title: Effects of two kinds of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the characteristics of steroid-transformation Arthrobacter simplex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ionic liquids (ILs) are a promising alternative for organic solvents because these liquids exhibit unique properties and enhanced steroid 1-dehydrogenation biotransformation caused by Arthrobacter simplex CPCC 140451 (ASP). However, the effect of ILs on the whole cell itself remains poorly understood and must be further investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparative investigation was performed to determine the effect of imidazolium-based ILs, namely, hydrophobic [PrMIm]PF6, and hydrophilic [PrMIm]BF4, on the steroid conversion, activity, permeability, and material basis of ASP cells. Both ILs weakened permeability barriers, enhanced steroid transformation, whereas reduced the activity of cells. The influence of [PrMIm]PF6 on the steroid conversion, permeability and activity of cells is more serious than that of [PrMIm]BF4 Transmission electron microscopy micrographs directly showed wrinkles, gross creases, and several small pores in ILs-treated cells surface. The total lipid content of [PrMIm]BF4-treated cells reduced by 8.3 %, while that of [PrMIm]PF6-treated cells reduced twice more, among which the content of long-chain fatty acids was decreased, whereas the content of unsaturated fatty acids was increased. The protein profile of LC-MS/MS revealed that the reduced proteins of cells treated with the two ILs were mainly located in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, 19.27 % of reduced proteins were located on the cell membrane for [PrMIm]PF6-pretreated cells, whereas only 12.8 % for [PrMIm]BF4-pretreated cells. It suggests that most reduced proteins functioned in energy production and conversion, material transport and metabolism, signal recognition and transmission, transcription, and translation and posttranslational modification. In particular, the identified differential proteins functioned in the pentose phosphate pathway, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, and oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with ILs improved permeability at the molecular level and exerted significant positive effects on steroid conversion. This study provides a material basis and elucidates the mechanisms underlying cellular changes that enhanced conversion rate.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanbing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lifang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jingting
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China. minw@tust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001173:Arthrobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013256:Steroids / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D013256:Steroids
keywords: Arthrobacter simplex; Biotransformation; Cell membrane permeability; Ionic liquids; Lipid; Protein