title: Hydrogen-Bond and Supramolecular-Contact Mediated Fluorescence Enhancement of Electrochromic Azomethines.
abstract: An electronic push-pull fluorophore consisting of an intrinsically fluorescent central fluorene capped with two diaminophenyl groups was prepared. An aminothiophene was conjugated to the two flanking diphenylamines through a fluorescent quenching azomethine bond. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed that the fluorophore formed multiple intermolecular supramolecular bonds. It formed two hydrogen bonds involving a terminal amine, resulting in an antiparallel supramolecular dimer. Hydrogen bonding was also confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopic analyses, and further validated theoretically by DFT calculations. Intrinsic fluorescence quenching modes could be reduced by intermolecular supramolecular contacts. These contacts could be engaged at high concentrations and in thin films, resulting in fluorescence enhancement. The fluorescence of the fluorophore could also be restored to an intensity similar to its azomethine-free counterpart with the addition of water in >50 % v/v in tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and acetonitrile. The fluorophore also exhibited reversible oxidation and its color could be switched between yellow and blue when oxidized. Reversible electrochemically mediated fluorescence turn-off on turn-on was also possible.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Centre-ville Montreal, QC, Canada.|Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wałęsa-Chorab
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Centre-ville Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Centre-ville Montreal, QC, Canada. w.skene@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: William G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0002-1704
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Skene
keywords: conjugation; electrochemistry; fluorescence; solvatochromism; supramolecular chemistry