title: How do generic statements impact performance? Evidence for entity beliefs.
abstract: Generic statements about the abilities of children's social groups (e.g. 'Girls/Boys are good at this game') negatively impact children's performance - even if the statements are favorable towards children's own social groups. We explored the mechanism by which generic language impairs children's performance. Across three studies, our findings suggest that generic statements influence children's performance by creating an entity belief (i.e. a belief that a fixed ability determines performance). Children who were exposed to a generic statement about their social group's ability performed worse than children in control conditions. This effect hurt children's performance even when the person who made the generic statement was no longer present and a new person not privy to the statement replaced them. However, when children heard a generic statement paired with an effort explanation (i.e. 'Girls/Boys are good at this game because they try really hard when they draw') they performed better than children who heard the generic statement with no explanation (i.e. just 'Girls/Boys are good at this game') and children who heard the generic statement paired with a trait explanation (i.e. 'Girls/Boys are good at this game because they are smart and really good at drawing'). This work uncovers when and how generic statements that refer to the ability of one's social group hinder performance, informing the development of practices to improve student motivation and learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Welfare, Chungbuk National University, Korea.
authors.forename: Daeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Marjorie W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nolla
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Sian L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Beilock
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D001076:Aptitude; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D009042:Motivation; D012933:Social Identification