title: Formation of Curvature Subunit of Carbon in Combustion.
abstract: Curvature prevalently exists in the world of carbon materials (e.g., fullerenes, buckyl bowls, carbon nanotubes, and onions), but traditional C2-addition mechanisms fail to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the formation of carbon curvature starting from a pentagonal carbon ring in currently available chemical-physical processes such as combustion. Here, we show a complete series of nascent pentagon-incorporating C5-C18 that are online produced in the flame of acetylene-cyclopentadiene-oxygen and in situ captured by C60 or trapped as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for clarifying the growth of the curved subunit of C20H10. A mechanism regarding C1-substitution and C2-addition has been proposed for understanding the formation of curvature in carbon materials, as exemplified by the typical curved molecule containing a single pentagon completely surrounded by five hexagons. The present mechanism, supported by the intermediates characterized by X-ray crystallography as well as NMR, has been experimentally validated for the rational synthesis of curved molecule in the commercially useful combustion process.
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Zhou
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Yang-Rong
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Miao-Miao
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Han-Rui
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Min-Song
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Bo
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Cong-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Qianyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Su-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Rong-Bin
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Lan-Sun
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Zheng