title: Silicon Nanowire Sensors Enable Diagnosis of Patients via Exhaled Breath.
abstract: Two of the biggest challenges in medicine today are the need to detect diseases in a noninvasive manner and to differentiate between patients using a single diagnostic tool. The current study targets these two challenges by developing a molecularly modified silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNW FET) and showing its use in the detection and classification of many disease breathprints (lung cancer, gastric cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The fabricated SiNW FETs are characterized and optimized based on a training set that correlate their sensitivity and selectivity toward volatile organic compounds (VOCs) linked with the various disease breathprints. The best sensors obtained in the training set are then examined under real-world clinical conditions, using breath samples from 374 subjects. Analysis of the clinical samples show that the optimized SiNW FETs can detect and discriminate between almost all binary comparisons of the diseases under examination with >80% accuracy. Overall, this approach has the potential to support detection of many diseases in a direct harmless way, which can reassure patients and prevent numerous unpleasant investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel.
authors.forename: Nisreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shehada
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cancilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Torrecilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid 28040, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Pariente
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brönstrup
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany.|Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.affiliation: Florida Radiation Oncology Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baptist Cancer Institute (BCI) , 1235 San Marco Boulevard., Suite 100, Jacksonville, Florida 32207, United States.
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia , 19 Raiņa boulv., LV1586 Riga, Latvia.|Department of Research, Riga East University Hospital , 6 Linezera iela, LV1006 Riga, Latvia.|Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO , Riga, Latvia. 6 Linezera iela, LV1006 Riga, Latvia.
authors.forename: Marcis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leja
authors.affiliation: Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool , William Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael P A
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Cancer Unit, Davidoff cancer center, Petah Tiqwa and the Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ori
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Liran
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Cancer Unit, Davidoff cancer center, Petah Tiqwa and the Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Nir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peled
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003, Israel.
authors.forename: Hossam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haick
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis; D001944:Breath Tests; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D053770:Nanowires; D012825:Silicon; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D012825:Silicon
keywords: breath; cancer; diagnosis; disease; nanowire; sensor; volatile organic compound