title: Assessment of Normal Eyeball Protrusion Using Computed Tomographic Imaging and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in Korean Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess normal eyeball protrusion from the orbital rim using two- and three-dimensional images and demonstrate the better suitability of CT images for assessment of exophthalmos.
  
  
  METHODS
  The facial computed tomographic (CT) images of Korean adults were acquired in sagittal and transverse views. The CT images were used in reconstructing three-dimensional volume of faces using computer software. The protrusion distances from orbital rims and the diameters of eyeballs were measured in the two views of the CT image and three-dimensional volume of the face. Relative exophthalmometry was calculated by the difference in protrusion distance between the right and left sides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eyeball protrusion was 4.9 and 12.5 mm in sagittal and transverse views, respectively. The protrusion distances were 2.9 mm in the three-dimensional volume of face. There were no significant differences between right and left sides in the degree of protrusion, and the difference was within 2 mm in more than 90% of the subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study will provide reliable criteria for precise diagnosis and postoperative monitoring using CT imaging of diseases such as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and orbital tumors.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Jae
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shin-Hyo
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biomedical Laboratory , Masan University , Masan , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Nam
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ja-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: c Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Konkuk University School of Medicine , Chungju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soon-Heum
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: d Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Gon
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Ophthalmology , Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Anatomy , Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wu-Chul
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D005094:Exophthalmos / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CT; Hertel exophthalmometer; exophthalmos; eyeball; protrusion