title: Separate elements of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 cis-regulatory region integrate pathways to control flowering time and shoot meristem identity.
abstract: TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) is a key regulator of Arabidopsis plant architecture that responds to developmental and environmental signals to control flowering time and the fate of shoot meristems. TFL1 expression is dynamic, being found in all shoot meristems, but not in floral meristems, with the level and distribution changing throughout development. Using a variety of experimental approaches we have analysed the TFL1 promoter to elucidate its functional structure. TFL1 expression is based on distinct cis-regulatory regions, the most important being located 3' of the coding sequence. Our results indicate that TFL1 expression in the shoot apical versus lateral inflorescence meristems is controlled through distinct cis-regulatory elements, suggesting that different signals control expression in these meristem types. Moreover, we identified a cis-regulatory region necessary for TFL1 expression in the vegetative shoot and required for a wild-type flowering time, supporting that TFL1 expression in the vegetative meristem controls flowering time. Our study provides a model for the functional organisation of TFL1 cis-regulatory regions, contributing to our understanding of how developmental pathways are integrated at the genomic level of a key regulator to control plant architecture.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serrano-Mislata
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández-Nohales
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Doménech
authors.affiliation: John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hanzawa
authors.affiliation: John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia 46022, Spain madueno@ibmcp.upv.es.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7598-3003
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Madueño
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018519:Meristem / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C102864:TFL1 protein, Arabidopsis
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; Flowering time; Inflorescence; Meristem identity; Plant architecture; Promoter; TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)