title: Comparative assessment of phthalate removal and risk in biological wastewater treatment systems of developing countries and small communities.
abstract: Phthalates are widely used in plastic and personnel care products. Being non-steroid endocrine disrupting compounds, their exposure have toxic effects on aquatic life and human health. The aim of this study was a comparative assessment of their fate and risk in full scale wastewater treatment along with influence of seasonal variations. Four priority phthalates, Diethylphthalate (DEP), Dibutylphthalate (DBP), Benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were chosen for this study and wastewater treatment plants investigated were designed as nutrient removal based sequencing batch reactor (SBR), conventional activated sludge process (ASP) and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) with polishing pond. Results showed that the main removal mechanism of phthalates was biotransformation with removal contribution of 74% in SBR, 65% in conventional ASP and 37% in UASB. Overall removal of phthalates was maximum in the treatment combination of UASB and pond (83%) followed by SBR (80%) and conventional ASP (74%). Seasonal influences on occurrence, removal and risk of these phthalates were also studied. The concentration of DEP, DBP and DEHP in untreated wastewater increased by 2, 7 and 2μg/L, respectively in summer. However in sludge, only large molecular weight phthalates BBP and DEHP increased in winter by 3mg/kg and 12mg/kg, respectively. Seasonal variations in removal of phthalates were discrepant in each process with better removal during summer. Risk assessment of phthalates to aquatic life showed that there is no potential risk of DEP, DBP and BBP from effluents of treatment plants however risk quotient of DEHP was in the range of 27-73 in both seasons which indicate probable risk to aquatic organisms. Phthalate risk to human beings estimated by daily intake of phthalates was in the range of 0.3±0.1 to 20±0.7ng/kg/d and far below their respective reference dosages, demonstrating the potential of these treatment plants to reduce the risk of phthalates.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand, 247667, India. Electronic address: khalidmzml@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Khalid Muzamil
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gani
authors.affiliation: Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand, 247667, India. Electronic address: absarakazmi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Absar Ahmad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kazmi
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D007194:India; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Fate; Micropollutants; Phthalates; Risk; Seasonal variation; Wastewater treatment