title: Digital image modification detection using color information and its histograms.
abstract: The rapid development of many open source and commercial image editing software makes the authenticity of the digital images questionable. Copy-move forgery is one of the most widely used tampering techniques to create desirable objects or conceal undesirable objects in a scene. Existing techniques reported in the literature to detect such tampering aim to improve the robustness of these methods against the use of JPEG compression, blurring, noise, or other types of post processing operations. These post processing operations are frequently used with the intention to conceal tampering and reduce tampering clues. A robust method based on the color moments and other five image descriptors is proposed in this paper. The method divides the image into fixed size overlapping blocks. Clustering operation divides entire search space into smaller pieces with similar color distribution. Blocks from the tampered regions will reside within the same cluster since both copied and moved regions have similar color distributions. Five image descriptors are used to extract block features, which makes the method more robust to post processing operations. An ensemble of deep compositional pattern-producing neural networks are trained with these extracted features. Similarity among feature vectors in clusters indicates possible forged regions. Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect copy-move forgery even if an image was distorted by gamma correction, addictive white Gaussian noise, JPEG compression, or blurring.
authors.affiliation: College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. Electronic address: zhou_haoyu@163.com.
authors.forename: Haoyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
authors.forename: Xinghui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
authors.forename: Zigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, 1 Nongda Road, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fan
keywords: Copy-paste forgery; Digital forensics; Image feature extractor; Image tampering techniques