title: Bioanalytical challenge: A review of environmental and pharmaceuticals contaminants in human milk.
abstract: An overview of bioanalytical methods for the determination of environmental and pharmaceutical contaminants in human milk is presented. The exposure of children to these contaminants through lactation has been widely investigated. The human milk contains diverse proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and the concentration of these components is drastically altered during the lactation period providing a high degree of an analytical challenge. Sample collection and pretreatment are still considered the Achilles' heel. This review presents liquid chromatographic methods developed in the last 10 years for this complex matrix with focuses in the extraction and quantification steps. Green sample preparation protocols have been emphasized.
authors.affiliation: SEPARARE Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bianca Rebelo
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: SEPARARE Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Cristina
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barreiro
authors.affiliation: SEPARARE Núcleo de Pesquisa em Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil. Electronic address: quezia@pq.cnpq.br.
authors.forename: Quezia Bezerra
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Cass
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D015262:Xenobiotics
keywords: Breast milk; Liquid chromatography; Sample preparation; Tandem mass spectrometry; Xenobiotics