title: Hemodynamic Measurement Using Four-Dimensional Phase-Contrast MRI: Quantification of Hemodynamic Parameters and Clinical Applications.
abstract: Recent improvements have been made to the use of time-resolved, three-dimensional phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is also named four-dimensional (4D) PC-MRI or 4D flow MRI, in the investigation of spatial and temporal variations in hemodynamic features in cardiovascular blood flow. The present article reviews the principle and analytical procedures of 4D PC-MRI. Various fluid dynamic biomarkers for possible clinical usage are also described, including wall shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and relative pressure. Lastly, this article provides an overview of the clinical applications of 4D PC-MRI in various cardiovascular regions.
authors.affiliation: POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
authors.forename: Hojin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Asan Institute of Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Guk Bae
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Jihoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kweon
authors.affiliation: POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Hak
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Deok Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.; Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Namkug
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D033081:Shear Strength; D013816:Thermodynamics
keywords: 4D flow MRI; 4D phase-contrast MRI; Blood flow; Hemodynamics