title: Fabrication of naturel pumice/hydroxyapatite composite for biomedical engineering.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the Bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) structure. BHA powder was admixed with 5 and 10 wt% natural pumice (NP). Compression strength, Vickers micro hardness, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction studies were performed on the final NP-BHA composite products. The cells proliferation was investigated by MTT assay and SEM. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of NP-BHA samples was interrogated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variances in the sintering temperature (for 5 wt% NP composites) between 1000 and 1300 °C, reveal about 700 % increase in the microhardness (~100 and 775 HV, respectively). Composites prepared at 1300 °C demonstrate the greatest compression strength with comparable result for 5 wt% NP content (87 MPa), which are significantly better than those for 10 wt% and those that do not include any NP (below 60 MPa, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested the optimal parameters for the preparation of NP-BHA composites with increased mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Changes in micro-hardness and compression strength can be tailored by the tuning the NP concentration and sintering temperature. NP-BHA composites have demonstrated a remarkable potential for biomedical engineering applications such as bone graft and implant.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Kucukcekmece, Halkali, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey. barankomur@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Baran
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-9859
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Komur
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany.|Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.|Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.|Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatice Merve
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Can
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.|Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khalilova
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Product Design, Bachelor Science, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep Nur
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Geçimli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Bachelor Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.|Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Onur
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Aydoğdu
authors.affiliation: Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Biomedical Devices Technology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cevriye
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kalkandelen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Materials Physics, 077125, Magurele-Ilfov, Romania.
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Stan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey.|Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yesim Muge
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmed Zeki
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Sengil
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mediha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suleymanoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap Erdem
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kuruca
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.|Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Faik Nuzhet
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Oktar
authors.affiliation: Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salman
authors.affiliation: Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.|Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nazmi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ekren
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ficai
authors.affiliation: Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.|Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oguzhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gunduz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D016062:Porosity; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017640:Silicates; D017886:Durapatite; C005144:pumice
keywords: Bioceramics; Bioinspired composites; Bovine hydroxyapatite; Natural pumice