title: Glacial recharge, salinisation and anthropogenic contamination in the coastal aquifers of Recife (Brazil).
abstract: Implying large residence times and complex water origins deep coastal aquifers are of particular interest as they are remarkable markers of climate, water use and land use changes. Over the last decades, the Metropolitan Region of Recife (Brazil) went through extensive environmental changes increasing the pressure on water resources and giving rise to numerous environmental consequences on the coastal groundwater systems. We analysed the groundwater of the deep aquifers Cabo and Beberibe that are increasingly exploited. The processes potentially affecting groundwater residence times and flow paths have been studied using a multi-tracer approach (CFCs, SF6, noble gases, 14C, 2H and 18O). The main findings of these investigations show that: (1) Groundwaters of the Cabo and Beberibe aquifers have long residence times and were recharged about 20,000years ago. (2) Within these old groundwaters we can find palaeo-climate evidences from the last glacial period at the tropics with lower temperatures and dryer conditions than the present climate. (3) Recently, the natural slow dynamic of these groundwater systems was significantly affected by mixing processes with contaminated modern groundwater coming from the shallow unconfined Boa Viagem aquifer. (4) The large exploitation of these aquifers leads to a modification of the flow directions and causes the intrusion through palaeo-channels of saline water probably coming from the Capibaribe River and from the last transgression episodes. These observations indicate that the current exploitation of the Cabo and Beberibe aquifers is unsustainable regarding the long renewal times of these groundwater systems as well as their ongoing contamination and salinisation. The groundwater cycle being much slower than the human development rhythm, it is essential to integrate the magnitude and rapidity of anthropogenic impacts on this extremely slow cycle to the water management concepts.
authors.affiliation: Géosciences Rennes, Université Rennes 1-CNRS, UMR 6118, adress: 263 av du général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, bat 15, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: eliot.chatton@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chatton
authors.affiliation: Géosciences Rennes, Université Rennes 1-CNRS, UMR 6118, adress: 263 av du général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, bat 15, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: luc.aquilina@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aquilina
authors.affiliation: Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), adress: 3 avenue Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France. Electronic address: e.petelet@brgm.fr.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pételet-Giraud
authors.affiliation: Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), adress: 3 avenue Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France. Electronic address: l.cary@brgm.fr.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cary
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Geociências, CEPAS (Groundwater Research Center), University of São Paulo, adress: Rua do lago 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: guillaume353@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: Géosciences Rennes, Université Rennes 1-CNRS, UMR 6118, adress: 263 av du général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, bat 15, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: thierry.labasque@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Labasque
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Geociências, CEPAS (Groundwater Research Center), University of São Paulo, adress: Rua do lago 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: rhirata@usp.br.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Geociências, CEPAS (Groundwater Research Center), University of São Paulo, adress: Rua do lago 562, 05508-080 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: veridian@usp.br.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal Pernambuco, adress: Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, n° 1235, bairro Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil. Electronic address: suzanam@ufpe.br.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.affiliation: Géosciences Rennes, Université Rennes 1-CNRS, UMR 6118, adress: 263 av du général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, bat 15, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France. Electronic address: virginie.vergnaud@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vergnaud
authors.affiliation: GeoHyd, adress: Parc technologique du Clos du Moulin, 101 rue Jacques Charles, 45160 Olivet, France. Electronic address: axel.aurouet@anteagroup.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aurouet
authors.affiliation: Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), adress: 3 avenue Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France. Electronic address: w.kloppmann@brgm.fr.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kloppmann
authors.affiliation: Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), adress: 3 avenue Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France. Electronic address: h.pauwels@brgm.fr.
authors.lastname: Pauwels
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D046448:Ice Cover; D054712:Salinity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Chlorofluorocarbons; Contamination; Groundwater; Noble gases; Palaeoclimate; Radiocarbon; Residence time; Salinisation; Stable isotopes.