title: Newborn Resuscitation Training in Resource-Limited Settings: A Systematic Literature Review.
abstract: Birth asphyxia contributes substantially to neonatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The effects of training birth attendants in neonatal resuscitation (NR) on mortality are limited by falloff of skills and knowledge over time and transference of learned skills into clinical practice.
  
  
  
  This review examined acquisition and retention of NR knowledge and skills by birth attendants in LMICs and the effectiveness of interventions to improve them.
  
  
  
  Medline, Cochrane, Embase, CINAHL, Bireme, and African Index Medicus databases were searched. We reviewed Web pages and reports from non-peer-reviewed (or "gray") literature sources addressing NR training in LMICs.
  
  
  
  Articles on acquisition and retention of NR knowledge and skills, and interventions to improve them, were limited to LMICs.
  
  
  
  The initial search identified 767 articles, of which 45 met all inclusion criteria. Of these, 31 articles analyzed acquisition of knowledge and skills, and 19 analyzed retention. Most studies found high acquisition rates, although birth attendants struggled to learn bag-mask ventilation. Although significant falloff of knowledge and skills occurred after training, refresher training seemed to improve retention. Results of the gray literature analysis suggest that formal, structured practice sessions improve retention.
  
  
  
  This review did not analyze training's direct impact on mortality.
  
  
  
  Knowledge and skills falloff is a significant barrier to the success of NR training programs and possibly to reducing newborn mortality in LMICs. Refresher training and structured practice show significant promise. Additional research is needed to implement and assess retention improvement strategies in classroom and clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and reisman.jonathan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reisman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arlington
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Lloyd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suarez-Rebling
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
authors.forename: Brett D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D006295:Health Resources; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000193:education*