title: Dietary diversity decreases the risk of cognitive decline among Japanese older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clarify the effectiveness of dietary diversity, calculated by dietary records, on cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences - Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants comprised 298 men and 272 women aged 60-81 years at baseline (second wave) who participated in the follow-up study (third to seventh wave) at least once. Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination in all study waves. Dietary diversity was determined using the Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity based on a 3-day dietary record in the second wave. Cumulative data among participants with a Mini-Mental State Examination score >27 in the second wave were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for Mini-Mental State Examination scores ≤27 in each study wave according to a 1 standard deviation (increase), or quartiles of the Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity at baseline, were adjusted for sex, age, follow-up time, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score, education, body mass index, annual household income, current smoking status, energy intake and disease history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate adjusted odds ratio for a decline in Mini-Mental State Examination score was 0.79 (95% CI 0.70-0.89; P < 0.001) with a 1 SD increase in dietary diversity score, or 1.00 (reference), 0.99 (95% CI 0.70-1.43), 0.68 (95% CI 0.46-0.99) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.38-0.83) according to the lowest through highest quartiles of dietary diversity score, respectively (trend P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily intake of various kinds of food might be a protective factor against cognitive decline in community-dwelling Japanese older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 937-944.
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Rei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishita
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tange
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.|Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomida
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.|Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.|Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.|Faculty of Human Life and Science, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.|Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Fujiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Section of National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.|Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimokata
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D007564:Japan; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio
keywords: Japanese; cognitive decline; diet; dietary diversity; elderly