title: Effects of Ketamine on Neuronal Spontaneous Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents and Miniature Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents in the Somatosensory Cortex of Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic which produces dissociation anesthesia, analgesia, and amnesia. The mechanism of ketamine-induced synaptic inhibition in high-level cortical areas is still unknown. We aimed to elucidate the effects of different concentrations of ketamine on the glutamatergic synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex by using the whole-cell patch-clamp method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats (11-19 postnatal days, n=36) were used to obtain brain slices (300 μM). Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (data from 40 neurons) were recorded at a command potential of -70 mV in the presence of bicuculline (a competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors, 30 μM) and strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist, 30 μM). Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (data from 40 neurons) were also recorded when 1 μM of tetrodotoxin was added into the artificial cerebrospinal fluid. We used GraphPad Prism5for statistical analysis. Significant differences in the mean amplitude and frequency were tested using the Student paired 2-tailed t test. Values of P<0.05 were considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different concentrations of ketamine inhibited the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents as well as the amplitude of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in a concentration-dependent manner, but they exerted no significant effect on the frequency of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine inhibited the excitatory synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex. The inhibition may have been mediated by a reduction in the sensitivity of the postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors.
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Chengdong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Yajun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yu
keywords: Excitatory postsynaptic potentials; Ketamine; Patch-clamp techniques; Synaptic transmission