title: Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Point-Of-Care CD4 Testing on the HIV Epidemic in South Africa.
abstract: Rapid diagnostic tools have been shown to improve linkage of patients to care. In the context of infectious diseases, assessing the impact and cost-effectiveness of such tools at the population level, accounting for both direct and indirect effects, is key to informing adoption of these tools. Point-of-care (POC) CD4 testing has been shown to be highly effective in increasing the proportion of HIV positive patients who initiate ART. We assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of introducing POC CD4 testing at the population level in South Africa in a range of care contexts, using a dynamic compartmental model of HIV transmission, calibrated to the South African HIV epidemic. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the differences between POC and laboratory CD4 testing on the proportion linking to care following CD4 testing. Cumulative infections averted and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were estimated over one and three years. We estimated that POC CD4 testing introduced in the current South African care context can prevent 1.7% (95% CI: 0.4% - 4.3%) of new HIV infections over 1 year. In that context, POC CD4 testing was cost-effective 99.8% of the time after 1 year with a median estimated ICER of US$4,468/DALY averted. In healthcare contexts with expanded HIV testing and improved retention in care, POC CD4 testing only became cost-effective after 3 years. The results were similar when, in addition, ART was offered irrespective of CD4 count, and CD4 testing was used for clinical assessment. Our findings suggest that even if ART is expanded to all HIV positive individuals and HIV testing efforts are increased in the near future, POC CD4 testing is a cost-effective tool, even within a short time horizon. Our study also illustrates the importance of evaluating the potential impact of such diagnostic technologies at the population level, so that indirect benefits and costs can be incorporated into estimations of cost-effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heffernan
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ranjeeta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6754-3945
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pickles
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D058872:Epidemics / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing / Q000191:economics*; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents