 2 Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Danira
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Toral-Rios
authors.affiliation: 3 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Becerril-Pérez
authors.affiliation: 4 Departamento of Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Torres
authors.affiliation: 5 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Delgado-Namorado
authors.affiliation: 6 Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Elimar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Torres-Ossorio
authors.affiliation: 3 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franco-Bocanegra
authors.affiliation: 7 Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría , Mexico City, Mexico .
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carvajal
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D066263:Protein Aggregation, Pathological; D059748:Proteolysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; amyloid peptide; metabolic syndrome