title: Generally representative is representative of none: commentary on the pitfalls of IQ test standardization in multicultural settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper is to address the issue of IQ testing within the multicultural context, with a focus on the adequacy of nationwide population-based norms vs. demographically stratified within-group norms for valid assessment purposes. Burgeoning cultural diversity worldwide creates a pressing need to cultivate culturally fair psychological assessment practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commentary is provided to highlight sources of test-taking bias on tests of intellectual ability that may incur invalid placement and diagnostic decisions in multicultural settings. Methodological aspects of population vs. within-group norming solutions are delineated and the challenges of culturally relevant norm development are discussed. Illustrative South African within-group comparative data are supplied to support the review. A critical evaluation of the South African WAIS-III and the WAIS-IV standardizations further serves to exemplify the issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A flaw in both South African standardizations is failure to differentiate between African first language individuals with a background of advantaged education vs. those from educationally disadvantaged settings. In addition, the standardizations merge the performance outcomes of distinct racial/ethnic groups that are characterized by differentially advantaged or disadvantaged backgrounds. Consequently, the conversion tables are without relevance for any one of the disparate South African cultural groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is proposed that the traditional notion of a countrywide unitary norming (also known as 'population-based norms') of an IQ test is an unsatisfactory model for valid assessment practices in diverse cultural contexts. The challenge is to develop new solutions incorporating data from finely stratified within-group norms that serve to reveal rather than obscure cross-cultural disparity in cognitive test performance.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , South Africa.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shuttleworth-Edwards
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000592:standards*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000592:standards
keywords: IQ testing; Multicultural; South Africa; WAIS-III; WAIS-IV; cross-cultural; normative data; standardization