title: Elemental profiling and geographical differentiation of Ethiopian coffee samples through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and direct mercury analyzer (DMA).
abstract: This study was aimed to establish the elemental profiling and provenance of coffee samples collected from eleven major coffee producing regions of Ethiopia. A total of 129 samples were analyzed for forty-five elements using inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectroscopy (OES), ICP-mass spectrometry (MS) and direct mercury analyzer (DMA). Among the macro elements, K showed the highest levels whereas Fe was found to have the lowest concentration values. In all the samples, Ca, K, Mg, P and S contents were statistically significant (p<0.05). Micro elements showed the concentrations order of: Mn>Cu>Sr>Zn>Rb>Ni>B. Contents of the trace elements were lower than the permissible standard values. Inter-regions differentiation by cluster analysis (CA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that micro and trace elements are the best chemical descriptors of the analyzed coffee samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Girum
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Habte
authors.affiliation: World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 503-360, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In Min
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Sung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joon Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Yeong
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Nho
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nargis
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jamila
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kskim@chosun.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyong Su
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005002:Ethiopia; D005843:Geography; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D014131:Trace Elements; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Coffee; Ethiopia; Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy; Linear discriminant analysis; Provenance; Trace elements