title: Is Wortmannin-Induced Reorganization of the trans-Golgi Network the Key to Explain Charasome Formation?
abstract: Wortmannin, a fungal metabolite and an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3) and phosphatidylinositol-4 (PI4) kinases, is widely used for the investigation and dissection of vacuolar trafficking routes and for the identification of proteins located at multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In this study, we applied wortmannin on internodal cells of the characean green alga Chara australis. Wortmannin was used at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM which, unlike in other cells, arrested neither constitutive, nor wounding-induced endocytosis via coated vesicles. Wortmannin caused the formation of "mixed compartments" consisting of MVBs and membranous tubules which were probably derived from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and within these compartments MVBs fused into larger organelles. Most interestingly, wortmannin also caused pronounced changes in the morphology of the TGNs. After transient hypertrophy, the TGNs lost their coat and formed compact, three-dimensional meshworks of anastomosing tubules containing a central core. These meshworks had a size of up to 4 μm and a striking resemblance to charasomes, which are convoluted plasma membrane domains, and which serve to increase the area available for transporters. Our findings indicate that similar mechanisms are responsible for the formation of charasomes and the wortmannin-induced reorganization of the TGN. We hypothesize that both organelles grow because of a disturbance of clathrin-dependent membrane retrieval due to inhibition of PI3 and/or PI4 kinases. This leads to local inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis during charasome formation in untreated cells and to inhibition of vesicle release from the TGN in wortmannin-treated cells, respectively. The morphological resemblance between charasomes and wortmannin-modified TGN compartments suggests that homologous proteins are involved in membrane curvature and organelle architecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology/Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Foissner
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology/Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Aniela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology/Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Margit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoeftberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology/Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Marion C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hoepflinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology/Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Marketa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Absolonova
keywords: Chara australis; charasome; endocytosis; multivesicular body; trans-Golgi network; wortmannin