title: Challenges of pain control and the role of the ambulatory pain specialist in the outpatient surgery setting.
abstract: Ambulatory surgery is on the rise, with an unmet need for optimum pain control in ambulatory surgery centers worldwide. It is important that there is a proportionate increase in the availability of acute pain-management services to match the rapid rise of clinical patient load with pain issues in the ambulatory surgery setting. Focus on ambulatory pain control with its special challenges is vital to achieve optimum pain control and prevent morbidity and mortality. Management of perioperative pain in the ambulatory surgery setting is becoming increasingly complex, and requires the employment of a multimodal approach and interventions facilitated by ambulatory surgery pain specialists, which is a new concept. A focused ambulatory pain specialist on site at each ambulatory surgery center, in addition to providing safe anesthesia, could intervene early once problematic pain issues are recognized, thus preventing emergency room visits, as well as readmissions for uncontrolled pain. This paper reviews methods of acute-pain management in the ambulatory setting with risk stratification, the utilization of multimodal interventions, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological options, opioids, nonopioids, and various routes with the goal of preventing delayed discharge and unexpected hospital admissions after ambulatory surgery. Continued research and investigation in the area of pain management with outcome studies in acute surgically inflicted pain in patients with underlying chronic pain treated with opioids and the pattern and predictive factors for pain in the ambulatory surgical setting is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kai
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kodumudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Berger
keywords: acute pain; ambulatory surgery center; ambulatory surgery pain control; opioids; outpatient surgery analgesia; substance abuse