title: Intraoperative fine needle aspirations - diagnosis and typing of lung cancer in small biopsies: challenges and limitations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to therapeutic implications with regard to both efficiency and safety of chemotherapy agents it is important to differentiate between subtypes of NSCLC. Up to today we experience a continuous reservation regarding the use of fine needle aspiration cytology. The aim of the present study is to estimate the value of cytologic criteria for lung cancer typing on small biopsies independent from all possible technique failures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1997 and December 2008 760 intraoperative FNAC- (fine needle aspiration cytology) specimens from 702 patients have been examined. Cytologic evaluation and immediate communication of results to the surgeons followed. Afterwards, intraoperative cytologic findings were compared with final histologic diagnoses of the resected specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative cytologic analysis yielded a sensitivity of 94.8 %, a specificity of 98.8 %. An overall positive predictive value of 99.8 % with respect to final histologic analysis of primary lung cancer was achieved. The highest value could be reached for adenocarcinomas, followed by carcinoids and squamous cell carcinomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lung cancer typing according to cytologic criteria is feasible and accurate as well as comparable with results of histologic analysis on small specimens. Herewith, clinicians can come up to the increasing demands on minimally invasive harvested specimens with regard to therapeutic implications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany. cbiancosino@gmx.de.|Department of Thoracic Surgery, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstraße 40, 42115, Wuppertal, Germany. cbiancosino@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Biancosino
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.affiliation: Department for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Research Center Borstel Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Parkallee 35, Borstel, 23845, Germany.
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vollmer
authors.affiliation: Cytology Laboratory, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Woehrendamm 80, Großhansdorf, 22927, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Welker
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000368:Aged; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003581:Cytodiagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Fine needle aspiration cytology; Lung cancer typing