title: Molecular epidemiology of GI and GII noroviruses in sewage: 1-year surveillance in eastern China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the concentration and molecular epidemiology of GI and GII noroviruses in sewage in China.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three raw sewage samples were collected in the cities of Jinan and Linyi, eastern China in 2014. GI and GII noroviruses were positive in all samples after TaqMan-based quantitative PCR. The mean concentrations of GI and GII noroviruses were 4·52 × 10(4) and 7·88 × 10(4) genome copies per litre respectively. After reverse transcription-PCR, cloning and sequencing, 16 genotypes were identified. GI.6 (69·6%), GI.2 (65·2%), GII.13 (65·2%), GII.6 (60·9%) and GII.17 (60·9%) were the most common GI and GII genotypes. A recombination event was observed in two GI.6 sequences. GII.4 sequences belonged to Sydney 2012 and Den Haag 2006b variant. Interestingly, the novel GII.17 Kawasaki308 variant was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reveal that multiple norovirus genotypes cocirculated in the local population. The risk of acute gastroenteritis outbreak is high in the two cities due to the detection of GII.17 Kawasaki308 variant and the high concentration of norovirus in raw sewage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates sewage surveillance can be a useful approach to monitor norovirus circulating in the population.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China. aqxuepi@163.com.|Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. aqxuepi@163.com.|Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China. aqxuepi@163.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage
keywords: China; molecular epidemiology; norovirus; quantification; sewage