title: Interrater and intrarater reliability of the Knosp scale for pituitary adenoma grading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of the Knosp grading scale for predicting pituitary adenoma cavernous sinus (CS) involvement. METHODS Six independent raters (3 neurosurgery residents, 2 pituitary surgeons, and 1 neuroradiologist) participated in the study. Each rater scored 50 unique pituitary MRI scans (with contrast) of biopsy-proven pituitary adenoma. Reliabilities for the full scale were determined 3 ways: 1) using all 50 scans, 2) using scans with midrange scores versus end scores, and 3) using a dichotomized scale that reflects common clinical practice. The performance of resident raters was compared with that of faculty raters to assess the influence of training level on reliability. RESULTS Overall, the interrater reliability of the Knosp scale was "strong" (0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.84). However, the percent agreement for all 6 reviewers was only 10% (26% for faculty members, 30% for residents). The reliability of the middle scores (i.e., average rated Knosp Grades 1 and 2) was "very weak" (0.18, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.56) and the percent agreement for all reviewers was only 5%. When the scale was dichotomized into tumors unlikely to have intraoperative CS involvement (Grades 0, 1, and 2) and those likely to have CS involvement (Grades 3 and 4), the reliability was "strong" (0.60, 95% CI 0.39-0.75) and the percent agreement for all raters improved to 60%. There was no significant difference in reliability between residents and faculty (residents 0.72, 95% CI 0.55-0.83 vs faculty 0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.84). Intrarater reliability was moderate to strong and increased with the level of experience. CONCLUSIONS Although these findings suggest that the Knosp grading scale has acceptable interrater reliability overall, it raises important questions about the "very weak" reliability of the scale's middle grades. By dichotomizing the scale into clinically useful groups, the authors were able to address the poor reliability and percent agreement of the intermediate grades and to isolate the most important grades for use in surgical decision making (Grades 3 and 4). Authors of future pituitary surgery studies should consider reporting Knosp grades as dichotomized results rather than as the full scale to optimize the reliability of the scale.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hardesty
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sheehy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D015588:Observer Variation; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: CS = cavernous sinus; ICA = internal carotid artery; Knosp classification; cavernous sinus; interrater reliability; intrarater reliability; pituitary adenoma; pituitary surgery