title: Novel method for fabrication of samples for cell testing of bioceramics in granular form.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bioceramic granules are a widely studied material for regeneration of human tissues, and their biological assessment with in vitro cell cultures plays a fundamental role in the development of bioceramics. Design of samples for cell testing represents an important aspect of the biological evaluation, as it dictates how cells will interact with the biomaterial. The aim of this study was to develop samples for cell testing of bioceramic granules with a novel design that would enable direct physical contacts between cells and bioceramic and improved handling properties for efficient laboratory work. The goal was to produce a bilayered polycaprolactone-bioceramic composite with polycaprolactone serving as a bottom layer and support for a uniform and dense layer of bioceramic granules (upper layer), which would be only partly embedded and physically stabilized in the polymer with at least one face of granules still free of any polymer residues and available for direct attachment of cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel method for preparation of samples in six steps was developed. A bilayered design of samples with exposed bioceramic particles was accomplished by the application of a water-soluble alginate as a sacrificial polymer in the method protocol. Samples were analyzed with SEM/EDX and ToF-SIMS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bioceramic granules had a uniform and dense morphology and were partly embedded in the polycaprolactone support. Detailed ToF-SIMS study showed that granules were clean and free of any polymer residues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed samples enable direct exposure of bioceramic granules to cells and surrounding physiological solution during cell testing, and possess improved handling characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Lucideon Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire - UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stefanic
authors.affiliation: Lucideon Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire - UK.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid