title: The Reversal Effect and Its Mechanisms of Tetramethylpyrazine on Multidrug Resistance in Human Bladder Cancer.
abstract: Chemotherapy is an important strategy for the treatment of bladder cancer. However, the main problem limiting the success of chemotherapy is the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). To improve the management of bladder cancer, it is an urgent matter to search for strategies to reverse MDR. We chose three kinds of herbal medicines including ginsenoside Rh2, (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) to detect their effects on bladder cancer. Reversal effects of these three herbal medicines for drug resistance in adriamycin (ADM)-resistant Pumc-91 cells (Pumc-91/ADM) were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) cell proliferation assay system. The mechanisms of reversal effect for TMP were explored in Pumc-91/ADM and T24/DDP cells. After Pumc-91/ADM and T24/DDP cells were treated with TMP, cell cycle distribution analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of MRP1, GST, BCL-2, LRP and TOPO-II was evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunefluorescence assay and western blot. It was observed that TMP was capable of enhancing the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents on Pumc-91/ADM cells in response to ADM, however Rh2 and EGCG were unable to. The reversal effect of TMP was also demonstrated in T24/DDP cells. Moreover, the treatment with TMP in Pumc-91/ADM and T24/DDP cells led to an increased of G1 phase accompanied with a concomitant decrease of cell numbers in S phase. Compared to the control group, an obvious decrease of MRP1, GST, BCL-2 and an increase of TOPO-II were shown in TMP groups with a dose-dependency in mRNA and protein levels. However, there was no difference on LRP expression between TMP groups and the control group. TMP could effectively reverse MDR of Pumc-91/ADM and T24/DDP cells and its mechanisms might be correlated with the alteration of MRP1, GST, BCL-2 and TOPO-II. TMP might be a potential candidate for reversing drug resistance in bladder cancer chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000737:chemistry; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D036145:Ginsenosides; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D036145:Ginsenosides; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011719:Pyrazines; C055305:ginsenoside Rh2; D004317:Doxorubicin; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; C017953:tetramethylpyrazine