title: Consequences of simulated car driving at constant high speed on the sensorimotor control of leg muscles and the braking response.
abstract: Due to the increase in time spent seated in cars, there is a risk of fatigue of the leg muscles which adjust the force exerted on the accelerator pedal. Any change in their sensorimotor control could lengthen the response to emergency braking. Fourteen healthy male subjects (mean age: 42 ± 4 years) were explored. Before and after a 1-h driving trial at 120 km h-1, we measured the braking response, the maximal leg extension and foot inversion forces, the tonic vibratory response (TVR) in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles to explore the myotatic reflex, and the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex). During driving, surface electromyograms (EMGs) of GM and TA were recorded and the ratio between high (H) and low (L) EMG energies allowed to evaluate the recruitment of high- and low-frequency motor unit discharges. During driving, the H/L ratio decreased in TA, whereas modest and often no significant H/L changes occurred in GM muscle. After driving, the maximal foot inversion force decreased (-19%), while the leg extension force did not vary. Reduced TVR amplitude (-29%) was measured in TA, but no H-reflex changes were noted. The braking reaction time was not modified after the driving trial. Driving at constant elevated speed reduced the myotatic reflex and the recruitment of motor units in TA muscle. The corresponding changes were rarely present in the GM muscle that plays a key role in the braking response, and this could explain the absence of a reduced braking reaction time.
authors.affiliation: UMR MD2, Faculty of Medicine, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jammes
authors.affiliation: IFSTTAR LBA UMR T24, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.affiliation: School of Podiatry, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jean P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: IFSTTAR LBA UMR T24, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berdah
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004576:Electromyography; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D006181:H-Reflex; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D011930:Reaction Time; D011999:Recruitment, Neurophysiological; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: braking emergency; car driving; leg muscles; sensorimotor control