title: Gender Difference in Health-Care Expenditure: Evidence from India Human Development Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While the gender disparity in health and mortality in various stages of life in India is well documented, there is limited evidence on female disadvantage in health-care expenditure (HCE).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Examine the gender difference in HCE in short-term and major morbidity in India, and understand the role of factors underlying the difference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using two rounds of nationally representative panel data-the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2004-2005 and 2011-2012 (IHDS I & II)-we calculate morbidity prevalence rate and mean HCE by gender, and examine the adjusted effect of gender on major morbidity-related HCE by using a two-part regression model. Further, we performed Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the gender gap in HCE in major morbidity to understand the contribution of demographic and socio-economic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Health-care expenditure on females was systematically lower than on males across all demographic and socio-economic groups. Multivariate analysis confirms that female HCE is significantly lower than male HCE even after controlling demographic and socio-economic factors (β = -0.148, p = 0.000, CI:-0.206-0.091). For both short-term and major morbidity, a female disadvantage on HCE increased from IHDS I to IHDS II. For instance, the male-female gap in major morbidity related expenditure increased from INR 1298 to INR 4172. A decomposition analysis of gender gap in HCE demonstrates that about 48% of the gap is attributable to differences in demographic and socio-economic factors (endowment effect), whereas 50% of the gap is due to the differential effect of the determinants (coefficient effect).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indians spend less on female health care than on male health care. Most of the gender gap in HCE is not due to differential distribution of factors affecting HCE.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saikia
authors.affiliation: Centre for Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
authors.lastname: Moradhvaj
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India.
authors.forename: Jayanta Kumar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bora
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors