title: Quantitative proteomic analysis of histone modifications in decitabine sensitive and resistant leukemia cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The refractory nature of many cancers remains the main health challenge over the past century. The epigenetic drug, decitabine (DAC), represents one of the most promising therapeutic agents in cancers particularly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, its ambiguous anti-tumor mechanism and the unpredictable drug-resistant nature in some population compromise its application in cancer therapy. In crosstalk with DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are the key players in modulating the downstream epigenetic status of tumor suppressor genes. This study targets the role of decitabine in epigenetic regulation in leukemia therapy and searches responsive predictors and therapeutic targets for pretreatment evaluation and drug development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A simple, fast, and robust proteomic strategy identified 15 novel PTMs and 60 PTM combinations in two leukemia cell lines (MDS-L and TF-1). Histone modification profiles have been generated and compared between DAC sensitive and resistant groups (n = 3) in response to DAC treatment. Among these histone PTMs, five of which were found differentially upon DAC treatment in drug sensitive and resistant cells: H3.3K36me3, H4K8acK12acK16ac in MDS-L cells; and H3.1K27me1, H3.1K36me1, H3.1K27me1K36me1 in TF-1 cells. They may serve as biomarkers in predicting leukemia and drug responsiveness. In addition, we also explored PTM differences in two cell lines which were developed from early and advanced stages of AML. Three PTMs (H3.1K27me3, H3.1K27me2K36me2 and H3.3K27me2K36me2) are highly abundant in TF-1 cells (advanced AML cell line), suggesting their relevance to leukemogenesis. Our method allowed deep analysis of histone proteins and elucidation of a large number of histone PTMs with high precision and sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DAC-induced DNA hypomethylation has wide impact on chromatin modifications. This study represents first effort to investigate the undefined epigenetic mechanism of decitabine in leukemia therapy. The identification of 15 novel PTMs and the discovery of several marks have relevance to epigenetic directed therapies.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
authors.forename: Chunchao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
authors.forename: Jinfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suo
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 428, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 428, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garcia-Manero
authors.affiliation: Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanash
keywords: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML); Decitabine (DAC); Histone modifications; Leukemia; Mass spectrometry; Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)