title: Lipoprotein Apheresis for Lipoprotein(a)-Associated Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective 5 Years of Follow-Up and Apolipoprotein(a) Characterization.
abstract: Lipoprotein(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia (Lp(a)-HLP) along with progressive cardiovascular disease has been approved as indication for regular lipoprotein apheresis (LA) in Germany since 2008. We aimed to study the long-term preventive effect of LA and to assess hypothetical clinical correlations of apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) by analyzing genotypes and phenotypes.
  
  
  
  This prospective observational multicenter study included 170 patients with Lp(a)-HLP and progressive cardiovascular disease (48.9 years median age at diagnosis) despite other cardiovascular risk factors, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol had maximally been treated (mean baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: measured, 2.56 mmol/L [98.9 mg/dL] and corrected, 1.72 mmol/L [66.3 mg/dL]). Patients were prospectively investigated during a 5-year period about annual incidence rates of cardiovascular events. In addition, apo(a) isoforms and polymorphisms at the apo(a) gene (LPA) were characterized. One hundred fifty-four patients (90.6%) completed 5 years of follow-up. Mean Lp(a) concentration before commencing regular LA was 108.1 mg/dL. This was reduced by a single LA treatment by 68.1% on average. Significant decline of the mean annual cardiovascular event rate was observed from 0.58±0.53 2 years before regular LA to 0.11±0.15 thereafter (P<0.0001); 95.3% of patients expressed at least 1 small apo(a) isoform. Small apo(a) isoform (35.2%) carrying phenotypes were not tagged by single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs10455872 or rs3798220.
  
  
  
  Results of 5 years of prospective follow-up confirm that LA has a lasting effect on prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with Lp(a)-HLP. Patients clinically selected by progressive cardiovascular disease were characterized by a highly frequent expression of small apo(a) isoforms. Only Lp(a) concentration seemed to comprehensively reflect Lp(a)-associated cardiovascular risk, however.
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roeseler
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Julius
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heigl
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spitthoever
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heutling
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Breitenberger
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leebmann
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lehmacher
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Pia R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kamstrup
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Børge G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Nordestgaard
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maerz
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noureen
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.).
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heibges
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.); Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (W.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.R.K., B.G.N.); Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (W.M.); Synlab Academy, Mannheim, and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (W.M.); Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (A.N., K.S., F.K.); and Apheresis Research Institute, Cologne, Germany (A.H., R.K.). klingel@apheresis-research.org.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klingel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D053241:Apoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001781:Blood Component Removal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D006951:Hyperlipoproteinemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D015994:Incidence; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D053241:Apoprotein(a)
keywords: cardiovascular disease; coronary disease; lipoprotein apheresis; lipoprotein(a); risk factors