title: Nonlinear multiscale regularisation in MR elastography: Towards fine feature mapping.
abstract: Fine-featured elastograms may provide additional information of radiological interest in the context of in vivo elastography. Here a new image processing pipeline called ESP (Elastography Software Pipeline) is developed to create Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) maps of viscoelastic parameters (complex modulus magnitude |G*| and loss angle ϕ) that preserve fine-scale information through nonlinear, multi-scale extensions of typical MRE post-processing techniques.
  
  
  
  A new MRE image processing pipeline was developed that incorporates wavelet-domain denoising, image-driven noise estimation, and feature detection. ESP was first validated using simulated data, including viscoelastic Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, at multiple noise levels. ESP images were compared with MDEV pipeline images, both in the FEM models and in three ten-subject cohorts of brain, thigh, and liver acquisitions. ESP and MDEV mean values were compared to 2D local frequency estimation (LFE) mean values for the same cohorts as a benchmark. Finally, the proportion of spectral energy at fine frequencies was quantified using the Reduced Energy Ratio (RER) for both ESP and MDEV.
  
  
  
  Blind estimates of added noise (σ) were within 5.3% ± 2.6% of prescribed, and the same technique estimated σ in the in vivo cohorts at 1.7 ± 0.8%. A 5 × 5 × 5 truncated Gabor filter bank effectively detects local spatial frequencies at wavelengths λ ≤ 10px. For FEM inversions, mean |G*| of hard target, soft target, and background remained within 8% of prescribed up to σ=20%, and mean ϕ results were within 10%, excepting hard target ϕ, which required redrawing around a ring artefact to achieve similar accuracy. Inspection of FEM |G*| images showed some spatial distortion around hard target boundaries and inspection of ϕ images showed ring artefacts around the same target. For the in vivo cohorts, ESP results showed mean correlation of R=0.83 with MDEV and liver stiffness estimates within 7% of 2D-LFE results. Finally, ESP showed statistically significant increase in fine feature spectral energy as measured with RER for both |G*| (p<1×10-9) and ϕ (p<1×10-3).
  
  
  
  Information at finer frequencies can be recovered in ESP elastograms in typical experimental conditions, however scatter- and boundary-related artefacts may cause the fine features to have inaccurate values. In in vivo cohorts, ESP delivers an increase in fine feature spectral energy, and better performance with longer wavelengths, than MDEV while showing similar stability and robustness.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Imaging Centre, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. Electronic address: e.barnhill@sms.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barnhill
authors.affiliation: BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. Electronic address: s1160274@staffmail.ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lyam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.affiliation: Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1,Berlin,10117 Germany. Electronic address: ingolf.sack@charite.de.
authors.forename: Ingolf
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.affiliation: Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1,Berlin,10117 Germany. Electronic address: juergen.braun@charite.de.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. Electronic address: Peter.Hoskins@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hoskins
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK. Electronic address: Pankaj@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pankaj
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, The Mentholatum Company, East Kilbride G74 5PE, UK. Electronic address: brown@mentholatum.co.uk.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Imaging Centre, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. Electronic address: edwin-vanbeek@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Edwin J R
authors.initials: EJR
authors.lastname: van Beek
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Imaging Centre, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. Electronic address: neil.roberts@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Complex dualtree wavelet; Denoising; Elastography; Magnetic resonance elastography; Wave inversion