title: Long-awaited pregnancy: intelligence and academic performance in offspring of infertile parents-a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether fertility treatment, subfertility, or pregnancy planning are related to long-term intellectual development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5,032 singletons born from 1990 to 1992 in the Aarhus Birth Cohort were followed up to a mean age of 19 years. These children were born as a result of fertility treatment (n = 210), had subfertile parents who took more than 12 months before conceiving naturally (n = 334), had fertile parents who conceived naturally within 12 months (n = 2,661), or had parents who reported the pregnancy as unplanned (n = 1,827).
  
  
  METHODS
  The children were followed up using questionnaires and information from Danish national registers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parent reported school difficulties at ages 9-11 years, register-based school grades at ages 16, 17, and 19 years, and conscription intelligence test scores at age 19 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no evidence of school difficulties in childhood, impaired school performance in adolescence, or lower intelligence in young adulthood in multivariate analyses adjusted for parental age, educational level, maternal parity, before pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking and alcohol intake in pregnancy, cohabitation status, child gender, and age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the longest follow-up of cognitive development of children conceived after fertility treatment or by subfertile parents conducted so far, this study did not show any association between pregnancy planning, subfertility, or fertility treatment and cognitive ability or academic performance.
authors.affiliation: The Fertility Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Regional Hospital Horsens, Sundvej, Horsens, Denmark; Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: bjornbay@me.com.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bay
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Center for Health Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erik Lykke
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golombok
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Collaborative Health, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hohwü
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Collaborative Health, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Obel
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tine Brink
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulrik Schiøler
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Kesmodel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D041923:Adolescent Development; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D061685:Time-to-Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fertility treatment; child development; intelligence; school performance; subfertility