title: Nonrandomized Intervention Study of Naloxone Coprescription for Primary Care Patients Receiving Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unintentional overdose involving opioid analgesics is a leading cause of injury-related death in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and effect of implementing naloxone prescription to patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  2-year nonrandomized intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  6 safety-net primary care clinics in San Francisco, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  1985 adults receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Providers and clinic staff were trained and supported in naloxone prescribing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outcomes were proportion of patients prescribed naloxone, opioid-related emergency department (ED) visits, and prescribed opioid dose based on chart review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  38.2% of 1985 patients receiving long-term opioids were prescribed naloxone. Patients prescribed higher doses of opioids and with an opioid-related ED visit in the past 12 months were independently more likely to be prescribed naloxone. Patients who received a naloxone prescription had 47% fewer opioid-related ED visits per month in the 6 months after receipt of the prescription (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.53 [95% CI, 0.34 to 0.83]; P = 0.005) and 63% fewer visits after 1 year (IRR, 0.37 [CI, 0.22 to 0.64]; P < 0.001) compared with patients who did not receive naloxone. There was no net change over time in opioid dose among those who received naloxone and those who did not (IRR, 1.03 [CI, 0.91 to 1.27]; P = 0.61).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are observational and may not be generalizable beyond safety-net settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naloxone can be coprescribed to primary care patients prescribed opioids for pain. When advised to offer naloxone to all patients receiving opioids, providers may prioritize those with established risk factors. Providing naloxone in primary care settings may have ancillary benefits, such as reducing opioid-related adverse events.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  National Institutes of Health.
authors.forename: Phillip O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Coffin
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Behar
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: Glenn-Milo
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coffa
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bald
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vittinghoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012495:San Francisco
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone