title: Digital fragment analysis of short tandem repeats by high-throughput amplicon sequencing.
abstract: High-throughput sequencing has been proposed as a method to genotype microsatellites and overcome the four main technical drawbacks of capillary electrophoresis: amplification artifacts, imprecise sizing, length homoplasy, and limited multiplex capability. The objective of this project was to test a high-throughput amplicon sequencing approach to fragment analysis of short tandem repeats and characterize its advantages and disadvantages against traditional capillary electrophoresis. We amplified and sequenced 12 muskrat microsatellite loci from 180 muskrat specimens and analyzed the sequencing data for precision of allele calling, propensity for amplification or sequencing artifacts, and for evidence of length homoplasy. Of the 294 total alleles, we detected by sequencing, only 164 alleles would have been detected by capillary electrophoresis as the remaining 130 alleles (44%) would have been hidden by length homoplasy. The ability to detect a greater number of unique alleles resulted in the ability to resolve greater population genetic structure. The primary advantages of fragment analysis by sequencing are the ability to precisely size fragments, resolve length homoplasy, multiplex many individuals and many loci into a single high-throughput run, and compare data across projects and across laboratories (present and future) with minimal technical calibration. A significant disadvantage of fragment analysis by sequencing is that the method is only practical and cost-effective when performed on batches of several hundred samples with multiple loci. Future work is needed to optimize throughput while minimizing costs and to update existing microsatellite allele calling and analysis programs to accommodate sequence-aware microsatellite data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology University of North Dakota 10 Cornell St. Stop 9019 Grand Forks North Dakota 58202.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology University of North Dakota 10 Cornell St. Stop 9019 Grand Forks North Dakota 58202.
authors.forename: Shay F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology University of North Dakota 10 Cornell St. Stop 9019 Grand Forks North Dakota 58202.
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hervey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology University of North Dakota 10 Cornell St. Stop 9019 Grand Forks North Dakota 58202.
authors.forename: Susan N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ellis-Felege
keywords: Genotyping by sequencing; length homoplasy; marker; microsatellite; sequencing; short tandem repeat