title: Longitudinal Trajectories of Television Watching Across Childhood and Adolescence Predict Bone Mass at Age 20 Years in the Raine Study.
abstract: Sedentary behaviors such as watching television (TV) are associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. The effects of TV watching during key developmental stages on skeletal health are uncertain. Hours of TV watching/week were recorded by parental or self-report at 5, 8, 10, 14, 17, and 20 years of age in 1181 members (48% female) of a pregnancy cohort (the Raine Study). Participants were classified into one of three TV-watching trajectories (using latent class analysis): low (consistently <14 h/week; 20.3%), high (consistently ≥14 h/week; 44.4%), or increasing (increased from <14 to ≥14 h/week during adolescence; 35.3%). General linear models tested associations between TV trajectory and bone mineral content (BMC) measured at age 20 years using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After adjustment for height, body mass, physical activity, calcium intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, alcohol, and smoking (all at age 20 years), males in the low TV-watching trajectory had greater BMC for whole body (mean ± SEM, 3338 ± 59 g versus 3111 ± 31 g), legs (612 ± 12 g versus 569 ± 6 g), and arms (234 ± 5 g versus 214 ± 3 g) than those in the high TV-watching trajectory. Differences between low and high TV-watching trajectories were similar for females. BMC in the increasing TV-watching trajectory also differed for both sexes, for example males in the increasing TV-watching trajectory had greater whole-body BMC (3252 ± 38 g) than males in the high TV-watching trajectory (3111 ± 31 g) but less arm BMC (218 ± 3 g) than those in the low TV-watching trajectory (234 ± 5 g). In this community-based cohort, consistently high TV watching during childhood and adolescence independently predicted reduced peak bone mass at age 20 years. Because attainment of optimal peak bone mass is protective against osteoporosis in later life, reducing sedentary time in children may have long-term skeletal benefits. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Joanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McVeigh
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.|School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mountain
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Pennell
authors.affiliation: Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lye
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia.|School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Leon M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Straker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D013690:Television; D014904:Western Australia; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BONE MINERAL CONTENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; PEAK BONE MASS; RAINE STUDY; TELEVISION