title: Comparison of the Effects of Different Concentrations of Rocuronium on Injection Pain and Hemodynamics Using Isolated Forearm Technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate Visual-Analogue-Scale (VAS) scores, hand-withdrawal, rash and skin eruptions after injections of different concentrations of rocuronium in intubation doses in alert patients using the isolated-forearm technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty ASA I-II patients were included in a randomized, controlled, single-blinded study. Two 20 G cannulas were inserted into the dorsum of the left and right hand in each patient. A tourniquet was applied to the left arm and inflated to 50 mm Hg above the patient's systolic blood pressure. Group 1 (n=20) received 2.5 mg mL(-1) rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl, Group 2 (n=20) received 5 mg mL(-1) rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl, Group 3 (n=20) received 10 mg mL(-1) rocuronium and 0.4 mg mL(-1) lidocaine mixture, and Group 4 (n=20) received 10 mg mL(-1) rocuronium via a cannula on the left hand, provided that a dose of 0.6 mg mL(-1) were given to all groups of patients. VAS0-VAS60 values, hand-withdrawal, rash and skin eruptions were assessed in patients who were administered rocuronium but not under the effects of hypnotic or neuromuscular agents. Hemodynamic values were recorded both before and after the administration of hypnotic-neuromuscular agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VAS0 values were significantly higher in Group 4 when compared to Groups 1, 2 and 3 (p=0.032). No significant difference was observed between VAS0 and VAS60 values in Groups 1, 2 and 3. In Group 4, VAS0 values were significantly higher than VAS60 values (p=0.003). No significant difference was observed between groups in terms of side effects and hemodynamic values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, we determined that using rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl was more effective in preventing injection pain than using a rocuronium-lidocaine mixture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erbabacan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Güniz Meyancı
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Köksal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Çiğdem Ayşe
authors.initials: ÇA
authors.lastname: Tütüncü
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Birsel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ekici
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tunalı
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Güner
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özden Öz
authors.initials: ÖÖ
authors.lastname: Calay
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatiş
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Altındaş
keywords: Rocuronium; intravenous injection; pain