title: Cardiovascular medication adherence among patients with cardiac disease: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to critically appraise and synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of interventions suitable for delivery by nurses, designed to enhance cardiac patients' adherence to their prescribed medications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiac medications have statistically significant health benefits for patients with heart disease, but patients' adherence to prescribed medications remains suboptimal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic quantitative review of intervention effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted systematic searches for English-language, peer-reviewed randomized controlled trial publications via Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar published between January 2004-December 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible studies were identified and data extracted using a predefined form. Of 1962 identified papers; 14 studies met the study inclusion criteria, were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration tool; and included in the review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study findings were presented descriptively; due to the heterogeneity of studies meta-analysis was not possible. Included papers described interventions categorized as: (1) multifaceted; and (2) behavioural and educational, comprising: (a) text message and mail message; (b) telephone calls; (c) motivational interviewing and (d) nurse-led counselling and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Substantial heterogeneity limited the robustness of conclusions, but this review indicated that motivational interviewing, education and phone or text messaging appeared promising as means to enhance cardiac medication adherence. Future research should integrate multifaceted interventions that target individual behaviour change to enhance adherence to cardiovascular medications, to build on the beneficial outcomes indicated by this review.
authors.affiliation: University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.|University of Baghdad, College of Nursing, Iraq.
authors.forename: Ali Hussein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Ganmi
authors.affiliation: University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.|Health Services and Practice Research Strength, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.|Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-1283
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Faculty University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gholizadeh
authors.affiliation: University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.|Shqra University, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulellah Modhi
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alotaibi
mesh_terms: D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence; D060145:Text Messaging
keywords: adherence; cardiac disease; cardiovascular medication; education; motivational interviewing; nurse-led intervention; nursing; systematic review; text message