title: Design and properties of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: In this study, the Voronoi tessellation method has been used to design novel bone like three dimension (3D) porous scaffolds. The Voronoi method has been processed with computer design software to obtain 3D virtual isotropic porous interconnected models, exactly matching the main histomorphometric indices of trabecular bone (trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number, bone volume to total volume ratio, bone surface to bone volume ratio, etc.). These bone like models have been further computed for mechanical (elastic modulus) and fluid mass transport (permeability) properties. The results show that the final properties of the scaffolds can be controlled during their microstructure and histomorphometric initial design stage. It is also shown that final properties can be tuned during the design stage to exactly match those of trabecular natural bone. Moreover, identical total porosity models can be designed with quite different specific bone surface area and thus, this specific microstructural feature can be used to favour cell adhesion, migration and, ultimately, new bone apposition (i.e. osteoconduction). Once the virtual models are fully characterized and optimized, these can be easily 3D printed by additive manufacturing and/or stereolitography technologies.
  
  
  
  The significance of this article goes far beyond the specific objectives on which it is focussed. In fact, it shows, in a guided way, the entire novel process that can be followed to design graded porous implants, whatever its external shape and geometry, but internally tuned to the exact histomorphometric indices needed to match natural human tissues microstructures and, consequently, their mechanical and fluid properties, among others. The significance is even more relevant nowadays thanks to the available new computing and design software that is easily linked to the 3D printing new technologies. It is this transversality, at the frontier of different disciplines, the main characteristic that gives this article a high scientific impact and interest to a broaden audience.
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Interacting Surfaces in Bioengineering and Materials Science (InSup), Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Avda. Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Kogalniceanu 9-13, 700454 Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Vlad
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Interacting Surfaces in Bioengineering and Materials Science (InSup), Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Avda. Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Interacting Surfaces in Bioengineering and Materials Science (InSup), Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Avda. Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: enrique.fernandez@upc.edu.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D000071556:Cancellous Bone / Q000502:physiology; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D010539:Permeability; D016062:Porosity; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: Bone tissue engineering; Computational fluid dynamics; Computer-aided tissue engineering; Finite elements analysis; Porous scaffold; Voronoi tessellation method