title: Photon-Counting Arrays for Time-Resolved Imaging.
abstract: The paper presents a camera comprising 512 × 128 pixels capable of single-photon detection and gating with a maximum frame rate of 156 kfps. The photon capture is performed through a gated single-photon avalanche diode that generates a digital pulse upon photon detection and through a digital one-bit counter. Gray levels are obtained through multiple counting and accumulation, while time-resolved imaging is achieved through a 4-ns gating window controlled with subnanosecond accuracy by a field-programmable gate array. The sensor, which is equipped with microlenses to enhance its effective fill factor, was electro-optically characterized in terms of sensitivity and uniformity. Several examples of capture of fast events are shown to demonstrate the suitability of the approach.
authors.affiliation: Applied Quantum Architecture Lab (AQUA), Quantum Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands. i.m.antolovic@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: I Michel
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Antolovic
authors.affiliation: Advanced Quantum Architecture lab (AQUA), Microengineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique F&#233;d&#233;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. samuel.burri@epfl.ch.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burri
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 110DD, The Netherlands. r.a.hoebe@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Ron A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hoebe
authors.affiliation: Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. y.maruyama@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Advanced Quantum Architecture lab (AQUA), Microengineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique F&#233;d&#233;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. claudio.bruschini@epfl.ch.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruschini
authors.affiliation: Applied Quantum Architecture Lab (AQUA), Quantum Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628CD, The Netherlands. edoardo.charbon@epfl.ch.|Advanced Quantum Architecture lab (AQUA), Microengineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique F&#233;d&#233;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. edoardo.charbon@epfl.ch.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charbon
keywords: FCS; FLIM; SPAD; fluorescence; fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; single-photon avalanche diode