title: Effects of depression and inflammatory factors on chronic conditions of the wrist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic conditions of the wrist may be difficult to manage because pain and psychiatric conditions are correlated with abnormal function of the hand. Additionally, intra-articular inflammatory cytokines may cause pain. We aimed to validate the measurement of inflammatory cytokines in these conditions and identify features associated with symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 38 patients (18 men, 20 women, mean age 43 years) with a chronic condition of the wrist who underwent arthroscopy. Before surgery, the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Hand20 questionnaire and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain were used. Cytokine and chemokine levels in the synovial fluid of the wrist were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and correlations between the levels with pain were analysed. Gene expression profiles of the synovial membranes were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older patients had high pre-operative Hand20 scores. One-year post-operative Hand20 and VAS scores and pre-operative VAS scores correlated with SDS scores. Post-operative VAS scores negatively correlated with the expression of nerve growth factor and SDS scores positively correlated with the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and negatively correlated with the expression of tumour necrosis factor-converting enzyme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a positive correlation between depression and chronic conditions of the wrist. Levels of some cytokines correlate with pain and depression. Additionally, cytokines may be important in the assessment and treatment of chronic conditions of the wrist and depression. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:961-8.
authors.affiliation: Hand and Microsurgery Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashihirokute Anjocho, Anjo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatebe
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showaku, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwatsuki
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showaku, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.affiliation: Hand and Microsurgery Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashihirokute Anjocho, Anjo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oguchi
authors.affiliation: Hand and Microsurgery Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashihirokute Anjocho, Anjo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Hand and Microsurgery Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashihirokute Anjocho, Anjo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001182:Arthroscopy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Arthroscopy; Cytokine; Depression; Inflammation; Pain; Wrist