title: Interspecies metabolic diversity of harmaline and harmine in in vitro 11 mammalian liver microsomes.
abstract: The β-carboline alkaloids harmaline and harmine are widely present in hallucinogenic plants with great potential for treating depression, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The present study was to elucidate metabolic difference of harmaline and harmine in 11 mammalian liver microsomes in order to quantitate species-specific metabolic profiles. Using the probe substrate reaction, the enzymatic activities for 8 CYP450 isozymes of 11 liver microsomes were characterized. Combining ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) methods, 18 metabolites for harmaline and 11 for harmine were identified. The metabolism patterns differences of them presented discrepancy in the quality and quantity of metabolites. It was notable that O-sulfate conjugation was detected in all species except sheep. The intrinsic clearance CLint, LMvalues for the metabolites harmine and harmol in rabbits (37.5 and 42.4 μL/min/mg) were higher than those in other animals, while dogs (16.2 and 16.7 μL/min/mg) and humans (16.0 and 16.3 μL/min/mg) exhibited similar in vitro metabolic clearance. These observations suggested that harmaline and harmine were rapidly metabolized in liver microsomes of rat, mouse, and rabbit; moderately metabolized in human and dog; while weakly metabolized in sheep. Comprehensive analysis of the metabolism indicated that dogs and humans showed considerable similarity in the elimination of parent drugs, metabolic profiles, and catalytic processes. To summarize, these findings illustrated that in vitro studies of harmaline and harmine metabolic profiles in different species are helpful for the proper selection and interpretation of animal models for pharmacological and toxicological evaluation, and will ultimately provide useful guidance for the development of β-carboline alkaloids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shuping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhengtao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002162:Camelus; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D006246:Harmaline / Q000378:metabolism*; D006247:Harmine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D012756:Sheep; D013045:Species Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013552:Swine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D006247:Harmine; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006246:Harmaline
keywords: CYP450 isozymes; interspecies difference; metabolism; β-carboline alkaloid