title: A disposable, continuous-flow polymerase chain reaction device: design, fabrication and evaluation.
abstract: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA through a thermal cycling protocol. The PCR industry is shifting its focus away from macro-scale systems and towards micro-scale devices because: micro-scale sample sizes require less blood from patients, total reaction times are on the order of minutes opposed to hours, and there are cost advantages as many microfluidic devices are manufactured from inexpensive polymers. Some of the fastest PCR devices use continuous flow, but they have all been built of silicon or glass to allow sufficient heat transfer. This article presents a disposable polycarbonate (PC) device that is capable of achieving real-time, continuous flow PCR in a completely disposable polymer device in less than 13 minutes by thermally cycling the sample through an established temperature gradient in a serpentine channel. The desired temperature gradient was determined through simulations and validated by experiments which showed that PCR was achieved. Practical demonstration included amplification of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) derived cDNA.
authors.affiliation: Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ragsdale
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, 1495 E 100 S Room 1550 MEK, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Huizhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, 1495 E 100 S Room 1550 MEK, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Himanshu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sant
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, 1495 E 100 S Room 1550 MEK, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ameel
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, 1495 E 100 S Room 1550 MEK, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. bruce.gale@utah.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Gale
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004247:DNA; D004867:Equipment Design; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011108:Polymers; C005506:polycarbonate; D004247:DNA; D012825:Silicon
keywords: Continuous flow; Heat transfer; Microfluidics; PCR; Polycarbonate