title: Comparative proteomic analysis of the response to silver ions and yeast extract in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures.
abstract: Biotic and abiotic stresses can inhibit plant growth, resulting in losses of crop productivity. However, moderate adverse stress can promote the accumulation of valuable natural products in medicinal plants. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms thus might help optimize the variety of available plant medicinal materials and improve their quality. In this study, Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures were employed as an in vitro model of the Chinese herb Danshen. A comparative proteomic analysis using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS was performed. By comparing the gel images of groups exposed to the stress of yeast extract (YE) combined with Ag(+) and controls, 64 proteins were identified that showed significant changes in protein abundance for at least one time point after treatment. According to analysis based on the KEGG and related physiological experimental verification, it was found that YE and Ag(+) stress induced a burst of reactive oxygen species and activated the Ca(2+)/calmodulin signaling pathway. Expression of immune-suppressive proteins increased. Epidermal cells underwent programmed cell death. Energy metabolism was enhanced and carbon metabolism shifted to favor the production of secondary metabolites such as lignin, tanshinone and salvianolic acids. The tanshinone and salvianolic acids were deposited on the collapsed epidermal cells forming a physicochemical barrier. The defense proteins and these natural products together enhanced the stress resistance of the plants. Since higher levels of natural products represent good quality in medicinal materials, this study sheds new light on quality formation mechanisms of medicinal plants and will hopefully encourage further research on how the planting environment affects the efficacy of herbal medicines.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Lab Forest Tree Genet Improvement & Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Lab Forest Tree Genet Improvement & Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Deli
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: huangluqi01@126.com.
authors.forename: Luqi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D007477:Ions; D008954:Models, Biological; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D027561:Salvia miltiorrhiza / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D064210:Secondary Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015003:Yeasts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007477:Ions; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D012834:Silver; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Cell defense systems; Proteomics; Salvia miltiorrhiza; Secondary metabolism; Stress response; Tanshinone