title: Influence of food intrinsic complexity on Listeria monocytogenes growth in/on vacuum-packed model systems at suboptimal temperatures.
abstract: Food intrinsic factors e.g., food (micro)structure, compositional and physicochemical aspects, which are mutually dependent, influence microbial growth. While the effect of composition and physicochemical properties on microbial growth has been thoroughly assessed and characterised, the role of food (micro)structure still remains unravelled. Most studies on food (micro)structure focus on comparing planktonic growth in liquid (microbiological) media with colonial growth in/on solid-like systems or on real food surfaces. However, foods are not only liquids or solids; they can also be emulsions or gelled emulsions and have complex compositions. In this study, Listeria monocytogenes growth was studied on the whole spectrum of (micro)structure, in terms of food (model) systems. The model systems varied not only in (micro)structure, which was the target of the study, but also in compositional and physicochemical characteristics, which was an inevitable consequence of the (micro)structural variability. The compositional and physicochemical differences were mainly due to the presence or absence of fat and gelling agents. The targeted (micro)structures were: i) liquids, ii) aqueous gels, iii) emulsions and iv) gelled emulsions. Furthermore, the microbial dynamics were studied and compared in/on all these model systems, as well as on a compositionally predefined canned meat, developed in order to have equal compositional level to the gelled emulsion model system and represent a real food system. Frankfurter sausages were the targeted real foods, selected as a case study, to which the canned meat had similar compositional characteristics. All systems were vacuum packed and incubated at 4, 8 and 12°C. The most appropriate protocol for the preparation of the model systems was developed. The pH, water activity and resistance to penetration of the model systems were characterised. Results indicated that low temperature contributes to growth variations among the model systems. Additionally, the firmer the solid system, the faster L. monocytogenes grew on it. Finally, it was found that L. monocytogenes grows faster on canned meat and real Frankfurters, as found in a previous study, followed by liquids, aqueous gels, emulsions and gelled emulsions. This observation indicates that all model systems, developed in this study, underestimated L. monocytogenes growth. Despite some limitations, model systems are overall advantageous and therefore, their validation is always recommended prior to further use.
authors.affiliation: CPMF2, Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods, Belgium(1); BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: maria.baka@cit.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baka
authors.affiliation: CPMF2, Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods, Belgium(1); BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: estefania.noriegafernandez@cit.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Estefanía
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noriega
authors.affiliation: BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Langendonck
authors.affiliation: CPMF2, Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods, Belgium(1); BioTeC+, Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: jan.vanimpe@cit.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Jan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Van Impe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004655:Emulsions / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000379:methods*; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods; D005782:Gels / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000254:growth & development*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000382:microbiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels
keywords: Emulsions; Food intrinsic factors; Gelled systems; Meat products; Model systems; Structure