title: Update on local allergic rhinitis.
abstract: We here provide an update on the literature regarding local allergic rhinitis (LAR). In reviewing LAR, we have included an updated definition, classifications, mechanisms, comorbidities, and recommendations for diagnosis and treatment for LAR, as well as the defined research areas for future evidence-based studies. LAR is a localised nasal allergic response in the absence of systemic atopy characterised by local production of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies, a TH2 pattern of mucosal cell infiltration during natural exposure to aeroallergens, and a positive nasal allergen provocation test response, with the release of inflammatory mediators. The localised allergic response of LAR is an important topic for the study of allergies. This review provides an update on the current knowledge of LAR.
authors.affiliation: Tuzla State Hospital, ENT Clinics, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: niyazialt@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Niyazi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Altıntoprak
authors.affiliation: Kumluca State Hospital, ENT Clinics, Antalya, Turkey. Electronic address: drmuratkar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.affiliation: Kirikkale University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kirikkale, Turkey. Electronic address: nuray.bayar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nuray
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bayar Muluk
authors.affiliation: Private Polatlı Can Hospital, ENT Clinics, Polatli/Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: tugbaoktemer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tugba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oktemer
authors.affiliation: Ankara Koru Hospital, ENT Clinics, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: entdrkagan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kagan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ipci
authors.affiliation: Yunus Emre State Hospital, ENT Clinics, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: lemanvezir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Leman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Birdane
authors.affiliation: Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Medical Faculty, ENT Department, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: maricigil79@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mitat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aricigil
authors.affiliation: Konya Training and Research Hospital, ENT Clinics, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: drmehmetsenturk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senturk
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, ENT Department, Riyad, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: bafaqeeh@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sameer Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bafaqeeh
authors.affiliation: Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eskisehir, Turkey. Electronic address: ccingi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cingi
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D009299:Nasal Provocation Tests; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: Absence; Antibodies; Local allergic rhinitis; Local production; Mechanism; Specific IgE; Systemic atopy