title: Arc discharge-mediated disassembly of viral particles in water.
abstract: In this study, we investigated the inactivation effects on murine norovirus (MNV-1) with/without purification in water using a submerged plasma reactor of arc discharge (underwater arc), which produced a shockwave, UV light, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Underwater arc treatments of 3 and 6 Hz at 12 kV resulted in 2.6- and 4.2-log reductions in the virus titer of non-purified MNV-1 after 1 min of treatment, respectively. The reduction of purified MNV-1 was higher than that of non-purified MNV-1 after underwater arc treatment for all applied conditions (12 or 15 kV and 3 or 6 Hz). One of the viral capsid proteins (VP1) was not detectable after underwater arc treatment, when its integrity was assessed by western blot analysis. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also revealed that MNV-1 particles were completely dissembled by the treatment. This study demonstrates that underwater arc treatment, which was capable of disintegrating the MNV-1 virion structure and the viral capsid protein, can be an effective disinfection process for the inactivation of water-borne noroviruses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Safety, Distribution, and Standard Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13539, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wooseong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minwoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 20, Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ha
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Safety, Distribution, and Standard Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13539, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yunji@kfri.re.kr.
authors.forename: Yun-Ji
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004203:Disinfection; D051379:Mice; D029322:Norovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014771:Virion; D038301:Virus Inactivation; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Capsid protein; Murine norovirus; Underwater arc discharge