title: Enterocyte-Associated Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers.
abstract: By means of a recently developed non-invasive ex vivo minimal model based on the interaction of the human enterocyte-like HT29 cell line and fecal slurries, we explored the enterocyte-associated microbiome of 21 Hadza hunter-gatherers and nine urban living Italians. Though reductionist, this model allows inferring the microbiota structural and functional arrangement as it interacts with enterocytes. Microbial suspensions obtained from Hadza or Italian stools were first evaluated for structural integrity by high resolution-scanning electron microscopy and co-incubated with HT29 cell monolayers. The enterocyte adherent microbiota fraction was then characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and predictive functional profiling using PICRUSt. Compared to Italians, the Hadza enterocyte-associated microbiome was characterized by a greater amount of adhesive microorganisms with pathogenic potential, such as Proteobacteria, Erysipelotrichaceae, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Sarcina. These compositional characteristics were reflected in a functional enrichment in membrane transport, signal transduction, signaling molecules and interaction. Our results depict a new interesting mutualistic configuration of the enterocyte-associated microbiome in Hadza, stressing the importance of microbe-host interaction at the mucosal surface along the course of human evolution.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Turroni
authors.affiliation: Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rampelli
authors.affiliation: Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Centanni
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Research Group on Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Schnorr
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council Segrate, Italy.
authors.forename: Clarissa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Consolandi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council Segrate, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Severgnini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council Segrate, Italy.
authors.forename: Clelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peano
authors.affiliation: Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soverini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falconi
authors.affiliation: Metabolism, Anthropometry, and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas NV, USA.
authors.forename: Alyssa N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Crittenden
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Research Group on Plant Foods in Hominin Dietary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Amanda G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brigidi
authors.affiliation: Microbial Ecology of Health Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candela
keywords: Hadza hunter-gatherers; enterocyte-associated microbiome; gut microbiota; human evolution; microbiota-host interactions