title: Conventional clinical and prognostic variables in 150 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases from the indigenous population of Karachi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze clinical and prognostic variables of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) cases from the indigenous population of Karachi and to correlate with the common risk factor of tobacco habit.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at Ziauddin University, Karachi. One hundred fifty OSCC cases were collected from the Oncology Department of Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad, Karachi and Otolaryngology ward of Civil Hospital, Karachi, during 2011 and 2015. The reporting included demographic details and variables like intra-oral subsites, clinical stage and histological grade. Recurrence of tumor after initial resection was also documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient's population comprised of 98 males and 52 females. The mean age was 47.1± 12.22 (range:20-78 years). Maximum numbers were seen in the 41-50 years age group. Urdu-speaking community was the most affected ethnic group (n=75). Clinico-pathological analysis revealed that majority of cases were moderately differentiated (59%) and were either clinical stage II (35%) or IV (29%) tumors. The most common intra-oral subsite came out to be buccal mucosa of cheeks (56%) followed by lateral borders of tongue (21%), lips (13%), alveolar (6%), palate (2.6%) floor of mouth (1.3%), etc. Recurrence was observed in 08 out of 150 cases. All patients underwent primary resection±neck dissection and reconstruction where possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall experience with oral squamous cell carcinoma shows that it has a high tendency for local invasion as well as dissemination to regional lymph nodes, i.e. cervical lymph nodes, both are associated with a poor prognosis. Preventable risk factor of tobacco chewing has been observed in majority of these cases.
authors.affiliation: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin Alamgir, MBBS, MPhil. Department of Pathology, Bahria University Medical & Dental College, Karachi - Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Mohiuddin
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Alamgir
authors.affiliation: Prof. Dr. Qamar Jamal, MBBS, MPhil, PhD. Department of Pathology, Ziauddin University Clifton Campus, Karachi - Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qamar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.affiliation: Prof. Dr. Talat Mirza, MBBS, MPhil, PhD. Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi - Pakistan.
authors.forename: Talat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mirza
keywords: Clinical stage; Clinico-pathological parameters; Oral squamous cell carcinoma