title: Validation of a qualitative immunochromatographic test for the noninvasive assessment of stress in dogs.
abstract: Salivary cortisol is regarded as a reliable parameter for the noninvasive assessment of the welfare of animals, because it is strictly related to stress levels. Several methods are available for salivary cortisol measurement in mammals, however rapid diagnostic test for detecting salivary cortisol are confined to humans. The availability of such non invasive diagnostic tools operable in situ would facilitate monitoring of animal welfare. The Cortisol stress™ test provides a simple and rapid tool to discriminate cortisol levels in canine saliva above or below 4ng/ml, which has been suggested as the cut-off value for distinguishing unstressed dogs from those experiencing stress. The test is based on a competitive immunochromatographic assay (ICT) using gold nanoparticles as probes, in which the color intensity of the Test line is inversely correlated to the salivary cortisol level. The qualitative result is obtained by the visual observation of the color formed on the Test line compared to that of the Control line We evaluated the accuracy of the test by determining salivary cortisol in 85 samples of canine saliva belonging to dogs with very variable age, sex, breed, and life history, and comparing the qualitative results to those obtained by a reference ELISA kit. Agreeing results were obtained through the two methods, and the ICT showed high diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and efficiency (100%, 98.4%, and 98.8%, respectively). Furthermore, we evaluated the precision of the test by an experimental design approach, which combines errors due to within-day and between-day variation with the biological variability, and demonstrated that the test could be reliably applied for correctly classifying canine samples, according to their salivary cortisol level. Moreover, we studied the shelf-life of the device in three experimental conditions. We confirmed the stability of the ICT at 4°C and 25°C for at least six months and observed similar results for an accelerated stability study conducted for 7days at 37°C, which suggest that the stability of ICT device could be estimated by the accelerated experiment alternatively to the real-time study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Nardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy. Electronic address: laura.anfossi@unito.it.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Anfossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, I-10123 Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ozella
authors.affiliation: EuroClone SpA, Via Figino, 20/22, I-20016 Pero, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saccani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giovannoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spano
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baggiani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Cortisol; Lateral flow immunoassay; Saliva; Shelf-life