title: Perineal raphe with special reference to its extension to the anus: a histological study using human fetuses.
abstract: The raphe of the human penis and scrotum is considered to develop secondarily after disappearance of the initial midline seam by fusion of the bilateral genital folds. However, the fetal development was still obscure. We examined histological sections of 30 fetuses (17 males and 13 females) at 10-15 weeks. In male fetuses, the scrotum was not yet clearly identified because of no descent of testis. The perineal raphe was thin and wavy at 10 weeks, and it was continuous with and took a direction same as the inferior wall of the closed penile urethra after physiological hypospadias. Depending on growth of the bulbospongiosus muscle and corpus spongiosus penis, the midline intermuscular septum obtained a connection to the subcutaneous wavy raphe and made the latter thick and straight at 12-15 weeks. Notably, the perineal raphe extended posteriorly to attach to the external anal sphincter. In female fetuses, an epithelial fusion occurred along a short distance at the posterior end of the vestibule. However, in front of the external anal sphincter, a large midline mesenchymal tissue from the urorectal septum did not contain a raphe-like structure. Moreover, since the bilateral bulbospongiosus muscles were separated widely by the vestibule, they did not provide a midline septum. Fetal development of the perineal raphe was accelerated by reinforcement from the muscular septum. In contrast, without such a muscular support, the female raphe could not maintain its growth even if the seed appeared at the posterior end of the vestibule.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.
authors.forename: Zhe Wu
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji, China.
authors.forename: Xiang Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine, Iwamizawa Kojinkai Hospital, Iwamizawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Institute of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilting
keywords: External anal sphincter; Human embryos; Median raphe; Perineal groove; Urorectal septum