title: Medicinal plants sold at traditional markets in southern Ecuador.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The traditional markets in southern Ecuador and within the Andean region are especially important for plant resource trading among local people, even since before Spanish colonization; therefore, ethnobotanical studies are currently necessary and important. These strategic spaces persist for the traditional medicine cultural value reflected in the higher consumption of medicinal plants, which span all socioeconomic levels of rural and urban people. The purpose of this study includes the following: 1) to create a novel list of medicinal plants sold at 33 traditional markets; 2) to establish medicinal plant use agreement amongst vendors with the Factor of Informant Consensus (FIC); and 3) to determine the most sold medicinal plant species using the Fidelity Level (FL).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study focus on traditional markets ethnobotany utilizes the largest sample of medicinal plants market vendors up to date in Ecuador, interviewing them at 33 traditional markets, located within the Loja province. In order to determine the most sold medicinal plants and their ethnobotanical information, structured questionnaires and personal conversations were conducted with 196 medicinal plant vendors, and voucher specimens were created. Agreement among vendors about the therapeutic use of medicinal plants was measured using the FIC, and the most sold medicinal plant species were assessed with the FL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research registered 160 medicinal plant species, grouped in 126 genera and 57 families that were sold in 33 traditional markets. The uses of medicinal plants in southern Ecuador are related to a long history of traditional medicine health practices that has persisted until today as well as high plant diversity. The 53 therapeutic uses recorded were grouped into 12 medical categories that were adapted from the World Health Organization. Three medical categories shared the highest value for FIC = 0.92, which showed a high level of agreement of market vendors for 57 medicinal plant species sold to treat ailments related with digestive, dermatological, and sensorial systems. The FL index determined 11 culturally important medicinal plant species based on the reported uses by 40 or more market vendors. Two medicinal plant species had an FL = 100 %, Matricaria recutita and Gaiadendrum punctatum, used to treat digestive and respiratory systems ailments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the Loja province, people continue to consume medicinal plant species sold at local markets to treat somatic and/or psychosomatic health ailments because sociocultural customs are strongly expressed in ancestral practices of wellbeing. When the largest values of FL (60.5 %-100 %) and FIC (0.81-0.92) indexes are combined, they demonstrated agreement among 196 market vendors in the use of seven medicinal plant species that were most sold for the 12 medical categories. This study stresses how important public policies are for the trade and quality of medicinal plant resources, particularly for local people practicing auto-medication. Reasons for the maintenance of traditional markets in southern Ecuador include lower cost of medicinal plants, confidence in traditional medicine, and/or sociocultural environment. In Ecuador, the sustainable management of wild medicinal plants diversity, particularly the most sold, is crucial for its conservation in nature.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, CP: 1101608, Loja, Ecuador. ftinitana@utpl.edu.ec.
authors.forename: Fani
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tinitana
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, Ecuador.|Institute for Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0430, USA.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Romero-Benavides
authors.affiliation: Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Mostoles, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcelino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Cruz Rot
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Canto Blanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pardo-de-Santayana
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004484:Ecuador; D019448:Ethnobotany; D006801:Humans; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D009626:Terminology as Topic
keywords: Factor Informant Consensus; Fidelity Level; Loja province; Medicinal plants; Southern Ecuador; Traditional markets