title: Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: from studies to clinical practice: Position paper of the Italian Chapter, International Society Cardiovascular Ultrasound.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last two decades the interest on patent foramen ovale (PFO) as a cause of cardioembolism in cryptogenic stroke has tremendously increased, thanks to the availability of better techniques to diagnose cardiac right-to-left shunt by ultrasounds and of percutaneous means of PFO treatment with interventional techniques. Many studies have been published that have attempted to define diagnostic methodology, prognosis, and optimal treatment (pharmacological or percutaneous closure) of PFO patients with cryptogenic stroke. Unfortunately, even today, definitive evidence is still lacking, and clinical management is not consistent among cardiologists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to evaluate the role of PFO in cryptogenic stroke, the diagnostic accuracy of transcranial Doppler, contrast transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of left-fright shunt and PFO; and discuss the indications to medical treatment and percutaneous closure of PFO.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies published in the literature on PFO and cryptogenic stroke are considered and discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We define an appropriate diagnostic and clinical management of PFO patients with cryptogenic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After many years of interest on PFO and many concluded studies, there are still no definitive data. However, we are on good track for an appropriate management of PFO patients and cryptogenic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-0298
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Savino
authors.affiliation: ASL Brindisi, District Cardiology Equipe, Brindisi, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maiello
authors.affiliation: Department Heart and Great Vessels "Attilio Reale", University "La Sapienza" Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ambrosio
authors.affiliation: ASL Brindisi, District Cardiology Equipe, Brindisi, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palmiero
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D019320:Embolism, Paradoxical / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin