title: Helicobacter pylori detection and clinical symptomatology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to demonstrate Helicobacter pylori presence in otitis media with effusion (OME) and its association with symptomatology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort study, 69 effusions were collected during tympanostomy tube insertion for H. pylori detection using PCR and ELISA. Validated questionnaires were performed according to age for clinical diagnosis of GERD; chi-square ×2 statistical analysis was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of the 69 ear effusions (5.7%) were positive for H. pylori detection using ELISA. Two patients (2.9%) had positive results for H. pylori detection using ELISA and PCR. These eight patients had positive results too in GERD questionnaires. None of the patients with negative/suspect questionnaires had positive results for H. pylori. We found statistical association between the results of ELISA, PCR and questionnaires (×2, p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The H. pylori presence in effusions varies widely, in our population the frequency was lower than other reports. We found strong association between H. pylori in effusions and positive GERD questionnaires. The bacterium role in OME chronicity is not clear, but this study supports the GERD participation in OME pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, High Specialty Medical Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, México City 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: boenorl@live.com.mx.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boronat-Echeverría
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, High Specialty Medical Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, México City 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: hectororl@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aguirre-Mariscal
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Unit Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, High Specialty Medical Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, México City 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: margaritacamorlinga@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmolinga-Ponce
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, High Specialty Medical Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, México City 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: yolanda.sevilla@imss.gob.mx.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sevilla-Delgado
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, High Specialty Medical Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, México City 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: drmicelli@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miceli-Flores
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, High Specialty Medical Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, México City 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: aishakp@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Aisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kennedy-Padilla
authors.affiliation: Unit of Research in Clinical Epidemiology, High Specialty Medical Care Unit of the Pediatric Hospital of the Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av Cuauhtemoc 330, México City 06720, Mexico. Electronic address: juan.mejiaa@imss.gob.mx.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mejía-Aranguré
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: ELISA; Effusion; Gastroesophageal reflux; Helicobacter pyllori; Otitis media; PCR