title: Common causes of dyspnoea in athletes: a practical approach for diagnosis and management.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  "Dyspnoea" during exercise is a common complaint in seemingly otherwise healthy athletes, which may be associated with fatigue and underperformance.Because dyspnoea is an general term and may be caused by numerous factors, ranging from poor aerobic fitness to serious, potentially fatal respiratory and nonrespiratory pathologies, it is important for clinicians to obtain an appropriate case history and ask relevant exercise-specific questions to fully characterise the nature of the complaint so that a targeted diagnostic plan can be developed.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction are two common causes of dyspnoea in athletes, and both are regularly misdiagnosed and mismanaged due to poor adherence to available practice parameters.Aside from airway dysfunction, iron deficiency and anaemia, infectious disease, and musculoskeletal conditions are common problems in athletes which ultimately may lead to complaints of dyspnoea.
  To inform readers of the common causes of dyspnoea encountered in athletes.To highlight that airway diseases, such as asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, are commonly misdiagnosed and mismanaged.To introduce readers to common nonairway causes of dyspnoea in athletes, including clinical features and general principles of diagnosis, and management.To emphasise the importance of a detailed case history and proper adherence to established protocols in evaluating and managing the dyspnoeic athlete.To provide readers with a general framework of appropriate questions that are useful for developing a targeted diagnostic plan for evaluating dyspnoeic athletes. Dyspnoea during exercise is a common chief complaint in athletes and active individuals. It is not uncommon for dyspnoeic athletes to be diagnosed with asthma, "exercise-induced asthma" or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction based on their symptoms, but this strategy regularly leads to misdiagnosis and improper patient management. Dyspnoea during exercise can ultimately be caused by numerous respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions, ranging from nonpathological to potentially fatal in severity. As, such it is important for healthcare providers to be familiar with the many factors that can cause dyspnoea during exercise in seemingly otherwise-healthy individuals and have a general understanding of the clinical approach to this patient population. This article reviews common conditions that ultimately cause athletes to report dyspnoea and associated symptoms, and provides insight for developing an efficient diagnostic plan.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smoliga
authors.affiliation: Dept of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Zahra S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Mohseni
authors.affiliation: Dept of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berwager
authors.affiliation: Dept of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hegedus