title: Dual ring multilayer ionization chamber and theory-based correction technique for scanning proton therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a multilayer ionization chamber (MLIC) and a correction technique that suppresses differences between the MLIC and water phantom measurements in order to achieve fast and accurate depth dose measurements in pencil beam scanning proton therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors distinguish between a calibration procedure and an additional correction: 1-the calibration for variations in the air gap thickness and the electrometer gains is addressed without involving measurements in water; 2-the correction is addressed to suppress the difference between depth dose profiles in water and in the MLIC materials due to the nuclear interaction cross sections by a semiempirical model tuned by using measurements in water. In the correction technique, raw MLIC data are obtained for each energy layer and integrated after multiplying them by the correction factor because the correction factor depends on incident energy. The MLIC described here has been designed especially for pencil beam scanning proton therapy. This MLIC is called a dual ring multilayer ionization chamber (DRMLIC). The shape of the electrodes allows the DRMLIC to measure both the percentage depth dose (PDD) and integrated depth dose (IDD) because ionization electrons are collected from inner and outer air gaps independently.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IDDs for which the beam energies were 71.6, 120.6, 159, 180.6, and 221.4 MeV were measured and compared with water phantom results. Furthermore, the measured PDDs along the central axis of the proton field with a nominal field size of 10 × 10 cm(2) were compared. The spread out Bragg peak was 20 cm for fields with a range of 30.6 and 3 cm for fields with a range of 6.9 cm. The IDDs measured with the DRMLIC using the correction technique were consistent with those that of the water phantom; except for the beam energy of 71.6 MeV, all of the points satisfied the 1% dose/1 mm distance to agreement criterion of the gamma index. The 71.6 MeV depth dose profile showed slight differences in the shallow region, but 94.5% of the points satisfied the 1%/1 mm criterion. The 90% ranges, defined at the 90% dose position in distal fall off, were in good agreement with those in the water phantom, and the range differences from the water phantom were less than ±0.3 mm. The PDDs measured with the DRMLIC were also consistent with those that of the water phantom; 97% of the points passed the 1%/1 mm criterion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was demonstrated that the new correction technique suppresses the difference between the depth dose profiles obtained with the MLIC and those obtained from a water phantom, and a DRMLIC enabling fast measurements of both IDD and PDD was developed. The IDDs and PDDs measured with the DRMLIC and using the correction technique were in good agreement with those that of the water phantom, and it was concluded that the correction technique and DRMLIC are useful for depth dose profile measurements in pencil beam scanning proton therapy.
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi 319-1221, Japan.
authors.forename: Taisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayanagi
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Works, Hitachi 317-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nihongi
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi 319-1221, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiuchi
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Works, Hitachi 317-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tadokoro
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Works, Hitachi 317-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Works, Hitachi 317-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi 319-1221, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujitaka
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi 319-1221, Japan.
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.affiliation: Hitachi Ltd., Hitachi Works, Hitachi 317-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakae
authors.affiliation: Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terunuma
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004566:Electrodes; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D061766:Proton Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water