title: Quantification of Toxins in Soapberry (Sapindaceae) Arils: Hypoglycin A and Methylenecyclopropylglycine.
abstract: Methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) and hypoglycin A (HGA) are naturally occurring amino acids found in some soapberry fruits. Fatalities have been reported worldwide as a result of HGA ingestion, and exposure to MCPG has been implicated recently in the Asian outbreaks of hypoglycemic encephalopathy. In response to an outbreak linked to soapberry ingestion, the authors developed the first method to simultaneously quantify MCPG and HGA in soapberry fruits from 1 to 10 000 ppm of both toxins in dried fruit aril. Further, this is the first report of HGA in litchi, longan, and mamoncillo arils. This method is presented to specifically address the laboratory needs of public-health investigators in the hypoglycemic encephalitis outbreaks linked to soapberry fruit ingestion.
authors.affiliation: Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Samantha L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Isenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Melissa D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Shelby R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Leigh Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Darryl
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Battelle Memorial Institute at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Albany, California 94710, United States.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Harden
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Albany, California 94710, United States.
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Takeoka
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Jerry D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pirkle
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Rudolph C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D007005:Hypoglycins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D029631:Sapindaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003521:Cyclopropanes; D007005:Hypoglycins; C041757:hypoglycin; C059830:methylenecyclopropylglycine; D005998:Glycine
keywords: Acer; Aceraceae; Aesculus; Litchi; Sapindaceae; ackee; cyclopropylamino acids; hypoglycin A; lychee; methylenecyclopropylalanine; methylenecyclopropylglycine; rambutan; soapberry