title: Vitamin D and chronic diseases: the current state of the art.
abstract: The objective was to provide the current state of the art regarding the role of vitamin D in chronic diseases (osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dementia, autism, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, male and female fertility). The document was drawn up by panelists that provided their contribution according to their own scientific expertise. Each scientific expert supplied a first draft manuscript on a specific aspect of the document's topic that was subjected to voting by all experts as "yes" (agreement with the content and/or wording) or "no" (disagreement). The adopted rule was that statements supported by ≥75 % of votes would be immediately accepted, while those with <25 % would be rejected outright. Others would be subjected to further discussion and subsequent voting, where ≥67 % support or, in an eventual third round, a majority of ≥50 % would be needed. This document finds that the current evidence support a role for vitamin D in bone health but not in other health conditions. However, subjects with vitamin D deficiency have been found to be at high risk of developing chronic diseases. Therefore, although at the present time there is not sufficient evidence to recommend vitamin D supplementation as treatment of chronic diseases, the treatment of vitamin D deficiency should be desiderable in order to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy. giovanna.muscogiuri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muscogiuri
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Altieri
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Angers University Hospital, University Memory Clinic, UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, UNAM, Angers, France.|Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Cedric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Annweiler
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Balercia
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.affiliation: Vitamin D Council, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cannell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foresta
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Grübler
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloníki, Greece.
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotsa
authors.affiliation: Comando Brigata Alpina "Julia"/Multinational Land Force, Medical Service, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mascitelli
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.|Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.|Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Germany GmbH, Mannheim, Augsburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fertility Techniques Structure, University Hospital "S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy.|Department of Sports Science and Wellness, "Parthenope" University Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orio
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Umberto I Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tirabassi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012306:Risk; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Autism; Cancer; Cardiovascular diseases; Dementia; Diabetes mellitus; Endometriosis; Environment; Fertility; Hypogonadism; Lifestyle; Musculoskeletal disorders; PCOS; Vitamin D