title: The vitamin D status of the US population from 1988 to 2010 using standardized serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D shows recent modest increases.
abstract: Temporal trends in the US population's vitamin D status have been uncertain because of nonstandardized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] measurements.
  
  
  
  To accurately assess vitamin D status trends among those aged ≥12 y, we used data from the cross-sectional NHANESs.
  
  
  
  A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for measuring 25(OH)D (sum of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3), calibrated to standard reference materials, was used to predict LC-MS/MS-equivalent concentrations from radioimmunoassay data (1988-2006 surveys; n = 38,700) and to measure LC-MS/MS concentrations (2007-2010 surveys; n = 12,446). Weighted arithmetic means and the prevalence of 25(OH)D above or below cutoff concentrations were calculated to evaluate long-term trends.
  
  
  
  Overall, mean predicted 25(OH)D showed no time trend from 1988 to 2006, but during 2007-2010 the mean measured 25(OH)D was 5-6 nmol/L higher. Those groups who showed the largest 25(OH)D increases (7-11 nmol/L) were older, female, non-Hispanic white, and vitamin D supplement users. During 1988-2010, the proportions of persons with 25(OH)D <40 nmol/L were 14-18% (overall), 46-60% (non-Hispanic blacks), 21-28% (Mexican Americans), and 6-10% (non-Hispanic whites).
  
  
  
  An accurate method for measuring 25(OH)D showed stable mean concentrations in the US population (1988-2006) and recent modest increases (2007-2010). Although it is unclear to what extent supplement usage compared with different laboratory methods explain the increases in 25(OH)D, the use of higher vitamin D supplement dosages coincided with the increase. Marked race-ethnic differences in 25(OH)D concentrations were apparent. These data provide the first standardized information about temporal trends in the vitamin D status of the US population.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health and the.
authors.forename: Rosemary L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health and the.
authors.forename: Maya R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sternberg
authors.affiliation: National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Atlanta, GA; and the.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lacher
authors.affiliation: Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sempos
authors.affiliation: National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Atlanta, GA; and the.
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Looker
authors.affiliation: Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Ramon A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Durazo-Arvizu
authors.affiliation: Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Yetley
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health and the.
authors.forename: Madhulika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaudhary-Webb
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health and the.
authors.forename: Khin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Maw
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health and the cfp8@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Atlanta, GA; and the.
authors.forename: Clifford L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: NHANES; standardization; supplements; survey; trend; vitamin D