title: Developmental origins of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance.
abstract: Environmental factors can induce epigenetic alterations in the germ cells that can potentially be transmitted transgenerationally. This non-genetic form of inheritance is termed epigenetic transgenerational inheritance and has been shown in a variety of species including plants, flies, worms, fish, rodents, pigs, and humans. This phenomenon operates during specific critical windows of exposure, linked to the developmental biology of the germ cells (sperm and eggs). Therefore, concepts of the developmental origins of transgenerational inheritance of phenotypic variation and subsequent disease risk need to include epigenetic processes affecting the developmental biology of the germ cell. These developmental impacts on epigenetic transgenerational inheritance, in contrast to multigenerational exposures, are the focus of this Perspective.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO 16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Skinner
keywords: critical windows; disease; epigenetic; generational; transgenerational