title: An intermediate significant bit (ISB) watermarking technique using neural networks.
abstract: Prior research studies have shown that the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is the most frequent watermarked image quality metric that is used for determining the levels of strength and weakness of watermarking algorithms. Conversely, normalised cross correlation (NCC) is the most common metric used after attacks were applied to a watermarked image to verify the strength of the algorithm used. Many researchers have used these approaches to evaluate their algorithms. These strategies have been used for a long time, however, which unfortunately limits the value of PSNR and NCC in reflecting the strength and weakness of the watermarking algorithms. This paper considers this issue to determine the threshold values of these two parameters in reflecting the amount of strength and weakness of the watermarking algorithms. We used our novel watermarking technique for embedding four watermarks in intermediate significant bits (ISB) of six image files one-by-one through replacing the image pixels with new pixels and, at the same time, keeping the new pixels very close to the original pixels. This approach gains an improved robustness based on the PSNR and NCC values that were gathered. A neural network model was built that uses the image quality metrics (PSNR and NCC) values obtained from the watermarking of six grey-scale images that use ISB as the desired output and that are trained for each watermarked image's PSNR and NCC. The neural network predicts the watermarked image's PSNR together with NCC after the attacks when a portion of the output of the same or different types of image quality metrics (PSNR and NCC) are obtained. The results indicate that the NCC metric fluctuates before the PSNR values deteriorate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Systems, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 53100 Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Akram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeki
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Systems, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 53100 Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Adamu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abubakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Malaya, 50603 Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Haruna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chiroma
keywords: Bit error rate; Intermediate significant bit; Normalised cross-correlation; Peak signal-to-noise ratio