title: Different effects of isolation-rearing and neonatal MK-801 treatment on attentional modulations of prepulse inhibition of startle in rats.
abstract: Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is suppression of the startle reflex by a weaker sensory stimulus (prepulse) preceding the startling stimulus. In people with schizophrenia, impairment of attentional modulation of PPI, but not impairment of baseline PPI, is correlated with symptom severity. In rats, both fear conditioning of prepulse and perceptually spatial separation between the conditioned prepulse and a noise masker enhance PPI (the paradigms of attentional modulation of PPI).
  
  
  
  As a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, isolation rearing impairs both baseline PPI and attentional modulations of PPI in rats. This study examined in Sprague-Dawley male rats whether neonatally blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors specifically affects attentional modulations of PPI during adulthood.
  
  
  
  Both socially reared rats with neonatal exposure to the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and isolation-reared rats exhibited augmented startle responses, but only isolation rearing impaired baseline PPI. Fear conditioning of the prepulse enhanced PPI in socially reared rats, but MK-801-treated rats lost the prepulse feature specificity. Perceptually spatial separation between the conditioned prepulse and a noise masker further enhanced PPI only in normally reared rats. Clozapine administration during adulthood generally weakened startle, enhanced baseline PPI in neonatally interrupted rats, and restored the fear conditioning-induced PPI enhancement in isolation-reared rats with a loss of the prepulse feature specificity. Clozapine administration also abolished both the perceptual separation-induced PPI enhancement in normally reared rats and the fear conditioning-induced PPI enhancement in MK-801-treated rats.
  
  
  
  Isolation rearing impairs both baseline PPI and attentional modulations of PPI, but neonatally disrupting NMDA receptor-mediated transmissions specifically impair attentional modulations of PPI. Clozapine has limited alleviating effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Speech and Hearing Research Center, Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China.
authors.forename: Zhe-Meng
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Speech and Hearing Research Center, Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Mental Disorders, Center of Schizophrenia,Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China. jhxlj@vip.163.com.|Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China. jhxlj@vip.163.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Xiao
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Speech and Hearing Research Center, Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China. liangli@pku.edu.cn.|Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China. liangli@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D065808:Prepulse Inhibition; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects*; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012934:Social Isolation
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D003024:Clozapine
keywords: Animal model; Attentional modulation; Clozapine; Fear conditioning; Isolation rearing; Neonatal MK-801 exposure; Perceived spatial separation; Precedence effect; Prepulse inhibition; Schizophrenia