title: Repeatability and Reproducibility of Virtual Subjective Refraction.
abstract: To establish the repeatability and reproducibility of a virtual refraction process using simulated retinal images.
  
  
  
  With simulation software, aberrated images corresponding with each step of the refraction process were calculated following the typical protocol of conventional subjective refraction. Fifty external examiners judged simulated retinal images until the best sphero-cylindrical refraction and the best visual acuity were achieved starting from the aberrometry data of three patients. Data analyses were performed to assess repeatability and reproducibility of the virtual refraction as a function of pupil size and aberrometric profile of different patients.
  
  
  
  SD values achieved in three components of refraction (M, J0, and J45) are lower than 0.25D in repeatability analysis. Regarding reproducibility, we found SD values lower than 0.25D in the most cases. When the results of virtual refraction with different pupil diameters (4 and 6 mm) were compared, the mean of differences (MoD) obtained were not clinically significant (less than 0.25D). Only one of the aberrometry profiles with high uncorrected astigmatism shows poor results for the M component in reproducibility and pupil size dependence analysis. In all cases, vision achieved was better than 0 logMAR. A comparison between the compensation obtained with virtual and conventional subjective refraction was made as an example of this application, showing good quality retinal images in both processes.
  
  
  
  The present study shows that virtual refraction has similar levels of precision as conventional subjective refraction. Moreover, virtual refraction has also shown that when high low order astigmatism is present, the refraction result is less precise and highly dependent on pupil size.
authors.affiliation: *OD, PhD †PhD Applied Physics Department, Sciences Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Spain (all authors).
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perches
authors.forename: M Victoria
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Collados
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ares
mesh_terms: D057128:Aberrometry / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult