title: Virtual electrode design for increasing spatial resolution in retinal prosthesis.
abstract: Retinal prostheses systems are currently used to restore partial vision to patients blinded by degenerative diseases by electrically stimulating surviving retinal cells. To obtain likely maximum resolution, electrode size is minimised, allowing for a large quantity on an array and localised stimulation regions. Besides the small size leading to fabrication difficulties and higher electrochemical charge density, there are challenges associated with the number of drivers needed for a large electrode count as well as the strategies to deliver sufficient power to these drivers wirelessly. In hopes to increase electrode resolution while avoiding these issues, the authors propose a new 'virtual electrode' design to increase locations of likely stimulation. Passive metallisation strategically placed between disk electrodes, combined with alternating surrounding stimuli, channel current into a location between electrodes, producing a virtual stimulation site. A computational study was conducted to optimise the passive metal element geometry, quantify the expected current density output, and simulate retinal ganglion cell activity due to virtual electrode stimulation. Results show that this procedure leads to array geometry that focuses injected current and achieves retinal ganglion cell stimulation in a region beneath the 'virtual electrode,' creating an alternate stimulation site without additional drivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loizos
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cela
authors.affiliation: John A. Moran Eye Center , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marc
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112 , USA.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazzi
keywords: biomedical electrodes; cellular biophysics; degenerative disease; disk electrode; electrochemical charge density; electrode resolution; eye; passive metal element geometry; prosthetics; retinal ganglion cell activity simulation; retinal prostheses system; virtual electrode design; virtual electrode stimulation; virtual stimulation site