title: The Speaking Voice in the General Population: Normative Data and Associations to Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Normative data concerning the speaking voice in the general population were gathered with the aim to establish standard values for clinical diagnostics. Associations between the speaking voice and sociodemographic factors were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective cross-sectional population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Speaking voice profiles were measured for 2472 (1154 male and 1318 female) participants between the ages of 40 and 79 years, using four speaking voice intensity levels: softest speaking voice (I), conversational voice (II), classroom voice (III), and shouting voice (IV). Smoking status and socioeconomic status were assessed. Data were analyzed using multivariate regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean voice frequencies were 111.8 Hz for male and 161.3 Hz for female participants (I), 111.9 Hz for male and 168.5 Hz for female participants (II), 130.2 Hz for male and 198.0 Hz for female participants (III), and 175.5 Hz for male and 246.2 Hz for female participants (IV). Frequencies increased significantly with age for male but not for female participants. Sound pressure levels rose significantly with age at intensity levels I-III for both sexes, but decreased at intensity level IV. Frequencies and sound pressure levels were similar between nonsmokers and former smokers. Current smokers showed significantly lower frequencies as opposed to non- and former smokers. Speaking voice range and dynamics increased with higher socioeconomic status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data are suitable as age-adjusted normative values for clinical measurement of the speaking voice. The mean fundamental speaking voice frequency of female participants was six to seven semitones lower than previously described.
authors.affiliation: LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics and Audiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics and Audiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wirkner
authors.affiliation: LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.affiliation: LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.affiliation: LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics and Audiology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.berger@uniklinik-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010699:Phonation; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013016:Sound; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: age; epidemiology; smoking; socioeconomic status; voice range profile