title: Photo-Fenton treatment of valproate under UVC, UVA and simulated solar radiation.
abstract: The abatement of valproic acid sodium salt (VA) via photo-Fenton process was investigated to evaluate the effect of irradiation type. Three different light sources have been used: UVA (black light blue lamps, BLB reactor), UVC (UVC reactor) and simulated sunlight in a Solarbox (SB). Using the highest concentrations of Fe2+(10mgL-1) and H2O2(150mgL-1), 100% of VA degradation was observed in BLB and UVC devices, and 89.7% in Solarbox. Regarding mineralization, 67.4% and 76.4% of TOC conversion were achieved in BLB and UVC, respectively. In Solarbox, mineralization was negligible. Treated solutions under UVA or UVC radiation became biodegradable (BOD5/COD≥0.25), which was not observed in Solarbox where BOD5/COD achieved was only 0.20. Regarding to toxicity (Vibrio Fischeri method), all processes have promoted the overall toxicity reduction of VA solution. Transformation products were identified by a LC-ESI-TOF mass spectrometer, and degradation pathways were proposed. Operating costs and the energy needed by mg of VA removed were estimated and compared, for the different installations, showing that UVA can remove around 3 times more VA than SB and 2 times more VA than UVC, under the same conditions.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineerings, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Haranaka
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Funai
authors.affiliation: University of Lorraine, IUT of Moselle-Est, Department of Chemistry, Rue Victor Demange, 57500 Saint-Avold, France.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Didier
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giménez
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: santi.esplugas@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Esplugas
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineerings, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, CEP 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amilcar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machulek
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000191:economics; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry / Q000191:economics; D010782:Photolysis; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000633:toxicity; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D018505:Waste Management / Q000191:economics
chemical_list: C045076:Fenton's reagent; D014635:Valproic Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: Photo-Fenton; UVA and solar simulated radiation; UVC; Valproic acid