title: What Change in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score Represents a Clinically Important Change After Shoulder Arthroplasty?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) questionnaire was developed to provide a standardized method for evaluating shoulder function. Previous studies have determined the clinical responsiveness of this outcome measure for heterogenous populations or patients with nonoperatively treated rotator cuff disease. Currently, to our knowledge, no studies exist that establish the clinically relevant change in the ASES score after shoulder arthroplasty.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We asked: (1) What are the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and substantial clinical benefit (SCB) for the ASES score after primary and reverse shoulder arthroplasties? (2) Are the MCID and SCB for the ASES score different between primary and reverse shoulder arthroplasties? (3) What patient-related factors are associated with achieving the MCID and SCB after total shoulder arthroplasty and reverse shoulder arthroplasty?
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinally maintained institutional shoulder arthroplasty registry was retrospectively queried for patients who underwent primary shoulder arthroplasty, including anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty from 2007 to 2013, with a minimum 2-year followup. Seven hundred ninety-four patients were identified and eligible; 304 of these patients did not have 2 years of followup or complete datasets, resulting in a study cohort of 490 patients (62% of the 794 potentially eligible). The MCID and SCB of the ASES score for these patients was calculated using an anchor-based method, using four different anchors measuring satisfaction with work, activities, overall, and activity from the SF-36. The MCID (anchored to somewhat satisfied) and SCB (very satisfied) of the ASES score were calculated for the entire cohort and stratified by arthroplasty type. Multivariate logistic regression of patient-related factors that influence the MCID and SCB achievement was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MCID for all patients combined ranged from 6.3 to 13.5; for the overall satisfaction anchor, the MCID was 13.5 ± 4.5 (95% CI, 4.8-22.3). The SCB for the overall cohort ranged from 12.0 to 36.6; for the overall satisfaction anchor, the SCB was 36.6 ± 3.8 (95% CI, 29.1-44.1). There were no differences in the MCID of the ASES score between anatomic and reverse shoulder arthroplasty for any of the anchors (p = 0.159-0.992) or the SCB for any of the anchors (p = 0.467-0.977). Combining anatomic and reverse shoulder arthroplasty in one group, higher preoperative ASES score (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.98; p < 0.001), having a reverse shoulder arthroplasty (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.85; p = 0.016), and having rheumatoid arthritis were independent predictors of not achieving an MCID for the ASES 2 years after surgery. Higher preoperative ASES score (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.89-0.92; p < 0.001), a diagnosis of rotator cuff tear arthropathy (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07-0.30; p < 0.001), a diagnosis of back pain (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.24-0.71); p = 0.002), and living alone (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.69; p = 0.002) were all independent predictors of not achieving SCB after shoulder arthroplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with glenohumeral arthritis or rotator cuff tear arthropathy who undergo primary conventional total or reverse shoulder arthroplasty and have at least a nine-point improvement in their ASES score experience a clinically important change, whereas those who have at least a 23-point improvement in their ASES score experience a substantial clinical benefit. High preoperative function was associated with a decreased likelihood of achieving clinically important change after total shoulder arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, therapeutic study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 400 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Suite 330, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA. bcw4x@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dines
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Gulotta
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D001168:Arthritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000072228:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder / Q000009:adverse effects; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000070656:Rotator Cuff Tear Arthropathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome