title: [Multiparametric and molecular imaging of breast tumors with MRI and PET/MRI].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast is an indispensable tool in breast imaging for many indications. Several functional parameters with MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) have been assessed for imaging of breast tumors and their combined application is defined as multiparametric imaging. Available data suggest that multiparametric imaging using different functional MRI and PET parameters can provide detailed information about the hallmarks of cancer and may provide additional specificity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiparametric and molecular imaging of the breast comprises established MRI parameters, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), MR proton spectroscopy ((1)H-MRSI) as well as combinations of radiological and MRI techniques (e. g. PET/CT and PET/MRI) using radiotracers, such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiparametric and molecular imaging of the breast can be performed at different field-strengths (range 1.5-7 T). Emerging parameters comprise novel promising techniques, such as sodium imaging ((23)Na MRI), phosphorus spectroscopy ((31)P-MRSI), chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) and hyperpolarized MRI as well as various specific radiotracers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiparametric and molecular imaging has multiple applications in breast imaging. Multiparametric and molecular imaging of the breast is an evolving field that will enable improved detection, characterization, staging and monitoring for personalized medicine in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Division für Molekulare und Gender Bildgebung, Medizinische Universität Wien, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich.|Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.|Department of Scientific Computing in Medicine, State University of Florida, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pinker
authors.affiliation: Division für Molekulare und Gender Bildgebung, Medizinische Universität Wien, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich.|Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphologic and Functional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.affiliation: Department of Scientific Computing in Medicine, State University of Florida, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dr Meyer-Baese
authors.affiliation: Division für Molekulare und Gender Bildgebung, Medizinische Universität Wien, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich. thomas.helbich@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Helbich
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals
keywords: Breast cancer; Carcinogenesis; MRI; Molecular imaging; Multiparametric Imaging; PET/MRI; Progression; Radiotracers