title: The Impact of Minimally Invasive Surgery on Major Iatrogenic Ureteral Injury and Subsequent Ureteral Repair During Hysterectomy: A National Analysis of Risk Factors and Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify risk factors for ureteral injury during hysterectomy and to assess outcomes of concurrent minimally invasive vs converted to open repairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We queried the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database between 2005 and 2013 to identify abdominal hysterectomy (AH), minimally invasive hysterectomy (MIH), or vaginal hysterectomy. Ureteral injury was identified based on intraoperative or delayed management. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of hysterectomy approach on risk of ureteral injury while controlling for covariates. For patients with ureteral injury during MIH, we compared 30-day outcomes following minimally invasive vs converted open repairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 302 iatrogenic ureteral injuries from 96,538 hysterectomies, with 0.18%, 0.48%, and 0.04% from AH, MIH, and vaginal hysterectomy, respectively. Patients who underwent MIH were younger and had decreased comorbidities compared to patients who underwent AH (all P < .001). MIH resulted in lower overall complications (6.6% vs 14.8%, P < .001) but higher ureteral injury rate (0.48% vs 0.18%, P < .001) compared to AH. On multivariate analysis, the minimally invasive approach was associated with increased risk of ureteral injury (odds ratio 4.2, P < .001). Patients undergoing minimally invasive ureteral repairs (89%) during MIH had shorter operating room time and length of stay but similar overall perioperative complications compared to those with converted open repairs (11%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a large national series, we show that the minimally invasive approach for hysterectomy is an independent risk factor for iatrogenic ureteral injuries. During MIH, concurrent minimally invasive ureteral repairs resulted in comparable 30-day outcomes compared to converted to open repairs.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: vignesh.packiam@uchospitals.edu.
authors.forename: Vignesh T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Packiam
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pariser
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Charles U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Nottingham
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Sarah F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Faris
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Bales
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control