title: Level of Discomfort Decreases After the Administration of Continuous Palliative Sedation: A Prospective Multicenter Study in Hospices and Palliative Care Units.
abstract: A gold standard or validated tool for monitoring the level of discomfort during continuous palliative sedation (CPS) is lacking. Therefore, little is known about the course of discomfort in sedated patients, the efficacy of CPS, and the determinants of discomfort during CPS.
  
  
  
  To identify the course of discomfort in patients receiving CPS.
  
  
  
  A prospective observational multicenter study in nine hospices and palliative care units was performed. The Discomfort Scale-Dementia of Alzheimer Type (DS-DAT) was independently assessed for monitoring of patient discomfort during CPS. The DS-DAT scores range from 0 (no observed discomfort) to a maximum of 27 (high level of observed discomfort). Using a mixed model, the mean group score of discomfort between four predefined time frames of CPS was compared, correcting for confounding patient characteristics.
  
  
  
  A total of 130 patients were sedated, and the DS-DAT was completed in 106 patients at least once. The median duration of the sedation in these 106 patients was 25.5 hours (range 2-161). The mean score of the DS-DAT in the phase before sedation was 12.16 (95% CI 9.83-14.50) and decreased significantly to 8.06 (95% CI 5.53-10.58) in the titration phase of sedation. The mean score of the DS-DAT in the final phase of sedation was 7.42 (95% CI 4.90-9.94).
  
  
  
  This study shows that CPS is associated with a decrease in the level of discomfort within an acceptable time frame, although in some sedated patients higher levels of discomfort in the last hours of life occurred. Although the DS-DAT seems to be of value for monitoring the level of discomfort during CPS, the results of this study should be interpreted within the constraints of the limitations, and further research on the psychometric properties of this tool is needed before the DS-DAT can be used in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: De Zorggroep, region Venlo (EBC), Venlo, The Netherlands. Electronic address: rogier.van.deijck@dezorggroep.nl.
authors.forename: Rogier H P D
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: van Deijck
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen G J
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hasselaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stans C A H H V M
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kris C P
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Vissers
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary and Community Care, Centre for Family Medicine, Geriatric Care and Public Health, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; De Waalboog, "Joachim en Anna" Centre for Specialized Geriatric Care, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raymond T C M
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Koopmans
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017051:Hospice Care; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives
keywords: Discomfort; hospices; nursing home-based palliative care units; palliative sedation