title: Diagnostic characteristics of lower limb venous compression ultrasonography in suspected pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Essentials Lower limb ultrasonography (CUS) could be useful in suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). We performed a metaanalysis on the diagnostic characteristics of CUS in suspected PE. With a sensitivity of 41%, proximal CUS would be positive in one of every 7.3 patients. Complete CUS has a higher sensitivity but specificity for PE is too low to use it in suspected PE.
  
  
  
  Background Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) is commonly based on D-dimer measurement and computed tomography (CT) angiography. Lower limb vein compression ultrasonography (CUS) for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis may be of interest in patients with suspected PE. Objectives We aimed to summarize the data on the diagnostic characteristics of CUS in suspected PE patients. Patients/Methods We conducted a literature review by using PUBMED and EMBASE and included 15 prospective studies in which CUS was performed in consecutive patients with suspected PE. Results Of the 6991 included patients, 2001 (30%) had pulmonary embolism. Eight of the 15 studies included only outpatients, two included hospitalized patients and five involved both in- and outpatients. In 13 studies, only proximal CUS was performed. Two studies analyzed the added value of distal CUS including the calf veins (whole-leg CUS). Pooled estimate of proximal CUS sensitivity was 41% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36-46%) with strong heterogeneity (I square, 79%). Specificity of proximal CUS was 96% (95% CI, 94-98%). The overall positive likelihood ratio for proximal CUS was 11.9 (95% CI, 7.1-19.8), whereas the overall negative likelihood ratio was 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.7). The sensitivity of whole-leg CUS was 79% (95% CI, 24-98%) and specificity was 84% (95% CI, 76-90%). Conclusions Proximal CUS has low sensitivity and cannot be used to rule out PE. Nevertheless, its high specificity allows confirming PE, which may be useful in patients with contraindications to CT angiography. Whole-leg CUS has a higher sensitivity but low specificity for PE and can therefore not be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Da Costa Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alzuphar
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center and Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health and Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Combescure
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Le Gal
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. arnaud.perrier@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5549-8609
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perrier
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000473:pathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D
keywords: diagnosis; meta-analysis; pulmonary embolism; ultrasonography; venous thrombosis