title: Hidden sources of joy, fear, and sadness: Explicit versus implicit neural processing of musical emotions.
abstract: Music is often used to regulate emotions and mood. Typically, music conveys and induces emotions even when one does not attend to them. Studies on the neural substrates of musical emotions have, however, only examined brain activity when subjects have focused on the emotional content of the music. Here we address with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) the neural processing of happy, sad, and fearful music with a paradigm in which 56 subjects were instructed to either classify the emotions (explicit condition) or pay attention to the number of instruments playing (implicit condition) in 4-s music clips. In the implicit vs. explicit condition, stimuli activated bilaterally the inferior parietal lobule, premotor cortex, caudate, and ventromedial frontal areas. The cortical dorsomedial prefrontal and occipital areas activated during explicit processing were those previously shown to be associated with the cognitive processing of music and emotion recognition and regulation. Moreover, happiness in music was associated with activity in the bilateral auditory cortex, left parahippocampal gyrus, and supplementary motor area, whereas the negative emotions of sadness and fear corresponded with activation of the left anterior cingulate and middle frontal gyrus and down-regulation of the orbitofrontal cortex. Our study demonstrates for the first time in healthy subjects the neural underpinnings of the implicit processing of brief musical emotions, particularly in frontoparietal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and striatal areas of the brain.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: elvira.brattico@clin.au.dk.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bogert
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Taru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Numminen-Kontti
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sams
authors.affiliation: Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Töölö Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Numminen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Center for Interdisciplinary Music Research, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Iballa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Burunat
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Jouko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lampinen
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Brain Research Unit (CBRU), Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Center for Music in the Brain (MIB), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark; AMI Centre, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland. Electronic address: elvira.brattico@clin.au.dk.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brattico
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Caudate; Emotion; Explicit processing; Implicit processing; Music