title: The use of a multiple imputation method to investigate the trends in Histologic types of lung cancer in Songkhla province, Thailand, 1989-2013.
abstract: The incidence of lung cancer in many parts of the country as shown in cancer registry statistics is not decreasing. The incidence of adenocarcinoma (ADCA) in Songkhla is now higher than that of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in both sexes. The percentage of the unknown histologic type of lung cancer in Songkhla is around 30 %. The objective of this study is to estimate trends in incidence of the two major histologic types of lung cancer: SCC and ADCA, in Songkhla province of Thailand from 1989 to 2013.
  
  
  
  Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were used to compare and described the trends in both major types of cancers. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to impute unknown histological cancer types using a multiple imputation (MI) method to account for the high percentage of unknown histology.
  
  
  
  The multinomial predictive model for major types of lung cancer in Songkhla consisted of sex, age, year of diagnosis, and place of residence. After MI, the number of cases with both SCC and ADCA in both sexes increased by one-third of the number of cases with originally known histology. The increasing trends were observed in ADCA in both sexes while SCC in males was stable and in females was decreasing.
  
  
  
  A rapid increase in the incidence of ADCA was found while the incidence of SCC in males showed no significant change and it was declining in females. These results warrant an investigation into risk factors other than cigarette smoking. The number of cases has limited use when the age structure of the population under study is changing. Year of diagnosis was one of the predictors in the MI model.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand. hutcha.s@psu.ac.th.
authors.forename: Hutcha
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8483-0460
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sriplung
authors.affiliation: Field Epidemiology Training Program, Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Seesai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeesoonsang
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Surichai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bilheem
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Adenocarcinoma; Incidence; Lung cancer; Multiple imputation; Songkhla; Squamous cell carcinoma; Thailand