title: A nested case-control study of prenatal vanadium exposure and low birthweight.
abstract: Is prenatal vanadium exposure associated with adverse birth outcomes?
  
  
  
  The odds of low birthweight (LBW) are increased 2.23-fold in mothers with a urinary vanadium of ≥2.91 μg/g creatinine compared with that in mothers with a urinary vanadium of ≤1.42 μg/g creatinine.
  
  
  
  Human exposure to vanadium occurs through intake of food, water and polluted air. Vanadium has been suggested to have fetotoxicity and developmental toxicity in animal studies, and epidemiological studies have reported an association between a decrease in birthweight and vanadium exposure estimated from particulate matter.
  
  
  
  A nested case-control study involving 816 study participants (204 LBW cases and 612 matched controls) was conducted with data from the prospective Healthy Baby Cohort between 2012 and 2014 in the province of Hubei, China.
  
  
  
  Vanadium concentrations in 816 maternal urine samples collected before delivery [the median gestational age was 39 weeks (range 27-42 weeks)] were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Information on the infants' birth outcomes was obtained from medical records. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  
  The median urinary vanadium concentration of the cases was much higher than that of the controls (3.04 μg/g creatinine versus 1.93 μg/g creatinine). The results revealed a significant positive trend between the odds of LBW and level of maternal urinary vanadium [relative to the lowest tertile; adjusted OR = 1.69 (95% CI: 0.92, 3.10) for the medium tertile; adjusted OR = 2.23 (95% CI: 1.23, 4.05) for the highest tertile; P-trend = 0.02]. Additionally, the association was not modified by maternal age (P for heterogeneity = 0.70) or infant gender (P for heterogeneity = 0.21).
  
  
  
  The maternal urine sample was collected before labor, and the maternal urinary vanadium levels measured at one point in time may not accurately reflect the vanadium burden during the entire pregnancy.
  
  
  
  The results of this study can enrich the biological monitoring data on urinary vanadium in pregnant women; and may be evidence that vanadium may affect fetal development.
  
  
  
  This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21437002, 81372959 and 81402649), the R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry (Environment) (201309048) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, HUST (2016YXZD043). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Minmin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Wuhan 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Wuhan 430015, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aifen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Tongzhang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
authors.forename: Zhengmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaofu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanqiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chuansha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenyu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chuncao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China xust@hust.edu.cn xiawei@hust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China xust@hust.edu.cn xiawei@hust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shunqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014639:Vanadium / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014639:Vanadium
keywords: low birthweight; maternal urine; nested case–control study; prenatal exposure; vanadium