title: Digital clubbing: forms, associations and pathophysiology.
abstract: Among proposed mechanisms to explain digital clubbing, the release of cytokines, specifically vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, from aggregated platelets and megakaryocytes has emerged as the most likely explanation. This review describes these and other contributory processes.
authors.affiliation: Consultant Cardiologist in the Department of Cardiology, Hillingdon and Mount Vernon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesex UB8 3NN.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubrey
authors.affiliation: FY1 in General Internal Medicine in the Department of Cardiology, Hillingdon and Mount Vernon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesex.
authors.forename: Shrestha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: CT2 in Cardiology in the Department of Cardiology, Hillingdon and Mount Vernon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesex.
authors.forename: Sarneet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Consultant Cardiologist in the Department of Cardiology, Hillingdon and Mount Vernon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesex.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karagiannis
mesh_terms: D001920:Bradykinin / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005293:Ferritins / Q000378:metabolism; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D010004:Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010005:Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011453:Prostaglandins; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D012701:Serotonin; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D005293:Ferritins; D001920:Bradykinin