title: The Dynamic Role of the IL-33/ST2 Axis in Chronic Viral-infections: Alarming and Adjuvanting the Immune Response.
abstract: Interleukin 33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, is constitutively expressed in epithelial and in endothelial cells at barrier sites, acting as a danger signal and adjuvanting the immune response following tissue damage and infection. Originally implicated in allergy, IL-33 is also known to be involved in innate and adaptive immune responses by enhancing natural killer, Th1, and CD4 and CD8 T-cell functions. The nature of the antiviral immune response orchestrated by IL-33 depends on the site of infection, the duration of the disease and the cytokine milieu. In this review, we focus on the distinctive contribution of IL-33 as an anti-infective and proinflammatory cytokine in response to cell death and viral infections. The dynamic role of IL-33 in the acute and chronic phases of infection with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and with CMV is highlighted. This review will also discuss the potential immunotherapeutic and adjuvant roles of IL-33.
  
  
  METHODS
  English language, indexed publications in PubMed were searched using combinations of following key words: "interleukin-33", "IL-33", "suppression of tumorigenicity 2", ST2", "sST2", "HIV", "HBV", "HCV", "CMV", "HPV", "immunotherapy" and "vaccine". Except for seminal studies, only articles published between 2010 and 2016 were included.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: vikram.mehraj@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mehraj
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: rosalie.ponte@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Rosalie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ponte
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: jean-pierre.routy@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Routy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060085:Coinfection; D006801:Humans; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067596:Interleukin-33 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000072179:Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; D000067596:Interleukin-33; C058028:immunomycin; D016559:Tacrolimus
keywords: HBV; HCV; HIV; Interleukin-33 (IL-33); Suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2); Vaccine adjuvant