title: Comparative short-term inhalation toxicity of five organic diketopyrrolopyrrole pigments and two inorganic iron-oxide-based pigments.
abstract: Diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPP) are a relatively new class of organic high-performance pigments. The present inhalation and particle characterization studies were performed to compare the effects of five DPP-based pigments (coarse and fine Pigment Red 254, coarse and fine meta-chloro DPP isomer and one form of mixed chlorinated DPP isomers) and compare it to coarse and fine inorganic Pigment Red 101. Wistar rats were exposed head-nose to atmospheres of the respective materials for 6 h/day on 5 consecutive days. Target concentrations were 30 mg/m(3) as high dose for all compounds and selected based occupational exposure limits for respirable nuisance dust. Toxicity was determined after end of exposure and after 3-week recovery using broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and microscopic examinations of the entire respiratory tract. Mixed chlorinated DPP isomers and coarse meta-chloro DPP isomer caused marginal changes in BALF, consisting of slight increases of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and in case of coarse meta-chloro DPP increased MCP-1 and osteopontin levels. Mixed chlorinated DPP isomers, Pigment Red 254, and meta-chloro DPP caused pigment deposits and phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, slight hypertrophy/hyperplasia of the bronchioles and alveolar ducts, but without evidence of inflammation. In contrast, only pigment deposition and pigment phagocytosis were observed after exposure to Pigment Red 101. All pigments were tolerated well and caused only marginal effects in BALF or no effects at all. Only minor effects were seen on the lung by microscopic examination. There was no evidence of systemic inflammation based on acute-phase protein levels in blood.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma-Hock
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Treumann
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rey Moreno
authors.affiliation: b Department of Material Physics .
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.affiliation: b Department of Material Physics .
authors.forename: Wendel
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wohlleben
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gröters
authors.affiliation: c Department of Product Safety , BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany .
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiench
authors.affiliation: d Department of Product Stewardship Pigments , BASF Schweiz AG , Basel , Switzerland , and.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Veith
authors.affiliation: e Department of Product Safety , BASF Schweiz AG , Basel , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wera
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Teubner
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Bennard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ravenzwaay
authors.affiliation: a Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology .
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landsiedel
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D055745:Bronchioles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D007249:Inflammation; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007659:Ketones / Q000633:toxicity*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010316:Particle Size; D010587:Phagocytosis; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000633:toxicity*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007659:Ketones; D011758:Pyrroles; C000604894:diketopyrrolopyrrole dye
keywords: Diketopyrrolopyrrole; inhalation toxicity; iron oxide; pigments; short-term inhalation toxicity test