title: Brain plasticity and migraine transformation: fMRI evidences.
abstract: Chronification transforms episodic migraine into the pathologic chronic form. Biological characteristics of the migrainous brain progressively change, in predisposed subjects, under the repetition of external and internal stimuli. Modifications involve neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, receptors, connectivity and pain control. f-MRI is a promising way to explore the still unclear biology of this progression. Areas covered: Data included were obtained from the most relevant and updated works available on PubMed about this topic. We summarized the pathophysiology of migraine chronification and of brain plasticity, and we described the different fMRI techniques and their main evidences about migraine transformation. Expert commentary: Functional-MRI has revealed many aspects regarding the peculiarity of the migrainous brain and its tendency toward chronicity but a series of questions are still open: What are the hallmarks of the predisposition to chronification? Which elements are the cause and which the consequence of this process?
authors.affiliation: a Neurology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lovati
authors.affiliation: a Neurology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giani
authors.affiliation: a Neurology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mele
authors.affiliation: b University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinelli
authors.affiliation: b University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Thien Trung
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.affiliation: a Neurology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Preziosa
authors.affiliation: a Neurology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mariani
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008881:Migraine Disorders; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: Migraine transformation; connectivity; fMRI; plasticity; resting state