title: Gender identity and gender of rearing in 46 XY disorders of sexual development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may pose a challenge to live as a fully-functioning male or female. In this study, we prospectively assessed eleven 46 XY DSD patients who were being treated at our center over the last 8 months for gender dysphoria.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine gender dysphoria, age-appropriate gender identity (GI) questionnaires were used. For patients, 12 years and below, parent report GI questionnaire for children was used and for those above 12 years of age, GI/gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults was administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 11 patients with 46 XY DSD, three were diagnosed with 5 alpha reductase deficiency (5aRD), two with partial gonadal dysgenesis, three with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, one each with ovotesticular, complete gonadal dysgenesis, and complete androgen insensitivity. Gender assigned at birth was female in eight and male in three patients. Among the eight reared as female, gender had been reassigned as male in three patients well before the present study was conducted. None of the eleven patients had gender dysphoria at the time of this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early gender of rearing was seen to be a critical indicator of present GI in our patients except in cases of 5aRD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Arushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gangaher
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vasundhera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Viveka P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Jyotsna
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mehta
keywords: 46 XY disorders of sexual development; gender dysphoria; gender identity