title: Benchtop and Animal Validation of a Projective Imaging System for Potential Use in Intraoperative Surgical Guidance.
abstract: We propose a projective navigation system for fluorescence imaging and image display in a natural mode of visual perception. The system consists of an excitation light source, a monochromatic charge coupled device (CCD) camera, a host computer, a projector, a proximity sensor and a Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. With perspective transformation and calibration, our surgical navigation system is able to achieve an overall imaging speed higher than 60 frames per second, with a latency of 330 ms, a spatial sensitivity better than 0.5 mm in both vertical and horizontal directions, and a projection bias less than 1 mm. The technical feasibility of image-guided surgery is demonstrated in both agar-agar gel phantoms and an ex vivo chicken breast model embedding Indocyanine Green (ICG). The biological utility of the system is demonstrated in vivo in a classic model of ICG hepatic metabolism. Our benchtop, ex vivo and in vivo experiments demonstrate the clinical potential for intraoperative delineation of disease margin and image-guided resection surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zeshu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinrui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chuanzhen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ronald X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002645:Chickens; D004867:Equipment Design; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008670:Metals; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010087:Oxides; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012666:Semiconductors; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides; D007208:Indocyanine Green