title: Efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus lidocaine in local anesthesia of the nasopharynx: A meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine compared with lidocaine in local anesthesia of nasopharynx through meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of medical literature data bases were searched electronically. Relevant journals and references of included studies were manually searched. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and quality assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies were included. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, acceptable discomfort, and bleeding scores were analyzed for bupivacaine versus lidocaine. When considering the VAS scores, bupivacaine as a local anesthetic agent was better than lidocaine in controlling the pain of postoperative patients (p < 0.00001). From VAS scores of patients for transnasal fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination that was performed to evaluate upper airway structures, lidocaine was found to be better at pain management in patients who underwent transnasal endoscopic examination (p < 0.00001). However, when analyzing the acceptable discomfort of patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which serves as a valuable tool to evaluate upper gastrointestinal structures, the patients in the bupivacaine group demonstrated a higher acceptable discomfort than the patients in the lidocaine group (p = 0.008). With regard to the bleeding scores of the patients with nasal surgery, lidocaine was better at bleeding in postoperative patients compared with bupivacaine (p = 0.0007). These results indicated that bupivacaine showed better pain control of postoperative patients and acceptable discomfort in patients with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Lidocaine had a significantly increased ability the pain of patients with transnasal fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination and bleeding in postoperative patients. No systemic adverse events were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bupivacaine was found to have better promotion to pain control than did lidocaine for the patients after nasal surgery. Lidocaine had a significantly increased inhibition of bleeding in these postoperative patients; however, the efficacy between bupivacaine and lidocaine was unclear for the patients who had transnasal endoscopic examinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jiyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lizhen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zheyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059747:Nasal Surgical Procedures; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine