title: Effects of combined high intensity arm and leg training on performance and cardio-respiratory measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined arm and leg high-intensity low-volume interval training (HIITarm+leg) on maximal oxygen uptake, myocardial measures (i.e. stroke volume, cardiac output, ejection fraction), Tissue Oxygenation Index (TOI) of the vastus lateralis and triceps brachii, as well as power output in comparison to leg HIIT (HIITleg) only.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 20 healthy, male and female volunteers completed six sessions of either HIITleg on a cycle ergometer or HIITarm+leg on an arm and leg cycle ergometer. During pre- and post-testing, the volunteers completed a submaximal and incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Magnitude based interference revealed likely to very likely beneficial effects for HIITarm+leg compared to HIITleg in maximal oxygen uptake, cardiac measures as well peak power output. The TOI following HIITarm+leg demonstrated likely to very likely increased oxygenation in the triceps brachii or the vastus lateralis when compared to HIITleg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that six sessions of HIITarm+leg may likely to very likely improve maximal oxygen uptake, some inotropy-related cardiac measures with improved tissue oxygenation of the triceps brachii and vastus lateralis muscles resulting in greater leg peak power output.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany - christoph.zinner@uni-wuerzburg.de.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zinner
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Billy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sperlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dennis-Peter
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Born
authors.affiliation: Department III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D000072696:High-Intensity Interval Training / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013318:Stroke Volume; D055815:Young Adult