title: Development of nanoemulsions for topical delivery of vitamin K1.
abstract: Vitamin K1 (VK1) is a natural and lipophilic compound currently used in dermatological formulations. In this work, nanoemulsions containing VK1 have been proposed to overcome some issues associated to semisolid VK1-incorporating formulations. The study has been focused on the design of a lipid-free aqueous formulation, easy to prepare and with low cost of production. Thus, a simply protocol, using a low-energy method, has been used to spontaneously form the nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsion composition has been optimized to improve its physical stability during storage in different conditions. Then, the possibility to administer VK1-containing nanoemulsions by nebulization without significant alteration of the formulation was tested. Moreover, the VK1 accumulation into the skin layers have been evaluated through permeation experiments on Franz cells, ATR-FITR analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observations, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The study demonstrated that NEs represent an interesting option for the commercial development of an aqueous spray formulation for the topical delivery of VK1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy. Electronic address: virginia.campani@unina.it.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Campani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy. Electronic address: mabiondi@unina.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biondi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy. Electronic address: laumayol@unina.it.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mayol
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. Electronic address: francesco.cilurzo@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cilurzo
authors.affiliation: Xenus Srl, Rome 00173, Italy. Electronic address: michele.pitaro@xenuspharma.it.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy. Electronic address: gderosa@unina.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Rosa
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D010837:Vitamin K 1
keywords: Franz cell; Low-energy methods; Nanoemulsions; Vitamin K1