title: Immunologic Abnormalities, Treatments, and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: What Is Real and What Is Not?
abstract: Recurrent pregnancy loss, depending on the definition, affects 1% to 3% of women aiming to have a child. Little is known about the direct causes of recurrent pregnancy loss, and the condition is considered to have a multifactorial and complex pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the evaluation and the management of the condition with specific emphasis on immunologic biomarkers identified as risk factors as well as current immunologic treatment options. The review also highlights and discusses areas in need of further research.
authors.affiliation: *Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark †Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aalborg University Hospital and Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nathalie F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Astrid M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kolte
authors.forename: Elisabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Henriette S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Ole B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D037601:Mannose-Binding Lectin / Q000097:blood; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D006680:HLA Antigens; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D037601:Mannose-Binding Lectin; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D011241:Prednisone