title: Highly fluorescent resorcinarene cavitand nanocapsules with efficient renal clearance.
abstract: Nanomaterial based imaging approaches hold substantial promise in addressing current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. One of the key requirements for the successful clinical translation of nanomaterials is their complete clearance from the body within a reasonable time period preferably via the renal filtration route. This article describes the synthesis of highly fluorescent, water soluble, resorcinarene cavitand nanocapsules and demonstrates their effective renal clearance in mice. The synthesis and functionalization of nanocapsules was accomplished in a one-pot operation via thiol-ene reactions without involving self-assembly, sacrificial templates or emulsions. Water soluble resorcinarene cavitand nanocapsules obtained by this approach were covalently functionalized with Alexa Fluor 750. Highly fluorescent nanocapsules with hydrodynamic diameters of 122 nm and 68 nm and extinction coefficients of 1.3 × 10(9) M(-1) cm(-1) and 1.5 × 10(8) M(-1) cm(-1) respectively were prepared by varying the reaction conditions. The in vivo biodistribution and clearance of these nanocapsules in mice followed by whole-body fluorescence imaging showed that they were both cleared renally within a few hours. Given the inherent encapsulation capabilities of nanocapsules, the renal clearance demonstrated in this work opens up new opportunities for their theranostic applications especially for targeting and treating the urinary tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University,4541 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mahadevan
authors.forename: Venkata Suresh
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Patthipati
authors.forename: Sangbum
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: R James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Eoin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osgood
authors.forename: Ramjee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047250:Calixarenes; D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D051379:Mice; D053769:Nanocapsules; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D012118:Resorcinols; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004988:Ethers, Cyclic; D053769:Nanocapsules; D012118:Resorcinols; C442939:cavitand; C466160:resorcinarene; D047250:Calixarenes; D010649:Phenylalanine