title: Human behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is traditionally classified as a movement disorder because patients mainly complain about motor symptoms. Recently, non-motor symptoms of PD have been recognized by clinicians and scientists as early signs of PD, and they are detrimental factors in the quality of life in advanced PD patients. It is crucial to comprehensively understand the essence of behavioral assessments, from the simplest measurement of certain symptoms to complex neuropsychological tasks. We have recently reviewed behavioral assessments in PD research with animal models (Asakawa et al., 2016). As a companion volume, this article will systematically review the behavioral assessments of motor and non-motor PD symptoms of human patients in current research. The major aims of this article are: (1) promoting a comparative understanding of various behavioral assessments in terms of the principle and measuring indexes; (2) addressing the major strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral assessments for a better selection of tasks/tests in order to avoid biased conclusions due to inappropriate assessments; and (3) presenting new concepts regarding the development of wearable devices and mobile internet in future assessments. In conclusion we emphasize the importance of improving the assessments for non-motor symptoms because of their complex and unique mechanisms in human PD brains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan. Electronic address: asakawat1971@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yilin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guanghong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China.
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Namba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: Ying.Xia@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001519:Behavior; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D010300:Parkinson Disease; D011788:Quality of Life; D012106:Research
keywords: Behavioral assessments; Fine motor; Food reaching motor; Free-moving counting; Locomotion motor symptoms; Neuropsychological tasks; Non-motor symptoms; Parkinsonian model