title: Effects of cigarette smoking on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability in treated hypertensive patients.
abstract: We investigated the influence of cigarette smoking on the levels and circadian patterns of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and HR variability (HRV) in hypertensive patients. Sixteen hypertensive smokers (57 ± 2 years old) receiving antihypertensive treatments participated in this study. Ambulatory monitoring of BP, HR, and electrocardiograms was performed every 30 min for 24 hours on a smoking day and nonsmoking day in a randomized crossover manner. Average 24-hour BP and daytime BP were significantly higher in the smoking period than in the nonsmoking period. No significant differences were observed in nighttime BP between the two periods. Average 24-hour and daytime HR, but not nighttime HR, were also higher in the smoking period than in the nonsmoking period. The daytime high frequency (HF) component of HRV was attenuated more in the smoking period than in the nonsmoking period. No significant differences were observed in the low frequency (LF) components of HRV or LF/HF ratio between the two periods. These results demonstrated that cigarette smoking increased the daytime and average 24-hour BP and HR, and the increases observed in daytime BP and HR were associated with the attenuation of parasympathetic nerve activity.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hypertension and Nephrology , National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Osaka , Japan.|b Department of Internal Medicine , Moji Ekisaikai Hospital , Kita-Kyushu , Fukuoka , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hypertension and Nephrology , National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Osaka , Japan.|c Department of Medical Technology , Teikyo University Fukuoka , Omuta , Fukuoka , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hypertension and Nephrology , National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hypertension and Nephrology , National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwashima
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hypertension and Nephrology , National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.affiliation: a Division of Hypertension and Nephrology , National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center , Suita , Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
keywords: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; autonomic nerve activity; heart rate variability; hypertension; smoking