title: Protocol of a mixed method, randomized controlled study to assess the efficacy of a psychosocial intervention to reduce fatigue in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).
abstract: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) commonly suffer from severe fatigue, which strongly impacts their quality of life (QoL). Although fatigue is often attributed to disease- and treatment characteristics, research also shows that behavioural, psychological and social factors affect perceived fatigue in dialysis patients. Whereas studies on fatigue in other chronic patient groups suggest that psychological or psychosocial interventions are effective in reducing fatigue, such interventions are not yet available for ESRD patients on dialysis treatment. The objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of a psychosocial intervention for dialysis patients aimed at reducing fatigue (primary outcome) and improving QoL (secondary outcome). The intervention consists of counselling sessions led by a social worker. The implementation process and patients' and social workers' expectations and experiences with the intervention will also be evaluated.
  
  
  
  This study follows a mixed-methods design in which both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected. A multi-centre, randomised controlled trial (RCT) with repeated measures will be conducted to quantitatively assess the efficacy of the psychosocial intervention in reducing fatigue and improving QoL in ESRD patients. Additional secondary outcomes and medical parameters will be assessed. Outcomes will be compared to patients receiving usual care. A sample of 74 severely fatigued dialysis patients will be recruited from 10 dialysis centres. Patients will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, post intervention/16 weeks, and at three and six-month follow-ups. A qualitative process evaluation will be conducted parallel to/following the effectiveness RCT. Interviews and focus groups will be conducted to gain insight into patients' and social workers' perspectives on outcomes and implementation procedures. Implementation fidelity will be assessed by audio-taped and written registrations. Participatory methods ensure the continuous input of experiential knowledge, improving the quality of study procedures and the applicability of outcomes.
  
  
  
  This is the first mixed method study (including an RCT and qualitative process evaluation) to examine the effect and implementation process of a psychosocial intervention on reducing fatigue and improving QoL in ESRD patients on dialysis treatment.
  
  
  
  NTR5366 , The Netherlands National Trial Register (NTR), registered August 26, 2015.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Center/EMGO+, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. w.vanderborg@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Wieke E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: van der Borg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Center/EMGO+, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Center/EMGO+, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tineke A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Abma
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D003376:Counseling; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D016730:Program Development; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012107:Research Design; D012947:Social Work / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: End-stage renal disease; Fatigue; Intervention; Mixed methods; Process evaluation; Psychosocial; Quality of life; Randomised controlled trial; Social workers; Study protocol