title: Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water: relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of enteric viruses in different irrigation water sources and in the irrigated produce, and the possible links with microbiological and physicochemical water characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence and levels of Escherichia coli, Norovirus (NoV) genogroup I (GI) and II (GII), as well as Hepatitis A virus were assessed in three types of water: surface water (surface-W), reclaimed water subjected to secondary treatment (secondary-W) and reclaimed water subjected to tertiary treatment (tertiary-W), as well as in zucchini irrigated with these irrigation water sources. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids, alkalinity and maximum filterable volume (MFV) were also measured in the water. Higher prevalence of NoV in secondary-W (GI 100%, GII 55·6%) and tertiary-W (GI 91·7%, GII 66·7%) compared with surface-W (GI 58·4%, GII 22·2%) was observed. Nov GI showed positive correlation with E. coli (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0·68, P < 0·01), and with some physicochemical parameters such as COD (0·52, P < 0·01), turbidity (0·52, P < 0·01) and MFV (0·54, P < 0·01). Escherichia coli and enteric viruses were not detected in zucchini.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a potential risk of contamination of crops with NoV when reclaimed water is used for irrigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increase the knowledge on the prevalence of enteric viruses in different irrigation water sources, and its consequences for fresh produce safety.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López-Gálvez
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Truchado
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.|Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, IATA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.|Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aznar
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain. aallende@cebas.csic.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allende
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D014675:Vegetables / Q000254:growth & development; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Escherichia coli; Norovirus; faecal contamination; fresh produce safety; reclaimed water; wastewater