title: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Quantification and Speciation Modeling of Sulfate Adsorption on Ferrihydrite Surfaces.
abstract: Sulfate adsorption on mineral surfaces is an important environmental chemical process, but the structures and respective contribution of different adsorption complexes under various environmental conditions are unclear. By combining sulfur K-edge XANES and EXAFS spectroscopy, quantum chemical calculations, and surface complexation modeling (SCM), we have shown that sulfate forms both outer-sphere complexes and bidentate-binuclear inner-sphere complexes on ferrihydrite surfaces. The relative fractions of the complexes vary with pH, ionic strength (I), and sample hydration degree (wet versus air-dried), but their structures remained the same. The inner-sphere complex adsorption loading decreases with increasing pH while remaining unchanged with I. At both I = 0.02 and 0.1 M, the outer-sphere complex loading reaches maximum at pH ∼5 and then decreases with pH, whereas it monotonically decreases with pH at I = 0.5 M. These observations result from a combination of the ionic-strength effect, the pH dependence of anion adsorption, and the competition between inner- and outer-sphere complexation. Air-drying drastically converts the outer-sphere complexes to the inner-sphere complexes. The respective contributions to the overall adsorption loading of the two complexes were directly modeled with the extended triple layer SCM by implementing the bidentate-binuclear inner-sphere complexation identified in the present study. These findings improve our understanding of sulfate adsorption and its effects on other environmental chemical processes and have important implications for generalizing the adsorption behavior of anions forming both inner- and outer-sphere complexes on mineral surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States.
authors.forename: Chunhao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States.
authors.forename: Zimeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas , El Paso, Texas 79968, United States.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kubicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States.
authors.forename: Mengqiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D013431:Sulfates; D056928:X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates