title: Providing a conceptual framework for HIV prevention cascades and assessing feasibility of empirical measurement with data from east Zimbabwe: a case study.
abstract: The HIV treatment cascade illustrates the steps required for successful treatment and is a powerful advocacy and monitoring tool. Similar cascades for people susceptible to infection could improve HIV prevention programming. We aim to show the feasibility of using cascade models to monitor prevention programmes.
  
  
  
  Conceptual prevention cascades are described taking intervention-centric and client-centric perspectives to look at supply, demand, and efficacy of interventions. Data from two rounds of a population-based study in east Zimbabwe are used to derive the values of steps for cascades for voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and for partner reduction or condom use driven by HIV testing and counselling (HTC).
  
  
  
  In 2009 to 2011 the availability of circumcision services was negligible, but by 2012 to 2013 about a third of the population had access. However, where it was available only 12% of eligible men sought to be circumcised leading to an increase in circumcision prevalence from 3·1% to 6·9%. Of uninfected men, 85·3% did not perceive themselves to be at risk of acquiring HIV. The proportions of men and women tested for HIV increased from 27·5% to 56·6% and from 61·1% to 79·6%, respectively, with 30·4% of men tested self-reporting reduced sexual partner numbers and 12·8% reporting increased condom use.
  
  
  
  Prevention cascades can be populated to inform HIV prevention programmes. In eastern Zimbabwe programmes need to provide greater access to circumcision services and the design and implementation of associated demand creation activities. Whereas, HTC services need to consider how to increase reductions in partner numbers or increased condom use or should not be considered as contributing to prevention services for the HIV-negative adults.
  
  
  
  Wellcome Trust and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
authors.affiliation: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: geoff.garnett@gatesfoundation.org.
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Garnett
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takaruza
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rhead
authors.affiliation: AVAC, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nyamukapa
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gregson
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D000328:Adult; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003376:Counseling; D036262:Empirical Research; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012107:Research Design; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012747:Sexual Partners; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology