title: Adjuvant Antiangiogenic Treatment for Aggressive Giant Cell Lesions of the Jaw: A 20-Year Experience at Massachusetts General Hospital.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document long-term outcomes using a standardized treatment protocol of enucleation with preservation of vital structures and adjuvant subcutaneous interferon for aggressive giant cell lesions (GCLs) of the jaws.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was designed. We evaluated all patients treated at Massachusetts General Hospital from April 1995 through September 2015 by enucleation with preservation of vital structures and adjuvant daily subcutaneous interferon for aggressive GCLs. The sample included patients with complete medical records consisting of clinical, radiographic, histopathologic, and follow-up data. The exclusion criteria included patients with incomplete records, contraindications to interferon therapy, non-aggressive GCLs, and GCLs associated with syndromes or with hyperparathyroidism. The primary outcome variable was long-term progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary outcome variables were adverse effects and laboratory abnormalities classified by type, frequency, and severity. Predictor variables for recurrence or failure included age, gender, location and features of lesion, type of procedure, duration of interferon treatment, amount of bone fill at end of treatment, and adverse effects. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of a total of 77 patients, 45 (mean age, 18.8 ± 12.5 years; 29 female patients; 36 in whom the mandible was affected) met the inclusion criteria. The mean duration of interferon therapy was 7.9 ± 2.3 months. After follow-up of 4.8 ± 3.9 years, 6 patients showed progression of the lesion, considered recurrence (13.3% failure rate, 82.6% PFS rate). Most patients had mild (n = 42; 93.3%) and/or moderate (n = 31; 68.8%) side effects, which were readily managed. Adverse effects required stoppage of interferon in 7 patients, whereas no patients had long-term toxicity. No variable was significantly associated with PFS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that enucleation with preservation of vital structures in combination with adjuvant interferon alfa is a reliable treatment for aggressive GCLs of the jaws associated with a low recurrence rate.
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Willem H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Zachary S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebb
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Sung-Kiang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Walter C. Guralnick Distinguished Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Electronic address: kaban.leonard@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Leonard B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kaban
mesh_terms: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D018212:Giant Cell Tumor of Bone / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007573:Jaw Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008339:Mandibular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D007372:Interferons