title: Origin of Nanobubbles Electrochemically Formed in a Magnetic Field: Ionic Vacancy Production in Electrode Reaction.
abstract: As a process complementing conventional electrode reactions, ionic vacancy production in electrode reaction was theoretically examined; whether reaction is anodic or cathodic, based on the momentum conservation by Newton's second law of motion, electron transfer necessarily leads to the emission of original embryo vacancies, and dielectric polarization endows to them the same electric charge as trans- ferred in the reaction. Then, the emitted embryo vacancies immediately receive the thermal relaxation of solution particles to develop steady-state vacancies. After the vacancy production, nanobubbles are created by the collision of the vacancies in a vertical magnetic field.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.|Polytechnic University, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-0026, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aogaki
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.|Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido Polytechnic College, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Yamagata College of Industry and Technology, Matsuei, Yamagata 990-2473, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshikiri
authors.affiliation: Yokohama Harbor Polytechnic College, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0811, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Saitama Prefectural Showa Water Filtration Plant, Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0113, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.affiliation: Koriyama Technical Academy, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8816, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mogi
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamauchi