title: Analyzing infant head flatness and asymmetry using kernel density estimation of directional surface data from a craniofacial 3D model.
abstract: Infant skull deformation is analyzed using the distribution of head normal vector directions computed from a 3D image. Severity of flatness and asymmetry are quantified by functionals of the kernel estimate of the normal vector direction density. Using image data from 99 infants and clinical deformation ratings made by experts, our approach is compared with some recently suggested methods. The results show that the proposed method performs competitively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. ville.vuollo@oulu.fi.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. ville.vuollo@oulu.fi.|Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. ville.vuollo@oulu.fi.
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuollo
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Children and Adolescence, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|PEDEGO Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aarnivala
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Virpi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Harila
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuomo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pirttiniemi
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|Department of Children and Adolescence, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|PEDEGO Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Arja Marita
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Valkama
mesh_terms: D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015588:Observer Variation
keywords: 3D shape analysis; 3D surface imaging; directional statistics; head shape; kernel density estimation; spherical data