title: Evidence-based Medicine in Facial Plastic Surgery: Current State and Future Directions.
abstract: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) encompasses the evaluation and application of best available evidence, incorporation of clinical experience, and emphasis on patient preference and values. Different scales are used to rate levels of evidence. Translating available data for interventions to clinical practice guidelines requires an assessment of both the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendation. Essential to the practice of EBM is evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention through outcome measures. This article discusses principles essential to EBM, resources commonly used in EBM practice, and the strengths and limitations of EBM in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, 2521 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 7200, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dedhia
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, 2521 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 7200, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Tsung-Yen
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, 2521 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 7200, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Travis T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tollefson
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: Learnes2@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ishii
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends
keywords: Clinician-reported outcomes; Evidence-based medicine; Grades of recommendation; Level of evidence; Patient-reported outcomes