title: Labour migration of Polish nurses: a questionnaire survey conducted with the Computer Assisted Web Interview technique.
abstract: According to data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Poland has one of the lowest numbers of nurses (5.2) per 1000 inhabitants among 28 EU countries. The migration of nurses from Poland has particular importance in the context of scarce human resources in this professional group, especially given the increasingly ageing population in European societies, which will entail an increased demand for nursing and care services. The aim of the study was to obtain information on the intentions of Polish nurses to migrate for work to other countries in the European region.
  
  
  
  The study included 581 nurses, professionally active in Poland over the duration of the study. The Computer Assisted Web Interview technique was used to collect data. Nurses filled in a web-based questionnaire that was available from December 5, 2011, to March 5, 2012. The choice of respondents for the sample was based on the availability of data. An invitation to participate in the study could be viewed on selected websites from the Portal of Nurses and Midwives, the Supreme Chamber of Nurses and Midwives, and the Polish Nursing Society. The survey questionnaire was designed by the authors, which served as the primary research tool.
  
  
  
  Nearly one in three respondents intended to leave Poland for professional reasons. Overall, 12.4 % of respondents had already worked as a nurse abroad. The main destinations for migration included Germany, followed by England and Norway. The intended length of stay abroad ranged from 2-5 years.
  
  
  
  In the studied group of Polish nurses, there was great interest in seeking employment abroad. Nurses tend to go abroad mostly for long-term, repeated periods to the wealthiest countries nearest to Poland. In view of the low level of human resources in the Polish nursing sector, the migration of Polish nurses will probably have crucial implications for the quality of healthcare services in Poland in the coming years. Given the methodology applied, study findings refer solely to the study group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a (unit F), 02-097, Warsaw, Poland. rafszpakowski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szpakowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Patrycja W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Zając
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a (unit F), 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dykowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Zofia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sienkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a (unit F), 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Augustynowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a (unit F), 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czerw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000600:supply & distribution; D011044:Poland; D011365:Professional Practice Location; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Health policy; Healthcare workers; Labour migration; Nurse migration; Polish nurses; Questionnaire survey; Work satisfaction