title: Effect of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis on renal filtration and secretion of adefovir.
abstract: Adefovir, an acyclic nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat hepatitis B viral infection, is primarily eliminated renally through cooperation of glomerular filtration with active tubular transport. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a variable in drug disposition, yet the impact on renal transport processes has yet to be fully understood. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis on the pharmacokinetics of adefovir in rats given a control or methionine and choline deficient diet to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  
  
  
  Animals received a bolus dose of 7mg/kg (35μCi/kg) [(3)H] adefovir with consequent measurement of plasma and urine concentrations. Inulin clearance was used to determine glomerular filtration rate.
  
  
  
  Methionine and choline deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis prolonged the elimination half-life of adefovir. This observation occurred in conjunction with reduced distribution volume and hepatic levels of adefovir. Notably, despite these changes, renal clearance and overall clearance were not changed, despite markedly reduced glomerular filtration rate in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Alteration of glomerular filtration rate was fully compensated for by a significant increase in tubular secretion of adefovir. Analysis of renal transporters confirmed transcriptional up-regulation of Mrp4, the major transporter for adefovir tubular secretion.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrates changes to glomerular filtration and tubular secretion that alter pharmacokinetics of adefovir in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-induced changes in renal drug elimination processes could have major implications in variable drug response and the potential for toxicity.
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA; Charles University, Department of Pharmacology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laho
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Anika L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dzierlenga
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, Department of Translational Sciences Research Pathology Services, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goedken
authors.affiliation: Charles University, Department of Pharmacology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Micuda
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: cherrington@pharmacy.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Nathan J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cherrington
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008715:Methionine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D063065:Organophosphonates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; C053001:adefovir; D008715:Methionine; D000225:Adenine; D002794:Choline
keywords: Adefovir; GFR; NASH; Renal elimination