title: The Impact of Blue Light Cystoscopy with Hexaminolevulinate (HAL) on Progression of Bladder Cancer - A New Analysis.
abstract: Background:The International Bladder Cancer Group (IBCG) recently proposed a new definition of disease progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), including change in T-stage, change to T2 or higher or change from low to high grade.Objective:To establish whether blue light cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) impacts the rate of progression and time to progression using the revised definition.Methods:An earlier long-term follow-up of a controlled Phase III study reported outcomes following blue light cystoscopy with HAL (255 patients) or white light (WL) cystoscopy (261 patients) in NMIBC patients. The data was re-analysed according to the new definition.Results:In the original analysis, after 4.5 years (median), eight HAL and 16 WL patients were deemed to have progressed (transition from NMIBC to muscle invasive bladder cancer, (T2-4)). According to the new definition, additional patients in both groups were found to have progressed: 31 (12.2%) HAL vs 46 (17.6%) WL (p= 0.085) with four (1.6%) HAL and 11 (4.2%) WL patients progressing from Ta to CIS. Time to progression was longer in the HAL group (p= 0.05).Conclusions:Applying the new IBCG definition there was a trend towards a lower rate of progression in HAL patients, particularly in those progressing from Ta to CIS. Time to progression was significantly prolonged. This suggests that patients should receive blue light cystoscopy with HAL rather than WL at resection. Adoption of the new definition could allow more patients at risk of progression to be treated appropriately earlier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ashish M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.affiliation: Radboud University , Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital , Tübingen (AS), Germany.
authors.forename: Arnulf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzl
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
keywords: Hexaminolevulinate; NMIBC; bladder cancer; blue light cystoscopy; progression