title: Evaluation of a Multimodal Approach to Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Flank Incision in the Urology Operating Room.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we evaluated subcutaneous (sc) morphine in combination with multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control after radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine patients under The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification (ASA) I-III aged 18-85 years undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision were included in this prospective, randomised study. The patients were divided into two groups (Group O [n=25] and Group M [n=24]) and received standard general anaesthesia. Tramadol (100 mg) and paracetamol (100 mg) were given intravenously before fascia closure and 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine was injected locally at surgical incisions in all patients. Patients in Group M also received 0.1 mg kg(-1) morphine subcutaneously. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol was used for postoperative pain control in both groups. Postoperative pain scores (VAS), vital parameters, side effects, the need for rescue analgesia during 24 hours postoperatively, and patient satisfaction were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups were comparable with respect to demographic data, ASA status, and duration of surgery. There were no significant differences between the groups in postoperative PCA tramadol consumption, rescue analgesia, side effects, or vital parameters. Postoperative pain scores (VAS) in Group M were significantly lower at 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes compared to Group O (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision, subcutaneous morphine in combination with multimodal analgesia decreases early postoperative pain scores compared to multimodal analgesia alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa Nuri
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Deniz
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erakgun
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Demet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sergin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elvan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Bülent
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Semerci
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülden
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uğur
keywords: Subcutaneous; flank incision; morphine; postoperative pain