title: Reciprocal Reinforcement Between Wearable Activity Trackers and Social Network Services in Influencing Physical Activity Behaviors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wearable activity trackers (WATs) are emerging consumer electronic devices designed to support physical activities (PAs), which are based on successful behavior change techniques focusing on goal-setting and frequent behavioral feedbacks. Despite their utility, data from both recent academic and market research have indicated high attrition rates of WAT users. Concurrently, evidence shows that social support (SS), delivered/obtained via social network services or sites (SNS), could increase adherence and engagement of PA intervention programs. To date, relatively few studies have looked at how WATs and SS may interact and affect PAs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to explore how these two Internet and mobile technologies, WATs and SNS, could work together to foster sustainable PA behavior changes and habits among middle-aged adults (40-60 years old) in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used purposive sampling of Executive MBA Students from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology to participate in our qualitative research. In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with a total of 15 participants, including 9 WAT users and 6 nonusers. Analysis of the collected materials was done inductively using the thematic approach with no preset categories. Two authors from different professional backgrounds independently annotated and coded the transcripts, and then discussed and debated until consensus was reached on the final themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thematic analysis revealed six themes: (1) WATs provided more awareness than motivation in PA with goal-setting and progress monitoring, (2) SS, delivered/obtained via SNS, increased users' adherence and engagement with WATs and vice versa, (3) a broad spectrum of configurations would be needed to deliver WATs with appropriately integrated SS functions, (4) WAT design, style, and appearance mattered even more than those of smartphones, as they are body-worn devices, (5) the user interfaces of WATs left a great deal to be desired, and (6) privacy concerns must be addressed before more mainstream consumers would consider adopting WATs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants perceived WATs as an awareness tool to understand one's PA level. It is evident from our study that SS, derived from SNS and other pertinent vehicles such as the LINE social messaging application (similar to WhatsApp and WeChat), will increase the engagement and adherence of WAT usage. Combining WATs and SNS enables cost-effective, scalable PA intervention programs with end-to-end services and data analytics capabilities, to elevate WATs from one-size-fits-all consumer electronics to personalized PA assistants.
authors.affiliation: School of Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan. rkuei06@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rebecca Cherng-Shiow
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2245-4498
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Hsi-Peng
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1864-8011
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Peishan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9227-3919
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Pin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-5474
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luarn
keywords: Wearable activity trackers; behavior change techniques; physical activity; social network services; social support; wearables