title: Beneficial Insect Attraction to Milkweeds (Asclepias speciosa, Asclepias fascicularis) in Washington State, USA.
abstract: Native plant and beneficial insect associations are relatively unstudied yet are important in native habitat restoration programs for improving and sustaining conservation biological control of arthropod pests in agricultural crops. Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) are currently the focus of restoration programs in the USA aimed at reversing a decline in populations of the milkweed-dependent monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus); however, little is known of the benefits of these plants to other beneficial insects. Beneficial insects (predators, parasitoids, pollinators) attracted to two milkweed species (Asclepias speciosa, Asclepias fascicularis) in central Washington State, WA, USA were identified and counted on transparent sticky traps attached to blooms over five seasons. Combining all categories of beneficial insects, means of 128 and 126 insects per trap were recorded for A. speciosa and A. fascicularis, respectively. Predatory and parasitic flies dominated trap catches for A. speciosa while parasitic wasps were the most commonly trapped beneficial insects on A. fascicularis. Bees were trapped commonly on both species, especially A. speciosa with native bees trapped in significantly greater numbers than honey bees. Beneficial insect attraction to A. speciosa and A. fascicularis was substantial. Therefore, these plants are ideal candidates for habitat restoration, intended to enhance conservation biological control, and for pollinator conservation. In central Washington, milkweed restoration programs for enhancement of D. plexippus populations should also provide benefits for pest suppression and pollinator conservation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA. david_james@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA. lseymour@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seymour
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA. gerry@lauby.com.
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lauby
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA. katie.buckley@email.wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buckley
keywords: Asclepias; Milkweed; beneficial insects; conservation biological control; pollinators