title: Wavelength-specific forward scattering of light by Bragg-reflective iridocytes in giant clams.
abstract: A surprising recent discovery revealed that the brightly reflective cells ('iridocytes') in the epithelia of giant clams actually send the majority of incident photons 'forward' into the tissue. While the intracellular Bragg reflectors in these cells are responsible for their colourful back reflection, Mie scattering produces the forward scattering, thus illuminating a dense population of endosymbiotic, photosynthetic microalgae. We now present a detailed micro-spectrophotometric characterization of the Bragg stacks in the iridocytes in live tissue to obtain the refractive index of the high-index layers (1.39 to 1.58, average 1.44 ± 0.04), the thicknesses of the high- and low-index layers (50-150 nm), and the numbers of pairs of layers (2-11) that participate in the observed spectral reflection. Based on these measurements, we performed electromagnetic simulations to better understand the optical behaviour of the iridocytes. The results open a deeper understanding of the optical behaviour of these cells, with the counterintuitive discovery that specific combinations of iridocyte diameter and Bragg-lamellar spacing can produce back reflection of the same colour that is also scattered forward, in preference to other wavelengths that are scattered at higher angles. We find for all values of size and wavelength investigated that more than 90% of the incident energy is carried by the photons that are scattered in the forward direction; while this forward scattering from each iridocyte shows very narrow angular dispersion (ca ±6°), the multiplicative scattering from a layer of ca 20 iridocytes broadens this dispersion to a cone of approximately ±90°. This understanding of the complex biophotonic dynamics enhances our comprehension of the physiologically, ecologically and evolutionarily significant light environment inside the giant clam, which is diffuse and nearly white at small tissue depths and downwelling, relatively monochromatic, and can be the same colour as the back-reflected light at greater depths in the tissue. Originally thought to be unique, cells of similar structure and photonic activity are now recognized in other species, where they serve other functions. The behaviour of the iridocytes opens possible new considerations for conservation and management of the valuable giant clam resource and new avenues for biologically inspired photonic applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA.
authors.forename: Amitabh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghoshal
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eck
authors.affiliation: Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5100, USA d_morse@lifesci.ucsb.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0247-9110
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light
keywords: Mie; Symbiodinium; Tridacna; photonic; refractive index; solar