title: Risk and protective factors for antepartum and postpartum depression: a prospective study.
abstract: Antepartum risk and protective factors for postpartum depression (PPD; the most common mental disorder after childbirth besides postpartum anxiety), have been frequently investigated in cross-sectional studies, but less often longitudinally. This study examined linear and moderator effects of risk and protective factors for peripartum depression. First, we investigated the predictive power of risk factors (physical problems during pregnancy, pregnancy-related anxiety, stressful life events, dysfunctional self-consciousness (DSC)) and protective factors (resilience, social support) for antepartum depression (APD) and PPD. Second, as DSC plays an important role in major depression, we examined whether the protective factors moderate the association between the risk factors DSC and APD as well as PPD.
  
  
  
  We conducted a prospective study with three measurement time points: six weeks antepartum (N = 297), as well as six weeks (N = 278) and twelve weeks (N = 266) postpartum. Direct and moderator effects on APD were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Moderated mediation effects were investigated to explore whether the indirect, long-term effect of DSC on PPD six weeks after birth (PPD-6) and PPD twelve weeks after birth (PPD-12) is moderated by resilience.
  
  
  
  Predictors for APD were high DSC, high concerns about one's appearance, low resilience and low social support. Resilience buffered (weakened) the impact of DSC on APD and affected PPD-6 and PPD-12 indirectly through APD.
  
  
  
  The results suggest that PPD-12 is influenced directly and indirectly through PPD-6 by APD, but that this effect depends upon risk and protective factors, especially on the combined effects of resilience and DSC. The key finding of our study is the moderating (i.e. weakening) effect of resilience on the relationship between DSC and depression. Resilience and DSC may be an important issue for depression prevention and treatment programs in the peripartum period.
authors.affiliation: a University of Frankfurt , Institute of Psychology , Frankfurt , Germany.|b Division of Psychology in Obstetrics and Fetomaternal Medicine , University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hain
authors.affiliation: b Division of Psychology in Obstetrics and Fetomaternal Medicine , University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oddo-Sommerfeld
authors.affiliation: c Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , Buergerhospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bahlmann
authors.affiliation: b Division of Psychology in Obstetrics and Fetomaternal Medicine , University Hospital Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Louwen
authors.affiliation: a University of Frankfurt , Institute of Psychology , Frankfurt , Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schermelleh-Engel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Moderator analysis; postpartum depression; prospective study; resilience; risk and protective factors