title: Occupational prestige, social mobility and the association with lung cancer in men.
abstract: The nature of the association between occupational social prestige, social mobility, and risk of lung cancer remains uncertain. Using data from the international pooled SYNERGY case-control study, we studied the association between lung cancer and the level of time-weighted average occupational social prestige as well as its lifetime trajectory.
  
  
  
  We included 11,433 male cases and 14,147 male control subjects. Each job was translated into an occupational social prestige score by applying Treiman's Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS). SIOPS scores were categorized as low, medium, and high prestige (reference). We calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for study center, age, smoking, ever employment in a job with known lung carcinogen exposure, and education. Trajectories in SIOPS categories from first to last and first to longest job were defined as consistent, downward, or upward. We conducted several subgroup and sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results.
  
  
  
  We observed increased lung cancer risk estimates for men with medium (OR = 1.23; 95 % CI 1.13-1.33) and low occupational prestige (OR = 1.44; 95 % CI 1.32-1.57). Although adjustment for smoking and education reduced the associations between occupational prestige and lung cancer, they did not explain the association entirely. Traditional occupational exposures reduced the associations only slightly. We observed small associations with downward prestige trajectories, with ORs of 1.13, 95 % CI 0.88-1.46 for high to low, and 1.24; 95 % CI 1.08-1.41 for medium to low trajectories.
  
  
  
  Our results indicate that occupational prestige is independently associated with lung cancer among men.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany. behrens@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Groß
authors.affiliation: Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siemiatycki
authors.affiliation: Dental School, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.|Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France.|University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stücker
authors.affiliation: Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France.|University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pohlabeln
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany.|Institute for Statistics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brüske
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz-Erich
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consonni
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Merletti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Richiardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simonato
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.affiliation: INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Elise
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.affiliation: Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Demers
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, USA.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, USA.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caporaso
authors.affiliation: Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zaridze
authors.affiliation: The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Neonila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Szeszenia-Dabrowska
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rudnai
authors.affiliation: The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lissowska
authors.affiliation: Regional Authority of Public Health, Preventive Occupational Medicine, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fabianova
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University of Oviedo-Ciber de Epidemiologia, CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Adonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tardón
authors.affiliation: Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK.|Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Field
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Rodica Stanescu
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dumitru
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bencko
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Foretova
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Janout
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.affiliation: Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Straif
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüz
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hovanec
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kendzia
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pesch
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012937:Social Mobility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Life course; Occupational history; SYNERGY; Social prestige; Socio-economic status; Transitions