title: Investigation of practical initial attenuation image estimates in TOF-MLAA reconstruction for PET/MR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Time-of-flight joint attenuation and activity positron emission tomography reconstruction requires additional calibration (scale factors) or constraints during or post-reconstruction to produce a quantitative μ-map. In this work, the impact of various initializations of the joint reconstruction was investigated, and the initial average mu-value (IAM) method was introduced such that the forward-projection of the initial μ-map is already very close to that of the reference μ-map, thus reducing/minimizing the offset (scale factor) during the early iterations of the joint reconstruction. Consequently, the accuracy and efficiency of unconstrained joint reconstruction such as time-of-flight maximum likelihood estimation of attenuation and activity (TOF-MLAA) can be improved by the proposed IAM method.
  
  
  METHODS
  2D simulations of brain and chest were used to evaluate TOF-MLAA with various initial estimates which include the object filled with water uniformly (conventional initial estimate), bone uniformly, the average μ-value uniformly (IAM magnitude initialization method), and the perfect spatial μ-distribution but with a wrong magnitude (initialization in terms of distribution). 3D gate simulation was also performed for the chest phantom under a typical clinical scanning condition, and the simulated data were reconstructed with a fully corrected list-mode TOF-MLAA algorithm with various initial estimates. The accuracy of the average μ-values within the brain, chest, and abdomen regions obtained from the MR derived μ-maps was also evaluated using computed tomography μ-maps as the gold-standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated μ-map with the initialization in terms of magnitude (i.e., average μ-value) was observed to reach the reference more quickly and naturally as compared to all other cases. Both 2D and 3D gate simulations produced similar results, and it was observed that the proposed IAM approach can produce quantitative μ-map/emission when the corrections for physical effects such as scatter and randoms were included. The average μ-value obtained from MR derived μ-map was accurate within 5% with corrections for bone, fat, and uniform lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed IAM-TOF-MLAA can produce quantitative μ-map without any calibration provided that there are sufficient counts in the measured data. For low count data, noise reduction and additional regularization/rescaling techniques need to be applied and investigated. The average μ-value within the object is prior information which can be extracted from MR and patient database, and it is feasible to obtain accurate average μ-value using MR derived μ-map with corrections as demonstrated in this work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ju-Chieh Kevin
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology Solutions, Philips Research, HTC 34, Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maqsood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaqub
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boellaard
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016477:Artifacts; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002138:Calibration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D060726:Torso / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D014867:Water