title: Etiology of Genital Ulcer Disease in Male Patients Attending a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic: First Assessment in Cuba.
abstract: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and in particular genital ulcer disease (GUD) have a major impact on morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The World Health Organization recommends the use of syndromic guidelines for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in resource-constrained countries. Surveillance of autochthonous etiologies provides epidemiological information contributing to the prevention and treatment of STIs. We investigated the etiology and factors associated with GUD among male patients attending a STD clinic in Havana, Cuba.
  
  
  
  Swabs from genital ulcers of 113 male patients, collected from May 2012 to June 2015, were analyzed using PCR for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Chlamydia trachomatis. We also investigated the clinical and epidemiological characteristics associated with the presence of these pathogens in GUD.
  
  
  
  At least one of the pathogens was detected in 70% of patients. The occurrence of the pathogens was herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (51.3%), T. pallidum (29.2%), and C. trachomatis (1.8%). Co-infections occurred as follows: T. pallidum-HSV-2 (10.6%), C. trachomatis-HSV-2 (0.9%) and C. trachomatis-T. pallidum (0.9%). Herpes simplex virus type 1 and H. ducreyi were not detected. Ages 15 to 40 years, HIV-positive serostatus, and no condom use were significant risk factors for the presence of HSV-2 in genital ulcers.
  
  
  
  Our preliminary results highlight the predominance of HSV-2 and T. pallidum as the leading GUD etiologies in the study population and identified risk factors associated with HSV-2. This information should help to inform guidelines for better management of GUD in Havana, Cuba.
authors.affiliation: From the Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Angel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Orestes
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Consuelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Lissette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kourí
authors.forename: Islay
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060085:Coinfection; D003462:Cuba / Q000453:epidemiology; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006191:Haemophilus ducreyi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology; D014210:Treponema pallidum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014456:Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult