title: Small-Molecule Carbohydrate-Based Immunostimulants.
abstract: In this review, we discuss small-molecule, carbohydrate-based immunostimulants that target Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and cluster of differentiation 1D (CD1d) receptors. The design and use of these molecules in immunotherapy as well as results from their use in clinical trials are described. How these molecules work and their utilization as vaccine adjuvants are also discussed. Future applications and extensions for the use of these analogues as therapeutic agents will be outlined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Ave., South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
authors.forename: Cecilia H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8459-2060
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Marzabadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Hunter College/CUNY, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Franck
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D055610:Antigens, CD1d / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D055610:Antigens, CD1d; D002241:Carbohydrates; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
keywords: CD1d; TLR-4; immunotherapy; small molecules; vaccines