title: Identification of nitrosamine precursors from urban drainage during storm events: A case study in southern China.
abstract: The drinking water sources of many cities in southern China are frequently contaminated by upstream urban drainage during storm events, which brings high concentrations of N-nitrosamine (NA) precursors and poses a threat to the safety of drinking water. We conducted two sampling campaigns during the heavy rain season in 2015 in one representative city in southern China. We detected that the concentration of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA FP) in urban drainage during two storm events was 80-115 ng/L and the total formation potential concentration of nine nitrosamines (TNA9 FP) was 145-165 ng/L. To address the deteriorated water quality, 30 mg/L of powdered activated carbon (PAC) was fed into the water intake. PAC adsorption alone could remove 52% of NDMA FP and 52% of TNA FP, while the subsequent conventional process only removed 8% of TNA FP. We isolated six chemicals (N,N-benzyldimethylamine, 5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanmethanol, N,N-dimethyl-3-aminophenol, N,N-dimethylethylamine, Ziram, and N,N-dimethylaniline) and confirmed them to be NA precursors. Among these NA precursors, Ziram was identified for the first time as a NA precursor that is formed via chloramination; its molar yield for NDMA was 6.73 ± 0.40%.
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Er
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bei
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Xiaobin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xiangting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Shixiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dongguan Dongjiang ShuiWu Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523112, China.
authors.forename: Deyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Dongguan Dongjiang ShuiWu Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523112, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: Dongguan Dongjiang ShuiWu Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523112, China.
authors.forename: Zhuohua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. Electronic address: chen_water@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000032:analysis; D004203:Disinfection; D004323:Drainage, Sanitary; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000032:analysis; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis*; D011891:Rain; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D060766:Drinking Water; D005021:Ethylamines; D009602:Nitrosamines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002606:Charcoal; C015157:N,N-dimethylaniline; C047305:N,N-dimethylethylamine; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine
keywords: Disinfection by-products; Drainage; Nitrosamines; Powdered activated carbon; Precursor; Storm