title: Posterior urethral valves and vesicoureteral reflux: can prenatal ultrasonography distinguish between these two conditions in male fetuses?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to evaluate prenatal sonographic signs that distinguish male fetuses with posterior urethral valves (PUV) from those with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prenatal data were retrospectively retrieved from all consecutive women delivering between 2003 and 2012 of a male newborn with a postnatal diagnosis of PUV or VUR. Prenatal parameters included fetal bladder characteristics, identification of a dilated posterior urethra, and change in shape and size in the fetal renal pelvis or ureter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-six women gave birth to a male newborn with a postnatal diagnosis of PUV (n = 49) or VUR (n = 87). The presence of posterior urethral dilatation [21 (42.9%) fetuses versus 0 (0%), p = 0.000], a thickened fetal bladder wall [37 (75.5%) vs 4 (4.6%), p = 0.000], and anhydramnios [14 (28.6%) vs 0, p = 0.000] were strongly associated with the postnatal diagnosis of PUV. Change in shape and size in the fetal renal pelvis or ureter was observed in 15 (17.2%) of 87 children with VUR versus 1 (2.0%) out of 49 with PUV (p = 0.010).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal ultrasound may differentiate with reasonable accuracy male fetuses with a postnatal diagnosis of PUV from those with VUR. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France. yvon.chitrit@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chitrit
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourdon
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Korb
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Surgery, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grapin-Dagorno
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Félicia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Joinau-Zoulovits
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vuillard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Surgery, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Annabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paye-Jaouen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Surgery, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3617-4849
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peycelon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Imaging, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Belarbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Lyse
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Delezoide
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology and Surgery, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Ghoneimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sibony
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Oury
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*