title: Micro/Nano Multilayered Scaffolds of PLGA and Collagen by Alternately Electrospinning for Bone Tissue Engineering.
abstract: The dual extrusion electrospinning technique was used to fabricate multilayered 3D scaffolds by stacking microfibrous meshes of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in alternate fashion to micro/nano mixed fibrous meshes of PLGA and collagen. To fabricate the multilayered scaffold, 35 wt% solution of PLGA in THF-DMF binary solvent (3:1) and 5 wt% solution of collagen in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) with and without hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA) were used. The dual and individual electrospinning of PLGA and collagen were carried out at flow rates of 1.0 and 0.5 mL/h, respectively, at an applied voltage of 20 kV. The density of collagen fibers in multilayered scaffolds has controlled the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The homogeneous dispersion of glutamic acid-modified hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA-GA) in collagen solution has improved the osteogenic properties of fabricated multilayered scaffolds. The fabricated multilayered scaffolds were characterized using FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to evaluate the adhesion and spreads of MC3T3-E1 cells on multilayered scaffolds. The activity of MC3T3-E1 cells on the multilayered scaffolds was evaluated by applying MTT, alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin Red, von Kossa, and cytoskeleton F-actin assaying protocols. The micro/nano fibrous PLGA-Col-HA scaffolds were found to be highly bioactive in comparison to pristine microfibrous PLGA and micro/nano mixed fibrous PLGA and Col scaffolds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sanghwa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea. kcgptfcy@iitr.ac.in.|Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, I.I.T. Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India. kcgptfcy@iitr.ac.in.
authors.forename: Kailash Chandra
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sukyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea. ikkang@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Inn-Kyu
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kang
keywords: Collagen; Dual extrusion electrospinning; Hydroxyapatite; Micro/nano mixed fibrous scaffolds; PLGA