title: Evaluation of anticardiolipin antibodies in tobacco users and non-tobacco users with severe chronic periodontal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many studies have proven that b2-glycoprotein-I-dependent anticardiolipin is elevated in periodontal diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, which are usually associated with high antiphospholipid antibodies, are more prone to adverse pregnancy outcomes and cardiovascular sequelae. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate IgG, IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in tobacco users and non-tobacco users with severe chronic periodontal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the Armitage classification, 2000, 40 severe periodontitis (group D) (mean clinical attachment loss greater than 2.5 mm) male patients were selected for the study with the age range of 35-65 years and good general health from the Department of periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai. They were classified as smokers (20 subjects) and non-smokers (20 subjects). Blood samples were collected and IgG, IgM antibodies were semi-quantitatively analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data thus collected were statistically analyzed by independent student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that smokers with severe periodontitis exhibited marked increase in anticardiolipin IgG, IgM compared to non-smokers. They showed a positive correlation and statistical significance (P < 0.0001) between mean clinical attachment loss and IgG and IgM values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed a rise in anticardiolipin antibodies in smokers with severe periodontitis, which indicates that these patients are more prone to coronary heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Pradeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Yadalam
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajapandian
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kalaivani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vartharajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Srinath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mithra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dinakar
keywords: Anticardiolipin antibodies; IgG; IgM; coronary heart disease; periodontitis; smoking