title: Heterodyne frequency-domain multispectral diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer in the parallel-plane transmission geometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors introduce a state-of-the-art all-optical clinical diffuse optical tomography (DOT) imaging instrument which collects spatially dense, multispectral, frequency-domain breast data in the parallel-plate geometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrument utilizes a CCD-based heterodyne detection scheme that permits massively parallel detection of diffuse photon density wave amplitude and phase for a large number of source-detector pairs (10(6)). The stand-alone clinical DOT instrument thus offers high spatial resolution with reduced crosstalk between absorption and scattering. Other novel features include a fringe profilometry system for breast boundary segmentation, real-time data normalization, and a patient bed design which permits both axial and sagittal breast measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors validated the instrument using tissue simulating phantoms with two different chromophore-containing targets and one scattering target. The authors also demonstrated the instrument in a case study breast cancer patient; the reconstructed 3D image of endogenous chromophores and scattering gave tumor localization in agreement with MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imaging with a novel parallel-plate DOT breast imager that employs highly parallel, high-resolution CCD detection in the frequency-domain was demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Kavuri
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katrašnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-813, South Korea.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Czerniecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Arridge
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Yodh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D041622:Tomography, Optical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*