title: Spirulina elicits the activation of innate immunity and increases resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp.
abstract: The effect of Spirulina dried powder (SDP) on the immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was studied in vitro and in vivo. Incubating shrimp haemocytes in 0.5 mg ml(-1) SDP caused the degranulation of haemocytes and a reduction in the percentage of large cells within 30 min. Shrimp haemocytes incubated in 1 mg ml(-1) SDP significantly increased their phenoloxidase (PO) activity, serine proteinase activity, and respiratory burst activity (RB, release of superoxide anion). A recombinant protein of lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) of the white shrimp was produced, named rLvLGBP, and examined for its binding with SDP. An ELISA binding assay showed that rLvLGBP binds to SDP with a dissociation constant of 0.0507 μM. In another experiment, shrimp fed diets containing SDP at 0 (control), 30, and 60 g kg(-1) after four weeks were examined for LGBP transcript level and lysozyme activity, as well as phagocytic activity, clearance efficiency, and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus. These parameters were significantly higher in shrimp receiving diets containing SDP at 60 g kg(-1) or 30 g kg(-1) than in controls. In conclusion, shrimp haemocytes receiving SDP provoked the activation of innate immunity as evidenced by the recognition and binding of LGBP, degranulation of haemocytes, reduction in the percentage of large cells, increases in PO activity, serine proteinase activity, superoxide anion levels, and up-regulated LGBP transcript levels. Shrimp receiving diets containing SDP had increased lysozyme activity and resistance against V. alginolyticus infection. This study showed the mechanism underlying the immunostimulatory action of Spirulina and its immune response in shrimp.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: jcchen@mail.ntou.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Jiann-Chu
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Carina Miranda
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tayag
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hui-Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Dedi Fazriansyah
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Putra
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Jia-Chin
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Center of the Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yu-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry*; D044149:Vibrio alginolyticus / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Activation of innate immunity; Degranulation; Haemocyte size; LGBP; Litopenaeus vannamei; Spirulina dried powder