title: Factors Affecting Number of Diabetes Management Activities Provided by Pharmacists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Legislative changes since 2007 have given Alberta pharmacists additional authorizations and new practice settings, which should enhance provision of clinical services to patients. This study examined whether these changes are related to the number of diabetes management activities provided by pharmacists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional surveys of Alberta pharmacists were conducted in 2006 and 2015. Both questionnaires contained 63 diabetes management activities, with response options to indicate how frequently the activity was provided. Respondents were grouped by survey year, practice setting, diabetes-specific training and additional authorizations. The number of diabetes management activities provided often or always were compared among groups by using analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 128 pharmacists participating in the 2006 survey were compared with 256 pharmacists participating in the 2015 survey; overall mean age was 41.6 (±10.9) years, 245 (64%) were women, mean duration of practice was 16.1 (±11.8) years, 280 (73%) were community pharmacists, 75 (20%) were certified diabetes educators (CDEs), and 100 (26%) had additional prescribing authorization (APA). Pharmacists provided a mean of 28.7 (95% CI 26.3 to 31.2) diabetes management activities in 2006 and 35.2 (95% CI 33.4-37.0) activities in 2015 (p<0.001). Pharmacists who were CDEs provided significantly more activities compared to other pharmacists (p<0.001). In 2015, working in a primary care network and having APA were also associated with provision of more activities (p<0.05 for both comparisons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists provided more diabetes management activities in 2015 than in 2006. The number of diabetes management activities was also associated with being a CDE, working in a primary care network or having APA.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cor
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: scot@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Scot H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002568:Certification / Q000592:standards*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019468:Disease Management; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000592:standards*; D024382:Professional Role; D011379:Prognosis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: certified diabetes educator; community pharmacy services; diabetes; educateur agrééen diabète; health care survey; pharmacy legislation; service de pharmacie