title: Ultrasound assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLME)-a fast new approach to measure phthalate metabolites in nails.
abstract: A new, fast, and environmentally friendly method based on ultrasound assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLME) was developed and optimized for assessing the levels of seven phthalate metabolites (including the mono(ethyl hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5-OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5-oxo-MEHP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP)) in human nails by UPLC-MS/MS. The optimization of the US-DLLME method was performed using a Taguchi combinatorial design (L9 array). Several parameters such as extraction solvent, solvent volume, extraction time, acid, acid concentration, and vortex time were studied. The optimal extraction conditions achieved were 180 μL of trichloroethylene (extraction solvent), 2 mL trifluoroacetic acid in methanol (2 M), 2 h extraction and 3 min vortex time. The optimized method had a good precision (6-17 %). The accuracy ranged from 79 to 108 % and the limit of method quantification (LOQm) was below 14 ng/g for all compounds. The developed US-DLLME method was applied to determine the target metabolites in 10 Belgian individuals. Levels of the analytes measured in nails ranged between <12 and 7982 ng/g. The MEHP, MBP isomers, and MEP were the major metabolites and detected in every sample. Miniaturization (low volumes of organic solvents used), low costs, speed, and simplicity are the main advantages of this US-DLLME based method. Graphical Abstract Extraction and phase separation of the US-DLLME procedure.
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.|Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vanermen
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium. stefan.voorspoels@vito.be.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Voorspoels
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012997:Solvents; D013010:Sonication / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; D012997:Solvents; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: Biomonitoring; Nails; Non-invasive; Phthalate metabolites; UPLC-MS/MS; US-DLLME