title: Altered Development of Synapse Structure and Function in Striatum Caused by Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2-G2019S Mutation.
abstract: Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) can cause Parkinson's disease (PD), and the most common disease-associated mutation, G2019S, increases kinase activity. Because LRRK2 expression levels rise during synaptogenesis and are highest in dorsal striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs), we tested the hypothesis that the LRRK2-G2019S mutation would alter development of excitatory synaptic networks in dorsal striatum. To circumvent experimental confounds associated with LRRK2 overexpression, we used mice expressing LRRK2-G2019S or D2017A (kinase-dead) knockin mutations. In whole-cell recordings, G2019S SPNs exhibited a fourfold increase in sEPSC frequency compared with wild-type SPNs in postnatal day 21 mice. Such heightened neural activity was increased similarly in direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs, and action potential-dependent activity was particularly elevated. Excitatory synaptic activity in D2017A SPNs was similar to wild type, indicating a selective effect of G2019S. Acute exposure to LRRK2 kinase inhibitors normalized activity, supporting that excessive neural activity in G2019S SPNs is mediated directly and is kinase dependent. Although dendritic arborization and densities of excitatory presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic dendritic spines in G2019S SPNs were similar to wild type, G2019S SPNs displayed larger spines that were matched functionally by a shift toward larger postsynaptic response amplitudes. Acutely isolating striatum from overlying neocortex normalized sEPSC frequency in G2019S mutants, supporting that abnormal corticostriatal activity is involved. These findings indicate that the G2019S mutation imparts a gain-of-abnormal function to SPN activity and morphology during a stage of development when activity can permanently modify circuit structure and function.
  
  
  
  Mutations in the kinase domain of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) follow Parkinson's disease (PD) heritability. How such mutations affect brain function is poorly understood. LRRK2 expression levels rise after birth at a time when synapses are forming and are highest in dorsal striatum, suggesting that LRRK2 regulates development of striatal circuits. During a period of postnatal development when activity plays a large role in permanently shaping neural circuits, our data show how the most common PD-causing LRRK2 mutation dramatically alters excitatory synaptic activity and the shape of postsynaptic structures in striatum. These findings provide new insight into early functional and structural aberrations in striatal connectivity that may predispose striatal circuitry to both motor and nonmotor dysfunction later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and.
authors.forename: Bridget A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Matikainen-Ankney
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and.
authors.forename: Nebojsa
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8623-2002
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kezunovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and.
authors.forename: Roxana E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mesias
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and.
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and deanna.benson@mssm.edu george.huntley@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: George W
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3645-6192
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Huntley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, and deanna.benson@mssm.edu george.huntley@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Deanna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003712:Dendrites / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2
keywords: G2019S; LRRK2; activity; dorsal striatum; spine morphology; synapse