title: Relation between clinical risk factors, early cortical changes, and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants.
abstract: Cortical folding mainly takes place in the third trimester of pregnancy and may therefore be influenced by preterm birth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of specific cortical structures between early age (around 30weeks postmenstrual age) and term-equivalent age (TEA, around 40weeks postmenstrual age) in 71 extremely preterm infants, and to associate this to clinical characteristics and neurodevelopmental outcome at two years of age. First, analysis showed that the central sulcus (CS), lateral fissure (LF) and insula (INS) were present at early MRI in all infants, whereas the other sulci (post-central sulcus [PCS], superior temporal sulcus [STS], superior [SFS] and inferior [IFS] frontal sulcus) were only seen in part of the infants. Relative growth from early to TEA examination was largest in the SFS. A rightward asymmetry of the surface area was seen in development between both examinations except for the LF, which showed a leftward asymmetry at both time points. Second, lower birth weight z-score, multiple pregnancy and prolonged mechanical ventilation showed negative effects on cortical folding of the CS, LF, INS, STS and PCS, mainly on the first examination, suggesting that sulci developing the earliest were the most affected by clinical factors. Finally, in this cohort, a clear association between cortical folding and neurodevelopmental outcome at two years corrected age was found, particularly for receptive language.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kersbergen
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit U992, CEA, Neurospin Center, Saclay, France; University Paris Sud, Orsay; University Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Išgum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Groenendaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nathalie H P
authors.initials: NHP
authors.lastname: Claessens
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingrid C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: van Haastert
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moeskops
authors.affiliation: University Paris Sud, Orsay; University Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNATI, Saclay, France.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: University Paris Sud, Orsay; University Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNATI, Saclay, France.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mangin
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viergever
authors.affiliation: INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit U992, CEA, Neurospin Center, Saclay, France; University Paris Sud, Orsay; University Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.benders@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Manon J N L
authors.initials: MJNL
authors.lastname: Benders
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature / Q000254:growth & development; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male
keywords: Asymmetry; Clinical data; Cortical folding; Neurodevelopmental outcome; Preterm infants