title: Predicting 3D lip movement using facial sEMG: a first step towards estimating functional and aesthetic outcome of oral cancer surgery.
abstract: In oral cancer, loss of function due to surgery can be unacceptable, designating the tumour as functionally inoperable. Other curative treatments can then be considered. Currently, predictions of these functional consequences are subjective and unreliable. We want to create patient-specific models to improve and objectify these predictions. A first step was taken by controlling a 3D lip model with volunteer-specific sEMG activities. We focus on the lips first, because they are essential for speech, oral food transport, and facial mimicry. Besides, they are more accessible to measurements than intraoral organs. 3D lip movement and corresponding sEMG activities are measured in five healthy volunteers, who performed 19 instructions repeatedly, to create a quantitative lip model by establishing the relationship between sEMG activities of eight facial muscles bilaterally on the input side and the corresponding 3D lip displacements on the output side. The relationship between 3D lip movement and sEMG activities was accommodated in a state-space model. A good relationship between sEMG activities and 3D lip movement was established with an average root mean square error of 2.43 mm for the first-order system and 2.46 mm for the second-order system. This information can be incorporated into biomechanical models to further personalise functional outcome assessment after treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.eskes@nki.nl.|MIRA Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands. m.eskes@nki.nl.
authors.forename: Merijn
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3064-6967
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eskes
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten J A
authors.initials: MJA
authors.lastname: van Alphen
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ludi E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Smeele
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Neurology, Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dieta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandsma
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alfons J M
authors.initials: AJM
authors.lastname: Balm
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|MIRA Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Kalman filter; Lips; Oral cancer; Principal component analysis; State-space estimation; Surface electromyography