title: Proinflammatory proteins in female and male patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: preliminary data.
abstract: The latest classification criteria for the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS, an autoimmune disease characterized by thromboses, miscarriages and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (Abs)) emphasized that thrombotic manifestations of APS should be without any signs of an inflammatory process. However, atherosclerosis (a chronic inflammatory response to the accumulation of lipoproteins in the walls of arteries) and APS are characterized by some similar features. We evaluated whether proinflammatory proteins were associated with the features of the primary APS (PAPS). PAPS patients without obstetric complications and with impaired lipid profile were included in the study. Antiphospholipid antibodies, TNF-alpha, and apo(a) were determined by ELISA. Complement components and hsCRP were measured by immunonephelometry. Decreased C3c was observed in female patients with increased titers of IgG anti-β2gpI (χ(2) = 3.939, P = 0.047) and in male patients with increased IgM anticardiolipin Abs (χ(2) = 4.286, P = 0.038). Pulmonary emboli were associated with interleukin (IL)-6 in male (χ(2) = 6.519, P = 0.011) and in female (χ(2) = 10.405, P = 0.001) patients. Cerebrovascular insults were associated with LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.003 - 12.739) in female and with apo(a) (P = 0.016, 95 % CI: 0.000-0.003) in male patients. Older female patients had increased LDL-cholesterol levels and frequency of myocardial infarctions. Proinflammatory proteins were associated with features of primary APS. No real gender differences in regard to proinflammatory protein levels were observed. Premenopausal state of female PAPS patients confers lower cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia. bmmb4832@gmail.com.|Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. bmmb4832@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bećarević
authors.affiliation: Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.|University of Belgrade, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ignjatović
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D003176:Complement C3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Antiphospholipid syndrome; Complement; High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Interleukin 6; TNF-alpha