title: Stimulation of the Estrogen Axis Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Salivary Cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salivary gland cancer is a common type of head and neck cancer characterized by occasional deep invasion and lung metastasis. The precise role of sex steroid hormones in salivary gland cancer is unclear. To address this issue, we investigated whether the estrogen axis modulates salivary adenocarcinoma (SAC) and whether hormone therapy can be an effective treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The estrogen receptor (ER) was overexpressed in HSG human SAC cells that lack endogenous ER and the cells were treated with and without 17β-estradiol (E2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  E2 enhanced malignant phenotypes. Moreover, E2 treatment reduced E-cadherin expression, while increasing that of N-cadherin, vimentin, and inhibitor of differentiation 1 proteins that are associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell invasion was enhanced through activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that hormone therapy used in breast cancer may also be effective for ER-positive SAC.
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan tomoki94530@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sumida
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012468:Salivary Gland Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D004958:Estradiol; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: 17β-Estradiol; AKT; MMP9; epithelial–mesenchymal transition; estrogen receptor; hormone therapy; salivary adenocarcinoma