title: Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality.
abstract: Aedes aegypti is the vector of a wide range of diseases (e.g. yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya and Zika) which impact on over half the world's population. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been found to be highly efficacious in killing mosquito larvae but only now are the underlying mechanisms for pathogenesis being elucidated. Recently it was shown that conidia of M. anisopliae caused stress induced mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae, a different mode of pathogenicity to that normally seen in terrestrial hosts. Blastospores constitute a different form of inoculum produced by this fungus when cultured in liquid media and although blastospores are generally considered to be more virulent than conidia no evidence has been presented to explain why. In our study, using a range of biochemical, molecular and microscopy methods, the infection process of Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores was investigated. It appears that the blastospores, unlike conidia, readily adhere to and penetrate mosquito larval cuticle. The blastospores are readily ingested by the larvae but unlike the conidia are able infect the insect through the gut and rapidly invade the haemocoel. The fact that pathogenicity related genes were upregulated in blastospores exposed to larvae prior to invasion, suggests the fungus was detecting host derived cues. Similarly, immune and defence genes were upregulated in the host prior to infection suggesting mosquitoes were also able to detect pathogen-derived cues. The hydrophilic blastospores produce copious mucilage, which probably facilitates adhesion to the host but do not appear to depend on production of Pr1, a cuticle degrading subtilisin protease, for penetration since protease inhibitors did not significantly alter blastospore virulence. The fact the blastospores have multiple routes of entry (cuticle and gut) may explain why this form of the inoculum killed Ae. aegypti larvae in a relatively short time (12-24hrs), significantly quicker than when larvae were exposed to conidia. This study shows that selecting the appropriate form of inoculum is important for efficacious control of disease vectors such as Ae. aegypti.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Abeer M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alkhaibari
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Carolino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sare I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Yavasoglu
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thalles C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mattoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Richard I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tariq M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Butt
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000469:parasitology*; D000818:Animals; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D007814:Larva / Q000469:parasitology; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence