title: Effect of low-intensity pure tone auditory stimulation on patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the influence of low-intensity pure tone auditory stimulation on patients with rapid eye movement (REM), sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and attempt to identify a new method of RBD intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with idiopathic RBD (iRBD) or symptomatic RBD (sRBD) were given auditory stimulation of low-intensity pure tones during their REM sleep. Sleep parameters including sleep process, sleep architecture as well as eye movements (EMs) frequency, and amplitude were recorded by polysomnography monitoring at pre-, intra-, and post-stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen iRBD and 18 sRBD patients completed this study. Auditory stimulation significantly reduced the EMs frequency and amplitude in iRBD and sRBD patients (p < 0.05). In the iRBD group, the intra-stimulated FSL increased significantly than the pre-stimulated FSL (p < 0.05). After stimulation, patients had similar sleep latency (FSL), rapid eye movement sleep latency (RSL) and periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) compared with control. In the sRBD group, the intra-stimulated total sleep time, sleep efficiency was significantly increased, whereas the RSL and PLMS were significantly reduced compared with the pre-stimulated ones (all p < 0.05). The sRBD patients had similar time in bed, FSL and RBD episodes compared with control (all p < 0.05) in spite of significant difference before stimulation (all p < 0.05). However, the sleep architecture was not influenced by the stimulation despite the decrease in N3% in iRBD group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-intensity pure tone auditory stimulation may be a potentially effective intervention for RBD, especially for sRBD.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Yixin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Zhengqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurology, ChangZheng Hospital , Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.
authors.forename: Zhongxin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: Auditory stimulation; Eye movement; Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorders; Sleep architecture; Sleep efficiency