title: Antioxidant Activity and ROS-Dependent Apoptotic Effect of Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser Methanol Extract in Human Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231.
abstract: Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser is one of the mistletoe species belonging to Loranthaceae family, which grows on the branches of many deciduous trees in tropical countries. This study evaluated the antioxidant activities of S. ferruginea extracts. The cytotoxic activity of the selected extracts, which showed potent antioxidant activities, and high phenolic and flavonoid contents, were investigated in human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and non-cancer human skin fibroblast cells (HSF-1184). The activities and characteristics varied depending on the different parts of S. ferruginea, solvent polarity, and concentrations of extracts. The stem methanol extract showed the highest amount of both phenolic (273.51 ± 4.84 mg gallic acid/g extract) and flavonoid contents (163.41 ± 4.62 mg catechin/g extract) and strong DPPH• radical scavenging (IC50 = 27.81 μg/mL) and metal chelation activity (IC50 = 80.20 μg/mL). The stem aqueous extract showed the highest ABTS•+ scavenging ability. The stem methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 of 19.27 and 50.35 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited the migration and colony formation of MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Morphological observations revealed hallmark properties of apoptosis in treated cells. The methanol extract induced an increase in ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization in MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting its potent apoptotic activity. The present study demonstrated that the S. ferruginea methanol extract mediated MDA-MB-231 cell growth inhibition via induction of apoptosis which was confirmed by Western blot analysis. It may be a potential anticancer agent; however, its in vivo anticancer activity needs to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Center, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marvibaigi
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Center, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Center, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Eko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Supriyanto
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.|Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fadzilah Adibah
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Abdul Majid
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Center, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saravana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar Jaganathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shajarahtunnur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hamzehalipour Almaki
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rozita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nasiri
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014867:Water; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; D000432:Methanol