title: Electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors.
abstract: Electrochemical techniques have great promise for low-cost miniaturised easy-to-use portable devices for a wide range of applications-in particular, medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. Different techniques can be used for biosensing, with amperometric devices taking the central role due to their widespread application in glucose monitoring. In fact, glucose biosensing takes an approximately 70% share of the biosensor market due to the need for diabetic patients to monitor their sugar levels several times a day, making it an appealing commercial market.In this review, we present the basic principles of electrochemical biosensor devices. A description of the different generations of glucose sensors is used to describe in some detail the operation of amperometric sensors and how the introduction of mediators can enhance the performance of the sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a technique being increasingly used in devices due to its ability to detect variations in resistance and capacitance upon binding events. Novel advances in electrochemical sensors, due to the use of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, are presented as well as future directions that the field is taking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
authors.forename: Jules L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
authors.forename: Nello
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Formisano
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K. p.estrela@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Estrela
authors.affiliation: Integrated Systems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carrara
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tkac
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D006108:Graphite
keywords: amperometric biosensor; biosensor; carbon nanotubes; chronocoulometry; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electrochemistry; glucose; graphene; reduced graphene oxide