title: The Effect of Propulsion Style on Wrist Movement Variability During the Push Phase After a Bout of Fatiguing Propulsion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wheelchair propulsion has been linked to overuse injuries regardless of propulsion style. Many aspects of the arcing (ARC) and semicircular (SEMI) propulsion styles have been compared, but differences in intracycle movement variability, which have been linked to overuse injuries, have not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore how ARC and SEMI affect changes in intracycle wrist movement variability after a fatiguing bout of propulsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures crossover design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wheelchair rollers and wheelchair fatigue course in a research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy, nondisabled adult men without previous wheelchair experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants learned ARC and SEMI and used each to perform a wheelchair fatigue protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty seconds of propulsion on rollers were recorded by motion-capture cameras before and after a fatigue protocol for each propulsion style on 2 testing days. Angular wrist orientations (flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation) and linear wrist trajectories (mediolateral direction) were computed, and intracycle movement variability was calculated as standard deviations of the detrended and filtered values during the push phase beginning and end. Paired samples t tests were used to compare ARC and SEMI based on the percent changes from pre- to postfatigue protocol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both propulsion styles resulted in increased intracycle wrist movement variability postfatigue, but observed increases did not significantly differ between ARC and SEMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study evinces that intersubject variability exceeded average changes in intracycle wrist movement variability for both propulsion styles. Neither propulsion style resulting in a greater change in intracycle movement variability may suggest that no single propulsion style is ideal for everyone. The large intersubject variability may indicate that the propulsion style resulting in the smallest increase in intracycle movement variability after a fatiguing bout of propulsion may differ for each person and may help explain why wheelchair users self-select to use different propulsion styles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Bondurant 3007, CB# 7135, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(∗). Electronic address: lazuk@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zukowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(†).
authors.forename: Evangelos A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Christou
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(‡).
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shechtman
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(§).
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hass
authors.affiliation: WellStar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(¶).
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D014910:Wheelchairs; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult