title: Goal striving strategies and effort mobilization: When implementation intentions reduce effort-related cardiac activity during task performance.
abstract: Two experiments investigate the influence of goal and implementation intentions on effort mobilization during task performance. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of setting goals and making plans on performance, the effects of goals and plans on effort-related cardiac activity and especially the cardiac preejection period (PEP) during goal striving have not yet been addressed. According to the Motivational Intensity Theory, participants should increase effort mobilization proportionally to task difficulty as long as success is possible and justified. Forming goals and making plans should allow for reduced effort mobilization when participants perform an easy task. However, when the task is difficult, goals and plans should differ in their effect on effort mobilization. Participants who set goals should disengage, whereas participants who made if-then plans should stay in the field showing high effort mobilization during task performance. As expected, using an easy task in Experiment 1, we observed a lower cardiac PEP in both the implementation intention and the goal intention condition than in the control condition. In Experiment 2, we varied task difficulty and demonstrated that while participants with a mere goal intention disengaged from difficult tasks, participants with an implementation intention increased effort mobilization proportionally with task difficulty. These findings demonstrate the influence of goal striving strategies (i.e., mere goals vs. if-then plans) on effort mobilization during task performance.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: laure.freydefont@nyu.edu.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freydefont
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Psychology Department, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Gollwitzer
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Psychology Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oettingen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Effort mobilization; Goal intentions; Goal striving strategies; Implementation intentions; Self-regulation