title: Comparative study of toxicity and biochemical responses induced by sublethal levels of the pesticide azinphosmethyl in two fish species from North-Patagonia, Argentina.
abstract: Biochemical effects of azinphosmethyl (AZM), an organophosphate pesticide, were determined in gill, brain and muscle tissues of Odontesthes hatcheri and Jenynsia multidentata. The 96-h toxicity was first assessed, estimating lethal concentrations fifty (LC50) of 7 and 30μgL(-1) AZM for O. hatcheri and J. multidentata, respectively. Considering the LC50, sublethal 96-h static exposures were designed for O. hatcheri (0.1-0.5μgL(-1) AZM) and J. multidentata (5-10μgL(-1)AZM) to determine biochemical endpoints. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) was inhibited by AZM in both species, while the buffer enzyme carboxylesterase (CarbE) was not affected in this tissue. Conversely, muscular AchE was not affected but CarbE was augmented by AZM. The enzymes glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and CarbE were significantly inhibited in O. hatcheri gills but none of them was affected by AZM in J. multidentata gills compared to control. GSH levels were augmented in gills of both species in exposed fish compared to controls and in addition, lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in O. hatcheri gills. Ex vivo histochemical analysis of ROS by fluorescence microscopy was also performed in J. multidentata gills, indicating a significant increase upon exposure to 10μgL(-1) AZM. Principal component analyses (PCA) were applied, both to the species together or separately. The general analysis demonstrated a clear separation of responses in the two species. For O. hatcheri, the variable that explains the major variation in PC1 is gill catalase and brain AchE in PC2. In J. multidentata in turn, the variable that explains the major variation in PC1 is brain AchE and total oxyradical scavenging capacity in PC2. The toxicity data and biomarker responses obtained for both species were compared to environmental concentrations of AZM detected in superficial water from different points in the Alto Valle region and risk quotients (RQ) were calculated. This approach indicated probable acute effects for O. hatcheri in river and irrigation channels (RQ>0.1), while the risk was unacceptable in drainage superficial water (RQ>1). In contrast, J. multidentata showed minimal risk in river or channel water (RQ<0.1) and probable risk in drainage water (RQ=0.75). We conclude that not only the differential susceptibility of both species to AZM is environmentally relevant, but also that the different biomarkers responding in each case underlie particular pathways stressed by this agrochemical.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta 151, km 12, 8303 Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerreño
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta 151, km 12, 8303 Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina.
authors.forename: María Fernanda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: López Armengol
authors.affiliation: INIBIOMA, UNCo-CONICET- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, CEAN, Ruta provincial 61, km 3, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carlos Marcelo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Luquet
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta 151, km 12, 8303 Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina. Electronic address: a.venturino@conicet.gov.ar.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venturino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina; D001387:Azinphosmethyl / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001822:Body Burden; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001387:Azinphosmethyl
keywords: Jenynsia multidentata; Odontesthes hatcheri; Organophosphate; Oxidative stress; Risk assessment