title: Genetic determinants of lactococcal C2viruses for host infection and their role in phage evolution.
abstract: Lactococcus lactis is an industrial starter culture used for the production of fermented dairy products. Pip (phage infection protein) bacteriophage-insensitive mutant (BIM) L. lactis DGCC11032 was isolated following challenge of parental strain DGCC7271 with C2viruses. Over a period of industrial use, phages infecting DGCC11032 were isolated from industrial whey samples and identified as C2viruses. Although Pip is reported to be the receptor for many C2viruses including species type phage c2, a similar cell-membrane-associated protein, YjaE, was recently reported as the receptor for C2virus bIL67. Characterization of DGCC7271 BIMs following challenge with phage capable of infecting DGCC11032 identified mutations in yjaE, confirming YjaE to be necessary for infection. DGCC7271 YjaE mutants remained sensitive to the phages used to generate pip variant DGCC11032, indicating a distinction in host phage determinants. We will refer to C2viruses requiring Pip as c2-type andC2viruses that require YjaE as bIL67-type. Genomic comparisons of two c2-type phages unable to infect pip mutant DGCC11032 and four bIL67-type phages isolated on DGCC11032 confirmed the segregation of each group based on resemblance to prototypical phages c2 and bIL67, respectively. The distinguishing feature is linked to three contiguous late-expressed genes: l14-15-16 (c2) and ORF34-35-36 (bIL67). Phage recombinants in which the c2-like l14-15-16 homologue gene set was exchanged with corresponding bIL67 genes ORF34-35-36 were capable of infecting a pip mutated host. Together, these results correlate the phage genes corresponding to l14-15-16 (c2) and ORF34-35-36 (bIL67) to host lactococcal phage determinants Pip and YjaE, respectively.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Nutrition and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Millen
authors.affiliation: DuPont Nutrition and Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Romero
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000821:virology*; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D053585:Virus Attachment
chemical_list: D011991:Receptors, Virus