title: Income inequality and foregone medical care in Europe during The Great Recession: multilevel analyses of EU-SILC surveys 2008-2013.
abstract: The association between income inequality and societal performance has been intensely debated in recent decades. This paper reports how unmet need for medical care has changed in Europe during The Great Recession, and investigates whether countries with smaller income differences have been more successful than inegalitarian countries in protecting access to medical care during an economic crisis.
  
  
  
  Six waves of EU-SILC surveys (2008-2013) from 30 European countries were analyzed. Foregone medical care, defined as self-reported unmet need for medical care due to costs, waiting lists, or travel difficulties, was examined among respondents aged 30-59 years (N = 1.24 million). Countries' macro-economic situation was measured by Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The S80/S20 ratio indicated the country's level of income inequality. Equity issues were highlighted by separate analyses of disadvantaged respondents with limited economic resources and relatively poor health. Cross-tabulations and multilevel linear probability regression models were utilized.
  
  
  
  Foregone medical care increased 2008-2013 in the majority of the 30 countries, especially among the disadvantaged parts of the population. For the disadvantaged, unmet need for medical care tended to be higher in countries with larger income inequalities, regardless of the average economic standard in terms of GDP per capita. Both for disadvantaged and for other parts of the samples, a decline in GDP had more severe effects on access in inegalitarian countries than in countries with less income inequality.
  
  
  
  During The Great Recession, unmet need for medical care increased in Europe, and social inequalities in foregone medical care widened. Overall, countries with a more egalitarian income distribution have been more able to protect their populations, and especially disadvantaged groups, against deteriorated access to medical care when the country is confronted with an economic crisis.
authors.affiliation: NOVA, Centre for Welfare and Labour Research, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O.B. 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway. Jon.I.Elstad@nova.hioa.no.
authors.forename: Jon Ivar
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6059-2250
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Elstad
mesh_terms: D057172:Economic Recession; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
keywords: Access to healthcare; Economic crisis; Equity in health; Income inequality