title: Salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines and their association to periodontal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. A case-control study.
abstract: Both Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and periodontal disease (PD) present a similar immunological profile mainly characterized by altered cytokine levels. In this study we sought to investigate the salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines and their association with PD in SLE patients. 60 patients with SLE and 54 systemically healthy individuals underwent a full periodontal clinical examination. They were then grouped according to their periodontal status. Stimulated saliva was collected in order to evaluate the salivary levels of interferon (IFN-γ), Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17, IL-1β, and IL-4. Systemically healthy individuals with periodontitis (group P) presented higher levels of cytokines when compared to systemically healthy individuals, with no periodontal disease (group S) (p<0.05). Additionally, in the P group, patients presented similar levels of cytokines to those of the patients with SLE, regardless of the presence of PD (p>0.05), for most of the analyzed cytokines. There was a positive correlation in SLE patients, including IL-1β and all periodontal clinical parameters (p<0.05), and between IL-4 and gingival bleeding index and the presence of biofilm (p<0.05). Thus, our results confirmed, that patients with PD showed higher salivary levels of cytokines and, in SLE patients, the increased levels of salivary cytokines were observed even in the absence of periodontitis. IL-1β and IL-4 salivary levels were also positively correlated with periodontal status indicating their potential as markers of the amount and extent of periodontal damage in patients with SLE.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, 65.085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Consuelo Penha Castro
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, 65.085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elis Cabral
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Victor
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, 65.085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mayra Moura
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Service Rheumatology of University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, Rua Barão de Itapari, 227 - Centro, São Luís, MA 65020-070, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Mauro Carneiro
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Phytor Lab for Drug Development, The Hadassah Medical Center Hebrew University Biotechnology Park (JBP), Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Yehoshua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maor
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, 65.085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Souza
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, 65.085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vandilson Pereira
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, s/n, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, 65.085-580 São Luís, MA, Brazil. Electronic address: bbbenatti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno Braga
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Benatti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Biological markers; Periodontitis; Saliva; Systemic lupus erythematosus