title: Intrarenal Reflux: Diagnosis at Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography.
abstract: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a childhood condition that is usually diagnosed by fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Intrarenal reflux (IRR) of infected urine is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of reflux-associated pyelonephritis and subsequent parenchymal scarring and is traditionally depicted by fluoroscopic VCUG. This case series describes the phenomenon of IRR occurring in association with VUR in 4 children as depicted by contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography. The ability of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography to show IRR when it occurs in conjunction with VUR compares favorably to that of fluoroscopic VCUG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA.
authors.forename: Gabrielle C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Colleran
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA.
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Barnewolt
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA.
authors.forename: Jeanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA.
authors.forename: Harriet J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Paltiel
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D014554:Urination; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography; intrarenal reflux; kidney; pediatric ultrasound; sonography; urinary bladder; vesicoureteral reflux; voiding cystourethrography