title: In vitro effects of platelet-rich gel supernatants on histology and chondrocyte apoptosis scores, hyaluronan release and gene expression of equine cartilage explants challenged with lipopolysaccharide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations are a common treatment in equine osteoarthritis (OA). However, there are controversies regarding the ideal concentration of platelets and leukocytes in these biological substances necessary to induce an adequate anti-inflammatory and anabolic response in articular cartilage. The aims were to study the influence of leukocyte- and platelet-rich gel (L-PRG) and pure platelet-rich gel (P-PRG) supernatants on the histological changes of cartilage, the degree of chondrocyte apoptosis, the production of hyaluronan (HA) and the gene expression of nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkβ), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS-4), collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in normal cartilage explants (CEs) challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 25 % L-PRG supernatant (followed in order of importance by, 50 % P-PRG, 25 % P-PRG and 50 % L-PRG) represented the substance with the most important anti-inflammatory and anabolic effect. 25 % P-PRG supernatant presented important anabolic effects, but it induced a more severe chondrocyte apoptosis than the other evaluated substances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  25 % L-PRG supernatant presented the best therapeutic profile. Our results demonstrate that the biological variability of PRP preparations makes their application rather challenging. Additional in vivo research is necessary to know the effect of PRP preparations at different concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia. carmona@ucaldas.edu.co.
authors.forename: Jorge U
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6917-8451
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Carmona
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.|Grupo de investigación Biosalud, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas para la Salud, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
authors.forename: María E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de investigación Biosalud, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas para la Salud, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Citogenética, Filogenia y Evolución de Poblaciones, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
authors.forename: Mabel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bohórquez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D002356:Cartilage / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006736:Horses; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D005782:Gels; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid
keywords: Cartilage explants; Catabolic/anabolic gene expression; Chondrocyte apoptosis; Growth factors; Platelet-rich plasma