title: Circuit resistance training in women with normal weight obesity syndrome: body composition, cardiometabolic and echocardiographic parameters, and cardiovascular and skeletal muscle fitness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normal weight obesity (NWO) syndrome has been characterized in subjects with normal Body Mass Index (BMI) and high body fat mass percentage (BF%>30 for women) being a risk factor for cardiometabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular mortality. This study evaluated whether circuit resistance training (CRT) improves body composition, heart size and function, cardiometabolic parameters, and cardiorespiratory, cardiovascular and skeletal muscle fitness in women with NWO.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are means (95% Confidence Interval). Twenty-three women participated: 10 NWO-CRT (baseline: BMI=22.4 [21.4-23.3] kg/m2; BF%=44.5 [41.0-48.0]%) performed CRT; and 13 untrained NWO-control (baseline: BMI=21.7 [20.8-22.7] kg/m2; BF%=37.8 [34.6-41.1]%). At baseline and after 10 weeks were performed/measured dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, echocardiography, blood tests, arterial pressure, exercise testing, and total-overload-by-training-session (TOL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, the NWO-CRT exhibited larger BF (27.28 [23.9-30.6] kg) than NWO-control (22.41 [19.5-25.3] kg) (P=0.0227). After training, NWO-CRT: reduced 8 kg of BF (P=0.000002); became BF% lower than NWO-control (33.1 [30.1-36.0] <37.0 [34.3-39.6]%, P=0.0423), with 30% of NWO-CRT subjects becoming without-obesity; reduced 3 kg in trunk fat mass (P=0.000005); showed fasting glucose (72.8 [69.4-76.2] mg/dL) smaller than NWO-control (81.7 [78.6-84.8] mg/dL) (P=0.004); increased TOL (5087.5 [4142.5-6032.5] to 6963.3 [6226.4-7700.2] rep.kg, P=0.0004); increased load at VO2peak (122.5 [106.8-138.2] to 137.5 [118.18-156.82] W, P=0.0051); reduced double product/load at VO2peak ratio (277.4 [222.1-332.8] to 237.7 [194.2-281.2] mmHg.bpm/W, P=0.0015); and increased left ventricular mass/body surface area ratio (84.29 [78.98-89.6] to 90.29 [81.45-99.12] g/m2, P=0.0215).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRT reduced BF% and generated cardiometabolic, cardiac, skeletal muscle and cardiovascular benefits, being a useful strategy to combat the normal weight obesity syndrome in women.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil - facanfe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fabiano C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bertucci
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: João E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: João P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Botero
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilberto E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Shiguemoto
authors.affiliation: Echocardiography Unit Ltda, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Echocardiography Unit Ltda, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Verzola
authors.affiliation: Echocardiography Unit Ltda, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.|Echocardiography Unit Ltda, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Verzola
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vilmar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baldissera
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Perez
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009929:Organ Size; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome