title: Risk of Serious Infection for Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Starting Glucocorticoids with or without Antimalarials.
abstract: To compare serious infection risk for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients starting glucocorticoids (GC), antimalarials (AM), or their combination.
  
  
  
  We conducted a new-user, historical cohort study, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 1997-2013. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to calculate adjusted HR and 95% CI.
  
  
  
  The study included 3030 patients with SLE followed an average of 4 years. Compared with patients starting AM without GC (9 infections/1461 patient-yrs), the HR for the risk of infection was 3.9 (95% CI 1.7-9.2) for those starting GC ≤ 15 mg/day without AM (14 infections/252 patient-yrs), while it was 0.0 (0 infections/128 patient-yrs) for those starting the combination. We split the 14 patients with a serious infection and with GC < 15 mg/day into 2 groups: < 7.5 and ≥ 7.5-15 mg/day. The HR for < 7.5 mg/day was 4.6 (95% CI 1.8-11.4) and for ≥ 7.5-15 mg/day, 3.1 (95% CI 1.0-9.7). For patients starting GC > 15 mg/day (reflecting more severe SLE), the risk of infection was nearly the same for the combination of GC and AM (9 infections/135 patient-yrs) and GC alone (41 infections/460 patient-yrs), but the combination users had evidence of more severe disease. Patients with SLE had a 6- to 7-fold greater risk of serious infection than the general population.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that the benefits of AM treatment for SLE may extend to preventing serious infections. Although the study included > 3000 patients, the statistical power to examine GC dosages < 15 mg/day was poor.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California; Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.L.J. Herrinton, PhD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; L. Liu, MD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; R. Goldfien, MD, Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group; M.A. Michaels, MD, Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; T.N. Tran, MD, PhD, Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca. Lisa.Herrinton@kp.org.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Herrinton
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California; Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.L.J. Herrinton, PhD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; L. Liu, MD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; R. Goldfien, MD, Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group; M.A. Michaels, MD, Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; T.N. Tran, MD, PhD, Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca.
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California; Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.L.J. Herrinton, PhD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; L. Liu, MD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; R. Goldfien, MD, Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group; M.A. Michaels, MD, Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; T.N. Tran, MD, PhD, Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goldfien
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California; Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.L.J. Herrinton, PhD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; L. Liu, MD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; R. Goldfien, MD, Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group; M.A. Michaels, MD, Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; T.N. Tran, MD, PhD, Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca.
authors.forename: M Alex
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Michaels
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California; Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.L.J. Herrinton, PhD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; L. Liu, MD, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; R. Goldfien, MD, Department of Rheumatology, The Permanente Medical Group; M.A. Michaels, MD, Patient Safety Department, AstraZeneca/MedImmune; T.N. Tran, MD, PhD, Observational Research Center, AstraZeneca.
authors.forename: Trung N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Tran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D005938:Glucocorticoids
keywords: COHORT STUDIES; ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTION; SAFETY; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS