title: Excess mortality and hospitalized morbidity in newly treated epilepsy patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the burden of mortality and hospitalized morbidity in newly treated epilepsy patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We extracted relevant data of patients with newly treated epilepsy between September 16, 2005, and September 15, 2010, from the data repository covering all public hospitals in Hong Kong. Patients were followed up until September 15, 2011. Mortality and hospitalized morbidity were assessed, stratified by baseline comorbidities, number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) used, and treatment with enzyme-inducing AEDs (EIAEDs). Mortality was compared to the age- and sex-specific general population in Hong Kong.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 7,461 newly treated epilepsy patients (55% male; median age 60 years), 2,166 (29%) died during the study period. The standardized mortality ratio was 5.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.88-5.31), and was higher among those with physical or psychiatric baseline comorbidity (5.46; 95% CI 5.22-5.71) than those without (3.28; 95% CI 2.87-3.73). Standardized hospitalization ratio was 6.76 (95% CI 6.70-6.82). Baseline physical comorbidity-free patients (n = 3,514) exhibited higher risk of developing stroke (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] 4.96; 95% CI 4.19-5.84) and ischemic heart disease (SIR 4.18; 95% CI 3.54-4.91), and male patients had elevated risk of developing cancer (SIR 2.30; 95% CI 1.75-2.97). Patients treated with EIAEDs had higher risk of being subsequently recorded with new physical comorbidities than those with non-EIAEDs (relative risk [RR] 1.48; 95% CI 1.19-1.85), especially for cerebrovascular disease (RR 1.78; 95% CI 1.14-2.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newly treated epilepsy patients bear excess mortality and hospitalization risks. They have higher risk of developing stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. Treatment with EIAEDs was associated with increased overall morbidity.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (Z.C., D.L., P.K.), The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Brain Centre (Z.C., D.L.), Melbourne EpiCentre (D.L.), and Department of Neurology (P.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (P.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (Z.C., D.L., P.K.), The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Brain Centre (Z.C., D.L.), Melbourne EpiCentre (D.L.), and Department of Neurology (P.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (P.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (Z.C., D.L., P.K.), The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Brain Centre (Z.C., D.L.), Melbourne EpiCentre (D.L.), and Department of Neurology (P.K.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia; and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (P.K.), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. patrick.kwan@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kwan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D065693:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D065693:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inducers