title: D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity.
abstract: From the foods we eat and the houses we construct, to our religious practices and political organization, to who we can marry and the types of games we teach our children, the diversity of cultural practices in the world is astounding. Yet, our ability to visualize and understand this diversity is limited by the ways it has been documented and shared: on a culture-by-culture basis, in locally-told stories or difficult-to-access repositories. In this paper we introduce D-PLACE, the Database of Places, Language, Culture, and Environment. This expandable and open-access database (accessible at https://d-place.org) brings together a dispersed corpus of information on the geography, language, culture, and environment of over 1400 human societies. We aim to enable researchers to investigate the extent to which patterns in cultural diversity are shaped by different forces, including shared history, demographics, migration/diffusion, cultural innovations, and environmental and ecological conditions. We detail how D-PLACE helps to overcome four common barriers to understanding these forces: i) location of relevant cultural data, (ii) linking data from distinct sources using diverse ethnonyms, (iii) variable time and place foci for data, and (iv) spatial and historical dependencies among cultural groups that present challenges for analysis. D-PLACE facilitates the visualisation of relationships among cultural groups and between people and their environments, with results downloadable as tables, on a map, or on a linguistic tree. We also describe how D-PLACE can be used for exploratory, predictive, and evolutionary analyses of cultural diversity by a range of users, from members of the worldwide public interested in contrasting their own cultural practices with those of other societies, to researchers using large-scale computational phylogenetic analyses to study cultural evolution. In summary, we hope that D-PLACE will enable new lines of investigation into the major drivers of cultural change and global patterns of cultural diversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.|School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.|ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.|Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gomes-Ng
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Jörg
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bibiko
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.|Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.|Psycholinguistics Laboratory, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Damián E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Blasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Botero
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.|Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bowern
authors.affiliation: Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carol R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ember
authors.affiliation: Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States of America.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leehr
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Natural Resources & Environment, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.|University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bobbi S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, United States of America.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.affiliation: York College, City University of New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Divale
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.|Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gavin
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male