title: Mechanism of Inhibition of Hsp90 Dimerization by Gyrase B Inhibitor Coumermycin A1 (C-A1) Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Thermodynamic Calculations.
abstract: Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 an emerging and attracting target in the anti-HIV drug discovery process due to the key role it plays in the pathogenicity of HIV-1 virus. In this research study, long-range all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were engaged for the bound and the unbound proteins to enhance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the Hsp90 dimerization and inhibition. Results evidently showed that coumermycin A1 (C-A1), a recently discovered Hsp90 inhibitor, binds at the dimer's active site of the Hsp90 protein and leads to a substantial parting between dimeric opposed residues, which include Arg591.B, Lys594.A, Ser663.A, Thr653.B, Ala665.A, Thr649.B, Leu646.B and Asn669.A. Significant differences in magnitudes were observed in radius of gyration, root-mean-square deviation and root-mean-square fluctuation, which confirms a reasonably more flexible state in the apo conformation associated with it dimerization. In contrast, the bound conformer of Hsp90 showed less flexibility. This visibly highpoints the inhibition process resulting from the binding of the ligand. These findings were further validated by principal component analysis. We believe that the detailed dynamic analyses of Hsp90 presented in this study, would give an imperative insight and better understanding to the function and mechanisms of inhibition. Furthermore, information obtained from the binding mode of the inhibitor would be of great assistance in the design of more potent inhibitors against the HIV target Hsp90.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Favourite N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Cele
authors.affiliation: Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hezekiel
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumalo
authors.affiliation: Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa. soliman@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Mahmoud E S
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D049933:Aminocoumarins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D019281:Dimerization; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011485:Protein Binding; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D049933:Aminocoumarins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; C004628:coumermycin
keywords: C–A1; HIV-1; Hsp90; MD simulations; Molecular docking