title: Single-Use Disposable Electrochemical Label-Free Immunosensor for Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV).
abstract: A single-use disposable in vitro electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of HbA1c in undiluted human serum using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was developed. A three-electrode configuration electrochemical biosensor consisted of 10-nm-thin gold film working and counter electrodes and a thick-film printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode was fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Micro-fabrication techniques including sputtering vapor deposition and thick-film printing were used to fabricate the biosensor. This was a roll-to-roll cost-effective manufacturing process making the single-use disposable in vitro HbA1c biosensor a reality. Self-assembled monolayers of 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were employed to covalently immobilize anti-HbA1c on the surface of gold electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the excellent coverage of MPA-SAM and the upward orientation of carboxylic groups. The hindering effect of HbA1c on the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide electron transfer reaction was exploited as the HbA1c detection mechanism. The biosensor showed a linear range of 7.5-20 µg/mL of HbA1c in 0.1 M PBS. Using undiluted human serum as the test medium, the biosensor presented an excellent linear behavior (R² = 0.999) in the range of 0.1-0.25 mg/mL of HbA1c. The potential application of this biosensor for in vitro measurement of HbA1c for diabetic management was demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy. axm1058@case.edu.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molazemhosseini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy. luca.magagnin@polimi.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magagnin
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy. pasquale.vena@polimi.it.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vena
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering and Electronics Design Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. cxl9@case.edu.
authors.forename: Chung-Chiun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D015097:3-Mercaptopropionic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002417:Cattle; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D015097:3-Mercaptopropionic Acid; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006046:Gold
keywords: 3-MPA; HbA1c; differential pulse voltammetry; immunosensor