title: The evolving frontier of diabetes therapy: The renaissance of glycemology.
abstract: It was previously proposed that diabetes could be a "cardiovascular disease". This concept was based on evidence showing that controlling hypertension and dyslipidemia could be more effective than controlling hyperglycemia. At that time it was concluded that the real need to focus on reaching optimal glycemic control had lost its appeal. However, the concept of glycemic control was strictly correlated to levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the integrated measure of mean glycemia over the previous 2-3months, while recent evidence suggests that the concept of hyperglycemia has profoundly changed, and it is more appropriate to speak of different kinds or aspects of hyperglycemia. A modern, updated approach to glycemic control in people with diabetes, in fact, must focus not only on reaching and maintaining optimal HbA1c levels as soon as possible, but to obtain this result by reducing postprandial hyperglycemia and glycemic variability, while avoiding hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Centro de Investigacion Biomèdica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: aceriell@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Hospital and San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosi
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Glucose variability; Glycemology; HbA1c; Hypoglycemia; Postprandial hyperglycemia