title: Extended Monitoring during Endoscopy.
abstract: Gastrointestinal endoscopic sedation has improved procedural and patient outcomes but is associated with attendant risks of oversedation and hemodynamic compromise. Therefore, close monitoring during endoscopic procedures using sedation is critical. This monitoring begins with appropriate staff trained in visual assessment of patients and analysis of basic physiologic parameters. It also mandates an array of devices widely used in practice to evaluate hemodynamics, oxygenation, ventilation, and depth of sedation. The authors review the evidence behind monitoring practices and current society recommendations and discuss forthcoming technologies and techniques that are poised to improve noninvasive monitoring of patients under endoscopic sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Nadim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahmud
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: tberzin@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Berzin
mesh_terms: D001785:Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous; D001794:Blood Pressure; D019296:Capnography; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods*; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010092:Oximetry; D056152:Respiratory Rate; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013990:Tidal Volume
keywords: Bispectral index; Capnography; Continuous electrocardiography; Gastrointestinal endoscopic sedation; Hemodynamics; Monitoring; Oxygenation; Pulse oximetry; Ventilation