title: Effect of conventional milling on the nutritional value and antioxidant capacity of wheat types common in Ethiopia and a recovery attempt with bran supplementation in bread.
abstract: The effect of wheat flour refined milling on nutritional and antioxidant quality of hard and soft grown in Ethiopia was evaluated. Bread was prepared with the supplementation of the white wheat flour with different levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and 25%) of wheat bran. Whole (100% extraction) and white wheat (68% extraction) flours were analyzed for proximates, minerals, and antioxidants. Results indicated that at a low extraction rate (68%), the protein, fat, fiber, ash, iron, zinc, phosphorous, and antioxidant contents of the samples significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by milling. The TPC (total phenolic content) of the white wheat flours, which ranged from 3.34 to 3.49 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g, was significantly (P < 0.005) lower than those of the whole wheat flours, whose TPC ranged from 7.66 to 8.20 GAE/g). At 50 mg/mL, the DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging effect of the wheat extracts decreased in the order of soft whole, hard whole, soft white, and hard white wheat flour, which was 90.39, 89.89, 75.80, and 57.57%, respectively. Moreover, the proximate and mineral contents of the bran-supplemented breads increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the bran level of the bread, and the highest values (protein, 12.0 g/100 g; fat, 2.6 g/100 g; fiber, 2.5 g/100 g; ash, 3.3 g/100 g; iron, 4.8 mg/100 g and zinc, 2.33 mg/100 g) were found in 25% bran supplemented bread. The sensory evaluation of bread showed that all the supplementation levels had a mean score above 4 for all preferences on a 7- point hedonic scale. The results indicated that refined milling at 68% extraction significantly reduces the nutritional and antioxidant activity of the wheat flours. Bread of good nutritional and sensory qualities can be produced from 10% and 20% bran supplementations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Science and Nutrition College of Natural Sciences Addis Ababa University P.O. BOX 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Genet Gebremedhin
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Heshe
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology Botswana College of Agriculture Private Bag 0027 Gaborone Botswana.
authors.forename: Gulelat Desse
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Haki
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Science and Nutrition College of Natural Sciences Addis Ababa University P.O. BOX 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Ashagrie Zewdu
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Woldegiorgis
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Science and Nutrition College of Natural Sciences Addis Ababa University P.O. BOX 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia; Department of Food Technology and Process Engineering Wollega University P.O. Box: 395 Nekemte Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Habtamu Fekadu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Gemede
keywords: Antioxidant; bran; nutritional; refined milling; wheat; white flour