title: Biological activities of Leptodeira annulata (banded cat-eyed snake) venom on vertebrate neuromuscular preparations.
abstract: The physiological properties of colubrid snake venoms are largely unknown and less frequently investigated. In this study, we assessed the enzymatic properties and biological activities of Leptodeira annulata (banded cat-eyed snake) venom, an opistoglyphous snake from Colombia. The proteolytic, phospholipase A2 and amidolytic activities are assessed using colorimetric assays and the biological activities were analyzed in avian and mammalian neuromuscular preparations. L. annulata venom caused neuromuscular blockade in chick biventer cervicis (BC) preparations (40± 15% and 50± 3% of twitch reduction for 30 and 100 μg/ml, respectively; p < 0.05) following 120 incubation; 10 μg/ml of venom did not induce blockade. There was a mild reduction in contracture response to exogenous acetylcholine (110 μM) in BC preparations exposed to 10 and 30 μg of venom/ml (∼4% and ∼32% of reduction, respectively, p > 0.05, n = 4) compared to basal values whereas the highest concentration (100 μg/ml) abolished it after 120 min. The venom caused a significant reduction in contracture response elicited by KCl (∼58 and ∼90 of reduction for 30 and 100 μg/ml, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 4). In mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND) preparations, L. annulata venom induced a progressive muscle membrane depolarization [from -85.9 ± 1.6 mV (t0) to -72.2 ± 2.9 mV (t120), p < 0.05, n = 4); the postsynaptic receptors remained functional as shown by carbachol-induced depolarization. The morphological analyses showed a concentration-dependent number of pathological states in muscle fibers from both BC and PND preparations pre-exposed to venom. The venom showed high proteolytic activity and low phospholipase A2 activity; there was no evidence for serine protease activity. These results indicate that the neuromuscular effect induced by L. annulata venom resulted from damaged muscle fibers that lead to the blockade of twitches response. The findings suggest that the myotoxicity might be related to the presence of metalloproteases in this venom.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Biology, Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta, 731020, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia.
authors.forename: Kristian A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Torres-Bonilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schezaro-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Stuani
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Floriano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Léa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Simioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta, 731020, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia.
authors.forename: Manuel H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bernal-Bautista
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: hofling@unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alice da Cruz-Höfling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D017812:Colubridae; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012910:Snake Venoms
keywords: Colubrid snake; Leptodeira annulata; Myotoxicity; Neuromuscular preparations; Snake venom