title: Species distribution & antifungal susceptibility pattern of oropharyngeal Candida isolates from human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The changing spectrum of Candida species in causation of oropharyngeal candidiasis and their antifungal susceptibility pattern among the HIV infected individuals has made the identification to species level mandatory and detection of drug resistance necessary for patient care. The present study was carried out to determine the species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of oral Candida isolates colonizing or infecting both HIV seropositive and seronegative individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted including 141 consecutive, non-repeat HIV-seropositive individuals and an equal number of sex and age matched HIV-seronegative control. Speciation of the oropharyngeal Candida isolates was done using standard yeast identification protocol. Antifungal susceptibility testing was done by the disk-diffusion method as well as by Fungitest method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 59 culture positive HIV seropositive cases, 61 Candida isolates were recovered; Candidaalbicans (n=47, 77.0%), C. dubliniensis (n=9, 14.7%), C. parapsilosis (n=2, 3.2%), C. glabrata (n=2, 3.2%), and C. famata (n=1, 1.6%). Candida colonization in HIV-seropositive individuals was significantly higher than that of HIV-seronegative (control) group. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed (n=6, 9.3%) C. albicans isolates resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole by disk-diffusion method whereas no resistance was seen by Fungitest method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C. albicans was the commonest Candida species infecting or colonizing HIV seropositive individuals. Oropharyngeal Candida isolates had high level susceptibility to all the major antifungals commonly in use. Increased level of immunosuppression in HIV-seropositives and drug resistance of non-albicans Candida species makes identification and susceptibility testing of Candida species necessary in different geographical areas of the country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, India.
authors.forename: Partha Pratim
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, India.
authors.forename: Lahari
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saikia
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, India.
authors.forename: Reema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Dibrugarh, India.
authors.forename: Sanjib Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Phukan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D065819:Voriconazole / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015725:Fluconazole; D065819:Voriconazole