title: Genomic approach to studying nutritional requirements of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and other Clostridia causing late blowing defects.
abstract: Clostridium tyrobutyricum is the main microorganism responsible for the late blowing defect in hard and semi-hard cheeses, causing considerable economic losses to the cheese industry. Deeper knowledge of the metabolic requirements of this microorganism can lead to the development of more effective control approaches. In this work, the amino acids and B vitamins essential for sustaining the growth of C. tyrobutyricum were investigated using a genomic approach. As the first step, the genomes of four C. tyrobutyricum strains were analyzed for the presence of genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids and B vitamins. Metabolic pathways could be reconstructed for all amino acids and B vitamins with the exception of biotin (vitamin B7) and folate (vitamin B9). The biotin pathway was missing the enzyme amino-7-oxononanoate synthase that catalyzes the condensation of pimeloyl-ACP and l-alanine to 8-amino-7-oxononanoate. In the folate pathway, the missing genes were those coding for para-aminobenzoate synthase and aminodeoxychorismate lyase enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for the conversion of chorismate into para-aminobenzoate (PABA). Two C. tyrobutyircum strains whose genome was analyzed in silico as well as other 10 strains isolated from cheese were tested in liquid media to confirm these observations. 11 strains showed growth in a defined liquid medium containing biotin and PABA after 6-8 days of incubation. No strain showed growth when only one or none of these compounds were added, confirming the observations obtained in silico. Furthermore, the genome analysis was extended to genomes of single strains of other Clostridium species potentially causing late blowing, namely Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium butyricum. Only the biotin biosynthesis pathway was incomplete for C. butyricum and C. beijerincki. In contrast, C. sporogenes showed missing enzymes in biosynthesis pathways of several amino acids as well as biotin, folate, and cobalamin (vitamin B12). These observations agree with the results of growth experiments of these species in liquid media reported in the literature. The results of this study suggest that biotin and folate are potential targets for reducing late blowing in cheese and highlight the usefulness of genomic analysis for identifying essential nutrients in bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Food Sciences, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michelangelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Storari
authors.affiliation: Institute for Food Sciences, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kulli
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wüthrich
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruggmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Food Sciences, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berthoud
authors.affiliation: Institute for Food Sciences, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: emmanuelle.arias@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arias-Roth
mesh_terms: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology; D048014:Clostridium tyrobutyricum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005285:Fermentation; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005516:Food Microbiology; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D001710:Biotin; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Amino acids; Cheese; Clostridium; Late blowing; Vitamins