title: Transformation of ranitidine during water chlorination and ozonation: Moiety-specific reaction kinetics and elimination efficiency of NDMA formation potential.
abstract: Ranitidine can produce high yields of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) upon chloramination and its presence in water resources is a concern for water utilities using chloramine disinfection. This study assessed the efficiency of water chlorination and ozonation in transforming ranitidine and eliminating its NDMA formation potential (NDMA-FP) by determining moiety-specific reaction kinetics, stoichiometric factors, and elimination levels in real water matrices. Despite the fact that chlorine reacts rapidly with the acetamidine and thioether moieties of ranitidine (k>10(8)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7), the NDMA-FP decreases significantly only when chlorine reacts with the less reactive tertiary amine (k=3×10(3)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7) or furan moiety (k=81M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7). Ozone reacts rapidly with all four moieties of ranitidine (k=1.5×10(5)-1.6×10(6)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7) and its reaction with the tertiary amine or furan moiety leads to complete elimination of the NDMA-FP. Treatments of ranitidine-spiked real water samples have shown that ozonation can efficiently deactivate ranitidine in water and wastewater treatment, while chlorination can be efficient for water containing low concentration of ammonia. This result can be applied to the other structurally similar, potent NDMA precursors.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dahee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jisoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaedon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Zahra Ramadhany
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Hidayat
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yhlee42@gist.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yunho
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry; D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry; D005663:Furans / Q000737:chemistry; D054879:Halogenation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007700:Kinetics; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D002700:Chloramines; D005663:Furans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D010126:Ozone; D011899:Ranitidine; C030816:chloramine
keywords: Chloramine; Chlorine; N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA); Ozone; Ranitidine