title: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt tube infection and changing pattern of antibiotic sensitivity in neurosurgery practice: Alarming trends.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection associated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is a severe complication with a high morbidity and substantial mortality. There are no guidelines to choose antibiotics in case of shunt infection. Most surgeons use antibiotics of their choice whereas limited centres follow their own antibiotic policy. An alarming increase in antibiotic resistance has led to rising morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery between January 2010 and December 2015 at our institution. Shunt tubes and cerebrospinal fluid were sent for culture and sensitivity in patients who were suspected clinically of having shunt tube infections. The processing of the samples was done by standard techniques, and the identification of the organism along with its sensitivity pattern was performed using Vitek 2 system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1186 ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgeries were performed during this period at our institute in patients of all age groups. There were 757 (63.8%) male and 429 (36.2%) female patients. A total of 156 samples of patients were sent for culture and sensitivity during this period, out of which 79 (50.6%) samples had growth of an organism either in the cerebrospinal fluid [36 (23.1%)], shunt tubing [16 (10.2%)], or in both [27 (17.3%)]. The most common organisms grown in the cultures were Staphylococcus aureus [65 (82.3%)] or coagulase-negative Staphylococcus [22 (25.3%)] in the Gram-positive group and Escherichia coli [17 (21.5%)] in the Gram-negative group. Over the last 6 years, the sensitivity pattern of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria has shown alarming decreasing sensitivity for various commonly used antibiotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection has become an important concern in cases of hydrocephalus. Due to the development of a high proportion of antibiotic resistance, we recommend an empirical therapy of antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis and suspected infection in ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ankit S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Daljit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Poonam S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Loomba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Hukum
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jagetia
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents