title: Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics: Toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation.
abstract: The effects of polystyrene microbeads (micro-PS; mix of 2 and 6 μm; final concentration: 32 μg L(-1)) alone or in combination with fluoranthene (30 μg L(-1)) on marine mussels Mytilus spp. were investigated after 7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration under controlled laboratory conditions. Overall, fluoranthene was mostly associated to algae Chaetoceros muelleri (partition coefficient Log Kp = 4.8) used as a food source for mussels during the experiment. When micro-PS were added in the system, a fraction of FLU transferred from the algae to the microbeads as suggested by the higher partition coefficient of micro-PS (Log Kp = 6.6), which confirmed a high affinity of fluoranthene for polystyrene microparticles. However, this did not lead to a modification of fluoranthene bioaccumulation in exposed individuals, suggesting that micro-PS had a minor role in transferring fluoranthene to mussels tissues in comparison with waterborne and foodborne exposures. After depuration, a higher fluoranthene concentration was detected in mussels exposed to micro-PS and fluoranthene, as compared to mussels exposed to fluoranthene alone. This may be related to direct effect of micro-PS on detoxification mechanisms, as suggested by a down regulation of a P-glycoprotein involved in pollutant excretion, but other factors such as an impairment of the filtration activity or presence of remaining beads in the gut cannot be excluded. Micro-PS alone led to an increase in hemocyte mortality and triggered substantial modulation of cellular oxidative balance: increase in reactive oxygen species production in hemocytes and enhancement of anti-oxidant and glutathione-related enzymes in mussel tissues. Highest histopathological damages and levels of anti-oxidant markers were observed in mussels exposed to micro-PS together with fluoranthene. Overall these results suggest that under the experimental conditions of our study micro-PS led to direct toxic effects at tissue, cellular and molecular levels, and modulated fluoranthene kinetics and toxicity in marine mussels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: ika.paulpont@univ-brest.fr.
authors.forename: Ika
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paul-Pont
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France; CEDRE, 715 rue Alain Colas, 29218 BREST Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González Fernández
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hégaret
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Goïc
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frère
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Laure
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cassone
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoired'Ecotoxicologie, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sussarellu
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fabioux
authors.affiliation: CEDRE, 715 rue Alain Colas, 29218 BREST Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guyomarch
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Varadero 1, E-30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albentosa
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huvet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise - Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soudant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008863:Microspheres; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005449:Fluorenes; D011137:Polystyrenes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C007738:fluoranthene; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Depuration; Fluoranthene; Microplastics; Mussel; Oxidative system