title: Process optimization for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MTCC 8785 and evaluation of its antibacterial properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles is viewed as an alternative to the chemical method and initiated the use of microorganisms for synthesis. The present study has been designed to utilize plant pathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MTCC 8785 strain for synthesis and optimization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) production as well as evaluation of antibacterial properties. The AgNPs were synthesized by reduction of aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution after incubation of 3-5 days at room temperature. The AgNPs were further characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Reaction parameters including media, fungal biomass, AgNO3 concentration, pH and temperature were further optimized for rapid AgNPs production. The antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by disc diffusion and growth kinetics assay at the concentration determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  AgNPs synthesis was initially marked by the change in colour from pale white to brown and was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Optimization studies showed that potato dextrose broth (PDB) media, 10 g of biomass, addition of 2 mM AgNO3, pH 11 and 80 °C temperature resulted in enhanced AgNPs synthesis through extracellular route. TEM data revealed spherical shape AgNPs with size in the range of 10 nm. Presence of proteins capped to AgNPs was confirmed by FTIR. AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus at 100 ppm concentration, corresponding MIC value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. sclerotiorum MTCC 8785 mediated AgNPs was synthesized rapidly under optimized conditions, which showed antibacterial activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007 India ; Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Malviya Industrial Area Jaipur, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: Juhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Dr. M.P.S. College, Agra, India.
authors.forename: Prashant Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007 India.
authors.forename: Madan Mohan
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Near GVK Toll Plaza, Jaipur-Ajmer Express Highway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007 India.
authors.forename: Abhijeet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Antibacterial activity; Green synthesis; Optimization; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Silver nanoparticles