title: Long-Term Motor Deficits after Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats Can Be Detected by Fine Motor Skill Tests but Not by Automated Gait Analysis.
abstract: Animal models with constant, long-lasting motor deficits together with the right tests to assess behavioral abnormalities are needed to study the effectiveness of potential therapies to restore motor functions. In the current study, controlled cortical impact (CCI) was applied in rats to induce damage to the forelimb area of the motor cortex and the dorsal striatum. Motor behavior was assessed before and after CCI, using fine motor skill tests such as the adhesive removal test, the cylinder test, and the Montoya staircase test as well as the automated gait analysis system CatWalk XT over a 6 week period. CCI caused a variety of unilateral motor deficits, which were characterized in detail by using the selected fine motor skill tests. In striking contrast to previous studies on CCI in mice, neither forelimb impairments, nor general changes in gait, were detected with the CatWalk XT. These data suggest that the adhesive removal test, the cylinder test, and the Montoya staircase test are the methods of choice to detect long-term unilateral motor deficits in rats after CCI, whereas the use of automated gait analysis systems might not be suitable to measure these behavioral deviations.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Hasselt, Belgium .|2 Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Lisa-Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schönfeld
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|5 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jahanshahi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Hasselt, Belgium .
authors.forename: Evi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lemmens
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|3 Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Hasselt, Belgium .
authors.forename: Dearbhaile
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dooley
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Elbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .|5 Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht, The Netherlands .
authors.forename: Yasin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Temel
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Hasselt, Belgium .
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hendrix
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: CCI; adult brain injury; behavioral assessments; locomotor function; traumatic brain injury