title: Phantom Limb Sensation (PLS) and Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) among Young Landmine Amputees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of phantom limb sensation (PLS) and phantom limb pain (PLP) in children and young adults suffering landmine-related amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  All youths with amputation due to landmine explosions participated in this study. The proportions of patients with phantom limb sensation/pain, intensity and frequency of pain were reported. Chi square test was used to examine the relationship between variables. Comparison of PLP and PLS between upper and lower amputation was done by unpaired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 38 male and 3 female with the mean age of 15.8±2.4yr. The mean interval between injury and follow-up was 90.7±39.6 months. Twelve (44.4%) upper limb amputees and 11 (26.8%) lower limb amputees had PLS. Nine (33.3%) upper limb amputees and 7 (17.1%) lower limb amputees experienced PLP. Of 27 upper limb amputees, 6 (14.6%) and among 15 lower limb amputees, 6 (14.6%) had both PLS and PLP. One case suffered amputation of upper and lower limbs and was experiencing PLS and PLP in both parts. PLS had a significant difference between the upper and lower amputated groups. Significant relationship was observed between age of casualty and duration of injury with PLP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phantom limb sensation and pain in young survivors of landmine explosions appear to be common, even years after amputation.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology and Critical Care Deprtment, Labbafinejad Hospital, Medical University of ShahidBeheshti, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahtab
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poor Zamany Nejatkermany
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine Department, Boali Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Modirian
authors.affiliation: Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soroush
authors.affiliation: Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masoumi
authors.affiliation: Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosseini
keywords: Amputation; Phantom pain; Phantom sensation; War