title: Betaine and Carnitine Derivatives as Herbicidal Ionic Liquids.
abstract: This study focused on the synthesis and subsequent characterization of herbicidal ionic liquids based on betaine and carnitine, two derivatives of amino acids, which were used as cations. Four commonly used herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, MCPP and Dicamba) were used as anions in simple (single anion) and oligomeric (two anions) salts. The obtained salts were subjected to analyzes regarding physicochemical properties (density, viscosity, refractive index, thermal decomposition profiles and solubility) as well as evaluation of their herbicidal activity under greenhouse and field conditions, toxicity towards rats and biodegradability. The obtained results suggest that the synthesized herbicidal ionic liquids displayed low toxicity (classified as category 4 compounds) and showed similar or improved efficacy against weed compared to reference herbicides. The highest increase was observed during field trials for salts containing 2,4-D as the anion, which also exhibited the highest biodegradability (>75 %).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland. juliusz.pernak@put.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Juliusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pernak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Chrzanowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Ławniczak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200, Pszczyna, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fochtman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Węgorka 20., 60-318, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marcinkowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Węgorka 20., 60-318, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Praczyk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry*; D001622:Betaine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012995:Solubility; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002412:Cations; D006540:Herbicides; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D001622:Betaine; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: betaine; carnitine; herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs); herbicides; ionic liquids; plant protection