title: Toxicity and accumulation of zinc pyrithione in the liver and kidneys of Carassius auratus gibelio: association with P-glycoprotein expression.
abstract: Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal agent; therefore, it is widely used in industry and civilian life. It is discharged into the aquatic environment with industrial and civilian waste water. Carassius sp. is one of the most widely distributed and farmed fish in China. The effects of aquatic ZPT on Carassius sp. remain unknown. In this study, we determined the acute toxicity of ZPT on Carassius sp. The results showed that the median lethal concentration (LC50 96 h) of ZPT on Carassius sp. cultivated in freshwater or water with 1.5 or 3 ‰ salinity was 0.163, 0.126, and 0.113 mg/L, respectively. ZPT has a higher affinity to the liver than the kidney, with a prolonged tissue residual time. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette transporter, was found to be induced in the liver and kidney tissues of these Carassius spp. after ZPT treatment, based on the determination of its mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The ZPT accumulation and magnitude of P-gp induction were also affected by the salinity of the cultivation water. These results suggest that aquatic ZPT is potentially toxic to Carassius sp. We speculate that P-gp induction may play a protective role for Carassius sp. Our findings provide a basis for assessing the potential risk of ZPT to aquatic animals including Carassius sp.
authors.affiliation: National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gui-Hong
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Teng-Fei
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China. khu@shou.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hao-Ran
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xian-Le
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D029941:Fish Proteins; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C010423:pyrithione zinc
keywords: Acute toxicity; Carassius auratus gibelio; P-glycoprotein; Tissue accumulation; Zinc pyrithione