title: Male and female hypertrophic rat cardiac myocyte functional responses to ischemic stress and β-adrenergic challenge are different.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac hypertrophy is the most potent cardiovascular risk factor after age, and relative mortality risk linked with cardiac hypertrophy is greater in women. Ischemic heart disease is the most common form of cardiovascular pathology for both men and women, yet significant differences in incidence and outcomes exist between the sexes. Cardiac hypertrophy and ischemia are frequently occurring dual pathologies. Whether the cellular (cardiomyocyte) mechanisms underlying myocardial damage differ in women and men remains to be determined. In this study, utilizing an in vitro experimental approach, our goal was to examine the proposition that responses of male/female cardiomyocytes to ischemic (and adrenergic) stress may be differentially modulated by the presence of pre-existing cardiac hypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a novel normotensive custom-derived hypertrophic heart rat (HHR; vs control strain normal heart rat (NHR)). Cardiomyocyte morphologic and electromechanical functional studies were performed using microfluorimetric techniques involving simulated ischemia/reperfusion protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HHR females exhibited pronounced cardiac/cardiomyocyte enlargement, equivalent to males. Under basal conditions, a lower twitch amplitude in female myocytes was prominent in normal but not in hypertrophic myocytes. The cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) responses to β-adrenergic challenge differed in hypertrophic male and female cardiomyocytes, with the accentuated response in males abrogated in females-even while contractile responses were similar. In simulated ischemia, a marked and selective elevation of end-ischemia Ca(2+) in normal female myocytes was completely suppressed in hypertrophic female myocytes-even though all groups demonstrated similar shifts in myocyte contractile performance. After 30 min of simulated reperfusion, the Ca(2+) desensitization characterizing the male response was distinctively absent in female cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that cardiac hypertrophy produces dramatically different basal and stress-induced pathophenotypes in female- and male-origin cardiomyocytes. The lower Ca(2+) operational status characteristic of female (vs male) cardiomyocytes comprising normal hearts is not exhibited by myocytes of hypertrophic hearts. After ischemia/reperfusion, availability of activator Ca(2+) is suppressed in female hypertrophic myocytes, whereas sensitivity to Ca(2+) is blunted in male hypertrophic myocytes. These findings demonstrate that selective intervention strategies should be pursued to optimize post-ischemic electromechanical support for male and female hypertrophic hearts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Curl
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia.
authors.forename: Tristan W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Centro Cientifico Tecnologico La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vila Petroff
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Harrap
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia.|Cardiac Phenomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia.
authors.forename: Lea M D
authors.initials: LMD
authors.lastname: Delbridge
keywords: Cardiac hypertrophy; Cardiomyocyte; Ischemia/reperfusion; Sex/gender; Stress response