title: Rhinitis as an associated factor for anxiety and depression amongst adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anxiety and depression are frequent disorders of chronic diseases, yet there is no conclusive information to their association with rhinitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective is to determine the frequency of anxiety and depression and its possible association to allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study in which procured subjects with AR (n=111), NAR (n=34) and a control group (n=96) from the university hospital. The presence of anxiety and depression was considered when it reached a score>13 based on The Beck Anxiety Inventory Test and The Beck Depression Inventory II Test, respectively. The association between AR and NAR with anxiety and depression was adjusted with the Mantel-Haenszel Method and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency for anxiety in AR, NAR and the control group was 45.9%, 52.9%, 10.4%, respectively (p<0.001); depression frequency was 38.7%, 47.1%, 16.6% (p=0.0003), respectively. Both AR and NAR were associated to anxiety and depression in women, but not to men. After adjusting the sex: AR was associated to anxiety (OR=5.7, p<0.001) and depression (OR=2.5, p=0.015), while NAR was also associated to anxiety (OR=7.8, p<0.001) and depression (OR=3.3, p<0.014). In multivariate analysis it was identified that AR, NAR and the individual's sex (women) were factors associated to anxiety and depression. Results showed that age was only associated to anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AR and NAR are diseases associated to anxiety and depression, at least in women.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Serviço de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, Colonia La Perla, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Electronic address: drmbedbar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedolla-Barajas
authors.affiliation: Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Salud Pública, Colonia Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morales-Romero
authors.affiliation: Universidad Tecnológica de Guadalajara, Licenciatura en Psicología, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Norma Angélica
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Pulido-Guillén
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Especialidad en Medicina Interna, Colonia La Perla, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robles-Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Colonia Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors.forename: Brenda Renata
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Plascencia-Domínguez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adultos; Adults; Allergic rhinitis; Ansiedade; Anxiety; Depression; Depressão; Rinite alérgica