title: Pesticides are Associated with Allergic and Non-Allergic Wheeze among Male Farmers.
abstract: Growing evidence suggests that pesticide use may contribute to respiratory symptoms.
  
  
  
  We evaluated the association of currently used pesticides with allergic and non-allergic wheeze among male farmers.
  
  
  
  Using the 2005-2010 interview data of the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective study of farmers in North Carolina and Iowa, we evaluated the association between allergic and non-allergic wheeze and self-reported use of 78 specific pesticides, reported by ≥ 1% of the 22,134 men interviewed. We used polytomous regression models adjusted for age, BMI, state, smoking, and current asthma, as well as for days applying pesticides and days driving diesel tractors. We defined allergic wheeze as reporting both wheeze and doctor-diagnosed hay fever (n= 1,310, 6%) and non-allergic wheeze as reporting wheeze but not hay fever (n= 3,939, 18%); men without wheeze were the referent.
  
  
  
  In models evaluating current use of specific pesticides, 19 pesticides were significantly associated (p< 0.05) with allergic wheeze (18 positive, 1 negative) and 21 pesticides with non-allergic wheeze (19 positive, 2 negative); 11 pesticides were associated with both. Seven pesticides (herbicides: 2,4-D and simazine; insecticides: carbaryl, dimethoate, disulfoton, and zeta-cypermethrin; and fungicide pyraclostrobin) had significantly different associations for allergic and non-allergic wheeze. In exposure-response models with up to five exposure categories, we saw evidence of an exposure-response relationship for several pesticides including the commonly used herbicides 2,4-D and glyphosate, the insecticides permethrin and carbaryl, and the rodenticide warfarin.
  
  
  
  These results for farmers implicate several pesticides that are commonly used in agricultural and residential settings with adverse respiratory effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoppin
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Umbach
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Henneberger
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alavanja
authors.forename: Laura E Beane
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Dale P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000383:Agriculture; D000067565:Farmers; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010575:Pesticides; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012135:Respiratory Sounds
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides