title: Differences in Attributions for Public and Private Face-to-face and Cyber Victimization Among Adolescents in China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and the United States.
abstract: The authors' aim was to investigate gender and cultural differences in the attributions used to determine causality for hypothetical public and private face-to-face and cyber victimization scenarios among 3,432 adolescents (age range = 11-15 years; 49% girls) from China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and the United States, while accounting for their individualism and collectivism. Adolescents completed a questionnaire on cultural values and read four hypothetical victimization scenarios, including public face-to-face victimization, public cyber victimization, private face-to-face victimization, and private cyber victimization. After reading the scenarios, they rated different attributions (i.e., self-blame, aggressor-blame, joking, normative, conflict) according to how strongly they believed the attributions explained why victimization occurred. Overall, adolescents reported that they would utilize the attributions of self-blame, aggressor-blame, and normative more for public forms of victimization and face-to-face victimization than for private forms of victimization and cyber victimization. Differences were found according to gender and country of origin as well. Such findings underscore the importance of delineating between different forms of victimization when examining adolescents' attributions.
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Research on Children, Youth, and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michelle F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: b School of Applied Health and Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria , Linz , Austria.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagida
authors.affiliation: c Office for the Promotion of Global Education Programs, Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aoyama
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Research on Children, Youth, and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dědková
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Renmin University of China , Beijing , China.|e Curry School of Education, University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: f Department of Psychology , Karnatak University , Dharwad , India.
authors.forename: Shanmukh V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kamble
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Research on Children, Youth, and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic.|g Department of Psychology , Eastern Mediterranean University , Famagusta , North Cyprus.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bayraktar
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Research on Children, Youth, and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ševčíková
authors.affiliation: f Department of Psychology , Karnatak University , Dharwad , India.
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soudi
authors.affiliation: a Institute for Research on Children, Youth, and Family, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Macháčková
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Renmin University of China , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: d Department of Psychology , Renmin University of China , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D058445:Bullying; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003535:Cyprus; D018153:Czech Republic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D020407:Internet; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012737:Sex Factors; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: adolescent; attribution; bullying; cross-cultural; cyber victimization; gender; victimization