title: Effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy for recovery of self-esteem on community-living individuals with mental illness: Non-randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine over a 12-month post-intervention period whether the participation of community-living individuals with mental illness in cognitive behavioral group therapy for recovery of self-esteem (CBGTRS) resulted in improved outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a non-randomized controlled trial. The participants were persons with mental illness who resided in communities in the Chugoku region of Japan. In total, 41 were assigned to an experimental group (CBGTRS intervention, 12 group sessions), and 21 to a control group. Outcome indices (self-esteem, moods, cognition, subjective well-being, psychiatric symptoms) were measured for the experimental group prior to intervention (T0), immediately post-intervention (T1), and at 3 (T2) and 12 (T3) months post-intervention. The control group was measured at the same intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the experimental group, self-esteem scores at T1, T2, and T3 were significantly higher than at T0. Moods and cognition scores remained significantly low until T2. Scores for Inadequate Mental Mastery in the subjective well-being index had not decreased by T3. Confidence in Coping remained significantly high until T2. Psychiatric symptoms scores at T0, T1, T2, and T3 were significantly lower than at T0. The means and standard errors for self-esteem and Inadequate Mental Mastery increased until T3, and those for Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, and Confusion decreased until T2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From within-group trends and between-group differences in self-esteem, we conclude that CBGTRS may have a relatively long-term effect on self-esteem recovery. T2 is the turning point for moods and cognition; thus, follow-up is needed 3 months following the initial program.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan. kunikata@chs.pref.kagawa.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kunikata
authors.affiliation: Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-9746
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.affiliation: RYOBI General Research Institute of Community Care, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods*; D012649:Self Concept
keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy; community life; intervention effects; mental illness; self-esteem