title: Antioxidant activities and oxidative stress inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts from Cornus officinalis on raw 264.7 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cornus officinalis, is a deciduous tree native to the eastern Asia, distributes mainly in (e.g. Korea, as well as China, and Japan). It is used as folk medicine to backache, polyuria, hypertension and nervous breakdown. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that C. officinalis possess anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and immune regulatory effects. However, reports on the antioxidant activity of C. officinalis have been limited to in vitro radical scavenging studies. Its mechanism of action within the cell at the genetic level especially has not yet been clearly defined. Therefore, we investigated the anti-antioxidant activities of C. officinalis in RAW 264.7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antioxidant activities and protective effects of C. officinalis ethanol extract on cell damage and the antioxidant enzyme system in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress-damaged RAW 264.7 cells were assessed. To measure the effects of C. officinalis on antioxidant activities, we used the following methods: Total phenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH scavenging activity assay, ABTS scavenging activity assay, FRAP value measurement, xanthine oxidase activity assay, ROS generation measurement and real time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total phenol and flavonoid contents of C. officinalis extracts were 27.04 mg GAE/g and 3.70 mg QE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of C. officinalis extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner: the IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of C. officinalis extracts were 99.32 μg/mL and 138.51 μg/mL, respectively. C. officinalis extracts inhibited xanthine oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species generation. The expression of antioxidant enzymes, Cu/ZnSOD, MnSOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase increased upon treatment with C. officinalis extracts at 100 μg/mL, compared to that in the LPS-treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest the therapeutic potential of C. officinalis extract as an anti-oxidant agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea. kah366@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung-A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrofood Resources, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D029768:Cornus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000431:Ethanol; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000431:Ethanol; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Cornus officinalis; Oxidative stress