title: Classification of Kiwifruit Grades Based on Fruit Shape Using a Single Camera.
abstract: This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility for classifying kiwifruit into shape grades by adding a single camera to current Chinese sorting lines equipped with weight sensors. Image processing methods are employed to calculate fruit length, maximum diameter of the equatorial section, and projected area. A stepwise multiple linear regression method is applied to select significant variables for predicting minimum diameter of the equatorial section and volume and to establish corresponding estimation models. Results show that length, maximum diameter of the equatorial section and weight are selected to predict the minimum diameter of the equatorial section, with the coefficient of determination of only 0.82 when compared to manual measurements. Weight and length are then selected to estimate the volume, which is in good agreement with the measured one with the coefficient of determination of 0.98. Fruit classification based on the estimated minimum diameter of the equatorial section achieves a low success rate of 84.6%, which is significantly improved using a linear combination of the length/maximum diameter of the equatorial section and projected area/length ratios, reaching 98.3%. Thus, it is possible for Chinese kiwifruit sorting lines to reach international standards of grading kiwifruit on fruit shape classification by adding a single camera.
authors.affiliation: College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China. fulsh@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Longsheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China. cpengfls@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shipeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China. ruili1216@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&amp;F University, Yangling 712100, China. shaojinwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn.|Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA. shaojinwang@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shaojin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Chinese grading standards; fruit shape; image processing method; international grading standards; kiwifruit grading