title: Potential Roles of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles during Infection.
abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by virtually all cell types. Within the past few years, work in this field has revealed more information about fungal EVs. Fungal EVs have been shown to carry proteins, lipids, pigments, polysaccharides, and RNA; these components are known virulence factors, a fact which supports the hypothesis that fungal EVs concentrate pathogenic determinants. Additionally, recent studies have demonstrated that fungal EVs stimulate the host immune system. In this review, putative roles of fungal EVs are discussed, including their potential as vaccination tools and their possible contribution to pathogenesis in invasive fungal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Luna S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Joffe
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nimrichter
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS) da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6081-3439
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Poeta
keywords: Fungal pathogenesis; ceramide; fungi; glycolipids; sphingolipids; vesicles