title: Protein Carbonylation in Human Smokers and Mammalian Models of Exposure to Cigarette Smoke: Focus on Redox Proteomic Studies.
abstract: Oxidative stress is one mechanism whereby tobacco smoking affects human health, as reflected by increased levels of several biomarkers of oxidative stress/damage isolated from tissues and biological fluids of active and passive smokers. Many investigations of cigarette smoke (CS)-induced oxidative stress/damage have been carried out in mammalian animal and cellular models of exposure to CS. Animal models allow the investigation of many parameters that are similar to those measured in human smokers. In vitro cell models may provide new information on molecular and functional differences between cells of smokers and nonsmokers. Recent Advances: Over the past decade or so, a growing number of researches highlighted that CS induces protein carbonylation in different tissues and body fluids of smokers as well as in in vivo and in vitro models of exposure to CS.
  
  
  
  We review recent findings on protein carbonylation in smokers and models thereof, focusing on redox proteomic studies. We also discuss the relevance and limitations of these models of exposure to CS and critically assess the congruence between the smoker's condition and laboratory models.
  
  
  
  The identification of protein targets is crucial for understanding the mechanism(s) by which carbonylated proteins accumulate and potentially affect cellular functions. Recent progress in redox proteomics allows the enrichment, identification, and characterization of specific oxidative protein modifications, including carbonylation. Therefore, redox proteomics can be a powerful tool to gain new insights into the onset and/or progression of CS-related diseases and to develop strategies to prevent and/or treat them. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 406-426.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dalle-Donne
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy .
authors.forename: Rosalba
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gornati
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garavaglia
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano and Pediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano (Milan), Italy .
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Portinaro
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy .
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giustarini
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria , Varese, Italy .
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , Siena, Italy .
authors.forename: Ranieri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy .
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milzani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008322:Mammals; D023421:Models, Animal; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: mammalian models; protein carbonylation; redox proteomics; smokers; tobacco smoking