title: Bacteria and Archaea diversity within the hot springs of Lake Magadi and Little Magadi in Kenya.
abstract: Lake Magadi and little Magadi are hypersaline, alkaline lakes situated in the southern part of Kenyan Rift Valley. Solutes are supplied mainly by a series of alkaline hot springs with temperatures as high as 86 °C. Previous culture-dependent and culture-independent studies have revealed diverse groups of microorganisms thriving under these conditions. Previous culture independent studies were based on the analysis of 16S rDNA but were done on less saline lakes. For the first time, this study combined illumina sequencing and analysis of amplicons of both total community rDNA and 16S rRNA cDNA to determine the diversity and community structure of bacteria and archaea within 3 hot springs of L. Magadi and little Magadi.
  
  
  
  Water, wet sediments and microbial mats were collected from springs in the main lake at a temperature of 45.1 °C and from Little Magadi "Nasikie eng'ida" (temperature of 81 °C and 83.6 °C). Total community DNA and RNA were extracted from samples using phenol-chloroform and Trizol RNA extraction protocols respectively. The 16S rRNA gene variable region (V4 - V7) of the extracted DNA and RNA were amplified and library construction performed following Illumina sequencing protocol. Sequences were analyzed done using QIIME while calculation of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between datasets, hierarchical clustering, Non Metric Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) redundancy analysis (RDA) and diversity indices were carried out using the R programming language and the Vegan package.
  
  
  
  Three thousand four hundred twenty-six and one thousand nine hundred thirteen OTUs were recovered from 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA cDNA respectively. Uncultured diversity accounted for 89.35 % 16S rDNA and 87.61 % 16S rRNA cDNA reads. The most abundant phyla in both the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA cDNA datasets included: Proteobacteria (8.33-50 %), Firmicutes 3.52-28.92 %, Bacteroidetes (3.45-26.44 %), Actinobacteria (0.98-28.57 %) and Euryarchaeota (3.55-34.48 %) in all samples. NMDS analyses of taxonomic composition clustered the taxa into three groups according to sample types (i.e. wet sediments, mats and water samples) with evident overlap of clusters between wet sediments and microbial mats from the three sample types in both DNA and cDNA datasets. The hot spring (45.1 °C) contained less diverse populations compared to those in Little Magadi (81-83 °C).
  
  
  
  There were significant differences in microbial community structure at 95 % level of confidence for both total diversity (P value, 0.009) based on 16S rDNA analysis and active microbial diversity (P value, 0.01) based on 16S rRNA cDNA analysis, within the three hot springs. Differences in microbial composition and structure were observed as a function of sample type and temperature, with wet sediments harboring the highest diversity.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Anne Kelly
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kambura
authors.affiliation: Embu University College, P. O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya.
authors.forename: Romano Kachiuru
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Mwirichia
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Remmy Wekesa
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kasili
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Edward Nderitu
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Karanja
authors.affiliation: Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P. O. Box 90420-80100, GPO, Mombasa, Kenya.
authors.forename: Huxley Mae
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Makonde
authors.affiliation: Taita Taveta University College, P.O. Box 635-80300, Voi, Kenya. hamadiboga@ttuc.ac.ke.
authors.forename: Hamadi Iddi
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Boga
mesh_terms: D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D002965:Classification; D019641:DNA, Archaeal / Q000032:analysis; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D045482:Hot Springs / Q000382:microbiology*; D007630:Kenya; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D019641:DNA, Archaeal; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: 16S rDNA; 16S rRNA cDNA; Hot springs; Lake Magadi; Microbial diversity