title: Characteristics and prognosis of interval cancers after biennial screen-film or full-field digital screening mammography.
abstract: We determined the characteristics and prognosis of interval breast cancers (IC) at screen-film (SFM) and full-field digital (FFDM) screening mammography. The study population consisted of 417,746 consecutive screening mammograms (302,699 SFM screens and 115,047 FFDM screens), obtained between 2000 and 2011. During 2-year follow-up, we collected breast imaging reports, surgical reports, and pathology results. A total of 800 ICs had been diagnosed in the screened population, of which 288 detected in the first year (early ICs) and 512 in the second year (late ICs) after a negative screen. 31.3 % of early IC's and 19.1 % of late IC's, respectively, were visible in retrospect on the latest previous screens, but had been missed during screening (P < 0.001). Missed invasive ICs were larger (28.5 mm vs. 23.9 mm, P = 0.003) and showed a higher fraction of T3+cancers (16.9 vs. 8.5 %, P = 0.02) than true ICs (i.e., not visible at the latest screen). A higher portion of missed than true ICs underwent mastectomy (44.7 vs. 30.8 %, P = 0.002). We found no differences in mammographic and tumor characteristics for early ICs, detected either after SFM or FFDM. Late ICs following FFDM were more often true ICs than missed ICs (69.0 vs. 57.6 %, P = 0.03) and more often receptor triple negative (P = 0.02), compared to late ICs at SFM. Interval cancer subgroups showed comparable overall survival. Interval cancer subgroups show distinctive mammographic and tumor characteristics but a comparable overall survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. royweber@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Roy J P
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob M G
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Bommel
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL), PO Box 231, 5600 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Louwman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nederend
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL), PO Box 231, 5600 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adri C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Voogd
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, PO Box 1350, 5602 ZA, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frits H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vivianne C G
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Tjan-Heijnen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, PO Box 9015, 6500 GS, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Dutch Reference Centre for Screening, PO Box 6873, 6503 GJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lucien E M
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Duijm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: Breast cancer; Digital mammography and survival rates; Interval cancer; Screening mammography