title: A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of IV Dexketoprofen, Lornoxicam, and Diclophenac Sodium on Postoperative Analgesia and Tramadol Consumption in Patients Receiving Patient-Controlled Tramadol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare the effects of dexketoprofen, lornoxicam, and diclophenac sodium on postoperative analgesia and tramadol consumption in patients receiving postoperative patient-controlled tramadol after a major abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients were randomized to receive one of the four study drugs. Patients in group dexketoprofen (DT) received IV 50 mg dexketoprofen, group lornoxicam (LR) received IV 8 mg lornoxicam, group diclophenac sodium (DS) received 75 mg IV diclophenac sodium and group saline (S) received 0.9% saline in 2 mL syringes, 20 min before the end of anaesthesia. A standardized (1 mg kg(-1)) dose of tramadol was routinely administered to all patients as the loading dose at the end of surgery. Postoperatively, whenever patients requested, they were allowed to use a tramadol patient-controlled analgesia device giving a bolus dose (0.2 mg kg(-1)) of tramadol. Pain, discomfort, and sedation scores, cumulative tramadol consumption, supplemental meperidine requirement, and side effects were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual rating scale and patient discomfort scores were significantly lower in DT, LR and DS groups compared to those in in group S (p<0.001). Cumulative tramadol consumption was significantly lower in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-treated groups at each study period after the second postoperative hour than in group S (p<0.001). Supplemental meperidine requirement was significantly higher in group S at each study period after postoperative 30 min than in NSAID-treated groups (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After major abdominal surgery, adding IV diclophenac, lornoxicam or dexketoprofen to patient-controlled tramadol resulted in lower pain scores, smaller tramadol consumption, less rescue supplemental analgesic requirement, and fewer side effects compared with the tramadol alone group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Refika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kılıçkaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ersel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Güleç
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakkı
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ünlügenç
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gündüz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Geylan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Işık
keywords: Dexketoprofen trometamol; diclophenac sodium; lornoxicam; patient controlled analgesia; tramadol