title: The Physician-as-Stakeholder: An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of Physicians' Motivations for Using Shared Decision Making in the Emergency Department.
abstract: Shared decision making (SDM) is increasingly recognized as an important facet of patient-centered care. Despite growing interest in SDM in the emergency department (ED), little is known about emergency physicians' (EPs') motivations for using SDM. Understanding current patterns of SDM use and EP's rationale for using SDM is essential for the development of interventions to increase use.
  
  
  
  Recognizing the EP as an important stakeholder in SDM research, we sought to identify and explore factors that may motivate EPs' engagement in SDM.
  
  
  
  In this qualitative study, informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory, we conducted semistructured interviews with a purposeful sample of EPs. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using a directed qualitative content analysis approach, three members of the research team performed open coding of the transcripts in an iterative process, building a provisional code book as coding progressed. Respondent validation was employed to ensure methodologic rigor.
  
  
  
  Fifteen EPs, ages 31-65, from both academic and community practice settings, were interviewed. Several had not heard of the specific phrase "shared decision making," but all understood the concept and felt that they used SDM techniques to some degree. Most noted they had often had an agenda when they used SDM, which often motivated them to have the conversation. Agendas described included counteracting an algorithmic or defensive approach to diagnosis and treatment, avoiding harmful tests, or sharing uncertainty. All participants believed that patients benefited from SDM in terms of satisfaction, engagement, or education. Nearly all participants identified research outcomes that they felt would encourage their use of SDM (e.g., improvements in patient engagement, mitigation of risk) and many prioritized patient-centered outcomes over systems outcomes such as improved resource utilization. Little consensus was seen, however, regarding the importance of individual outcomes: of eight potential research outcomes participants endorsed, no single outcome was endorsed by even half of the physicians interviewed.
  
  
  
  Emergency physicians identified many factors that motivated them to use SDM. This study informs current research on SDM in the ED, particularly regarding the motivations of the physician-as-stakeholder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.|Center for Quality of Care Research, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.|Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.affiliation: Center for Quality of Care Research, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.|Division of General Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.|Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Tala R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.|Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Errel R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Khordipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.
authors.forename: Kye E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Poronsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Nault
authors.affiliation: Center for Quality of Care Research, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.|Division of General Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA.|Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Lindenauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Mazor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003657:Decision Making; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011582:Psychological Theory; D036301:Qualitative Research