title: Hypoxia on the Expression of Hepatoma Upregulated Protein in Prostate Cancer Cells.
abstract: Hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP) is a multifunctional protein with clinical promise. This protein has been demonstrated to be a predictive marker for the outcome in high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients, besides being a resistance factor in PCa. Although changes in oxygen tension (pO2) are associated with PCa aggressiveness, the role of hypoxia in the regulation of tumor progression genes such as HURP has not yet been described. We hypothesized that pO2 alteration is involved in the regulation of HURP expression in PCa cells. In the present study, PCa cells were incubated at 2% O2 (hypoxia) and 20% O2 (normoxia) conditions. Hypoxia reduced cell growth rate of PCa cells, when compared to the growth rate of cells cultured under normoxia (p < 0.05). The decrease in cell viability was accompanied by fivefold (p < 0.05) elevated rate of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release. The expression of VEGF and the hypoxia-inducible metabolic enzyme carbonic anhydrase 9 were elevated maximally nearly 61-fold and 200-fold, respectively (p < 0.05). Noted in two cell lines (LNCaP and C4-2B) and independent of the oxygen levels, HURP expression assessed at both mRNA and protein levels was reduced. However, the decrease was more pronounced in cells cultured under hypoxia (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the analysis of patients' specimens by Western blot revealed a marked increase of HURP protein (fivefold), when compared to control (cystoprostatectomy) tissue (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed an increase in the immunostaining intensity of HURP and the hypoxia-sensitive molecules, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), VEGF, and heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) in association with tumor grade. The data also suggested a redistribution of subcellular localization for HURP and HIF-1α from the nucleus to the cytoplasmic compartment in relation to increasing tumor grade. Analysis of HURP Promoter for HIF-1-binding sites revealed presence of four putative HIF binding sites on the promoter of DLGAP5/HURP gene in the non-translated region upstream from the start codon, suggesting association between HIF-1α and the regulation of HURP protein. Taken together, our findings suggest a modulatory role of hypoxia on the expression of HURP. Additionally our results provide basis for utilization of tumor-associated molecules as predictors of aggressive PCa.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sakiyama
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS , USA.
authors.forename: Tangeng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS , USA.
authors.forename: Logan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fair
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS , USA.
authors.forename: Xinchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Jovanny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zabaleta
authors.affiliation: Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gomez
keywords: C4-2B; HURP; LNCaP; hypoxia; prostate cancer; tumor