title: Pharmaceutically active compounds and endocrine disrupting chemicals in water, sediments and mollusks in mangrove ecosystems from Singapore.
abstract: This study investigated the occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA), atrazine and selected pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in mangrove habitats in Singapore in 2012-2013, using multiple tools (sediment sampling, POCIS and filter feeder molluscs). Using POCIS, the same suite of contaminants (atrazine, BPA and eleven PhACs) was detected in mangrove waters in 28-days deployments in both 2012 and 2013. POCIS concentrations ranged from pg/L to μg/L. Caffeine, BPA, carbamazepine, E1, triclosan, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, and lincomycin were also detected in mangrove sediments from the low pg/g dw (e.g. carbamazepine) to ng/g dw (e.g. BPA). The detection of caffeine, carbamazepine, BPA, sulfamethoxazole or lincomycin in bivalve tissues also showed that these chemicals are bioavailable in the mangrove habitat. Since there are some indications that some pharmaceutically active substances may be biologically active in the low ppb range in marine species, further assessment should be completed based on ecotoxicological data specific to mangrove species.
authors.affiliation: Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: stephane.bayen@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayen
authors.affiliation: Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Elvagris Segovia
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.affiliation: Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Juhel
authors.affiliation: Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lee Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Kit
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Barry C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000032:analysis; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D008034:Lincomycin / Q000032:analysis; D008974:Mollusca / Q000737:chemistry*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D012846:Singapore; D013416:Sulfamerazine / Q000032:analysis; D013418:Sulfamethazine / Q000032:analysis; D014260:Triclosan / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D053833:Wetlands; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001280:Atrazine; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002220:Carbamazepine; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D008034:Lincomycin; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010636:Phenols; D013416:Sulfamerazine; D013418:Sulfamethazine; D014260:Triclosan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Antibiotics; Bioindicators; Clams; Contaminants of emerging concern; Mussels; Risk assessment