title: Analysis, occurrence, fate and risks of proton pump inhibitors, their metabolites and transformation products in aquatic environment: A review.
abstract: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) which include omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole, are extensively used for the relief of gastro-intestinal disorders. Despite their high worldwide consumption, PPIs are extensively metabolized in human bodies and therefore are not regularly detected in monitoring studies. Very recently, however, it has been shown that some omeprazole metabolites may enter and are likely to persist in aquatic environment. Hence, to fully assess the environmental exposures and risks associated with PPIs, it is important to better understand and evaluate the fate and behavior not only of the parent compound but also of their metabolites and their transformation products arising from biotic and abiotic processes (hydrolysis, photodegradation, biodegradation etc.) in the environment. In this light, the purpose of this review is to summarize the present state of knowledge on the introduction and behavior of these chemicals in natural and engineering systems and highlight research needs and gaps. It draws attention to their transformation, the increase contamination by their metabolites/TPs in different environmental matrices and their potential adverse effects in the environment. Furthermore, existing research on analytical developments with respect to sample treatment, separation and detection of PPIs and their metabolites/TPs is provided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece. Electronic address: dlambro@chem.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Dimitra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lambropoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
authors.forename: Triantafyllos A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Albanis
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Analysis; Aquatic environment; Metabolites; Occurrence; Omeprazole; Proton pump inhibitors; Transformation products