title: Determination of biogenic amines in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) by ion-pair extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ion-pair extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been proposed for the determination of biogenic amines in licorice samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the biogenic amines were 1.4-2.7 and 4.7-9.1 ng mL-1, respectively. Relative standard deviations based on five replicate extraction of 100 ng mL-1of each biogenic amine were <4.7% for intra-day and 7.4% for inter-day precision. The method described in this study has been shown to be in accordance with satisfactory accuracy and good reproducibility for the quantitative determination of biogenic amines in licorice samples. Nine biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, spermine, spermidine, tyramine, tryptamine, agmatine and phenylethylamine) were detected in licorice samples and total biogenic amine concentrations were determined at 369 ng mL-1in fresh and 3532 ng mL-1in non-fresh licorice samples. Putrescine was found at the highest concentrations to be up to 704 ng mL-1in all the analyzed samples, followed by tyramine (675 ng mL-1) and tryptamine (282 ng mL-1). Putrescine, tyramine and spermine concentrations were dramatically increased, whereas agmatine concentration was significantly decreased, in non-fresh licorice samples compared to fresh ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The consumption of freshly prepared licorice is recommended because of the relatively low concentration of total biogenic amines. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şevket
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Ata
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bülent Ecevit University, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akyüz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bülent Ecevit University, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Çabuk
mesh_terms: D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D063427:Food Quality; D061353:Food Storage; D006035:Glycyrrhiza / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D005421:Flavoring Agents
keywords: LC-MS/MS; biogenic amines; ion-pair extraction; licorice