title: Heart failure-potential new targets for therapy.
abstract: Heart failure is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review covers current heart failure treatment guidelines, emerging therapies that are undergoing clinical trial, and potential new therapeutic targets arising from basic science advances.
  
  
  
  A non-systematic search of MEDLINE was carried out. International guidelines and relevant reviews were searched for additional articles.
  
  
  
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers are first line treatments for chronic heart failure with reduced left ventricular function.
  
  
  
  Treatment strategies to improve mortality in heart failure with preserved left ventricular function are unclear.
  
  
  
  Many novel therapies are being tested for clinical efficacy in heart failure, including those that target natriuretic peptides and myosin activators. A large number of completely novel targets are also emerging from laboratory-based research. Better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms driving heart failure in different settings (e.g. hypertension, post-myocardial infarction, metabolic dysfunction) may allow for targeted therapies.
  
  
  
  Therapeutic targets directed towards modifying the extracellular environment, angiogenesis, cell viability, contractile function and microRNA-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nabeebaccus
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK ajay.shah@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ajay M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: HFpEF; HFrEF; clinical trials; contractile dysfunction; fibrosis; heart failure; hypertrophy; microRNA