title: Analysis of lower limb work-energy patterns in world-class race walkers.
abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse lower limb work patterns in world-class race walkers. Seventeen male and female athletes race walked at competitive pace. Ground reaction forces (1000 Hz) and high-speed videos (100 Hz) were recorded and normalised joint moments, work and power, stride length, stride frequency and speed estimated. The hip flexors and extensors were the main generators of energy (24.5 J (±6.9) and 40.3 J (±8.3), respectively), with the ankle plantarflexors (16.3 J (±4.3)) contributing to the energy generated during late stance. The knee generated little energy but performed considerable negative work during swing (-49.1 J (±8.7)); the energy absorbed by the knee extensors was associated with smaller changes in velocity during stance (r = .783, P < .001), as was the energy generated by the hip flexors (r = -.689, P = .002). The knee flexors did most negative work (-38.6 J (±5.8)) and the frequent injuries to the hamstrings are probably due to this considerable negative work. Coaches should note the important contributions of the hip and ankle muscles to energy generation and the need to develop knee flexor strength in reducing the risk of injury.
authors.affiliation: a School of Sport, Carnegie Faculty , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.affiliation: a School of Sport, Carnegie Faculty , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bissas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D014142:Track and Field / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Elite-standard athletes; gait; inverse dynamics; performance; track and field