title: Diabetic retinopathy: Proteomic approaches to help the differential diagnosis and to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and a leading cause of blindness among patients with diabetes. The appearance and the severity of the symptoms correlate with the duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose level management. Diabetic retinopathy is also categorized as a chronic low-level inflammatory disease; the high blood glucose level promotes the accumulation of the advanced glycation end products and leads to the stimulation of monocytes and macrophages. Examination of protein level alterations in tears using state-of the art proteomics techniques have identified several proteins as possible biomarkers for the different stages of the diabetic retinopathy. Some of the differentially expressed tear proteins have a role in the barrier function of tears linking the diabetic retinopathy with another eye complication of diabetes, namely the diabetic keratopathy resulting in impaired wound healing. Understanding the molecular events leading to the eye complications caused by hyperglycemia may help the identification of novel biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets in order to improve quality of life of diabetic patients.
  
  
  
  Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness among diabetic patients can develop without any serious symptoms therefore the early detection is crucial. Because of the increasing prevalence there is a high need for improved screening methods able to diagnose DR as soon as possible. The non-invasive collection and the relatively high protein concentration make the tear fluid a good source for biomarker discovery helping the early diagnosis. In this work we have reviewed the administration of advanced proteomics techniques used in tear biomarker studies and the identified biomarkers with potential to improve the already existing screening methods for DR detection.
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Éva
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Csősz
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Eszter
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deák
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gergő
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kalló
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Csutak
authors.affiliation: Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary. Electronic address: tozser@med.unideb.hu.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tőzsér
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005136:Eye Proteins; C042434:tear proteins
keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Proteomic approaches; Quantitative mass spectrometry; Tear fluid biomarkers