title: Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) seeds: Selective supercritical extraction of phenolic compounds.
abstract: Approximately 70% of the Brazilian production of guaraná (Paullinia cupana) seeds is absorbed by the beverage industries. Guaraná has several pharmacological properties: energy stimulant, antimicrobial, chemoprophylactic, antigenotoxic, antidepressive, anxiolytic, and anti-amnesic effects. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive compounds from guaraná seeds was carried out and optimized by an orthogonal array design (OA9(3(4))). The factors/levels studied were: modifier(s) (ethanol and/or methanol), extraction time (20, 40, and 60min), temperature (40, 50, and 60°C), and pressure (100, 200, and 300bar). The statistical design was repeated with increasing proportions of modifiers. The percentage of modifier used was proportional to the amount of polar compounds extracted. The best conditions for the supercritical extraction, based on the content of polyphenols, epicatechin/catechin quantification, yield and operating cost, proved to be: 40% ethanol:methanol during 40min, under 40°C, and 100bar. The temperature had a significant effect on the total phenolic content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, BR-87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leila Larisa Medeiros
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, BR-87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gean Pier
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Panizzon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, BR-87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Aparecida Alves
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Centre of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid km 380, BR-86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ane Stéfano
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Simionato
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, BR-87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardozo-Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Centre of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid km 380, BR-86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Galdino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Centre of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid km 380, BR-86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Admilton Gonçalves
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, BR-87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Terezinha Aparecida
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, BR-87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: mello@uem.br.
authors.forename: João Carlos Palazzo de
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mello
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D001938:Brazil; D002110:Caffeine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002392:Catechin / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D032126:Paullinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011312:Pressure; D011786:Quality Control; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D002110:Caffeine; D000431:Ethanol; D002392:Catechin; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Caffeine (PubChem CID: 2519); Catechin (PubChem CID: 9064); Epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); Guaraná; Modifier; Orthogonal array; Paullinia cupana; Polyphenols; Pyrogallol (PubChem CID: 1057); Supercritical extraction