title: The contemporary face of gender differences and similarities in depression throughout adolescence: Development and chronicity.
abstract: We probe the adolescent gender difference in depression, asking two critical questions. First, most longitudinal studies of gender differences in adolescent depression date from the 1980s and 1990s, raising the need for a body of evidence on whether the developmental pattern is similar or different today. Second, despite the importance of chronicity to depression, we do not know whether there is a gender difference in the chronicity burden of the disorder.
  
  
  
  In a contemporary longitudinal sample of U.S. adolescents, depression symptoms were assessed at ages 11, 13, 15, and 18, and depression diagnoses were assessed at age 20. To capture the chronicity burden of clinical depression, we assessed for every depressive episode in an individual's lifetime and summed the total number of days spent in episode.
  
  
  
  A gender difference emerged at age 13 for depression symptoms and at ages 13-14 for diagnoses. These findings are similar to those in the 1980s and 1990s despite many social changes that have occurred. However, the magnitude of the gender difference in symptoms at ages 13 and 15 may be larger than those documented previously. Latent growth curve modeling of depression symptoms indicated that girls' symptoms accelerated early in adolescence whereas boys' symptoms accelerated later. Although more girls (24%) than boys (15%) experienced major depression or dysthymia by age 20, the chronicity burden among those with depression showed gender similarities (median=2.6% days depressed for boys and 2.4% for girls).
  
  
  
  Depression diagnoses were assessed retrospectively; however, symptom data were assessed prospectively, and symptom and diagnostic data converged. The sample was also predominantly White, limiting generalizability.
  
  
  
  In a contemporary adolescent sample we observed gender differences in depression symptoms and diagnoses beginning at age 13. We documented distinct developmental trajectories of depression for adolescent girls and boys, suggesting different developmental windows for depression prevention programs. We also discovered a gender similarity in the chronicity burden of clinical depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States. Electronic address: rsalk@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Rachel H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Salk
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Foundations, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
authors.forename: Lyn Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hyde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States
keywords: Adolescence; Chronicity; Depression; Gender; Longitudinal