title: Children's exposure to second-hand smoke before and after the smoking ban in Bavaria-a multiple cross-sectional study.
abstract: The federal state of Bavaria, Germany enforced a comprehensive smoking ban across all enclosed public areas in 2008 to protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke (SHS). Evidence against displacement of smoking to homes is abundant, however long-term assessments are few. We aim to report prevalence of children's SHS exposure before and after the ban, parental smoking behaviour and exposure risk factors.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional data of children aged 5-6 years old in Bavaria (n = 22 944) were collected in 2004/5 and 2005/6 (S1 and S2) before the ban and after in 2008/9 and 2012/13 (S4 and S6). Parents reported their child's home SHS exposure, in enclosed public areas and private cars. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression assessed changes across time and predicted risk factors.
  
  
  
  Children's home SHS exposure before the ban was 14.3% (S1), 14.1% (S2) and 12.8% (S4) directly after the ban to 7.2% (S6) (P<0.0001). The proportion of homes where at least one parent smoked significantly reduced from 12.78% (S1) to 4.94% (S6) (P<0.0001) and homes with voluntary smoke-free rules increased. Exposure in cafes, restaurants and private cars also decreased. No significant changes in the proportion of parents that ceased smoking due to the ban were found. Among others, low parental education, crowding and unemployment were risk factors for higher SHS exposure.
  
  
  
  Since the smoking ban, no long-term displacement of SHS to homes was observed. Social smoking norms appear to have shifted in favour of the ban. Social inequalities still exist and should be addressed to further minimise SHS exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstraße 3, Munich, Germany lindaaaliang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstraße 3, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Alisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstraße 3, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herr
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstraße 3, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hendrowarsito
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstraße 3, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bolte
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstraße 3, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nennstiel-Ratzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Pfarrstraße 3, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kolb
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012307:Risk Factors; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution