title: Plasma Macrophage Migration Inhibitor Factor Is Elevated in Response to Myocardial Ischemia.
abstract: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key regulator of inflammatory responses, including in the heart. Plasma MIF is elevated early in the course of acute myocardial infarction. In this study, we hypothesized that plasma MIF may also be increased in acute myocardial ischemia.
  
  
  
  Patients undergoing cardiac stress test (stress nuclear myocardial perfusion scan or stress echocardiography) were recruited. Twenty-two patients had a stress test indicative of myocardial ischemia and were compared with 62 patients who had a negative stress test. Plasma MIF was measured by ELISA before and after the stress test. MIF was also measured in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease before and after exercise causing claudication. Gene and protein expression of MIF was measured in mouse cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Plasma MIF was elevated at 5 and 15 minutes after stress (relative to before stress) in patients with a positive test, compared with those with a negative test. In contrast, high-sensitivity troponin T and C-reactive protein were not altered after stress in either group. MIF was not altered after exercise in PAOD patients, despite the occurrence of claudication, suggesting that plasma MIF is not a marker for skeletal muscle ischemia. This may be explained by a lower gene and protein expression of MIF in skeletal muscle than the heart.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that plasma MIF is an early marker for acute myocardial ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Fenling
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Xuegang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Hans G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Andris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ellims
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia a.dart@alfred.org.au.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood*; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020107:Troponin T / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D020107:Troponin T; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C515598:MIF protein, human; C076231:Mif protein, mouse
keywords: cytokine; macrophage migration inhibitory factor; myocardial ischemia; peripheral artery disease; stress test