title: Hallucinations in adolescents and risk for mental disorders and suicidal behaviour in adulthood: Prospective evidence from the MUSP birth cohort study.
abstract: Hallucinations, once equated with serious mental disorders, are common in adolescents. Given the high prevalence of hallucinations, it is important to determine if they are associated with adverse mental health outcomes in adulthood. This study compared the mental health outcomes of participants (aged 30-33years) in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) who reported hallucinations at (a) 14years only and (b) 14 and 21years versus cohort members without hallucinations.
  
  
  
  Participants (n=333) were aged between 30 and 33years and (a) reported hallucinations on the Youth Self-Report Questionnaire at 14 and/or the Young Adult Self-Report Questionnaire at 21years and (b) controls (n=321) who did not report hallucinations. Lifetime diagnoses of mental disorders were ascertained by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (DSM IV-TR) administered by clinical psychologists. Suicidal behaviour was measured by self report.
  
  
  
  Hallucinations at 14years only were not associated with an increased risk of mental disorders in adulthood. Hallucinations reported at both 14 and 21years were associated with lifetime diagnoses of psychotic disorders (OR, 8.84; 95% CI: 1.61-48.43 and substance use disorders (OR, 2.34; 95% CI: 1.36-4.07) and also strongly associated with lifetime suicide attempts (OR, 7.11; 95% CI: 2.68-18.83).
  
  
  
  Most adolescents who experience hallucinations do not have an increased rate of mental disorder in adulthood; however, those with hallucinations that are experienced at more than one point in time are at increased risk of suicidal behaviour and both psychotic and non-psychotic psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Betts
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4076, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alati
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia. QLD 4076, Australia.
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Najman
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clavarino
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mamun
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD 4076, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia. Electronic address: james.scott@health.qld.gov.au.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D057566:Self Report; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D013405:Suicide; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Birth cohort; Hallucinations; Mental disorders; Psychotic disorders; Suicide