title: The dominance of the private sector in the provision of emergency obstetric care: studies from Gujarat, India.
abstract: India has experienced a steep rise in institutional childbirth. The relative contributions of public and private sector facilities to emergency obstetric care (EmOC) has not been studied in this setting. This paper aims to study in three districts of Gujarat state, India:(a) the availability of EmOC facilities in the public and private sectors; (b) the availability and distribution of human resources for birth attendance in the two sectors; and (c) to benchmark the above against 2005 World Health Report benchmarks (WHR2005).
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional survey of obstetric care facilities reporting 30 or more births in the last three months was conducted (n = 159). Performance of EmOC signal functions and availability of human resources were assessed.
  
  
  
  EmOC provision was dominated by private facilities (112/159) which were located mainly in district headquarters or small urban towns. The number of basic and comprehensive EmOC facilities was below WHR2005 benchmarks. A high number of private facilities performed C-sections but not all basic signal functions (72/159). Public facilities were the main EmOC providers in rural areas and 40/47 functioned at less than basic EmOC level. The rate of obstetricians per 1000 births was higher in the private sector.
  
  
  
  The private sector is the dominant EmOC provider in the state. Given the highly skewed distribution of facilities and resources in the private sector, state led partnerships with the private sector so that all women in the state receive care is important alongside strengthening the public sector.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18a, Widerströmska Huset, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. mariano.salazar@ki.se.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Kranti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vora
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18a, Widerströmska Huset, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Reproductive and Child Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Costa
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D058016:Health Facility Administration; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D017149:Private Sector; D017150:Public Sector
keywords: EmOC; Facility-based; Gujarat; India