title: Pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: An in vivo-like in vitro technology.
abstract: Organoids are self-organizing, multicellular structures that contain multiple cell types, represent organ structure and function, and can be used to model organ development, maintenance and repair ex vivo. Organoids, derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or adult stem cells, are cultured in extracellular matrix (ECM). Organoid cultures have been developed for multiple organs and for the kidney, pluripotent stem cell (PSCs) derived organoid technology has rapidly developed in the last three years. Here, we review available PSC differentiation protocols, focusing on the pluripotent stem cells to initiate the organoid culture, as well as on growth factors and ECM used to regulate differentiation and expansion. In addition, we will discuss the read out strategies to evaluate organoid phenotype and function. Finally, we will indicate how the choice of both culture parameters and read out strategy should be tailored to specific applications of the organoid culture.
authors.affiliation: UMC Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.schutgens@hubrecht.eu.
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schutgens
authors.affiliation: UMC Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.c.verhaar@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Marianne C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Verhaar
authors.affiliation: UMC Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.rookmaaker@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Maarten B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rookmaaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development; D009940:Organoids / Q000166:cytology*; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*
keywords: 3 Dimensional; In vitro; Kidney; Models; Organoids; Stem cell