title: Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum total cholesterol with depressive symptoms in Korean adults: the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V, 2010-2012).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the hypothesis that the association between vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms is dependent upon total cholesterol level in a representative national sample of the South Korean population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V, 2010-2012).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 7198 adults aged 20-88 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of depressive symptoms in individuals with vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<20 ng/ml) was 1·54-fold (95 % CI 1·20, 1·98) greater than in individuals without vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥20 ng/ml). The relationship was stronger in individuals with normal-to-borderline serum total cholesterol (serum total cholesterol<240 mg/dl; OR=1·60; 95 % CI 1·23, 2·08) and non-significant in individuals with high serum total cholesterol (OR=0·97; 95 % CI 0·52, 1·81) after adjustment for confounding variables (age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular exercise, income level, education level, marital status, changes in body weight, perceived body shape, season of examination date and cholesterol profiles).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms was weakened by high serum total cholesterol status. These findings suggest that both vitamin D and total cholesterol are important targets for the prevention and treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Family Medicine,Chaum Hospital,CHA University,Seoul,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunkyung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Chae
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Haam
authors.affiliation: 3Antiaging Center,Chaum Life Center,CHA University,Seoul,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: KyongChol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 4Bundang Oriental Hospital,Dongguk University,Kyeonggi-do,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: 5CHAUM Medical Check-UP Center,CHA University,Seoul,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Beom-Hee
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Youn
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kye-Seon
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Moon-Jong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Family Medicine,Bundang CHA Medical Center,CHA University,59 Yatap-ro,Bundang-gu,Seongnam-si,Gyeonggi-do 463-712,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Sang
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002784:Cholesterol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Depression; Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; TAG; Total cholesterol