title: Quality changes and freezing time prediction during freezing and thawing of ginger.
abstract: Effects of different freezing rates and four different thawing methods on chemical composition, microstructure, and color of ginger were investigated. Computer simulation for predicting the freezing time of cylindrical ginger for two different freezing methods (slow and fast) was done using ANSYS (®) Multiphysics. Different freezing rates (slow and fast) and thawing methods significantly (P < 0.05) affected the color and composition of essential oil in ginger. Fresh ginger was found to contain 3.60% gingerol and 18.30% zingerone. A maximum yield of 7.43% gingerol was obtained when slow frozen gingers when thawed by infrared method. Maximum zingerone content of 38.30% was achieved by thawing slow frozen gingers using infrared-microwave method. Microscopic examination revealed that structural damage was more pronounced in slow frozen gingers than fast frozen gingers. Simulated freezing curves were in good agreement with experimental measurements (r = 0.97 for slow freezing and r = 0.92 for fast freezing). Slow freezing damaged ginger's cellular structure. Data obtained will be helpful in selecting appropriate thawing method to increase desirable essential oil components in ginger. Computer simulation for predicting freezing time may help in developing proper storage system of ginger.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota 57007.
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5652-7114
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singha
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering South Dakota State University Brookings South Dakota 57007.
authors.forename: Kasiviswanathan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muthukumarappan
keywords: Essential oil; freezing; ginger; microstructure; quality; simulation