title: ATF2 predicts poor prognosis and promotes malignant phenotypes in renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, which has been shown to participate in the pathobiology of numerous cancers. However, the role of ATF2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear.
  
  
  
  ATF2 knockdown and overexpression studies were performed in RCC cells to evaluate changes in cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Xenograft models were used to examine the tumorigenic and metastatic capability of RCC cells upon ATF2 suppression. The expression of ATF2 in human RCC samples was determined using immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray.
  
  
  
  ATF2 knockdown in RCC cells reduced their proliferative and metastatic potentials, whereas ATF2 overexpression enhanced these properties. Mechanistic studies revealed that the transcription of CyclinB1, CyclinD1, Snail and Vimentin was directly regulated by ATF2 in RCC cells. Moreover, ATF2 was shown to be highly expressed in RCC tissues, especially in tumors with metastases. High expression of ATF2 correlated with aggressive clinico-pathological characteristics and predicted poor prognosis of RCC patients.
  
  
  
  ATF2 exerts an oncogenic role in RCC and could serve as an important prognostic biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
authors.forename: Deng-Shuang
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Clinical School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Jie
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.|Department of Urology, No. 203 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Qiqihaer, 161000, Heilongjiang, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.|Department of Urology, Henan Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China. septsoul@hotmail.com.|Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University Clinical School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China. septsoul@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China. wanglinhuicz@163.com.
authors.forename: Lin-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011379:Prognosis; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C497105:ATF2 protein, human; D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2
keywords: ATF2; Metastasis; Prognosis; Proliferation; Renal cell carcinoma