title: Consumption of Meals Prepared at Home and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis of Two Prospective Cohort Studies.
abstract: There has been a trend towards increased dining out in many countries. Consuming food prepared out of the home has been linked to poor diet quality, weight gain, and diabetes risk, but whether having meals prepared at home (MPAH) is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unknown.
  
  
  
  We followed 58,051 women (from 1986 to 2012) and 41,676 men (from 1986 to 2010) in two prospective cohort studies of health professionals. Frequencies of consuming midday or evening MPAH were assessed at baseline and during follow-up. Incident T2D was identified through self-report and confirmed using a validated supplementary questionnaire. During 2.1 million person-years of follow-up, 9,356 T2D cases were documented. After adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of T2D were 1 (reference), 0.93 (0.88-0.99), 0.96 (0.90-1.03), and 0.86 (0.81-0.91) for those eating 0-6, 7-8, 9-10, and 11-14 MPAH (p-trend < 0.001) per week, respectively. Participants eating 5-7 midday MPAH had 9% lower T2D risk than those with 0-2 midday MPAH, and participants having 5-7 evening MPAH had 15% lower risk than those with 0-2 evening MPAH (both p-trend < 0.001). In the first 8 y of follow-up, women and men who consumed 11-14 MPAH per week had 0.34 kg (95% CI: 0.15-0.53; p < 0.001) and 1.23 kg (95% CI: 0.92-1.54) less weight gain than those with 0-6 MPAH, respectively. Among participants who were nonobese (body mass index [BMI] < 30 kg/m2) at baseline, pooled HR (95% CI) of developing obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was 0.86 (0.82-0.91; p-trend < 0.001) when extreme MPAH groups (11-14 MPAH versus 0-6 MPAH) were compared. When midday and evening MPAH were analyzed separately, HRs comparing extreme groups (5-7 MPAH versus 0-2 MPAH) were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89-0.97, p-trend = 0.003) for midday MPAH and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.70-0.83; p-trend < 0.001) for evening MPAH. Further adjusting for BMI during follow-up attenuated the association between MPAH and T2D risk: the HR (95% CI) for participants with 11-14 MPAH was 0.95 (0.89-1.01, p-trend = 0.13). The main limitations of our study were that it lacked assessments on individual foods constituting the MPAH and that the findings were limited to health professionals with a relatively homogeneous socioeconomic status.
  
  
  
  In two large prospective cohort studies, frequent consumption of MPAH is associated with a lower risk of developing T2D, and this association is partly attributable to less weight gain linked with this dining behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Geng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: David M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6822-0857
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires