title: Genetically encoded probes for NAD+/NADH monitoring.
abstract: NAD+and NADH participate in many metabolic reactions. The NAD+/NADH ratio is an important parameter reflecting the general metabolic and redox state of different types of cells. For a long time, in situ and in vivo NAD+/NADH monitoring has been hampered by the lack of suitable tools. The recent development of genetically encoded indicators based on fluorescent proteins linked to specific nucleotide-binding domains has already helped to address this monitoring problem. In this review, we will focus on four available indicators: Peredox, Frex family probes, RexYFP and SoNar. Each indicator has advantages and limitations. We will also discuss the most important points that should be considered when selecting a suitable indicator for certain experimental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bilan
authors.affiliation: Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: vsevolod.belousov@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vsevolod V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Belousov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009243:NAD / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D009243:NAD
keywords: Biosensors; Fluorescent proteins; Frex; NAD; NAD(+); NADH; Peredox; Rex domains; RexYFP; SoNar