title: Indocyanine green as an adjunct for resection of insular gliomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many controversies exist regarding the extent of resection for insular gliomas and the timing of resection. Several techniques and adjuncts are used to maximize safety during resection of these tumors. We describe the use of indocyanine green (ICG) to identify the branches of the middle cerebral artery and discuss its utility to increase safety for resection for insular gliomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with insular gliomas were surgically treated by the authors from June 2013 to June 2014. The patients presented with complaints of either a headache or recurring episodes of convulsions. All the patients were operated with the aid of neuronavigation and tractography. The long perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery course through the insula and pass onward to supply the corona radiata. It is essential to preserve these vessels to prevent postoperative neurological deficits. ICG (Aurogreen) was used to identify and preserve the long perforating arteries of the middle cerebral artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICG dye correctly identified the long perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery and easily distinguished these vessels from the short perforating branches. All the branches of the middle cerebral artery that coursed through the tumor and had an onward course were preserved in all the patients. Only one patient developed a transient right sided hemiparesis that had improved at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgery for insular gliomas is challenging due to its location adjacent to eloquent areas, important white fiber tracts and the course of the middle cerebral artery within it. ICG is useful to identify and preserve the long perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery that course through the tumor and traverse onward to supply the corona radiata.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Abhidha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Vithal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rangarajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Amol
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaswa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Sonal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Atul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
keywords: Indocyanine green; insular glioma; surgery