title: Electrolyte transport pathways induced in the midgut epithelium of Drosophila melanogaster larvae by commensal gut microbiota and pathogens.
abstract: The digestive tract of larval and adult Drosophila is an excellent analogue of the mammalian gut. Enterocytes of the posterior midgut are separated by septa, with no paracellular path, and therefore perform both immune and transport functions. Using microperfusion electrophysiology, we show that larvae emerging from the embryo into sterile medium have symmetrical apical and basal membrane conductances while larvae emerging into non-sterile medium have apical membranes fivefold more conductive than basal membranes. The channels inserted into the apical membranes could originate in microbiata or host and mediate recognition of microbes. Entomopathogenic cyclic peptide toxins deplete intracellular ions reversibly, forming transient ion channels that do not conduct water, unlike an ionophore like nystatin that depletes ions irreversibly. We show the feasibility of studying the interaction of a single microbial species, or tractable combinatorials of microbial species, with only enterocytes in the primary epithelial barrier.
  
  
  
  Microbiota colonizing exposed epithelial surfaces are vital for sustenance of metazoan life, but communication between microbiota, epithelial cells and the host immune system is only beginning to be understood. We address this issue in the posterior midgut epithelium of Drosophila larvae where nutrient transport and immune functions are exclusively transcellular. We showed that larvae emerging into a sterile post-embryonic environment have symmetrical apical and basal membranes. In contrast, larvae emerging into non-sterile media, the source of microbiota, have markedly asymmetrical membranes, with apical membrane conductance more than fivefold higher than the basal membrane. As an example of pathogen action, we showed that the entomopathogenic fungal toxin destruxin A (Dx) depleted intracellular ions. Reversibility of action of Dx was verified by bilayer reconstitution in forming transient non-specific channels that conduct ions but not water. Dx was also less effective from the apical side as compared to the basal side of the epithelium. We also showed that intercellular septa are not conductive in non-sterile cells, even though most cells are isopotential. Luminal microbiota therefore impart asymmetry to the epithelium, by activation of apical membrane conductance, enhancing inter-enterocyte communication, separated by insulating septa, via the gut lumen. These results also open the possibility of studying the basis of bidirectional molecular conversation specifically between enterocytes and microbiota that enables discrimination between commensals and pathogens, establishment of the former, and elimination of the latter.
authors.affiliation: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400 005, India.
authors.forename: Shubha R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shanbhag
authors.affiliation: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400 005, India.
authors.forename: Abraham T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Vazhappilly
authors.affiliation: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400 005, India.
authors.forename: Abhay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sane
authors.affiliation: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400 005, India.
authors.forename: Natalie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: D'Silva
authors.affiliation: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400 005, India.|Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar, 751 005, India.
authors.forename: Subrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D047630:Depsipeptides; D004573:Electrolytes; D018942:Macrolides; D009183:Mycotoxins; C040423:destruxin A; C040929:bafilomycin A1; D006180:Proton-Translocating ATPases
keywords: Bafilomycin; Destruxin; Drosophila; cable analysis; ion-selective microelectrodes; microbiota; microperfusion