title: Deriving Requirements for Pervasive Well-Being Technology From Work Stress and Intervention Theory: Framework and Case Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress in office environments is a big concern, often leading to burn-out. New technologies are emerging, such as easily available sensors, contextual reasoning, and electronic coaching (e-coaching) apps. In the Smart Reasoning for Well-being at Home and at Work (SWELL) project, we explore the potential of using such new pervasive technologies to provide support for the self-management of well-being, with a focus on individuals' stress-coping. Ideally, these new pervasive systems should be grounded in existing work stress and intervention theory. However, there is a large diversity of theories and they hardly provide explicit directions for technology design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive and concise framework that can be used to design pervasive technologies that support knowledge workers to decrease stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a literature study we identify concepts relevant to well-being at work and select different work stress models to find causes of work stress that can be addressed. From a technical perspective, we then describe how sensors can be used to infer stress and the context in which it appears, and use intervention theory to further specify interventions that can be provided by means of pervasive technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The resulting general framework relates several relevant theories: we relate "engagement and burn-out" to "stress", and describe how relevant aspects can be quantified by means of sensors. We also outline underlying causes of work stress and how these can be addressed with interventions, in particular utilizing new technologies integrating behavioral change theory. Based upon this framework we were able to derive requirements for our case study, the pervasive SWELL system, and we implemented two prototypes. Small-scale user studies proved the value of the derived technology-supported interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented framework can be used to systematically develop theory-based technology-supported interventions to address work stress. In the area of pervasive systems for well-being, we identified the following six key research challenges and opportunities: (1) performing multi-disciplinary research, (2) interpreting personal sensor data, (3) relating measurable aspects to burn-out, (4) combining strengths of human and technology, (5) privacy, and (6) ethics.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-6688
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koldijk
authors.forename: Wessel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-619X
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kraaij
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-5722
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Neerincx
keywords: behavioral symptoms; early medical intervention; health technology; professional burn-out; psychological stress; self-management