title: Histopathological comparative analysis of periimplant bone inflammatory response after dental implant insertion using flap and flapless surgical technique. An experimental study in pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate by histopathological analysis the peri-implant bone inflammation degree, in certain time intervals (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), following mini-incision flapless and flap implant placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment was conducted on four domestic pigs. Nine weeks prior to implant insertion, second and third mandibular premolars were extracted. Each animal received six implants in lower jaw. On one randomly chosen side of jaw flapless technique using mini-incision was performed, while on the other side implants were inserted after flap raising. After 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, the experimental animals were sacrificed. Following mandibular resection and decalcification, the samples for histopathological analysis of the peri-implant bone were obtained in the empty implant bed area, from the buccal side of the mandible, adjacent to implant neck region and parallel to crestal edge of implant bed. The degree of inflammatory response of the peri-implant bone was estimated through ordinal scores from 0 to 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven days after the surgery all samples in the flap group had score 2 indicating high inflammation degree, in contrast to lower inflammatory reaction in flapless group. On the 14th and 21st postoperative day decreasing of inflammation degree was noted in all samples of the flapless group (score 1), while in flap group samples presented scores 1 and 2. Twenty-eight days after the implant placement, further reduction of inflammation in the flapless group (33% of samples had score 0) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flapless technique in comparison to conventional flap procedure minimizes postoperative bone inflammatory reactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vlahović
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Aleksa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marković
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lazić
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Šćepanović
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Đinić
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalanović
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology*; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000473:pathology*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: dental implant placement; flap; flapless; histopathology; inflammation; peri-implant bone