title: Robotic Laparoendoscopic Single-site Retroperitioneal Renal Surgery: Initial Investigation of a Purpose-built Single-port Surgical System.
abstract: Robotic single-site retroperitoneal renal surgery has the potential to minimize the morbidity of standard transperitoneal and multiport approaches. Traditionally, technological limitations of non-purpose-built robotic platforms have hindered the application of this approach.
  
  
  
  To assess the feasibility of retroperitoneal renal surgery using a new purpose-built robotic single-port surgical system.
  
  
  
  This was a preclinical study using three male cadavers to assess the feasibility of the da Vinci SP1098 surgical system for robotic laparoendoscopic single-site (R-LESS) retroperitoneal renal surgery.
  
  
  
  We used the SP1098 to perform retroperitoneal R-LESS radical nephrectomy (n=1) and bilateral partial nephrectomy (n=4) on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the kidney. Improvements unique to this system include enhanced optics and intelligent instrument arm control. Access was obtained 2cm anterior and inferior to the tip of the 12th rib using a novel 2.5-cm robotic single-port system that accommodates three double-jointed articulating robotic instruments, an articulating camera, and an assistant port.
  
  
  
  The primary outcome was the technical feasibility of the procedures, as measured by the need for conversion to standard techniques, intraoperative complications, and operative times.
  
  
  
  All cases were completed without the need for conversion. There were no intraoperative complications. The operative time was 100min for radical nephrectomy, and the mean operative time was 91.8±18.5min for partial nephrectomy. Limitations include the preclinical model, the small sample size, and the lack of a control group.
  
  
  
  Single-site retroperitoneal renal surgery is feasible using the latest-generation SP1098 robotic platform. While the potential of the SP1098 appears promising, further study is needed for clinical evaluation of this investigational technology.
  
  
  
  In an experimental model, we used a new robotic system to successfully perform major surgery on the kidney through a single small incision without entering the abdomen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Maurice
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: kaoukj@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Jihad H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaouk
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Laparoendoscopic single site; Nephrectomy; Renal cell carcinoma; Robotic surgical procedures; Robotics; Single site