title: First comprehensive structural and biophysical analysis of MAPK13 inhibitors targeting DFG-in and DFG-out binding modes.
abstract: P38 MAP kinases are centrally involved in mediating extracellular signaling in various diseases. While much attention has previously been focused on the ubiquitously expressed family member MAPK14 (p38α), recent studies indicate that family members such as MAPK13 (p38δ) display a more selective cellular and tissue expression and might therefore represent a specific kinase to target in certain diseases.
  
  
  
  To facilitate the design of potent and specific inhibitors, we present here the structural, biophysical, and functional characterization of two new MAPK13-inhibitor complexes, as well as the first comprehensive structural, biophysical, and functional analysis of MAPK13 complexes with four different inhibitor compounds of greatly varying potency.
  
  
  
  These inhibitors display IC50 values either in the nanomolar range or micromolar range (>800-fold range). The nanomolar inhibitors exhibit much longer ligand-enzyme complex half-lives compared to the micromolar inhibitors as measured by biolayer interferometry. Crystal structures of the MAPK13 inhibitor complexes reveal that the nanomolar inhibitors engage MAPK13 in the DFG-out binding mode, while the micromolar inhibitors are in the DFG-in mode. Detailed structural and computational docking analyses suggest that this difference in binding mode engagement is driven by conformational restraints imposed by the chemical structure of the inhibitors, and may be fortified by an additional hydrogen bond to MAPK13 in the nanomolar inhibitors.
  
  
  
  These studies provide a structural basis for understanding the differences in potency exhibited by these inhibitors.
  
  
  
  They also provide the groundwork for future studies to improve specificity, potency, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetic properties.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Biochemistry Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yurtsever
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Dhara A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Microbiology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Chantel A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Arthur G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holtzman
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States. Electronic address: tbrett@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Tom J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brett
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D006801:Humans; D048292:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 13 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D048292:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 13
keywords: Chronic inflammatory lung disease; Differential scanning fluorimetry; Inhibitor half-lives; Kinase inhibitor; Structure-based drug design; p38 kinase