title: Single-cell Sequencing Reveals Variants in ARID1A, GPRC5A and MLL2 Driving Self-renewal of Human Bladder Cancer Stem Cells.
abstract: Cancer stem cells are considered responsible for many important aspects of tumors such as their self-renewal, tumor-initiating, drug-resistance and metastasis. However, the genetic basis and origination of human bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) remains unknown. Here, we conducted single-cell sequencing on 59 cells including BCSCs, bladder cancer non-stem cells (BCNSCs), bladder epithelial stem cells (BESCs) and bladder epithelial non-stem cells (BENSCs) from three bladder cancer (BC) specimens. Specifically, BCSCs demonstrate clonal homogeneity and suggest their origin from BESCs or BCNSCs through phylogenetic analysis. Moreover, 21 key altered genes were identified in BCSCs including six genes not previously described in BC (ETS1, GPRC5A, MKL1, PAWR, PITX2 and RGS9BP). Co-mutations of ARID1A, GPRC5A and MLL2 introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 significantly enhance the capabilities of self-renewal and tumor-initiating of BCNSCs. To our knowledge, our study first provides an overview of the genetic basis of human BCSCs with single-cell sequencing and demonstrates the biclonal origin of human BCSCs via evolution analysis.
  
  
  
  Human bladder cancer stem cells show the high level of consistency and may derived from bladder epithelial stem cells or bladder cancer non-stem cells. Mutations of ARID1A, GPRC5A and MLL2 grant bladder cancer non-stem cells the capability of self-renewal.
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Zusen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: BGI Education Centre, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences College, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
authors.forename: Zhiming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China.
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Luyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
authors.forename: Chunxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China. Electronic address: wusong@szu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000073359:Exome Sequencing
chemical_list: C112476:ARID1A protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C116760:GPRC5A protein, human; C120898:KMT2D protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: bladder cancer; bladder cancer stem cells; genetic alteration; self-renewal; single-cell sequencing; tumor evolution