title: Dietary exposure and human risk assessment of phthalate esters based on total diet study in Cambodia.
abstract: Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of human to phthalates are limited. In this study, to assess the daily intakes of phthalate esters and the possible adverse health impacts, different food samples were collected from three areas of Cambodia, one of the poorest countries in the world. The ∑phthalate ester concentrations in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal provinces ranged from 0.05 to 2.34 (median 0.88) μgg(-1), 0.19-1.65 (median 0.86) μgg(-1) and 0.24-3.05 (median 0.59) μgg(-1) wet weight (ww), respectively. Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the predominant compounds among all foodstuffs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of phthalate esters for the general population in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal was 34.3, 35.6 and 35.8μgkg(-1) bw d(-1), respectively. The dietary daily intake of DEHP, benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal were below the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) imposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and reference doses (RfD) imposed by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Rice contributed the greatest quantity of DEHP to the daily intake in Cambodia so may deserve further exploration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the occurrence and the daily intakes of phthalate esters in Cambodia.
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
authors.forename: Han-Han
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
authors.forename: Xue-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Suthipong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sthiannopkao
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-Woong
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Salleh Mohamed
authors.initials: MSM
authors.lastname: Yasin
authors.affiliation: United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jamal Hisham
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: minghwong@ied.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Ming-Hung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002160:Cambodia; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004952:Esters; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004952:Esters; D010795:Phthalic Acids
keywords: Cambodia; Daily intake; Food consumption; Phthalate esters; Risk assessment