title: A comparison of mechanical properties between different percentage layups of a single-style carbon fibre ankle foot orthosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, a range of 'off-the-shelf' ankle foot orthoses are used in clinical practice, of various functions and designs. Their use relates to immediate control over mild conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the properties of carbon fibre ankle foot orthoses at different percentage layups and provide a comparison of these through assessment of the (1) elastic properties, (2) deflection about the ankle (including the calculation of stiffness) and (3) failure under compressive forces (dorsiflexion).
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental, bench test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was reviewed to derive a suitable bench test for mechanical testing of ankle foot orthoses. Two universal Instron machines were used to apply the necessary forces. A pilot device was utilised to establish the range of forces appropriate to confirm the setup chosen was effective. Each test was then carried out on nine ankle foot orthoses (3 × 3 different percentage layups).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All nine devices had their elastic properties deduced. Stiffness exhibited greater resistance in tension, with angular deflection being greatest in the 'Lite' set and least in the Rigid. Failure occurred mainly due to fracture, proximally on the strut; however, this was not consistent among the devices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results confirmed the properties expected of carbon fibre ankle foot orthoses were consistent. This can now be related to functionality and therefore specific device prescription options. Clinical relevance This article attempts to increase the understanding and develop the area of mechanically testing ankle foot orthoses. This was achieved by comparing carbon fibre at different percentage layups on an identical design and their resultant structural properties. This article outlines a clear and simple setup for obtaining repeatable results.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Prosthetics and Orthotics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Prosthetics and Orthotics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Figgins
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D002244:Carbon; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Ankle foot orthosis; Instron; ability; carbon fibre; destruction; elastic; energy return; failure; layup; mechanical; off the shelf; orthotic device; prefabricated; properties; setup; stiffness; stock; testing; universal testing machine