title: Cardiorenal Interactions.
abstract: Recently, there has been increased appreciation of the identification and management of comorbidities in heart failure patients, and for therapies targeting conventional heart failure signs and symptoms. Renal dysfunction is common in patients with heart failure and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early identification of renal damage through novel biomarkers and the use of new pharmacological strategies aimed at preserving renal function may represent an important objective in the treatment. This article reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure, and highlights novel biomarkers and improved therapies targeting renal dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carubelli
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. Electronic address: lombardi.carlo@alice.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gorga
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravera
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.zza Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metra
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Pratt Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mentz
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015897:Comorbidity; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Acute heart failure; Chronic kidney disease; Heart failure; Renal biomarkers; Renal dysfunction; Worsening renal function