title: Mapping the Risk of Snakebite in Sri Lanka - A National Survey with Geospatial Analysis.
abstract: There is a paucity of robust epidemiological data on snakebite, and data available from hospitals and localized or time-limited surveys have major limitations. No study has investigated the incidence of snakebite across a whole country. We undertook a community-based national survey and model based geostatistics to determine incidence, envenoming, mortality and geographical pattern of snakebite in Sri Lanka.
  
  
  
  The survey was designed to sample a population distributed equally among the nine provinces of the country. The number of data collection clusters was divided among districts in proportion to their population. Within districts clusters were randomly selected. Population based incidence of snakebite and significant envenoming were estimated. Model-based geostatistics was used to develop snakebite risk maps for Sri Lanka. 1118 of the total of 14022 GN divisions with a population of 165665 (0.8%of the country's population) were surveyed. The crude overall community incidence of snakebite, envenoming and mortality were 398 (95% CI: 356-441), 151 (130-173) and 2.3 (0.2-4.4) per 100000 population, respectively. Risk maps showed wide variation in incidence within the country, and snakebite hotspots and cold spots were determined by considering the probability of exceeding the national incidence.
  
  
  
  This study provides community based incidence rates of snakebite and envenoming for Sri Lanka. The within-country spatial variation of bites can inform healthcare decision making and highlights the limitations associated with estimates of incidence from hospital data or localized surveys. Our methods are replicable, and these models can be adapted to other geographic regions after re-estimating spatial covariance parameters for the particular region.
authors.affiliation: ICT Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Dileepa Senajith
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ediriweera
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Anuradhani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kasturiratne
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Arunasalam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pathmeswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Nipul Kithsiri
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Gunawardena
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Buddhika Asiri
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wijayawickrama
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Shaluka Francis
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Jayamanne
authors.affiliation: Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Waratah, Australia.|South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Geoffrey Kennedy
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Isbister
authors.affiliation: South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.|Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: CHICAS, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.affiliation: CHICAS, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Diggle
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David Griffith
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lalloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Hithanadura Janaka
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: de Silva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires