title: Retinal blood vessel extraction using tunable bandpass filter and fuzzy conditional entropy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extraction of blood vessels on retinal images plays a significant role for screening of different opthalmologic diseases. However, accurate extraction of the entire and individual type of vessel silhouette from the noisy images with poorly illuminated background is a complicated task. To this aim, an integrated system design platform is suggested in this work for vessel extraction using a sequential bandpass filter followed by fuzzy conditional entropy maximization on matched filter response.
  
  
  METHODS
  At first noise is eliminated from the image under consideration through curvelet based denoising. To include the fine details and the relatively less thick vessel structures, the image is passed through a bank of sequential bandpass filter structure optimized for contrast enhancement. Fuzzy conditional entropy on matched filter response is then maximized to find the set of multiple optimal thresholds to extract the different types of vessel silhouettes from the background. Differential Evolution algorithm is used to determine the optimal gain in bandpass filter and the combination of the fuzzy parameters. Using the multiple thresholds, retinal image is classified as the thick, the medium and the thin vessels including neovascularization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance evaluated on different publicly available retinal image databases shows that the proposed method is very efficient in identifying the diverse types of vessels. Proposed method is also efficient in extracting the abnormal and the thin blood vessels in pathological retinal images. The average values of true positive rate, false positive rate and accuracy offered by the method is 76.32%, 1.99% and 96.28%, respectively for the DRIVE database and 72.82%, 2.6% and 96.16%, respectively for the STARE database. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods in detecting the various types of vessels and the neovascularization structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of curvelet transform and tunable bandpass filter is found to be very much effective in edge enhancement whereas fuzzy conditional entropy efficiently distinguishes vessels of different widths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India. Electronic address: sudeshna.sil@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sudeshna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sil Kar
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India. Electronic address: santipmaity@it.iiests.ac.in.
authors.forename: Santi P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Maity
mesh_terms: D019277:Entropy; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D012171:Retinal Vessels
keywords: Curvelet transform; Fuzzy conditional entropy; Matched filter; Retinal image segmentation; Vessel detection