title: Positive effect of apoptotic inhibitor z-vad-fmk on vitrified-thawed porcine mii stage oocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The developmental potential of vitrified porcine oocytes is very lower, and apoptosis is considered as one of the key factors involved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of apoptotic inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK addition into the incubation medium after warming on apoptosis and developmental ability of vitrified porcine MII-stage oocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The activities of several caspases, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and early apoptotic levels were measured. Parthenogenetic developmental ability and relative expression levels of apoptosis related genes were also detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caspase activity and early apoptotic level of the Z-VAD-FMK group were significantly lower than those of the group without Z-VAD-FMK addition, but were much higher than those of fresh group (P < 0.05). The ΔΨm of Z-VAD-FMK group was 1.19, higher than the vitrified group (0.91) and lower than the fresh group (1.33). The cleavage rate and blastocyst rate after parthenogenetic activation in the Z-VAD-FMK group were much higher than those in the vitrified group, and much lower than those in the fresh group (P < 0.05). Vitrified porcine oocytes exhibited increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes (caspase 3, 8, 9, TNF-α) and decreased genes expression levels of anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-2, CuZnSOD), and the Z-VAD-FMK addition in incubaiton medium significantly decreased the transcripts levels of caspase 3,8,9, Bax, TNF-α and increased Bcl-2 and CuZnSOD genes expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of apoptotic inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK into the incubation medium after warming improved the in vitro developmental ability of vitrified porcine oocytes by increasing mitochondrial function, reducing apoptotic level and changing apoptosis-elated gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Division of Animal Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yingfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Division of Animal Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China. blackman0520@126.com.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Division of Animal Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yaning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Division of Animal Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Caifeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Division of Animal Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shushan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Division of Animal Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China. zhangdefuzdf@163.com.
authors.forename: Defu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D006361:Heating; D009865:Oocytes; D013552:Swine; D058989:Vitrification
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone