title: Association Among Periodontitis and the Use of Crack Cocaine and Other Illicit Drugs.
abstract: Crack cocaine can alter functions related to the immune system and exert a negative influence on progression and severity of periodontitis. The aim of this study is to compare periodontal status between crack cocaine users and crack cocaine non-users and investigate the association between crack cocaine and periodontitis after adjustments for confounding variables.
  
  
  
  This cross-sectional study evaluated 106 individuals exposed to crack cocaine and 106 never exposed, matched for age, sex, and tobacco use. An examiner determined visible plaque index (VPI), marginal bleeding index, supragingival dental calculus, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Logistic regression was used to model associations between crack cocaine and periodontitis (at least three sites with CAL >4 mm and at least two sites with PD >3 mm, not in the same site or tooth).
  
  
  
  Prevalence of periodontitis among crack non-users and crack users was 20.8% and 43.4%, respectively. Crack users had greater VPI, BOP, PD ≥3 mm, and CAL ≥4 mm than crack non-users. Periodontitis was associated with age >24 years, schooling ≤8 years, smoking, moderate/heavy alcohol use, and plaque rate ≥41%. Crack users had an approximately three-fold greater chance (odds ratio: 3.44; 95% confidence interval: 1.51 to 7.86) of periodontitis than non-users.
  
  
  
  Occurrence of periodontitis, visible plaque, and gingival bleeding was significantly higher among crack users, and crack use was associated with occurrence of periodontitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Franciscan University Center, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Antoniazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabricio B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Zanatta
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cassiano K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Rösing
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Feldens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine
keywords: Crack cocaine; drug users; periodontal diseases; periodontitis; street drugs