title: Mosquitocidal Effect of Glycosmis pentaphylla Leaf Extracts against Three Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The resistance status of malaria vectors to different classes of insecticides used for public health has raised concern for vector control programmes. Alternative compounds to supplement the existing tools are important to be searched to overcome the existing resistance and persistence of pesticides in vectors and the environment respectively. The mosquitocidal effects of Glycosmis pentaphylla using different solvents of acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts against three medically important mosquito vectors was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glycosmis pentaphylla plant leaves were collected from Kolli Hills, India. The WHO test procedures for larval and adult bioassays were used to evaluate extracts against mosquito vectors, and the chemical composition of extracts identified using GC-MS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The larvicidal and adulticidal activity of G. pentaphylla plant extracts clearly impacted the three species of major mosquitoes vectors. Acetone extracts had the highest larvicidal effect against An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti with the LC50 and LC90 values of 0.0004, 138.54; 0.2669, 73.7413 and 0.0585, 303.746 mg/ml, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 adulticide values of G. pentaphylla leaf extracts in acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate, solvents were as follows for Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. stephensi and Ae. Aegypti: 2.957, 5.458, 2.708, and 4.777, 3.449, 6.676 mg/ml respectively. The chemical composition of G. pentaphylla leaf extract has been found in 20 active compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plant leaf extracts of G. pentaphylla bioactive molecules which are effective and can be developed as an eco-friendly approach for larvicides and adulticidal mosquitoes vector control. Detailed identification and characterization of mosquitocidal effect of individual bioactive molecules ingredient may result into biodegradable effective tools for the control of mosquito vectors.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Govindaraju
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramkumar
authors.affiliation: Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sengodan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karthi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ranganathan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muthusamy
authors.affiliation: Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ponnusamy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suganya
authors.affiliation: Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Devarajan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Natarajan
authors.affiliation: Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania.|Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Eliningaya J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kweka
authors.affiliation: Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Muthugounder S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shivakumar
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D001681:Biological Assay; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009032:Mosquito Control; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D027821:Rutaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents