title: Early and intensive nutritional strategy combining parenteral and enteral feeding promotes neurodevelopment and growth at 18months of corrected age and 3years of age in extremely low birth weight infants.
abstract: To evaluate whether aggressive nutrition can improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and growth in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA).
  
  
  
  This single-center cohort study included 137 ELBW AGA infants born in two epochs. The first group received standard nutrition (SN; n=79) consisting of amino acids started at 0.5g/kg/day on Day 4 of life and increased to 1.0g/kg/day. The second aggressive nutrition (AN) group received amino acids started at 1.5-2.0g/kg/day within 24h of life and increased to 3.5g/kg/day. Parenteral and enteral feedings were combined in both groups. Neurodevelopmental outcomes by the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development and growth were followed up to 18months of corrected age or 3years of age and compared by univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  
  Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. At 3years of age, AN children had a significantly greater mean value of head circumference, but not length or weight, than SN children (49.1 vs 48.0cm, p=0.014). The cognitive-adaptive (C-A) score in the AN group was also significantly higher than that in the SN group (98.3 vs 91.9 at 18months, p=0.039 and 89.5 vs 83.1 at 3years, p=0.047). AN infants born ≥26weeks of gestation were less likely to develop borderline disability in C-A, language-social and overall developmental scores compared to gestational age-matched SN infants.
  
  
  
  Parenteral and enteral AN after birth improved the long-term cognitive neurodevelopment in ELBW AGA infants, especially in those born ≥26weeks of gestational age, however results need to be confirmed in a larger, multi-site randomized trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan. Electronic address: wohnishi@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka 534-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Asada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shintaku
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D052577:Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids
keywords: Aggressive nutrition; Enteral nutrition; Extremely low birth weight infants; Growth; Neurodevelopment; Parenteral nutrition