title: Unusually high genetic diversity in the Bornean Limnonectes kuhlii-like fanged frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae).
abstract: A fanged frog Limnonectes kuhlii was once thought to be wide-ranging in Southeast Asia, but is now confined to its type locality Java through recent phylogenetic studies, which clarified heterospecific status of non-Javanese populations, and monophyly of Bornean populations. However, large genetic differences among Bornean populations suggest occurrence of cryptic species, which we test using dense geographic sampling. We estimated the phylogenetic relationships among samples of Bornean populations together with their putative relatives from the continental Southeast Asia, using 2517bp sequences of the 12S rRNA, tRNA(val), and 16S rRNA of mitochondrial DNA, and 2367bp sequences of the NCX1, POMC, and RAG1 of nuclear genes. In the mtDNA trees, Bornean L. kuhlii-like frogs formed a monophyletic group split into 18 species lineages including L. hikidai, with the deepest phylogenetic split separating L. cintalubang from the remaining species. Almost all of these lineages co-occur geographically, and two to three lineages were found syntopically in each locality. Co-occurrence of more than one lineage may be maintained by differential morphology and microhabitat selection. These syntopic lineages should be regarded as distinct species. Our results clearly indicate that taxonomic revision is urgent to clarify many evolutionary problems of Bornean L. kuhlii-like frogs.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Electronic address: fumi@zoo.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Nagano Prefectural Ueda Senior High School, Ote-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8715, Japan. Electronic address: nesffkuraishi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuraishi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Electronic address: koshiro.eto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Koshiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.affiliation: Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Gd. Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor km 46, Cibinong West Java, Indonesia. Electronic address: hamidyamir@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamidy
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nihonmatsu, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Electronic address: hynobius@zoo.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kanto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan. Electronic address: shimadatom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Research and Education Division, Sabah Parks, P.O. Box 10626, Kota Kinabalu 88806, Sabah, Malaysia. Electronic address: dingguron@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yambun
authors.affiliation: Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88999, Sabah, Malaysia. Electronic address: csv@ums.edu.my.
authors.forename: Charles Santhanaraju
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Vairappan
authors.affiliation: Research, Development and Innovation Division, Sarawak Forest Department, Kuching 93660, Sarawak, Malaysia. Electronic address: mohamayh@sarawak.gov.my.
authors.forename: Mohamad Yazid Bin
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hossman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001893:Borneo; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011898:Ranidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C075526:RNA, ribosomal, 12S; D019831:Sodium-Calcium Exchanger; C110374:sodium-calcium exchanger 1; C064658:RAG-1 protein; D004247:DNA
keywords: Borneo; DNA phylogeny; Fanged frogs; Genetic diversity; Limnonectes kuhlii; Syntopic distribution