title: Levels, sources and risk assessment of PAHs in multi-phases from urbanized river network system in Shanghai.
abstract: Spatial-temporal distributions, sources identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in overlying water and surface sediments in urban river networks of Shanghai were studied. Analytical results showed that there was a significant seasonal variation in concentrations of ∑16PAHs in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment phases in this study area. The PAHs pollution in these multi-phases were in the medium level compared with other areas around the world, and the levels of PAHs contamination in SPM and sediment phases in hierarchical rivers showed TS (the third-order stream) > FS (the first-order stream) > SS (the second-order stream). Two manners of isomer ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to identify PAHs origins, and suggested that combustion processes are dominant for PAHs sources. The ratios of PAHs origins by fossil fuels combustion, coke burning and crude oil in hierarchical rivers were determined with FS > SS > TS in SPM and sediment phases, and the ratio of PAHs origins by traffic emissions was analyzed with TS > SS > FS. PAHs in water samples have a certain impact on aqueous ecological system especially due to the fact that the ∑ceqvalues of nine PAHs were calculated from 0.715 to 15.831 μg/L in winter, which inferred serious ecological risk to some special aquatic organisms. The calculations of MERMQ in sediment samples showed that the MERMQ values ranged from 0.021 to 1.209 in winter and 0.019 to 0.643 in summer, which suggested high toxicity at six sampling sites in winter and only one location in summer due to high levels of PAHs. Furthermore, the toxicity degree of sediments were demonstrated with TS > FS > SS.
authors.affiliation: School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
authors.forename: Sai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
authors.forename: Xinran
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China. Electronic address: mliu@geo.ecnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
authors.forename: Lv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qadeer
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003077:Coke / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000032:analysis; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D014507:Urbanization; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D003077:Coke; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water
keywords: Ecological risk assessment; PAHs; Source apportionment; Spatial-temporal variation; Urban rivers