title: Biodiversity and Activity of the Gut Microbiota across the Life History of the Insect Herbivore Spodoptera littoralis.
abstract: Microbes that live inside insects play critical roles in host nutrition, physiology, and behavior. Although Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are one of the most diverse insect taxa, their microbial symbionts are little-studied, particularly during metamorphosis. Here, using ribosomal tag pyrosequencing of DNA and RNA, we investigated biodiversity and activity of gut microbiotas across the holometabolous life cycle of Spodoptera littoralis, a notorious agricultural pest worldwide. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominate but undergo a structural "metamorphosis" in tandem with its host. Enterococcus, Pantoea and Citrobacter were abundant and active in early-instar, while Clostridia increased in late-instar. Interestingly, only enterococci persisted through metamorphosis. Female adults harbored high proportions of Enterococcus, Klebsiella and Pantoea, whereas males largely shifted to Klebsiella. Comparative functional analysis with PICRUSt indicated that early-instar larval microbiome was more enriched for genes involved in cell motility and carbohydrate metabolism, whereas in late-instar amino acid, cofactor and vitamin metabolism increased. Genes involved in energy and nucleotide metabolism were abundant in pupae. Female adult microbiome was enriched for genes relevant to energy metabolism, while an increase in the replication and repair pathway was observed in male. Understanding the metabolic activity of these herbivore-associated microbial symbionts may assist the development of novel pest-management strategies.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Bosheng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Beng-Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Teh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Sirui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xingmeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yongqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D060434:Herbivory; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S