title: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics for the characterization and discrimination of writing/photocopier paper types: Application in forensic document examinations.
abstract: The aim of the present work is to explore the non-destructive application of ATR-FTIR technique for characterization and discrimination of paper samples which could be helpful to give forensic aid in resolving legal cases. Twenty-four types of paper brands were purchased from local market in and around Chandigarh, India. All the paper samples were subjected to ATR-FTIR analysis from 400 to 4000cm(-1) wavenumber range. The qualitative feature and Chemometrics of the obtained spectral data are used for characterization and discrimination. Characterization is achieved by matching the peaks with standards of cellulose and inorganic fillers, a usual constituents of paper. Three different regions of IR, i.e. 400-2000cm(-1), 2000-4000cm(-1) and 400-4000cm(-1) were selected for differentiation by Chemometrics analysis. The discrimination is achieved on the basis of three principal components, i.e. PC 1, PC 2 and PC 3. It is observed that maximum discrimination was procured in the wave number range of i.e. 2000-4000cm(-1). Discriminating power was calculated on the basis of qualitative features as well, and it is found that the discrimination of paper samples was better achieved by Chemometrics analysis rather than qualitative features. The discriminating power by Chemometrics is 99.64% and which is larger as ever achieved by any group for present number of samples. The present result confirms that this study will be highly useful in forensic document examination work in the legal cases, where the authenticity of the document is challenged. The results are completely analytical and, therefore, overcome the problem encounter in traditional routine light/radiation scanning methods which are still in practice by various questioned document laboratories.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: rajgoel7007@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu 182 320, India. Electronic address: vinaykdhiman@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: vsharma@pu.ac.in.
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
keywords: Chemometrics; Discriminating power; Forensic questioned document; Principal component analysis