title: Predictors of sleep disorders among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the prevalence of sleep disorders (SD) and self-reported sleep symptoms and risk factors among adult patients diagnosed with T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the 2012 US National Health and Wellness Survey, an annual Internet-based survey. A total of 7239 participants reported a diagnosis of T2DM. Patients also provided information on diagnosis of SD (e.g., insomnia, sleep breathing disorder, other sleep conditions, etc.) and regularly experienced sleep symptoms (e.g., difficulty falling asleep, sleep apnea, daytime sleepiness, difficulty staying awake, etc.). Logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with SD and symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age was 59.9 (standard deviation=12.2), 59.5% were male, 24.4% were diagnosed with SD, 76.8% reported experiencing any sleep symptom regularly (difficulty falling asleep, 30.5%; sleep apnea, 17.4%; daytime sleepiness, 26.8%; difficulty staying awake, 10.1%). Logistic regression models showed the strongest predictors of diagnosed SD were obesity class (OC) III (OR=2.20), White (OR=1.92), OC II (OR=1.57), smoking (OR=1.57), lower income (OR=1.49-1.19), unemployment (OR=1.38), and comorbidities (OR=1.35), all p<0.05. The strongest predictors of any sleep symptom were OC III (OR=2.22), OC II (OR=1.78), lower income (OR=1.74-1.24), female gender (OR=1.72), OC I (OR=1.60), White (OR=1.54), and smoking (OR=1.47), all p<0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost 25% of patients with T2DM were diagnosed with SD and over 75% reported experiencing at least one sleep symptom regularly. SD and symptoms were strongly associated with obesity, White ethnicity, gender, low income, and smoking. Interventions focusing on weight management and smoking cessation have shown to improve T2DM and may improve SD.
authors.affiliation: Health Outcomes Practice, Kantar Health, 1 Independence Way, Suite 220, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA. Electronic address: shaloo.gupta@kantarhealth.com.
authors.forename: Shaloo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Health Economics & Outcomes Research, Eisai, Inc., 100 Tice Blvd., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA. Electronic address: Jason_Wang@eisai.com.
authors.forename: Zhixiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009515:New Jersey / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Obesity; Sleep disorders; Sleep symptoms; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Weight management