title: A multi-technique approach for detecting and evaluating material inconsistencies in historical banknotes.
abstract: The identification of forged and genuine historical banknotes is an important problem for private collectors and researchers responsible for the care of numismatic collections. This paper presents a research approach for detecting material differences in historical banknotes through the use of microfading spectrometry along with other techniques such as hyperspectral image analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Microfading spectrometry results showed higher sensitivity to light irradiation for an overprint ink used on a suspicious banknote relative to its counterparts. In addition, the spectrocolorimetric changes experienced by the paper substrates during microfade testing also provided a way for discriminating between two groups of banknotes. These variations have been confirmed after analyzing the spectral and physico-chemical data obtained using the abovementioned complementary techniques.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects, The National Museum in Krakow, Pilsudskiego 14, Krakow 31-109, Poland. Electronic address: jdelhoyo@muzeum.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: Julio M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Del Hoyo-Meléndez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects, The National Museum in Krakow, Pilsudskiego 14, Krakow 31-109, Poland; Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Klaudia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gondko
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects, The National Museum in Krakow, Pilsudskiego 14, Krakow 31-109, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendys
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Maſgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Król
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects, The National Museum in Krakow, Pilsudskiego 14, Krakow 31-109, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klisiſska-Kopacz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects, The National Museum in Krakow, Pilsudskiego 14, Krakow 31-109, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobczyk
authors.affiliation: Numismatic Cabinet, National Museum in Krakow, Krakow 31-109, Poland.
authors.forename: Anda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaworucka-Drath
keywords: Authenticity; Counterfeit banknotes; Ink; Microfade testing; Paper