title: Complexity, fractal dynamics and determinism in treadmill ambulation: Implications for clinical biomechanists.
abstract: Reduced inter-stride complexity during ambulation may represent a pathologic state. Evidence is emerging that treadmill training for rehabilitative purposes may constrain the locomotor system and alter gait dynamics in a way that mimics pathological states. The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamical system components of gait complexity, fractal dynamics and determinism during treadmill ambulation.
  
  
  
  Twenty healthy participants aged 23.8 (1.2) years walked at preferred walking speeds for 6min on a motorized treadmill and overground while wearing APDM 6 Opal inertial monitors. Stride times, stride lengths and peak sagittal plane trunk velocities were measured. Mean values and estimates of complexity, fractal dynamics and determinism were calculated for each parameter. Data were compared between overground and treadmill walking conditions.
  
  
  
  Mean values for each gait parameter were statistically equivalent between overground and treadmill ambulation (P>0.05). Through nonlinear analyses, however, we found that complexity in stride time signals (P<0.001), and long-range correlations in stride time and stride length signals (P=0.005 and P=0.024, respectively), were reduced on the treadmill.
  
  
  
  Treadmill ambulation induces more predictable inter-stride time dynamics and constrains fluctuations in stride times and stride lengths, which may alter feedback from destabilizing perturbations normally experienced by the locomotor control system during overground ambulation. Treadmill ambulation, therefore, may provide less opportunity for experiencing the adaptability necessary to successfully ambulate overground. Investigators and clinicians should be aware that treadmill ambulation will alter dynamic gait characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Mayo School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: hollman.john@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hollman
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Mayo School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Molly K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Mayo School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Imhoff
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Mayo School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Carly E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Program in Physical Therapy, Mayo School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Akervik
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Debra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ness
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D017709:Fractals; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D000072797:Walking Speed / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Healthy subjects; Humans; Locomotion; Nonlinear dynamics; Treadmill test; Walking