title: Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Two Common Chaenomeles Fruits in China: Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles sinensis.
abstract: Contents of total flavonoids, total phenolics, total triterpenes, total condensed tannin and total saponins in peels, flesh and endocarps of Chaenomeles speciosa (CSP) and Chaenomeles sinensis (CSS) were determined by colorimetric method, while 5 phenolics (vanillic, gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids), 2 triterpenes (oleanolic and ursolic acids), and 3 flavonoids (rutin, catechin and epicatechin) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and HPLC, and antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of them also were evaluated as well as their digestive characteristics. In the correlation analysis, total phenolics, vanillic acid, catechin, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid all contribute to DPPH(·) scavenge capacity, gallic acid contributes to total ferric reducing antioxidant power, while total triterpenes, total saponins, chlorogenic acid and ferullic acid contribute to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In the principal component analysis, endocarps of CSP and CSS both show better quality than their peels and flesh, respectively. In vitro digestion can increase contents of total flavonoids, total condensed tannin and total saponins, while contents of total phenolics and total triterpenes decreased greatly. Our study would contribute to the full use of discarded parts of the 2 Chaenomeles and be helpful to establish a good foundation for further research of CSP and CSS.
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Chengcheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Xuetao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Xinhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Hanhan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Univ, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Wenyuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D002392:Catechin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D002681:China; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D011422:Propionates; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012431:Rutin / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D012503:Saponins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D013045:Species Specificity; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014641:Vanillic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002392:Catechin; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D005707:Gallic Acid; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D011422:Propionates; D012431:Rutin; D012503:Saponins; D014315:Triterpenes; D014641:Vanillic Acid; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases; D000097245:Ursolic Acid; C013221:proanthocyanidin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C495469:p-coumaric acid
keywords: Chaenomeles; antioxidant; endocarp; in vitro digestion; α-glucosidase inhibitory