title: Opioid-Induced Constipation among a Convenience Sample of Patients with Cancer Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known regarding the burden of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) among patients who suffer from cancer-related pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective longitudinal study was conducted among cancer patients in the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, and Germany, which included medical record data abstraction, Internet-based patient surveys, and physician surveys. Patients on daily opioid therapy (≥30 mg for ≥4 weeks) for treatment of cancer pain with self-reported OIC were recruited. Response to laxatives was defined by classifying participants into categories of laxative use and evaluating the prevalence of inadequate response. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate outcomes, including the patient assessment of constipation-symptom (PAC-SYM), patient assessment of constipation-quality of life, EuroQOL-5 dimensions, and global assessment of treatment benefit, satisfaction, and willingness to continue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recruitment was difficult for this study with only 31 participants completing the baseline survey and meeting criteria for opioid use and OIC (26 UK, 1 Canada, and 4 Germany). Fifty-two percent (n = 16) of participants were male, and all were White. Breast (23%, n = 7), pancreatic (13%, n = 4), and multiple myeloma (13%, n = 4) were the most common cancers. Mean duration of chronic pain and opioid use were 2.3 and 1.3 years, respectively. Participants reported having a mean of 4.4 bowel movements/week in the 2 weeks prior to baseline, of which a mean of 0.9 were spontaneous. Most participants (90%, n = 28) were using at least 1 lifestyle approach to manage their constipation; 65% (n = 20) were taking ≥1 over-the-counter laxative; 19% (n = 6) were taking ≥1 prescription laxative; 23% (n = 7) reported no laxative use in the prior 2 weeks. Moderate-to-severe constipation symptoms on the PAC-SYM were common, and mean scores on health-related quality of life outcomes were comparable to chronic pain populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this primarily UK sample, there appears to be considerable unmet OIC treatment needs among cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera , Bethesda, MD , USA.
authors.forename: Karin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Coyne
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera , Bethesda, MD , USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.affiliation: Medical Evidence and Observational Research in Global Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD , USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: LoCasale
authors.affiliation: Global Payer Evidence and Pricing in Global Medicines and Development, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg, MD , USA.
authors.forename: Frederic R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research, Evidera , Bethesda, MD , USA.
authors.forename: Mary Kay
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK.
authors.forename: Sam H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ahmedzai
keywords: cancer; constipation; laxatives; opioid; pain; symptoms