title: Reversal of diabetes-induced behavioral and neurochemical deficits by cinnamaldehyde.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hyperglycemia during diabetes is associated with altered cognitive function. Cinnamaldehyde showed to have many pharmacological activities indicating anti-diabetic, cognitive enhancer, antiinflammatory etc. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of cinnamaldehyde (CA) on diabetes-induced cognitive deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in Sprague Dawley rats using high fat diet followed by streptozotocin (35mg/kg, i.p.). High fat diet feeding was continued for 18 week after STZ administration. CA was administered daily during the last 3 weeks (week 16-18) at a doses of 10, 20 and 40mg/kg (p.o.). Animals were subjected to behavioral tests during 18th week. Neurotransmitter levels (glutamate and GABA), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) were assessed in the hippocampus and cortex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vehicle-treated diabetic rats showed impaired behavior in open field, elevated plus maze and water maze test compared to age-matched control rats. Cinnamaldehyde showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels at dose of 20 and 40mg/kg. Three weeks treatments of cinnamaldehyde showed significant amelioration of behavioral deficits in diabetic rats. Chronic treatment with cinnamaldehyde showed improvement in brain ChE activity, neurotransmitter levels and reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that treatment with cinnamaldehyde reverse neuroinflammation and changes in neurotransmitter levels, and consequently improves behavioral deficits in diabetic rats.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuropharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar -160062, Punjab, India. Electronic address: jawalead9970@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Akshay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jawale
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuropharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar -160062, Punjab, India. Electronic address: ashokdatusalia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Datusalia
authors.affiliation: National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali)-160071, Punjab, India. Electronic address: mbishnoi@nabi.res.in.
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bishnoi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuropharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar -160062, Punjab, India. Electronic address: sssharma@niper.ac.in.
authors.forename: Shyam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000171:Acrolein; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C012843:cinnamaldehyde
keywords: Cinnamaldehyde; Cognititon; Diabetes; GABA; Glutamate; IL-6; TNF-α