title: Global longitudinal strain as a biomarker in diabetic cardiomyopathy. A comparative study with Gal-3 in patients with preserved ejection fraction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish a relationship between global longitudinal strain (GLS) and Galectin-3 in pre-clinical heart failure in diabetic patients. Galectin-3 is a biomarker in heart failure with depressed ejection fraction (HFdEF). The hypothesis is presented that Galectin-3 is related to GLS and can detect left ventricular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Galectin-3 and GLS were measured in 121 asymptomatic individuals: 14 diabetics with mild depressed ejection fraction (mdEF) (LVEF 47.0±6.9); 76 diabetics with preserved ejection fraction (LVEF 61±5.5), and 31 controls (61.7±5.1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Galectin-3 was elevated in all diabetics vs controls (3.46±1.36 ng/ml vs 2.78±0.91 ng/ml; p=.003). It was also elevated in mdEF (3.76±1.12 ng/ml vs 2.78±0.9 ng/ml; p=.009) and pEF subjects (3.41±1.40 ng/ml vs 2.78±0.9 ng/ml; p=.058), respectively, vs controls. No difference in Gal-3 was found between diabetic groups (p=.603). Diabetics had lower GLS than controls (-18.5±3.9 vs -20±2.6; p=.022). Diabetics with mdEF had lower GLS than those with pEF (-13.3±3.41 vs -19±3.2; P<.001). There was no difference in GLS with pEF compared to controls (-19.4±3.2 vs -20±2.6; p=.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Galectin-3 is elevated in diabetic patients with mdEF, and is associated with a diminished GLS. GLS could be an early marker of left ventricular dysfunction as well as evidence of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Service and the Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico. Electronic address: flores.ramiro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Flores-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Service and the Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Azpiri-López
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Service, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Gerardo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: González-González
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Service and the Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ordaz-Farías
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Service and the Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis Eduardo
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: González-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Service and the Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edgar Francisco
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Carrizales-Sepúlveda
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Service and the Echocardiography Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
authors.forename: Raymundo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vera-Pineda
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001798:Blood Proteins; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000097:blood*; D037161:Galectins; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D037502:Galectin 3; D037161:Galectins; C428445:LGALS3 protein, human
keywords: Deformación longitudinal global; Diabetic cardiomyopathy; Galectin-3; Galectina-3; Global longitudinal strain; Mexico; Miocardiopatía diabética; México