title: Evaluation of cognitive subdomains, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the European Male Ageing Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although lower levels of vitamin D have been related to poor cognitive functioning and dementia in older adults, evidence from longitudinal investigations is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels are associated with specified measures of cognitive decline in ageing men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) followed 3369 men aged 40-79 over 4.4 years. 25(OH)D levels at baseline were measured by radioimmunoassay, and 1,25(OH)2D levels were obtained with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, and processing speed at baseline and follow-up were assessed using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), Camden Topographical Recognition Memory (CTRM), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following attritions, a total of 2430 men with a mean (SD) age of 59.0 (10.6) were included in the analyses. At baseline, the mean 25(OH)D concentration was 64.6 (31.5) nmol/l, and mean 1,25(OH)2D level was 59.6 (16.6) pmol/l. In age-adjusted linear regression models, high 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a smaller decline in the DSST (β = 0.007, p = 0.020). Men with low 25(OH)D levels (<50 nmol/l) showed a greater decline in the CTRM compared to men with higher (≥75 nmol/l) levels (β = -0.41, p = 0.035). However, these associations disappeared after adjusting for confounders such as depressive symptoms, BMI, and comorbidities. There was no indication of a relationship between 1,25(OH)2D and decline in cognitive subdomains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence for an independent association between 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D levels and visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, or processing speed over on average 4.4 years in this sample of middle-aged and elderly European men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. margot.overman@ndcn.ox.ac.uk.|UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, Postbus 7003 35, 3000, Louvain, Belgium. margot.overman@ndcn.ox.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Margot J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Overman
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.|NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Terence W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Albert Szent-György Medical University, Szeged, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gyorgy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bartfai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Felipe F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Casanueva
authors.affiliation: Andrology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.affiliation: Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rastrelli
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Aleksander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giwercman
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Ashford and St Peter's NHS Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK.
authors.forename: Thang S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ilpo T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Huhtaniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kula
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Michael E J
authors.initials: MEJ
authors.lastname: Lean
authors.affiliation: Andrology Unit, United Laboratories of Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Margus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Punab
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Andrology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Elon S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: Andrology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sabine M P
authors.initials: SMP
authors.lastname: Verschueren
authors.affiliation: Department of Andrology and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.|Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.affiliation: The Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.|Manchester Diabetes Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Martin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.affiliation: Department of Andrology and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanderschueren
authors.affiliation: Andrology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Frederick C W
authors.initials: FCW
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.|Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tournoy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Ageing; Cognition; Male health; Multicenter study; Vitamin D