title: Local Electrical Imaging of Tetragonal Domains and Field-Induced Ferroelectric Twin Walls in Conducting SrTiO_{3}.
abstract: We demonstrate electrical mapping of tetragonal domains and electric field-induced twin walls in SrTiO_{3} as a function of temperature and gate bias utilizing the conducting LaAlO_{3}/SrTiO_{3} interface and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Conducting twin walls appear below 105 K, and new twin patterns are observed after thermal cycling through the transition or on electric field gating. The nature of the twin walls is confirmed by calculating their intersection angles for different substrate orientations. Numerous walls formed when a large side- or back-gate voltage is applied are identified as field-induced ferroelectric twin walls in the paraelectric tetragonal matrix. The walls persist after switching off the electric field and on thermal cycling below 105 K. These observations point to a new type of ferroelectric functionality in SrTiO_{3}, which could be exploited together with magnetism and superconductivity in a multifunctional context.
authors.affiliation: NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: H J Harsan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scharinger
authors.affiliation: NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: D
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authors.lastname: Kohlberger
authors.affiliation: Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: M
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authors.affiliation: Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stöhr
authors.affiliation: NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: X Renshaw
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Venkatesan
authors.affiliation: Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and School of Physics, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: J M D
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Coey
authors.affiliation: Physikalisches Institut and Center for Quantum Science (CQ) in LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koelle
authors.affiliation: NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542 Singapore, Singapore.
authors.lastname: Ariando