title: Come to think of it: Contributions of reasoning abilities and training schedule to skill acquisition in a virtual throwing task.
abstract: According to Schmidt's schema theory skill acquisition is based on schema formation where multiple learning incidents with varying task features are abstracted to a unifying pattern, the schema. Practice can be scheduled block-wise, with low contextual interference (CI) or randomly, with high CI. The greater effort during high CI training usually results in reduced training success but enhanced retention and transfer performance. In contrast to well-established CI effects for simple tasks, findings for complex tasks are heterogeneous, supposedly due to the detrimental accumulation of task demands. We assumed that in complex tasks, cognitive reasoning abilities might impose a limit upon schema formation and hence the effectiveness of CI. In a virtual overarm-throwing experiment participants practiced target positions at center, left, or right and were retested for retention - at the center position - and transfer with a larger target distance. Although there was no main effect of CI on performance, either in training, retention or transfer, under high CI, training performance was better for participants with higher reasoning ability, as measured with the Raven matrices. This advantage persisted across retention and transfer. Under low CI, reasoning was positively related to performance improvement only in the last third of training. We argue, that variability of practice is a necessary prerequisite for beneficial effects of reasoning abilities. Based on previous findings, we discuss feedback evaluation as a possible locus of the relationship between reasoning and performance in motor skill acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: froemero@cms.hu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frömer
authors.affiliation: International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stürmer
authors.affiliation: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sommer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D014163:Transfer, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Contextual interference; Generalized motor programs; Individual differences; Parameter learning; Reasoning; Skill acquisition