title: Inhibition of Low-Grade Inflammation by Anthocyanins after Microbial Fermentation in Vitro.
abstract: The anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins (ACNs) on vascular functions are discussed controversially because of their low bioavailability. This study was performed to determine whether microorganism (MO)-fermented ACNs influence vascular inflammation in vitro. Therefore, MO growth media were supplemented with an ACN-rich grape/berry extract and growth responses of Escherichia coli, E. faecalis and H. alvei, as well as ACN fermentation were observed. MO supernatants were used for measuring the anti-inflammatory effect of MO-fermented ACNs in an epithelial-endothelial co-culture transwell system. After basolateral enrichment (240 min), endothelial cells were stimulated immediately or after 20 h with TNF-α. Afterwards, leukocyte adhesion, expression of adhesion molecules and cytokine release were measured. Results indicate that E. coli, E. faecalis and H. alvei utilized ACNs differentially concomitant with different anti-inflammatory effects. Whereas E. coli utilized ACNs completely, no anti-inflammatory effects of fermented ACNs were observed on activated endothelial cells. In contrast, ACN metabolites generated by E. faecalis and H. alvei significantly attenuated low-grade stimulated leukocyte adhesion, the expression of adhesion molecules E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and cytokine secretion (IL-8 and IL-6), as well as NF-κB mRNA expression with a more pronounced effect of E. faecalis than H. alvei. Thus, MO-fermented ACNs have the potential to reduce inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, Giessen D-35392, Germany. sabine.kuntz@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuntz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Wilhelmstrasse 20, Giessen D-35392, Germany. clemens.kunz@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kunz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre for Infection Research, DZIF Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen D-35392, Germany. eugen.domann@mikrobio.med.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre for Infection Research, DZIF Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen D-35392, Germany. nora.wuerdemann@hno.med.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Würdemann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Giessen D-35392, Germany. franziska.unger@anorg.chemie.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Giessen D-35392, Germany. andreas.roempp@uni-bayreuth.de.|Chair of Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Frankengut D-95703, Germany. andreas.roempp@uni-bayreuth.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Römpp
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, Giessen D-35392, Germany. silvia.rudloff@ernaehrung.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudloff
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D020611:Hafnia alvei / Q000187:drug effects; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: anthocyanins; fermentation; grapes and berries; in vitro co-culture model; low-grade inflammation