title: 'They prefer hidden treatment': anti-tuberculosis drug-taking practices and drug regulation in Karakalpakstan.
abstract: The joint Médecins Sans Frontières/Ministry of Health Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Programme, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan.
  
  
  
  Uzbekistan has high rates of MDR-TB. We aimed to understand patients' and prescribers' attitudes to anti-tuberculosis drug prescription, regulation and drug-taking behaviour.
  
  
  
  Participants (12 patients, 12 practitioners) were recruited purposively. Data were gathered qualitatively using field notes and in-depth interviews and analysed thematically.
  
  
  
  Our analysis highlighted two main themes. First, shame and stigma were reported to increase the likelihood of self-treatment and incorrect use of anti-tuberculosis drugs, most commonly at the initial stages of illness. A health system failure to promote health information was perceived, leading to wrong diagnoses and inappropriate therapies. Motivated by shame, patients hid their condition by resorting to drug treatment options outside the programme, compounding the risk of chaotic management and dissemination of erroneous information through lay networks. Second, positive influences on treatment were reported through patients, practitioners and peers working effectively together to deliver the correct information and support, which acted to normalise TB, reduce stigma and prevent misuse of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
  
  
  
  Effective case finding, patient support and community education strategies are essential. Patients, practitioners and peers working together can help reduce stigma and prevent misuse of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), London, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Sussex, London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lowton
authors.affiliation: Republican Specialised Scientific and Practical Medical Centre of Phthisiology and Pulmonology, Ministry of Health Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tillashaikhov
authors.affiliation: Republican Specialised Scientific and Practical Medical Centre of Phthisiology and Pulmonology, Ministry of Health Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parpieva
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ulmasova
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), London, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: du Cros
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hasker
authors.affiliation: MSF, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sergeeva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011287:Prejudice; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care; D012752:Shame; D057545:Social Stigma; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014610:Uzbekistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents