title: Rapid and selective detection of experimental snake envenomation - Use of gold nanoparticle based lateral flow assay.
abstract: In this study, we have developed a gold nanoparticle based simple, rapid lateral flow assay (LFA) for detection of Indian Cobra venom (CV) and Russell's viper venom (RV). Presently, there is no rapid, reliable, and field diagnostic test available in India, where snake bite cases are rampant. Therefore, this test has an immense potential from the public health point of view. The test is based on the principle of the paper immunochromatography assay for detection of two snake venom species using polyvalent antisnake venom antibodies (ASVA) raised in equines and species-specific antibodies (SSAbs) against venoms raised in rabbits for conjugation and impregnation respectively. The developed, snake envenomation detection immunoassay (SEDIA) was rapid, selective, and sensitive to detect venom concentrations up to 0.1 ng/ml. The functionality of SEDIA strips was confirmed by experimental envenomation in mice and the results obtained were specific for the corresponding venom. The SEDIA has a potential to be a field diagnostic test to detect snake envenomation and assist in saving lives of snakebite victims.
authors.affiliation: Department of Antitoxins & Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Pune, India. Electronic address: rajapawade@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Balasaheb S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Pawade
authors.affiliation: Department of Antitoxins & Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Pune, India.
authors.forename: Nitin C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Antitoxins & Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Pune, India.
authors.forename: Innus K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Antitoxins & Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Pune, India.
authors.forename: Arun B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Waghmare
authors.affiliation: Department of Antitoxins & Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Pune, India.
authors.forename: Nitin D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Vishal B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Wagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Abhilasha S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pawade
authors.affiliation: Department of Antitoxins & Sera, Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Pune, India.
authors.forename: Indrasen G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Waykar
authors.affiliation: Entrepreneurship Development Centre, 100 NCL Innovation Park Campus, Pashan, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Mugdha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Potnis-Lele
mesh_terms: D004546:Elapid Venoms / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D007194:India; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D012909:Snake Bites; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004546:Elapid Venoms; D014757:Viper Venoms; D006046:Gold
keywords: Gold nanoparticles; Lateral flow assay; Rapid detection; SEDIA; Snake envenomation