title: Web based health surveys: Using a Two Step Heckman model to examine their potential for population health analysis.
abstract: In June 2011 the BBC Lab UK carried out a web-based survey on the causes of mental distress. The 'Stress Test' was launched on 'All in the Mind' a BBC Radio 4 programme and the test's URL was publicised on radio and TV broadcasts, and made available via BBC web pages and social media. Given the large amount of data created, over 32,800 participants, with corresponding diagnosis, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; the dataset are potentially an important source of data for population based research on depression and anxiety. However, as respondents self-selected to participate in the online survey, the survey may comprise a non-random sample. It may be only individuals that listen to BBC Radio 4 and/or use their website that participated in the survey. In this instance using the Stress Test data for wider population based research may create sample selection bias. Focusing on the depression component of the Stress Test, this paper presents an easy-to-use method, the Two Step Probit Selection Model, to detect and statistically correct selection bias in the Stress Test. Using a Two Step Probit Selection Model; this paper did not find a statistically significant selection on unobserved factors for participants of the Stress Test. That is, survey participants who accessed and completed an online survey are not systematically different from non-participants on the variables of substantive interest.
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Truro, UK. Electronic address: k.morrissey@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Karyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinderman
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pontin
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwannauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000075485:Population Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Depression; Sample selection bias; Two step probit selection model; United Kingdom; Web-based surveys