title: Requirements and comparative analysis of reverse genetics for bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV).
abstract: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are distinct arthropod borne virus species in the genus Orbivirus (Reoviridae family), causing the notifiable diseases Bluetongue and African horse sickness of ruminants and equids, respectively. Reverse genetics systems for these orbiviruses with their ten-segmented genome of double stranded RNA have been developed. Initially, two subsequent transfections of in vitro synthesized capped run-off RNA transcripts resulted in the recovery of BTV. Reverse genetics has been improved by transfection of expression plasmids followed by transfection of ten RNA transcripts. Recovery of AHSV was further improved by use of expression plasmids containing optimized open reading frames.
  
  
  
  Plasmids containing full length cDNA of the 10 genome segments for T7 promoter-driven production of full length run-off RNA transcripts and expression plasmids with optimized open reading frames (ORFs) were used. BTV and AHSV were rescued using reverse genetics. The requirement of each expression plasmid and capping of RNA transcripts for reverse genetics were studied and compared for BTV and AHSV. BTV was recovered by transfection of VP1 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of a set of ten capped RNAs. VP3 expression plasmid was also required if uncapped RNAs were transfected. Recovery of AHSV required transfection of VP1, VP3 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of capped RNA transcripts. Plasmid-driven expression of VP4, 6 and 7 was also needed when uncapped RNA transcripts were used. Irrespective of capping of RNA transcripts, NS1 expression plasmid was not needed for recovery, although NS1 protein is essential for virus propagation. Improvement of reverse genetics for AHSV was clearly demonstrated by rescue of several mutants and reassortants that were not rescued with previous methods.
  
  
  
  A limited number of expression plasmids is required for rescue of BTV or AHSV using reverse genetics, making the system much more versatile and generally applicable. Optimization of reverse genetics enlarge the possibilities to rescue virus mutants and reassortants, and will greatly benefit the control of these important diseases of livestock and companion animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands. piet.vanrijn@wur.nl.|Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. piet.vanrijn@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2594-1232
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van Rijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sandra G P
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: van de Water
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands.|Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Feenstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: René G P
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: van Gennip
mesh_terms: D000355:African Horse Sickness / Q000821:virology*; D000356:African Horse Sickness Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001819:Bluetongue / Q000821:virology*; D001820:Bluetongue virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006736:Horses; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D059386:Reverse Genetics / Q000379:methods*; D012418:Ruminants / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: African horse sickness virus; Bluetongue virus; Genetic modification; Orbivirus; Reassortment; Reoviridae; Reverse genetics; dsRNA