title: WONOEP appraisal: Molecular and cellular biomarkers for epilepsy.
abstract: Peripheral biomarkers have myriad potential uses for treatment, prediction, prognostication, and pharmacovigilance in epilepsy. To date, no single peripheral biomarker has demonstrated proven effectiveness, although multiple candidates are in development. In this review, we discuss the major areas of focus including inflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, redox alterations, metabolism, hormones and growth factors.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Flocel, Inc., Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janigro
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center Charité, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.affiliation: University of Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Raili
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riikonen
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, INS UMR_S 1106, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000503:physiopathology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
keywords: Blood-brain barrier; High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1); Inflammation; Insulin-like growth factor; S100B; brain derived neurotrophic factor