title: Micro-Raman spectroscopy in the identification of wulfenite and vanadinite in a Sasanian painted stucco fragment of the Ghaleh Guri in Ramavand, western Iran.
abstract: This paper reports the results of studies performed on a painted stucco fragment excavated at the Ghaleh Guri in Ramavand, western Iran, and dated back to the late Sasanian period (224-651AD). Analytical studies including micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), micro-X-ray spectrometry (μ-XRF) and optical microscopy showed that red lead and vermilion were used as main pigments on this fragment. Moreover, carbon black was diagnosed to thinly cover some parts of the red lead. Peculiarly, wulfenite (PbMoO4) associated with vanadinite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl) was identified to compose a yellow stain sporadically dispersed on the other pigments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Objects Conservation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA. Electronic address: parviz.holakooei@unife.it.
authors.forename: Parviz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holakooei
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation of Historic Properties, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir-Hossein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Karimy
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, ICHHTO of Lorestan Province, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Archaeology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasanpour
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation of Historic Properties, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oudbashi
keywords: Ghaleh Guri; Pre-Islamic pigment; Raman spectroscopy; Red lead; Sasanian; Vanadinite; Vermilion; Wulfenite