title: Vector competence of northern European Culex pipiens biotypes and hybrids for West Nile virus is differentially affected by temperature.
abstract: Outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) have not occurred in northern Europe despite nearby circulation of WNV in the southern part of the continent. The main vector for WNV, the mosquito Culex (Cx.) pipiens, consists of two behaviorally distinct biotypes, pipiens and molestus, which can form hybrids. Although temperature has been shown to influence vector competence of Cx. pipiens for WNV and biotypes are differentially susceptible towards infection, the interaction between the two has not been elucidated.
  
  
  
  We determined vector competence of the Cx. pipiens biotypes and hybrids, after 14 days of incubation at 18, 23 and 28 °C. Mosquitoes were orally infected by providing an infectious blood meal or by injecting WNV directly in the thorax. Infection and transmission rates were determined by testing the bodies and saliva for WNV presence. In addition, titers of mosquitoes with WNV-positive bodies and saliva samples were determined.
  
  
  
  Orally infected biotype pipiens and hybrids showed significantly increased transmission rates with higher temperatures, up to 32 and 14 %, respectively. In contrast, the molestus biotype had an overall transmission rate of 10 %, which did not increase with temperature. All mosquitoes that were infected via WNV injections had (close to) 100 % infection and transmission rates, suggesting an important role of the mosquito midgut barrier. We found no effect of increasing temperature on viral titers.
  
  
  
  Temperature differentially affected vector competence of the Cx. pipiens biotypes. This shows the importance of accounting for biotype-by-temperature interactions, which influence the outcomes of vector competence studies. Vector competence studies with Cx. pipiens mosquitoes differentiated to the biotype level are essential for proper WNV risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. chantal.vogels@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Chantal B F
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Vogels
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, England, UK.
authors.forename: Jelke J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fros
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Giel P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Göertz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gorben P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pijlman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Constantianus J M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koenraadt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002678:Chimera / Q000821:virology*; D003465:Culex / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000821:virology*; D005060:Europe; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000821:virology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000821:virology; D013696:Temperature; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Arbovirus; Culex; Infection; Temperature; Vector competence; West Nile virus