title: Smartphone Applications Utilizing Biofeedback Can Aid Stress Reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress is one of the leading global causes of disease and premature mortality. Despite this, interventions aimed at reducing stress have low adherence rates. The proliferation of mobile phone devices along with gaming-style applications allows for a unique opportunity to broaden the reach and appeal of stress-reduction interventions in modern society. We assessed the effectiveness of two smartphone applications games combined with biofeedback in reducing stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared a control game to gaming-style smartphone applications combined with a skin conductance biofeedback device (the Pip). Fifty participants aged between 18 and 35 completed the Trier Social Stress Test. They were then randomly assigned to the intervention (biofeedback game) or control group (a non-biofeedback game) for thirty minutes. Perceived stress, heart rate and mood were measured before and after participants had played the games.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mixed factorial ANOVA showed a significant interaction between time and game type in predicting perceived stress [F(1,48) = 14.19, p < 0.001]. Participants in the biofeedback intervention had significantly reduced stress compared to the control group. There was also a significant interaction between time and game in predicting heart rate [F(1,48) = 6.41, p < 0.05]. Participants in the biofeedback intervention showed significant reductions in heart rate compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This illustrates the potential for gaming-style smartphone applications combined with biofeedback as stress reduction interventions.
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland.
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Ireland.
authors.forename: Deirdre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Robertson
keywords: biofeedback; electrodermal activity; skin conductance; stress; technology