title: Urinary biomarkers in childhood lupus nephritis.
abstract: Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is a rare, severe multisystem autoimmune disease affecting the kidney (Lupus Nephritis, LN) in up to 80% of children. LN is more severe in children than adults, with potential for irreversible kidney damage requiring dialysis or transplant. Renal biopsy is currently the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring LN, however, it is invasive and associated with complications. Urine biomarkers have been shown to be better than serum biomarkers in differentiating renal disease from other organ manifestations. Over the past decade, there have been an increasing number of studies investigating specific candidate biomarkers implicated in the pathogenesis of LN or screening for urinary biomarkers using hypothesis free methods. In this review, developments in urine biomarkers for LN will be reviewed, highlighting those that are of relevance to children and have gone through validation in independent international patient cohorts, bringing them close to clinical translation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, East Prescott Road, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK. Electronic address: esmith8@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eve M D
authors.initials: EMD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, East Prescott Road, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust in the Park, East Prescott Road, Liverpool, L14 5AB, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: m.w.beresford@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Beresford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D040901:Proteomics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Biomarkers; Childhood lupus; JSLE; Lupus nephritis; Urine