title: The influence of graft placement on clinical outcome in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of graft tunnel position on both clinical outcome and instrumental knee stability in patients submitted to arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using a bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  thirty patients (24 men and 6 women) who underwent ACL reconstruction performed using an autologous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft were studied at a mean follow-up of 18 months. Clinical outcome was assessed on the basis of the Lysholm score, Tegner activity level, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective form and the Short Form-36. Clinical outcomes were correlated with both femoral and tibial tunnel placement measured on standard anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs, in accordance with established guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  tibial tunnel position on the lateral view correlated significantly with both the IKDC subjective form (r = -0.72; p<0.05) and the Lysholm score (r=-0.73; p<0.05). Tibial tunnel position on the lateral view also correlated with stability measured using a KT-1000 arthrometer at 30N of force (r=0.57; p<0.05). No correlation was found between α angle and anteroposterior (AP) laxity measured by KT-1000 arthrometer. No significant correlation was found between femoral tunnel position (on either view) and Lysholm score, IKDC score and Tegner activity level. Similarly, no correlation was found between AP laxity measured by KT-1000 arthrometer and femoral tunnel position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  these results suggest that the more anterior the placement of the tibial tunnel, the better the clinical outcome will be. On the basis of literature data and our findings, we discuss the hypothesis that there exists a "correct area" for tunnel placement, making it possible to obtain the best results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, case series.
authors.affiliation: GLOBE, Evidence-based orthopaedics working group of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Nicola's Foundation, Arezzo, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padua
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alviti
authors.affiliation: GLOBE, Evidence-based orthopaedics working group of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Nicola's Foundation, Arezzo, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venosa
authors.affiliation: Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Padua
keywords: anterior cruciate ligament; clinical outcome; femoral tunnel; graft placement; tibial tunnel