title: The Instrumented Sit-to-Stand Test (iSTS) Has Greater Clinical Relevance than the Manually Recorded Sit-to-Stand Test in Older Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to rise from sitting to standing is critical to an individual's quality of life, as it is a prerequisite for functional independence. The purpose of the current study was to examine the hypothesis that test durations as assessed with the instrumented repeated Sit-To-Stand (STS) show stronger associations with health status, functional status and daily physical activity of older adults than manually recorded test durations.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 63 older participants (mean age 83 ±6.9 years, 51 female), health status was assessed using the European Quality of Life questionnaire and functional status was assessed using the physical function index of the of the RAND-36. Physical performance was measured using a wearable sensor-based STS test. From this test, durations, sub-durations and kinematics of the STS movements were estimated and analysed. In addition, physical activity was measured for one week using an activity monitor and episodes of lying, sitting, standing and locomotion were identified. Associations between STS parameters with health status, functional status and daily physical activity were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The manually recorded STS times were not significantly associated with health status (p = 0.457) and functional status (p = 0.055), whereas the instrumented STS times were (both p = 0.009). The manually recorded STS durations showed a significant association to daily physical activity for mean sitting durations (p = 0.042), but not for mean standing durations (p = 0.230) and mean number of locomotion periods (p = 0.218). Furthermore, durations of the dynamic sit-to-stand phase of the instrumented STS showed more significant associations with health status, functional status and daily physical activity (all p = 0.001) than the static phases standing and sitting (p = 0.043-0.422).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As hypothesized, instrumented STS durations were more strongly associated with participant health status, functional status and physical activity than manually recorded STS durations in older adults. Furthermore, instrumented STS allowed assessment of the dynamic phases of the test, which were likely more informative than the static sitting and standing phases.
authors.affiliation: McRoberts BV, Raamweg 43, 2596 HN, The Hague, The Netherlands.|MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: van Lummel
authors.affiliation: McRoberts BV, Raamweg 43, 2596 HN, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walgaard
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Medicine and Aged Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: McRoberts BV, Raamweg 43, 2596 HN, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ainsworth
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Beek
authors.affiliation: MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Dieën
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D061725:Accelerometry; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D011187:Posture; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires