title: Antimicrobial Effects of Free Nitrous Acid on Desulfovibrio vulgaris: Implications for Sulfide-Induced Corrosion of Concrete.
abstract: Hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in sewers causes odor problems and asset deterioration due to the sulfide-induced concrete corrosion. Free nitrous acid (FNA) was recently demonstrated as a promising antimicrobial agent to alleviate hydrogen sulfide production in sewers. However, details of the antimicrobial mechanisms of FNA are largely unknown. Here, we report the multiple-targeted antimicrobial effects of FNA on the SRB Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough by determining the growth, physiological, and gene expression responses to FNA exposure. The activities of growth, respiration, and ATP generation were inhibited when exposed to FNA. These changes were reflected in the transcript levels detected during exposure. The removal of FNA was evident by nitrite reduction that likely involved nitrite reductase and the poorly characterized hybrid cluster protein, and the genes coding for these proteins were highly expressed. During FNA exposure, lowered ribosome activity and protein production were detected. Additionally, conditions within the cells were more oxidizing, and there was evidence of oxidative stress. Based on an interpretation of the measured responses, we present a model depicting the antimicrobial effects of FNA on D. vulgaris These findings provide new insight for understanding the responses of D. vulgaris to FNA and will provide a foundation for optimal application of this antimicrobial agent for improved control of sewer corrosion and odor management.IMPORTANCE Hydrogen sulfide produced by SRB in sewers causes odor problems and results in serious deterioration of sewer assets that requires very costly and demanding rehabilitation. Currently, there is successful application of the antimicrobial agent free nitrous acid (FNA), the protonated form of nitrite, for the control of sulfide levels in sewers (G. Jiang et al., Water Res 47:4331-4339, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.024). However, the details of the antimicrobial mechanisms of FNA are largely unknown. In this study, we identified the key responses (decreased anaerobic respiration, reducing FNA, combating oxidative stress, and shutting down protein synthesis) of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, a model sewer corrosion bacterium, to FNA exposure by examining the growth, physiological, and gene expression changes. These findings provide new insight and underpinning knowledge for understanding the responses of D. vulgaris to FNA exposure, thereby benefiting the practical application of FNA for improved control of sewer corrosion and odor.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Shu-Hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Jun Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia iCarbonX, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia phil.bond@awmc.uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bond
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016969:Desulfovibrio vulgaris / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D009608:Nitrous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D009608:Nitrous Acid