title: Effects of Esmolol on the Prevention of Haemodynamic Responses to Tracheal Extubation after Craniotomy Operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of esmolol infusion on the prevention of haemodynamic responses to tracheal extubation in patients undergoing elective craniotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  With approval from the Medical School Ethics Committee at Marmara University and the patients' written consent, 30 patients between 20-65 years of age undergoing elective craniotomy were randomly placed in either the Group Esmolol (n=15) or the Group Control (n=15). Anaesthesia was induced with 5-7 mg kg(-1) thiopental sodium, 1 μg kg(-1) remifentanil, and 0.1 mg kg(-1) vecuronium bromide iv, and was maintained with 1 MAC sevoflurane in oxygen-air mixture (50:50) and 0.25 μg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil infusion. At the end of the operation, patients inhaled 100% oxygen after the discontinuation of the anaesthetic agents. For Group Esmolol, 5 min before extubation 2 mg kg(-1) esmolol in 50 mL was infused over 10 min (0.2 μg kg(-1) min(-1)), while for Group Control, 50 mL saline was infused over 10 min. The quality of extubation was evaluated with a 5 point scale, recording heat rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures before infusion, 1 min after infusion, during extubation, and at 1, 3, 5, and 10 min after extubation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the esmolol group, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, as well as heart rate, decreased significantly after esmolol infusion and were significantly lower than in the control group after extubation (p<0.05). The ratio of patients with an extubation score of one was significantly higher in the esmolol group than in the control group (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that 2 mg kg(-1) esmolol infusion before extubation can prevent hypertension and tachycardia caused by extubation in patients undergoing elective craniotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat Alp
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kemal Tolga
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Saraçoğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pehlivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Eti
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fevzi Yılmaz
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Göğüş
keywords: Craniotomy; esmolol; extubation