title: Adverse effect of agroecosystem pond water on biological endpoints of common toad (Rhinella arenarum) tadpoles.
abstract: Chemical prroducts used in farming and wastes from livestock can contaminate pond water in agroecosystems due to runoff. Amphibians using these ponds for breeding are probably exposed to pollutants, and serious consequences might be observed afterward at the population level. Assessment biological endpoints of anuran to water quality give a realistic estimate of the probability of occurrence of adverse effects and provide an early warning signal. In this study, the ecotoxicity of agroecosystem ponds from the south of Córdoba province, Argentina, was investigated. Ponds in four sites with different degrees of human disturbance were selected: three agroecosystems (A1, A2, A3) and a site without crops or livestock (SM). The effect of pond water quality on the biological endpoint of Rhinella arenarum tadpoles was examined using microcosms with pond water from sites. Biological endpoints assessed were as follows: mortality, growth, development, morphological abnormalities (in body shape, gut, and labial tooth row formula), behavior, and blood cell parameters (micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities). Results indicated that water from agroecosystems has adverse effect on early life stage of R. arenarum. High mortality and fewer metamorphs were recorded in the A1 and A3 treatments. Tadpoles and metamorphs from A1 and A2 treatments had lower body condition. Tadpoles from A1 and A3 showed the highest prevalence of morphological abnormalities. The lowest amount of tadpoles feeding and the highest percentage of tadpoles swimming on the surface were observed in treatments with agroecosystem pond water. The higher frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities were recorded in tadpoles from A1, A2, and A3 treatments. We check the sensitivity of the biological endpoints of R. arenarum tadpoles like early warning indicators of water quality. We found that the poor water quality of agroecosystem ponds has impact on the health of the tadpoles, and this could affect the persistence of populations. We recommend implementation of management actions before the harmful effects of agroecosystem pond water on early life stage of anuran become evident in higher ecological levels.
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. sbabini@exa.unrc.edu.ar.|Ecología-Educación Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Ruta Nacional No. 36-km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina. sbabini@exa.unrc.edu.ar.
authors.forename: María Selene
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Babini
authors.affiliation: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.|Ecología-Educación Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Ruta Nacional No. 36-km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Clarisa de Lourdes
authors.initials: Cde L
authors.lastname: Bionda
authors.affiliation: Ecología-Educación Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Ruta Nacional No. 36-km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Nancy Edith
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Ecología-Educación Ambiental, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC, Ruta Nacional No. 36-km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Adolfo Ludovico
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D002025:Bufonidae; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D061005:Ponds; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Agroecosystems; Anuran; Blood biomarkers; Metamorphs; Morphological abnormalities; Mortality