title: [Out of addictions: Alcohol, or alcohol to alcohol].
abstract: Pathways from alcoholism to recovery are documented; less often are those from drug addiction to alcoholism. Biographical approaches allow analyzing how people change their uses and talk about their trajectories of recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and forty-one people (34% women) in the Paris area were questioned on their trajectories with a biographical questionnaire. Some open questions were aimed to understand the connection they made between events in their lives, how recovered they felt and what they considered strengths or obstacles. All the participants had stopped at least one product. Their mean age was 43, and 26% were over 50.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  How can the differences between one substance addicts and dual abusers be explained? Can we hypothesize a better result for the patients with a single dependence to alcohol in their lives for the following two reasons? (1) They could really be taken in charge for their alcoholism whereas the dual abusers mostly receive cared for their illicit drug problems with an under estimation of their problem with alcohol. In this case, they turn to alcohol after weaning themselves from their drug dependence so as to return to a social consumption, especially when they are given an opiate treatment. (2) Conversely could we suggest that the dual substance abusers had different trajectories from their childhood (more adverse events, more social difficulties, mental health problems), and that this accumulation explains their skipping from one substance or behaviour to another without any real recovery for decades?
  
  
  RESULTS
  All respondents were polydrug users. Eighty-two had been dependent mainly on alcohol. One hundred and twenty-one people had been drug addicts (mostly heroin), which they had stopped on average ten years before the survey. The last group included 138 persons who had been heroin or cocaine addicts and alcoholics in their lives, a third of whom had been dependent on alcohol before their drug addiction (35%), a tenth on both at the same time (10%) and more than half of the users (55%) had turned from drug addiction to alcoholism. The group concerning alcohol dependence includes the oldest participants, on average 49.7, and 55% of them were abstinent at the survey. Conversely, the group "with no alcohol dependence" had mainly turned to opiate treatments. Their histories in dependence and in various social statuses also showed a longer duration out of employment, in sickness or invalidity, or in prison, for the drug dependents as opposed to the "mainly" alcoholics. The population with dual substance abuse experienced twice as many adverse childhood events as the others (P<0.005): it was the case for 19.5% in "mainly alcohol" dependence compared to 38.4% in dual abuse. The recovery capital gave a mean score of 7.56±2.35 (median 7). A score below 6 was considered low. The score was significantly different according to the dependence groups: while 7.3% of "mainly alcohol" dependents had a score below 6, this was the case for 30.4% of the dual group (with alcohol and drugs), and 19% for the "mainly drug dependence" group. Controlling ages, sexes and groups of dependence in a logistic regression, the risk of having a recovery capital below six was more than four times higher for the dual dependents as opposed to the "mainly alcohol" dependents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some people stay for decades in drug addiction centers switching from one dependence to another. Their alcohol drinking should be addressed earlier to prevent them from turning to drinking excessively in order to wean themselves from their drug addiction.
authors.affiliation: CERMES3, université Paris Descartes, CNRS 8211, Inserm U988, EHESS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France. Electronic address: laurence.simmat-durand@parisdescartes.fr.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simmat-Durand
authors.affiliation: CERMES3, université Paris Descartes, CNRS 8211, Inserm U988, EHESS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vellut
authors.affiliation: Groupe d'étude grossesse et addictions, université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lejeune
authors.affiliation: CERMES3, université Paris Descartes, CNRS 8211, Inserm U988, EHESS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauffret-Roustide
authors.affiliation: CERLIS, UMR université Paris Descartes, CNRS 8070, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mougel
authors.affiliation: Croix-Rouge française et Inserm U669, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: CERMES3, université Paris Descartes, CNRS 8211, Inserm U988, EHESS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Planche
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010297:Paris; D011330:Prisons; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Alcoholism; Alcool; Double dépendance; Drug addiction; Dual addiction; Recovery; Sortie des addictions; Trajectoires; Trajectories