title: Pharmaceuticals, Their Metabolites, and Other Polar Pollutants in Field-Grown Vegetables Irrigated with Treated Municipal Wastewater.
abstract: The reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation is a necessity in arid and semiarid regions but a potential entrance for emerging contaminants into the food chain. However, little attention has yet been paid to the detection of micropollutants and possible metabolites in vegetables grown under realistic field conditions. In this study, the uptake of 28 micropollutants and carbamazepine metabolites in 10 different field-grown vegetable species (among them carrot, lettuce, potato, and zucchini) from Jordan was studied. A total of 12 micropollutants and six carbamazepine metabolites, four of which have never been analyzed before in plant-uptake studies, could be detected in all of the samples in concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 216 ng per g of dry weight. In edible tissues, the total concentration of micropollutants decreased in the order of leafy (247-533) > root (73-126) > fruit-bearing (5-76 ng per g of dry weight) vegetables. A preliminary health-risk assessment for nine compounds according to the TTC concept shows no risk for seven of the micropollutats; for ciprofloxacin and 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine, however, more-specific toxicity data would be required for a refined risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riemenschneider
authors.affiliation: Water, Energy, and Environment Center, University of Jordan , Amman 11942, Jordan.
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Raggad
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moeder
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seiwert
authors.affiliation: Water, Energy, and Environment Center, University of Jordan , Amman 11942, Jordan.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reemtsma
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: HPLC−MS/MS; benzotriazole; human exposure; threshold of toxicological concern; tomato