title: Beat-to-beat variability of fetal myocardial performance index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is beat-to-beat (BTB) variability in the fetal left myocardial performance index (MPI), as evaluated by an automated system, and whether there is a correlation between MPI and fetal heart rate (FHR).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cross-sectional study of uncomplicated, morphologically normal, singleton pregnancies at 20-38 weeks' gestation. Multiple cineloops for left MPI measurement were acquired during a single examination of each fetus. Raw cineloop data were analyzed by our automated MPI system (intraclass correlation coefficient of 1.0 for any given waveform) to produce a set of MPIs. The corresponding instantaneous FHR was measured for each individual cardiac cycle for which MPI was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 29 fetuses were analyzed; mean MPI was 0.52, mean FHR was 150 beats per min and the median number of cardiac cycles examined per fetus was 70 (interquartile range, 31-115). Marked BTB variability was noted; median coefficient of variation was 10% (range, 5.5-13.9%). FHR was weakly correlated with absolute MPI (r = 0.22; P < 0.05). BTB variation in MPI as a percentage of the mean MPI was not significantly correlated with FHR (r = 0.031; P = 0.146). When standard error of the mean of all MPI values was divided by the mean for each case, it showed that at least four cardiac cycles should be averaged to reduce MPI variability to approximately ± 5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is significant BTB variability in fetal left MPI, which has an overall weak correlation with FHR. This could be a factor affecting the consistency of MPI values reported by different research groups. Variability would be reduced by averaging 4-5 cardiac cycles per fetus. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9724-2986
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.affiliation: Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alphonse
authors.affiliation: Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.affiliation: Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-0513
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Welsh
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
keywords: Doppler; automation; cardiac MPI; fetus; reproducibility