title: New Functional Tools for Antithrombogenic Activity Assessment of Live Surface Glycocalyx.
abstract: It is widely accepted that the presence of a glycosaminoglycan-rich glycocalyx is essential for endothelialized vasculature health; in fact, a damaged or impaired glycocalyx has been demonstrated in many vascular diseases. Currently, there are no methods that characterize glycocalyx functionality, thus limiting investigators' ability to assess the role of the glycocalyx in vascular health.
  
  
  
  We have developed novel, easy-to-use, in vitro assays that directly quantify live endothelialized surface's functional heparin weights and their anticoagulant capacity to inactivate Factor Xa and thrombin. Using our assays, we characterized 2 commonly used vascular models: native rat aorta and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer. We determined heparin contents to be ≈10 000 ng/cm(2) on the native aorta and ≈10-fold lower on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Interestingly, human umbilical vein endothelial cells demonstrated a 5-fold lower anticoagulation capacity in inactivating both Factor Xa and thrombin relative to native aortas. We verified the validity and accuracy of the novel assays developed in this work using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
  
  
  
  Our assays are of high relevance in the vascular community because they can be used to establish the antithrombogenic capacity of many different types of surfaces such as vascular grafts and transplants. This work will also advance the capacity for glycocalyx-targeting therapeutics development to treat damaged vasculatures.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Sashka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimitrievska
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Liqiong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weyers
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Tylee
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Charles T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tuggle
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Sumati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Jenna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Balestrini
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Slattery
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tchouta
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Themis R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kyriakides
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tarbell
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Linhardt
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.). laura.niklason@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Niklason
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000378:metabolism; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism*; D019276:Glycocalyx / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006493:Heparin / Q000378:metabolism; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000991:Antithrombins; D015951:Factor Xa; D006493:Heparin; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D013917:Thrombin
keywords: anesthesia; endothelial cells; glycocalyx; heparin; thrombosis