title: Wide Awake Trigger Finger Release Surgery: Prospective Comparison of Lidocaine, Marcaine, and Exparel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Local anesthetics are routinely used in hand surgery for procedures such as trigger finger releases (TFRs). However, little is known as to the difference in efficacy and patient experience with various local anesthetics. We prospectively evaluated the efficacy of Lidocaine (L), Marcaine (M), and Exparel (E) to elucidate differences in pain scores and opioid consumption between these groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive TFR performed over a 6-month period in 2014 at our institution were divided to receive Lidocaine, Marcaine, or Marcaine with postoperative Exparel. Pain levels, daily opioid consumption, and adverse reactions were recorded and analyzed for postoperative day (POD) 0-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 154 patients were enrolled (L:53, M:50, E:51). The Lidocaine group reported the highest pain levels for POD 0-1. Marcaine pain levels were similar to Exparel on POD 0 but higher on POD 1. Opioid consumption on POD 0-1 was significantly different with E:27%, M:58% and L:59% as was the number of pills consumed (E:0.70, M: 1.08 and L:1.62). In addition, 50% of Exparel patients required no pain medications and experienced significantly less adverse reactions (E:4%, M:10%, L:13%). By POD 2-3, there were no statistical differences between the 3 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated with Marcaine attain better pain control than Lidocaine on POD 0-1but only patients who received Exparel maintained the lowest pain levels through POD 0-3 while using little-to-no opioid medications and with less adverse reactions than Lidocaine or Marcaine alone.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ketonis
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nayoung
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liss
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zmistowski
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matzon
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leinberry
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abboudi
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Asif M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ilyas
keywords: Exparel; Lidocaine; Marcaine; trigger finger; wide awake