title: Multiscale quantification of morphodynamics: MorphoLeaf software for 2D shape analysis.
abstract: A major challenge in morphometrics is to analyse complex biological shapes formed by structures at different scales. Leaves exemplify this challenge as they combine differences in their overall shape with smaller shape variations at their margin, leading to lobes or teeth. Current methods based on contour or on landmark analysis are successful in quantifying either overall leaf shape or leaf margin dissection, but fail in combining the two. Here, we present a comprehensive strategy and its associated freely available platform for the quantitative, multiscale analysis of the morphology of leaves with different architectures. For this, biologically relevant landmarks are automatically extracted and hierarchised, and used to guide the reconstruction of accurate average contours that properly represent both global and local features. Using this method, we establish a quantitative framework of the developmental trajectory of Arabidopsis leaves of different ranks and retrace the origin of leaf heteroblasty. When applied to different mutant forms, our method can contribute to a better understanding of gene function, as we show here for the role of CUC2 during Arabidopsis leaf serration. Finally, we illustrate the wider applicability of our tool by analysing hand morphometrics.
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biot
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France.
authors.forename: Millán
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cortizo
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France jasmine.burguet@versailles.inra.fr arezki.boudaoud@ens-lyon.fr patrick.laufs@versailles.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burguet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Reproduction et de Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oughou
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maugarny-Calès
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adroher
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UFR 927, 75252 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrey
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Reproduction et de Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France jasmine.burguet@versailles.inra.fr arezki.boudaoud@ens-lyon.fr patrick.laufs@versailles.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Arezki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boudaoud
authors.affiliation: Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, Versailles Cedex 78026, France jasmine.burguet@versailles.inra.fr arezki.boudaoud@ens-lyon.fr patrick.laufs@versailles.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4459-3445
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laufs
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C107294:CUC2 protein, Arabidopsis
keywords: 2D:4D finger length ratio; Heteroblasty; Image analysis; Leaf; Multiscale morphometrics