title: Laughter as an approach to vocal evolution: The bipedal theory.
abstract: Laughter is a simple, stereotyped, innate, human play vocalization that is ideal for the study of vocal evolution. The basic approach of describing the act of laughter and when we do it has revealed a variety of phenomena of social, linguistic, and neurological significance. Findings include the acoustic structure of laughter, the minimal voluntary control of laughter, the punctuation effect (which describes the placement of laughter in conversation and indicates the dominance of speech over laughter), and the role of laughter in human matching and mating. Especially notable is the use of laughter to discover why humans can speak and other apes cannot. Quadrupeds, including our primate ancestors, have a 1:1 relation between breathing and stride because their thorax must absorb forelimb impacts during running. The direct link between breathing and locomotion limits vocalizations to short, simple utterances, such as the characteristic panting chimpanzee laugh (one sound per inward or outward breath). The evolution of bipedal locomotion freed the respiration system of its support function during running, permitting greater breath control and the selection for human-type laughter (a parsed exhalation), and subsequently the virtuosic, sustained, expiratory vocalization of speech. This is the basis of the bipedal theory of speech evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA. provine@umbc.edu.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Provine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D006801:Humans; D007845:Laughter; D013060:Speech
keywords: Bipedal theory; Laughter; Sidewalk neuroscience; Speech evolution