title: Natural history of medial clavicle fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractures of the medial third of the clavicle comprise less than 3% of all clavicle fractures. The natural history and optimal management of these rare injuries are unknown. The aim of our study is to describe the demographics, management and outcomes of patients with medial clavicle fractures treated at a Level 1 Trauma Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was conducted of patients presenting to our institution between January 2008 and March 2013 with a medial third clavicle fracture. Clinical and radiographic data were recorded including mechanism of injury, fracture pattern and displacement, associated injuries, management and complications. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOS-E) scores from the Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry (VOTOR). Shoulder outcomes were assessed using two patient reported outcomes scores, the American Shoulder and Elbow Society Score (ASES) and the Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty eight medial clavicle fractures in 68 patients were evaluated. The majority of patients were male (n=53), with a median age of 53.5 years (interquartile range (IQR) 37.5-74.5 years). The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle accident (n=28). The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.4%. The fracture pattern was almost equally distributed between extra articular (n=35) and intra-articular (n=33). Fifty-five fractures (80.9%) had minimal or no displacement. Associated injuries were predominantly thoracic (n=31). All fractures were initially managed non-operatively, with a broad arm sling. Delayed operative fixation was performed for painful atrophic delayed union in two patients (2.9%). Both patients were under 65 years of age and had a severely displaced fracture of the medial clavicle. One intra-operative vascular complication was seen, with no adverse long-term outcome. Follow-up was obtained in 85.0% of the surviving cohort at an average of three years post injury (range 1-6 years). The mean ASES score was 80.3 (SD 24.8, range 10-100,), and the mean SSV score was 77.0 (SD 24.6, range 10-100).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sixty eight patients with medial clavicle fractures were identified over a 5year period, with excellent functional results seen following conservative management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Electronic address: andrew.salipas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salipas
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Elton R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rakhra
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Afshin Kamali
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Moaveni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002968:Clavicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D017102:Fracture Healing; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Functional outcomes; Management; Medial clavicle fracture; Natural history