title: Ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment.
abstract: This study investigates PM2.5-bound PAHs for rural sites (Dacheng and Fangyuan) positioned close to heavy air-polluting industries in Changhua County, central Taiwan. A total of 113 PM2.5samples with 22 PAHs collected from 2014 to 2015 were analyzed, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and diagnostic ratios of PAHs were applied to quantify potential PAH sources. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored using the conditional probability function (CPF) and potential source contribution function (PSCF) with PMF-modeled results, respectively. Annual mean concentrations of total PAHs were 2.91 ± 1.34 and 3.04 ± 1.40 ng/m3for Dacheng and Fangyuan, respectively, and their corresponding BaPeqwere measured at 0.534 ± 0.255 and 0.563 ± 0.273 ng/m3in concentration. Seasonal variations with higher PAHs found for the winter than for the spring and summer were observed for both sites. The lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) from inhalation exposure to PAHs was recorded as 4.7 × 10-5overall. Potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs include unburned petroleum and traffic emissions (42%), steel industry and coal combustion (31%), and petroleum and oil burning (27%), and unburned petroleum and traffic emission could contribute the highest ECR (2.4 × 10-5). The CPF results show that directional apportionment patterns were consistent with the actual locations of local PAH sources. The PSCF results indicate that mainly northeastern regions of China have contributed elevated PM2.5-bound PAHs from long-range transports.
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. Electronic address: yucheng@nhri.org.tw.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Che
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, No 306, Yuanpei St, Hsin Chu, 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mu-Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Nai-Tzu
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuh-Shen
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons; D013624:Taiwan; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Cancer risk; Fine particle; PAHs; Seasonal variation; Source apportionment