title: The incidence and risk factors for shipping fever in horses transported by air to Hong Kong: Results from a 2-year prospective study.
abstract: A 2 year prospective study was performed between February 2011 and January 2013 to determine the incidence and risk factors for shipping fever (SF) in horses transported by air to Hong Kong (HK). Using a questionnaire, data were collected from professional flying grooms regarding the journey to HK and horses in the shipment. Horses were monitored in quarantine for 2 weeks after arrival in HK, and clinical signs of SF recorded. Poisson and logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for SF at the horse and shipment levels. The study analysed data from 869 horses on 81 flights arriving from Australia (n = 24), New Zealand (NZ; n = 18), the United Kingdom (UK; n = 33) and the United States of America (USA; n = 6). The incidence risk of SF was 10.8 per 100 horses and the proportion of shipments with at least one horse that developed SF was 49/81 (60%). The study identified that the rate per shipment of SF in shipments of horses originating from NZ, the USA and the UK was 2.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-4.71), 2.43 (95% CI 0.66-8.89) and 3.08 (95% CI 1.60-5.93) times the rate of SF compared to Australia. Shipments arriving in HK during March and May were 5.61 (95% CI 1.55-20.31) and 4.51 (95% CI 1.43-14.26) times more likely to contain horses that developed SF compared to shipments arriving in January. The identification of these risk factors and the recognition of at-risk shipments will help focus attention on preventative strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. Electronic address: michael@equinevetconsultants.com.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.affiliation: EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cogger
authors.affiliation: EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rosanowski
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006736:Horses; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012766:Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Equine; Logistic and Poisson regressions; Pleuropneumonia; Travel sickness