title: Induction of aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoid compounds in Scrophularia striata Boiss. cell culture in response to chitosan-induced oxidative stress.
abstract: Manipulation of cell culture media by elicitors is one of most important strategies to inducing secondary metabolism for the production of valuable metabolites. In this investigation, inducing effect of chitosan on physiological, biochemical, and molecular parameters were investigated in cell suspension cultures of Scrophularia striata Boiss. The results showed that chitosan concentration and time of elicitation are determinants of the effectiveness of the elicitor. Accumulation of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine [Phe] and tyrosine [Tyr]), phenylpropanoid compounds (phenolic acids [PAs] and echinacoside [ECH]), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and gene expression, and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], peroxidase [POX], catalase [CAT]) activities were altered by changing the exposure time of elicitation. Results showed that, upon elicitation with chitosan, oxidative events were induced, antioxidant responses of S. striata cells were boosted through enhanced activity of an effective series of scavenging enzymes (SOD, CAT, and POX), and biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants (ECH and PAs [cinnamic, p-coumaric and, caffeic acids]). The increase in amino acid content and PAL activity at early days of exposure to chitosan was related with rises in phenolic compounds. These results provide evidence that chitosan by up-regulation of PAL gene differentially improves the production of phenylpropanoid compounds, which are of medical commercial value with good biotechnological prospects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamalipourazad
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: msharifi@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan Zare
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Maivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behmanesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
authors.forename: Najmeh Ahmadian
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Chashmi
mesh_terms: D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic / Q000378:metabolism*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000633:toxicity*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D006027:Glycosides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism; D020005:Propanols / Q000378:metabolism*; D032266:Scrophularia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D024322:Amino Acids, Aromatic; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D020005:Propanols; C439395:1-phenylpropanol; D048271:Chitosan; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase; C060297:echinacoside; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Aromatic amino acids; Chitosan; Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; Phenylpropanoid compounds; Plant cell culture; Scrophularia striata Boiss.