title: Birth in prison: pregnancy and birth behind bars in Brazil.
abstract: The high vulnerability of incarcerated women is worsened when they are pregnant and give birth during imprisonment. This article traces the profile of incarcerated women living with their children in female prison units of the capitals and metropolitan regions of Brazil and describes pregnancy and childbirth conditions and healthcare practices while in incarceration. This study is an analysis of a series of cases resultant from a national census conducted between August 2012 and January 2014. This analysis included 241 mothers. Of these, 45% were younger than 25 years old, 57% were dark skinned, 53% had studied less than eight years and 83% were multiparous. At the time of incarceration, 89% were already pregnant and two thirds did not want the current pregnancy. Access to prenatal care was inadequate for 36% of the women. During their hospital stay, 15% referred to having suffered some type of violence (verbal, psychological, or physical). Only 15% of the mothers rated the care received during their hospital stay as excellent. They had low social/familial support and more than one third reported the use of handcuffs during their hospital stay. Incarcerated mothers received poorer healthcare during pregnancy and birth when compared with non-incarcerated users of the public sector. This study also found violations of human rights, especially during birth.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil. ducaleal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria do Carmo
authors.initials: Mdo C
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil. ducaleal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Barbara Vasques da Silva
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil. ducaleal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Esteves-Pereira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil. ducaleal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexandra Roma
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, IPLESP UMRS 1136, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Sociale, F75012. Paris, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larouzé
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011330:Prisons; D055815:Young Adult