title: Habitual dietary protein intake affects body iron status in Japanese female college rhythmic gymnasts: a follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many rhythmic gymnasts stay lean by reducing their body weight (BW); however, this may result in iron deficiency (ID). Our previous cross-sectional study reported an association between ID incidence and protein intake in gymnasts during the pre-season. The present study aimed to examine the association between dietary protein intake and ID incidence in a 2-year follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elite Japanese female college rhythmic gymnasts [mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 18.4 ± 0.5 years] were recruited on a voluntary basis every August for 9 years. Anthropometric, dietary intake, and hematological parameters were measured at baseline and 2 years later. A total of 20 participants without ID at baseline were divided into either a lower (L, n = 11) or higher (H, n = 9) protein group based on median protein intake (1.3 g protein/kg BW).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants consumed 1.08 ± 0.16 and 1.55 ± 0.14 g/kg BW of protein in the L and H groups, respectively. No significant changes in the intake of protein and other nutrients were observed between baseline and 2-year follow-up in both groups. ID was observed in a total of eight (72.8 %) participants in the L group and one (11.2 %) in the H group at follow-up. The incidence of ID was significantly lower in the H group than the L group (Fisher's exact test, odds ratio, 0.043; 95 % CI 0.004-0.552; p = 0.010).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the pre-season weight loss period, habitually higher protein intake may reduce ID incidence among elite college female rhythmic gymnasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Medical Science, Aichi Shukutoku University, 2-9 Katahira, Nagakute-shi, Aichi 480-1197 Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kokubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Wellness Science, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, 8-19-1 KitaKarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8565 Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kisara
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Fujisangyo Co., Ltd., 5-32-7 shinbasi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0054 Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohira-Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan.
authors.forename: Azumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hida
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Wellness Science, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, 8-19-1 KitaKarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8565 Japan.
authors.forename: Sakuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan.
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawano
keywords: Dietary protein intake; Female rhythmic gymnasts; Iron deficiency; Weight-loss period