title: Effect of proteolytic activities in combination with the pectolytic activities on extractability of the fat and phenolic compounds from olives.
abstract: During the extraction, a portion of oil remains trapped inside the cells and its release requires the degradation of the walls and cell membranes, especially when the fruits have not reached a maximum maturity which is likely to cause an optimal embrittlement of the parietal structures and cell membrane. This can be done by specific enzymes necessary for the degradation of various cellular barriers. Three different enzyme treatments proteolytic, pectolytic or both are applied on the Moroccan Picholine olives from veraison to maturity of the fruit. The effect of these treatments is evaluated by olive oil diffusion, its phenolic content (PC) and cellular embrittlement determination of olives during ripening. The pectolytic activities lead to a significant increase in both the oil extractability (76 % at veraison and 14 % at maturity) and the PC (up to 50 % of gain compared to the control at veraison and 27 % at maturity). The proteolytic activities applied alone have no significant effect on the extractability and the polyphenols levels of oils. Furthermore, when these proteolytic activities are added in combination with the pectolytic activities, the oil extractability is doubled at veraison and its flowing up to 99 % at maturity that barely 84 % in the control in addition to a richness of polyphenols which can reach 84 % more compared to the control. This increase in polyphenols wealth is probably due to the degradation of cell walls, cellular and vacuolar membranes by enzyme activities releasing PCs that were previously associated with these structures in the drupe.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules: Structure and Function, Faculty of Science and Technology Fez, B.P. 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Moustakime
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules: Structure and Function, Faculty of Science and Technology Fez, B.P. 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Zakaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hazzoumi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules: Structure and Function, Faculty of Science and Technology Fez, B.P. 2202, Road of Imouzzer, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amrani Joutei
keywords: Extractability; Moroccan Picholine; Olive oil; Pectins; Pectolytic enzyme; Phenolic compounds; Proteolytic enzyme; Ripening