title: Representative sampling of natural biofilms: influence of substratum type on the bacterial and fungal communities structure.
abstract: In situ biofilm sampling is a key step for the study of natural biofilms and using methodologies that reflect natural diversity is necessary to guarantee representative sampling. Here, we focalise on the impact of the type of substrata on which biofilms grow on bacterial and fungal communities' structure. The indirect molecular approach, Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis (DGGE) of a gene fragment coding for either 16S rRNA or 28S rRNA, for bacteria or fungi respectively, was used to evaluate the variability of microbial community structures among different biofilm substrata: natural (pebbles, live plants, wood and sediment), or artificial (glass, Plexiglas(®) and sterile wood), in a small river (the Loiret, France). Multivariate statistics, band richness and diversity indexes (Shannon and Simpson) were used to highlight variations in community structure between substrata. Results showed variations of bacterial and fungal diversity between different substrata according to substratum properties/origin (natural or artificial, organic or inorganic) but there was no optimal substratum for sampling, and artificial substrata were not significantly less applicable than natural substrata. Pooling 4 different substrata types allowed a higher bacterial and fungal biodiversity recovery. Point contact sampling may thus gain in robustness by increasing the number of substrata considered. Fungal species richness was similar to the bacterial one on most substrata which suggested they should be more frequently considered in riverine biofilm studies.
authors.affiliation: Département Eau Environnement Ecotechnologies, BRGM D3E/BGE, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, BP. 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hellal
authors.affiliation: Département Eau Environnement Ecotechnologies, BRGM D3E/BGE, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, BP. 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Département Eau Environnement Ecotechnologies, BRGM D3E/BGE, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, BP. 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barsotti
authors.affiliation: Département Eau Environnement Ecotechnologies, BRGM D3E/BGE, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, BP. 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laperche
authors.affiliation: Département Eau Environnement Ecotechnologies, BRGM D3E/BGE, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, BP. 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.affiliation: Département Eau Environnement Ecotechnologies, BRGM D3E/BGE, 3 Av. Claude Guillemin, BP. 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joulian
keywords: Bacteria; DGGE; Freshwater; Fungi; Natural biofilm; Sampling strategy; Sampling substrata