title: Assessment of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. based on experiments in arthritic rat models and qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The principle objective of the study was to explore the anti-arthritic properties of Acmella uliginosa (AU) (Sw.) Cass. flower in a rat model and to identify potential anti-inflammatory compounds derived from flower extracts. The synergistic role played by a combination of AU flower and Aloe vera (AV) gel crude extracts was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats induced with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) were used as a disease model of arthritic paw swelling. There were three experimental and two control groups, each consisting of five rats. Paw circumference and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated to investigate the role of the flower extracts in disease amelioration through a feeding schedule spanning 21 days. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were performed to search for the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds in the ethanolic and n-hexane solvent extracts of the flower.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a visual cue to the experimental outcomes, FCA-induced paw swelling decreased to the normal level; and hemoglobin, serum protein, and albumin levels were significantly increased in the treated animals. The creatinine level was estimated to be normal in the experimental rats after the treatment. The combination of AU and AV showed the best recovery potential in all the studied parameters, confirming the synergistic efficacy of the herbal formulation. GC/MS analyses revealed the presence of at least 5 anti-inflammatory compounds including 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, phenylmethyl ester, astaxanthin, à-N-Normethadol, fenretinide that have reported anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that the crude flower homogenate of AU contains potential anti-inflammatory compounds which could be used as an anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Subhashis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Sudeb
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Tanmoy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Soumen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
keywords: Aloe vera; Freund’s complete adjuvant; rheumatoid arthritis