title: Antibacterial constituents of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus and their mechanisms of action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To extract, purify, and identify the effective constituents of aqueous extract of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus, and analyze the bactericidal effects of total tannins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preparative thin layer chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used to isolate and purify the total tannin fraction. (1)H- and (13)C- NMR spectroscopy were used to elucidate compound structures. The antibacterial activities of total tannins and ethyl gallate on Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were determined through minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays. Their antibacterial mechanisms of action were explored by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five compounds were isolated: ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, arjugenin, β-sitosterol, and tri-n-butyl chebulate. Tri-n-butyl chebulate is a newly-reported compound. Total tannins and ethyl gallate both had favorable bactericidal effects against KP and SA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo and in vitro pharmacodynamic experiment demonstrated that the effective components of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus possessed significant antibacterial effects, and were nontoxic and safe.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No results of a health care intervention on human participants.
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Taowen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 110032, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruqiang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116600, People's Republic of China. doctordiaodiao@163.com.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 110032, People's Republic of China. wangshouyu666.student@sina.com.
authors.forename: Shouyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013634:Tannins; D029766:Terminalia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D013634:Tannins; C048734:ethyl gallate; D005707:Gallic Acid
keywords: Antibacterial; Electron microscopy; Ethyl gallate; Fructus Chebulae Immaturus; Total tannin