title: Ophthalmology simulation for undergraduate and postgraduate clinical education.
abstract: This is a review education paper on the current ophthalmology simulators utilized worldwide for undergraduate and postgraduate training. At present, various simulators such as the EYE Exam Simulator (Kyoto Kagaku Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), Eyesi direct ophthalmoscope simulator (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), Eyesi indirect ophthalmoscope simulator (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and Eyesi cataract simulators (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). These simulators are thought to be able to reduce the initial learning curve for the ophthalmology training but further research will need to be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the simulation-assisted Ophthalmology training. Future research will be of great value to assess the medical students and residents' responses and performance regarding the usefulness of the individual eye simulator.
authors.affiliation: Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore National Eye Centre, 168751, Singapore; College Road, DUKE-NUS Medical School Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
authors.forename: Daniel Shu Wei
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.affiliation: Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore National Eye Centre, 168751, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shaun Sebastian Khung Peng
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.affiliation: Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore National Eye Centre, 168751, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christine Wen Leng
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore National Eye Centre, 168751, Singapore; College Road, DUKE-NUS Medical School Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosman
authors.affiliation: Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore National Eye Centre, 168751, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ai Tee
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Aw
authors.affiliation: Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore National Eye Centre, 168751, Singapore; College Road, DUKE-NUS Medical School Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ian Yew San
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Yeo
keywords: cataract simulator; direct ophthalmoscopy simulator; ophthalmology residency training; ophthalmology simulator