title: Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Individuals and Correlation with Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein1 and Interferon Gamma from Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre in Chennai, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are associated with changes in gut microbiota and characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) are proinflammatory cytokines which play an important role in the development of T2DM. We undertook this study to analyze the gut microbiota of T2DM and nondiabetic subjects and to determine the profile of MCP 1 and IFNγ in the same subjects attending a tertiary care center in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 30 subjects with clinical details. Stool and blood samples were collected from all the subjects. DNA was extracted from fecal samples and polymerase chain reaction was done using fusion primers. Metagenomic analysis was performed using ion torrent sequencing. The reads obtained were in FASTA format and reported as operational taxonomic units. Human MCP 1 and IFNγ enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed for 23 serum samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study consisted of 30 subjects; 17 were T2DM and 13 were nondiabetics. The gut microbiota among T2DM consisted predominantly of Gram negative bacteria; Escherichia and Prevotella, when compared with the nondiabetic group with predominantly Gram positive organisms suchas Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium. The mean MCP-1 values in the diabetic group were 232.8 pg/ml and in the nondiabetic group 170.84 pg/ml. IFNγ (mean 385.5 pg/ml) was raised in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) group of 6.5-7.5% which was statistically significant. Association of Escherichia with T2DM and association of Bifidobacteria in the nondiabetics were also statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Escherichia counts were elevated in T2DM with HbA1c of 6.5-8.5% which was statistically significant suggesting that lipopolysaccharides present in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria may be responsible for low-grade inflammation as evidenced by elevated MCP-1 and IFNγ levels in T2DM with the same HbA1c levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Premalatha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pushpanathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Padma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Srikanth
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Krishna G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sribal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selvarajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ravi Shankar
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Pitani
authors.affiliation: Shrimpex Biotech Services Private Limited, Sholinganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Thomas David
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Shrimpex Biotech Services Private Limited, Sholinganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janarthanan
keywords: Gut microbiota; glycated hemoglobin; interferon gamma; metagenomic sequencing; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; nondiabetes; type 2 diabetes mellitus