title: Trends of contraception among ladies of local population in Pakistan; why, how, when and what?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze trends of use of methods of contraception along with study of impact of various demographic and social factors on contraception in Peshawar, Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional descriptive study with random purposive sampling was conducted at Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, from Mar 2015-Nov 2015. Self-designed questionnaire with demographic details and questions pertinent to contraceptive practices was utilized as study instrument. Females reporting to concerned hospital for contraceptive advice and prescription were distributed with questionnaire and written informed consent form. Formal approval was taken from ethical committee of hospital. Data was analyzed via descriptive analysis (SPSS-21), qualitative data was expressed as frequencies and percentages; quantitative as mean±standard deviation (SD). Main outcome variable i-e contraceptive device used; was cross-tabulated with independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response rate was 53.2% (n-426). Usage of contraceptive device was as follows; 51.2% Nil, 9.4% barriers, 22.3% oral/injectable hormones, 13.4% IUCDs, 3.8% sterilization. There was a strong relationship between type of contraceptives used and age (p<0.001), client's education (p<0.001), husband's education (p<0.001), number of children (p<0.001), religion (p0.013), socioeconomic class (p<0.001), and religious beliefs about use of contraceptives (p<0.001). More Muslims considered contraception irreligious than non-Muslims (p 0.02). There was no significant impact of husbands' pressure to not to use contraceptives on type of contraception practised (p 0.114).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contraceptive devices are under-utilized in the study participants. Multidisciplinary approach should be applied to enhance client education, awareness and counseling to utilize these devices more appropriately and regularly.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Khaula Atif, MBBS, MCPS (Family-Medicine), Department of General Administration, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Cantonment, Khyber Pakhtun Khwah, Pakistan-54000.
authors.forename: Khaula
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Atif
authors.affiliation: Dr. Afeera Afsheen, MBBS, MCPS (Gynecology), FCPS (Gynecology). Department of Gynecology, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Cantonment, Khyber Pakhtun Khwah, Pakistan-54000.
authors.forename: Afeera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afsheen
authors.affiliation: Dr. Syed Abid Hassan Naqvi, MBBS, FCPS, FRCS, MS(Ophthalmology). Department of Ophthalmology, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Cantonment, Khyber Pakhtun Khwah, Pakistan-54000.
authors.forename: Syed Abid Hassan
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Naqvi
authors.affiliation: Dr. Saleem Asif Niazi, MBBS, MCPS(ENT), FCPS(ENT). Department of ENT, Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar Cantonment, Khyber Pakhtun Khwah, Pakistan-54000.
authors.forename: Saleem Asif
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Niazi
authors.affiliation: Dr. Habib Ullah Khan, MBBS, FCPS (General Surgery), FCPS (Neurosurgery). Department of Neurosurgery, Combined Military Hospital, Abbotabad Cantonment, Khyber Pakhtun Khwah, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ullah Khan
keywords: Contraceptive Devices; Contraceptive Methods; Family Planning; Under-developed countries