title: Transcriptional reprogramming of metabolic pathways in critically ill patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critical illness causes a shift away from mitochondrial metabolism towards a greater dependence on glycolysis. This metabolic shift is thought to be associated with lactic acidosis, organ dysfunction and poor clinical outcomes. The current paradigm is that low oxygen supply causes regional hypoxia, which in turn drives such a metabolic shift. In this study, we evaluated whether the shift towards glycolysis can also occur in cells where oxygen supply is plentiful.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used circulating blood cells from non-hypoxic critically ill patients (n = 47) as a model to study cellular metabolism in a normal oxygen milieu. We measured the transcriptomic profiles of canonical metabolic pathways in these cells and compared them to cells obtained from healthy controls (n = 18).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcriptomic profiling revealed a significant reprogramming of metabolic pathways during critical illness. In well-oxygenated cells, there was a reduced expression of tricarboxylic acid cycle genes and genes associated with pyruvate entry into the mitochondria suggesting decreased mitochondrial oxidation. In contrast, glycolysis was accelerated, as reflected by an up-regulation of genes coding for enzymes of early and late glycolytic pathway that were associated with increased lactate production. The pentose phosphate pathway genes for NADPH production were also up-regulated suggesting enhanced antioxidant production during increased oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to the established paradigm, aerobic glycolysis does occur in non-hypoxic cells during critical illness and its occurrence may represent an adaptive strategy common to cells under increased oxidative stress. Further study of this previously under-recognized metabolic phenomenon might identify novel drug target for antioxidant therapy.
authors.affiliation: Nepean Genomic Research Group, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. mareknalos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nalos
authors.affiliation: Nepean Genomic Research Group, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.|Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parnell
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robergs
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: Nepean Genomic Research Group, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: Nepean Genomic Research Group, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.|Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Tang
keywords: Critical illness; Gene expression; Metabolism; Oxidation-reduction