title: A comparison of food pattern, macro- and some micronutrients density of the diet across different socio-economic zones of Tehran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The consumption of low quality foods is common in low socioeconomic areas; and according to epidemiological studies, the density of nutrients often proves the quality of diet. This study aimed to compare the density of macronutrients and micronutrients in various parts of Tehran.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study performed from September to December 2007 in all the 22 districts of the municipality of Tehran including 1,807 households. Experienced interviewers completed a 24-hour recall questionnaire. To estimate the nutrient densities, nutrient intake (grams or milligrams) was calculated per 1,000 kcal energy intake. To calculate the density of energy intake, energy intake (kcal) was divided by 100 g of foodstuff. The 22 districts of Tehran were divided into five zones of north, center, east, west and south. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest density of protein and fat intake was observed in the north of Tehran, while carbohydrate density was highest in the west, east and south zones, and energy density was highest in the south zone (p<0.05). Calcium and vitamin C had the highest density in the north of Tehran, and vitamin A and riboflavin had the highest density in the north and center of Tehran, and the lowest level in the south of Tehran (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the high density of energy in the south of Tehran, a deficiency of micronutrient intake was obvious, reflecting the importance of the impact of socioeconomic factors.
authors.affiliation: MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. morabd@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
authors.affiliation: MD, MPH, Community Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. salehi46@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Forouzan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: MD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. nkalantari1334@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalantari
authors.affiliation: PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and Oncopathology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. asadilari@iums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asadilari
authors.affiliation: MSc, Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mrkhoshfetrat@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khoshfetrat
authors.affiliation: PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. nutritionist80@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ajami
keywords: Energy Density; Macronutrients Density; Micronutrients Density; Socioeconomic Status