title: Association of the FTO (rs9939609) and MC4R (rs17782313) gene polymorphisms with maternal body weight during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fat mass and obesity (FTO) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) genes have been consistently associated with the risk for obesity, but few studies have examined the association of the obesity risk alleles with gestational outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FTO (rs9939609) and MC4R (rs17782313) genes with changes in maternal body weight during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 136 pregnant women were followed in a prospective cohort at 5 to 13, 20 to 26, and 30 to 36 wk gestation and 30 to 45 d postpartum. SNPs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Associations between polymorphisms and the outcomes were investigated through longitudinal linear mixed-effects models, multiple linear regression models, and Poisson regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An SNP in the FTO (rs9939609) gene but not in the MC4R (rs17782313) gene was significantly associated with prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m(2) (relative riskFTO = 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.1). SNPs were not statistically associated with excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) or postpartum weight retention (PPWR). For the FTO (rs9939609) gene, women with the AA genotype were heavier in the body weight trajectory of pregnancy, but not when their weight had been adjusted for prepregnancy BMI (βFTO = 0.5 kg; 95% CI, -1.9 to 3). These women started pregnancy heavier but gained less weight (FTO*gestational age = -0.1; 95% CI, -0.2 to 0.03) compared with those who had at least one T allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FTO (rs9939609) AA genotype is positively associated with prepregnancy excessive weight. We found no evidence of a significant effect of the MC4R (rs17782313) or the FTO (rs9939609) gene polymorphisms on the GWG and PPWR.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maisa Cruz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayana Rodrigues
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio Jose
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Struchiner
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: Gilberto.kac@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000235:genetics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C470072:MC4R protein, human; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4; D000071516:Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; C526492:FTO protein, human
keywords: Cohort study; Polymorphism; Pregnancy; Weight gain; Weight retention