title: High risk factors of pancreatic carcinoma.
abstract: Over the past decades, cancer has become one of the toughest challenges for health professionals. The epidemiologists are increasingly directing their research efforts on various malignant tumor worldwide. Of note, incidence of cancers is on the rise more quickly in developed countries. Indeed, great endeavors have to be made in the control of the life-threatening disease. As we know it, pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant disease with the worst prognosis. While little is known about the etiology of the PC and measures to prevent the condition, so far, a number of risk factors have been identified. Genetic factors, pre-malignant lesions, predisposing diseases and exogenous factors have been found to be linked to PC. Genetic susceptibility was observed in 10% of PC cases, including inherited PC syndromes and familial PC. However, in the remaining 90%, their PC might be caused by genetic factors in combination with environmental factors. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism of the two kinds of factors, endogenous and exogenous, working together to cause PC remains poorly understood. The fact that most pancreatic neoplasms are diagnosed at an incurable stage of the disease highlights the need to identify risk factors and to understand their contribution to carcinogenesis. This article reviews the high risk factors contributing to the development of PC, to provide information for clinicians and epidemiologists.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Soriba Naby
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Camara
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Tao
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authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Ming
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authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
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authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
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authors.affiliation: Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Jing
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authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Gang
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authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Yong
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Tajoo
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authors.affiliation: Department of Planning Family and Reproductive Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam National Hospital of Pamplemousses, Mauritius, 21017, Mauritius.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital of Donka, Conakry, Guinea.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, National Hospital of Ignace Deen, Conakry, 1147, Guinea.
authors.forename: Aissatou Taran
authors.initials: AT
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authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
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authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Xin
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authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Yao
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authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Shan-Miao
authors.initials: SM
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Hospital of Donka, Conakry, Guinea.
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authors.initials: NLM
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authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National Hospital of Donka, Conakry, Guinea.
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authors.forename: Naby Daouda
authors.initials: ND
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authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: He-Shui
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wu
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mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System
keywords: epidemiology; etiology; high risk factors; pancreatic cancer; pathogenesis; treatment