title: Fluoxetine Exhibits Pharmacological Effects and Trait-Based Sensitivity in a Marine Worm.
abstract: Global production of pharmacologically active compounds exceeds 100 000 tons annually, a proportion of which enters aquatic environments through patient use, improper medicine disposal, and production. These compounds are designed to have mode-of-action (MoA) effects on specific biological pathways, with potential to impact nontarget species. Here, we used MoA and trait-based approaches to quantify uptake and biological effects of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in filter and deposit feeding marine worms (Hediste diversicolor). Worms exposed to 10 μg L(-1), accumulated fluoxetine with a body burden over 270 times greater than exposure concentrations, resulting in ∼10% increased coelomic fluid serotonin, a pharmacological effect. Observed effects included weight loss (up to 2% at 500 μg L(-1)), decreased feeding rate (68% at 500 μg L(-1)), and altered metabolism (oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and O/N from 10 μg L(-1)). Bioconcentration of fluoxetine was dependent on route of uptake, with filter feeding worms experiencing up to 130 times greater body burden ratios and increased magnitudes of effects than deposit feeders, a trait-based sensitivity likely as a consequence of fluoxetine partitioning to sediment. This study highlights how novel approaches such as MoA and trait-based methods can supplement environmental risk assessments of pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cameron M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hird
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.|Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción , P.O. Box 460-C, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Mauricio A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Urbina
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ceri N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca Global Environment , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Snape
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tamara S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Galloway
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000378:metabolism*; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000187:drug effects; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005473:Fluoxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical