title: Comparing human respiratory adverse effects after acute exposure to particulate matter in conventional and particle-reduced swine building environments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate innate immunity responses, lung function and symptoms in volunteers acutely exposed to organic dust in swine buildings after installing particle separators aimed to reduce particulate matter exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 healthy participants were exposed in 2 different facilities, with and without installed particle separators, in a cross-over design including 2-3 weeks wash-out between the 2 exposures. Size, distribution and composition of particulate matter and endotoxins in the air were measured. Lung function (spirometry), bronchial responsiveness, symptoms questionnaire and markers of innate immunity in blood and nasal lavage were measured before and after the 3-hour exposures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of particles, in particular fine particles sized 0.3-0.5 µm, was reduced in the particle-separated swine building environment (PSE) compared with that in the conventional building (CE). In the PSE, headache (p=0.03) and increased body temperature (p=0.016) were less pronounced than in the CE. The expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)2 and TLR4 on blood monocytes significantly increased (p=0.016 and 0.017, respectively) while cluster of differentiation (CD)14 on neutrophils decreased (p=0.05) after exposure in the CE, yet with no difference between the 2 exposures. Compared with the conventional environment, exposure to the PSE yielded lower interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.02) and IL-8 (p=0.04) levels in the upper respiratory tract, as assessed by nasal lavage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Particulate matter and organic dust in the swine building were reduced after installing particle separators, which, in naïve never exposed volunteers, in turn reduced adverse health effects caused by acute exposure in swine buildings compared with exposure to the conventional swine building environment.
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hedelin
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9939-418X
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sundblad
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sahlander
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gulaim
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0072-6082
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seisenbaeva
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Vadim
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-2814
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.affiliation: Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000276:immunology*; D013147:Spirometry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: inflammation; lung innate immunity; particles; swine