title: Improved antifouling properties and selective biofunctionalization of stainless steel by employing heterobifunctional silane-polyethylene glycol overlayers and avidin-biotin technology.
abstract: A straightforward solution-based method to modify the biofunctionality of stainless steel (SS) using heterobifunctional silane-polyethylene glycol (silane-PEG) overlayers is reported. Reduced nonspecific biofouling of both proteins and bacteria onto SS and further selective biofunctionalization of the modified surface were achieved. According to photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, the silane-PEGs formed less than 10 Å thick overlayers with close to 90% surface coverage and reproducible chemical compositions. Consequently, the surfaces also became more hydrophilic, and the observed non-specific biofouling of proteins was reduced by approximately 70%. In addition, the attachment of E. coli was reduced by more than 65%. Moreover, the potential of the overlayer to be further modified was demonstrated by successfully coupling biotinylated alkaline phosphatase (bAP) to a silane-PEG-biotin overlayer via avidin-biotin bridges. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was shown to be well preserved without compromising the achieved antifouling properties. Overall, the simple solution-based approach enables the tailoring of SS to enhance its activity for biomedical and biotechnological applications.
authors.affiliation: BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hynninen
authors.affiliation: Surface Science Laboratory, Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vuori
authors.affiliation: Surface Science Laboratory, Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hannula
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Kosti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tapio
authors.affiliation: Surface Science Laboratory, Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Kimmo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lahtonen
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isoniemi
authors.affiliation: Surface Science Laboratory, Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lehtonen
authors.affiliation: Surface Science Laboratory, Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirsimäki
authors.affiliation: University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Physics, NanoScience Center, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: J Jussi
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Toppari
authors.affiliation: Surface Science Laboratory, Optoelectronics Research Centre, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valden
authors.affiliation: BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 6, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.|Fimlab Laboratories, Biokatu 4, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Vesa P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Hytönen
mesh_terms: D001360:Avidin / Q000378:metabolism*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001710:Biotin / Q000378:metabolism*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012821:Silanes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D012821:Silanes; D013193:Stainless Steel; D001360:Avidin; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D001710:Biotin