title: Association of Marijuana Use With Blunted Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation.
abstract: Marijuana use may alter ventral striatal response to reward, which might heighten susceptibility to substance use disorder. Longitudinal research is needed to determine the effects of marijuana use on neural function involved in reward response.
  
  
  
  To determine whether marijuana use among young adults prospectively affects nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation during reward anticipation.
  
  
  
  One hundred eight young adults were recruited from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, an ongoing study of youth at high risk for substance use disorder and a contrast sample of control families. Participants underwent 3 consecutive functional magnetic resonance imaging scans at approximate ages of 20 (time 1), 22 (time 2), and 24 (time 3) years. Self-report data on marijuana and other drug use occasions were collected annually since age 11 years.
  
  
  
  Cross-lagged models were used to test the association of marijuana use with neural response in the NAcc to reward anticipation during a monetary incentive delay task controlling for sex, age, other substance use, and family history of substance use disorder.
  
  
  
  Of 108 participants, 39 (36.1%) were female and mean (SD) age at baseline was 20.1 (1.4) years. Greater marijuana use was associated with later blunted activation in the NAcc during reward anticipation (time 1 to time 2: β = -0.26, P = .04; time 2 to time 3: β = -0.25, P = .01). When the cross-lagged model was tested with the inclusion of previous and concurrent cigarette use, the effect of marijuana use from time 2 to time 3 remained significant (β = -0.29; P = .005) and the effect of cigarette use was nonsignificant.
  
  
  
  The findings of this study indicate that marijuana use is associated with decreased neural response in the NAcc during the anticipation of nondrug rewards. Over time, marijuana use may alter anticipatory reward processing in the NAcc, which may increase the risk for continued drug use and later addiction.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor2Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Meghan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Martz
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor3Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami.
authors.forename: Elisa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Trucco
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Lora M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cope
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Jillian E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hardee
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jester
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor2Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zucker
authors.affiliation: Addiction Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Heitzeg
mesh_terms: D059031:Anticipation, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008824:Michigan; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012201:Reward; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult