title: Prevalence of hepatitis B virus in the Kurram Agency, Pakistan: A 5-year observational study in a war-affected region.
abstract: Hepatitis B is an inflammatory liver illness caused by the hepatitis B virus. The exact magnitude and extent of the hepatitis B virus in Pakistan is still unknown, but at least 10 million people are estimated to be infected with chronic hepatitis B virus.
  
  
  
  The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the war-affected area since 2009.
  
  
  
  Observational study.
  
  
  
  A total of 4922 healthy subjects were tested for the detection of HBsAg during 2009-2013, and 14.95% subjects were found to be reactive for HBsAg. The highest seroprevalence (26.0%) of HBsAg was found in those individuals who were less than 35 years of age. Male subjects were more affected (16.6%) than females. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was significantly associated with <35 years of age and male gender (P<0.005 for both). Moreover, an increasing trend over 5 years was observed, as 8.6% subjects were positive for HBsAg in 2009 and subsequently 10.4% in 2010, 14.6% in 2011, 18.9% in 2012, and 21.7% were reactive for HBsAg in 2013.
  
  
  
  This study concluded that HBsAg was more prevalent in the war-affected region. The prevalence rate was increasing with time as the highest rate was found in 2013. Present observations will help to provide the background for awareness and bring the increasing levels of hepatitis B to the attention of health professionals and government authorities in order to increase the capacity of the health systems in such troubled areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shazad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan. Electronic address: sabirhussain@comsats.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Sabir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Government Degree College Parachinar, Kurram Agency 46000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zameer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D014857:Warfare; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
keywords: HBsAg prevalence; Kurram Agency; Pakistan; War-affected area