title: Biodegradation of the Pyrethroid Pesticide Esfenvalerate by Marine-Derived Fungi.
abstract: Esfenvalerate biodegradation by marine-derived fungi is reported here. Esfenvalerate (S,S-fenvalerate) and its main metabolites [3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (PBAld), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBAc), 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (PBAlc), and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid (CLAc)] were quantitatively analyzed by a validated method in triplicate experiments. All the strains (Penicillium raistrickii CBMAI 931, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237, Microsphaeropsis sp. CBMAI 1675, Acremonium sp. CBMAI 1676, Westerdykella sp. CBMAI 1679, and Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1678) were able to degrade esfenvalerate, however, with different efficiencies. Initially, 100 mg L(-1) esfenvalerate (Sumidan 150SC) was added to each culture in 3 % malt liquid medium. Residual esfenvalerate (64.8-95.2 mg L(-1)) and the concentrations of PBAc (0.5-7.4 mg L(-1)), ClAc (0.1-7.5 mg L(-1)), and PBAlc (0.2 mg L(-1)) were determined after 14 days. In experiments after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of biodegradation with the three most efficient strains, increasing concentrations of the toxic compounds PBAc (2.7-16.6 mg L(-1), after 28 days) and CLAc (6.6-13.4 mg L(-1), after 28 days) were observed. A biodegradation pathway was proposed, based on HPLC-ToF results. The biodegradation pathway includes PBAld, PBAc, PBAlc, ClAc, 2-hydroxy-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile, 3-(hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid, and methyl 3-phenoxy benzoate. Marine-derived fungi were able to biodegrade esfenvalerate in a commercial formulation and showed their potential for future bioremediation studies in contaminated soils and water bodies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, J. Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Willian G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Birolli
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, J. Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Via Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirna H R
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Seleghim
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, J. Santa Angelina, 13563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. almporto@iqsc.usp.br.
authors.forename: André L M
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Porto
mesh_terms: D000164:Acremonium / Q000378:metabolism*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000378:metabolism*; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D001565:Benzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D009570:Nitriles / Q000378:metabolism*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D001565:Benzoates; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; D009570:Nitriles; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C064809:3-phenoxybenzylalcohol; C064808:3-phenoxybenzaldehyde; C017618:3-phenoxybenzoic acid; C017690:fenvalerate
keywords: Biotransformation; Fenvalerate; Insecticide; Marine fungi; Organic pollutant