title: Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease.
abstract: To evaluate the longitudinal association between dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a population-based study.
  
  
  
  In a longitudinal design study, participants were evaluated after approximately 3 years. Daily consumption of carboxymethyl lysine, a major type of dietary AGEs, was determined using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Estimated glomerular filtration rate in this study was calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) based on the national kidney foundation guidelines.
  
  
  
  A total of 1,692 participants, free of baseline CKD with complete follow-up data, out of 3,462 subjects, age ≥27 years of the third phase of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
  
  
  
  The association between dietary AGEs and CKD was assessed using the multivariate logistic regression models.
  
  
  
  The mean age of participants was 43.4 ± 11.4 years. The mean dietary intake of energy-adjusted AGEs was 8,336 ± 1,532 kU/day. By increasing trend of AGE consumption, the percentage of fat intake increased (P < .001), whereas the percentage of carbohydrates and total fiber intake decreased (P < .001). Longitudinal analysis indicated that compared to the first quartile category of AGE intakes from fat, in participants of the fourth quartile category, the risk of CKD increased (odds ratio: 2.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-3.54). The odds of CKD had increasing trends across increasing categories of AGE intakes from fat (P for trend <.05).
  
  
  
  Higher consumption of AGEs through dietary fat was associated with higher risk of CKD incidence.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hanieh-Sadat
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ejtahed
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Pooneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Angoorani
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Golaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Asghari
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced