title: Single and combined genotoxicity effects of six pollutants on THP-1 cells.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the single and combined genotoxic effects of six food pollutants (Chrysoidine G, Sudan I, acid orange II, malachite green, acrylamide, and potassium bromate) on THP-1 cells through comet assay. The results of the single tests indicated that the pollutants increased the percentage of tail DNA (% tail DNA) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the % tail DNA values induced by synthetic colorants (Chrysoidine G, Sudan I, acid orange II, and malachite green) were significantly higher than those by acrylamide or potassium bromate at most concentrations. In the combined tests, Chrysoidine G (422 μmol/L) or acrylamide (400 μmol/L) was mixed with different concentrations of the other five pollutants respectively. In the first combined tests, most mixtures significantly increased the % tail DNA values with the exception of Chrysoidine G and acid orange II. In the second tests, there were no significant differences in the % tail DNA values between the single and combined tests at most cases.
authors.affiliation: Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China. Electronic address: wanghaiyan@tio.org.cn.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China. Electronic address: daxiong@xmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Daxiong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000009:adverse effects; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects; D001959:Bromates / Q000009:adverse effects; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000009:adverse effects; D009284:Naphthols / Q000009:adverse effects; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000009:adverse effects; D010128:p-Aminoazobenzene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: C456587:Acid Orange II; D001391:Azo Compounds; D001959:Bromates; D002273:Carcinogens; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009153:Mutagens; D009281:Naphthalenes; D009284:Naphthols; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C019536:potassium bromate; C005095:malachite green; D020106:Acrylamide; C005562:chrysoidine; C024336:1-phenylazo-2-naphthol; D010128:p-Aminoazobenzene
keywords: Acrylamide; Bromate; Colorants; Comet assay; Food safety; Genotoxic effect