title: Medical professionals' perspectives on prescribed and over-the-counter medicines containing codeine: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: To explore prescribing practitioners' perspectives on prescribed codeine use, their ability to identify dependence and their options for treatment in the UK.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional design using a questionnaire containing closed-ended and open-ended items.
  
  
  
  A nationally representative sample of prescribing professionals working in the UK.
  
  
  
  300 prescribing professionals working in primary care and pain settings.
  
  
  
  Participants stated that they regularly reviewed patients prescribed codeine, understood the risks of dependence and recognised the potential for codeine to be used recreationally. Over half the participants felt patients were unaware of the adverse health consequences of high doses of combination codeine medicines. One-quarter of participants experienced patient resentment when asking about medicines containing codeine. Just under 40% of participants agreed that it was difficult to identify problematic use of codeine without being informed by the patient and did not feel confident in identification of codeine dependence. Less than 45% of all participants agreed that codeine dependence could be managed effectively in general practice. Slow or gradual withdrawal was the most popular suggested treatment in managing dependence. Education and counselling was also emphasised in managing codeine-dependent patients in primary care.
  
  
  
  Communication with patients should involve assessment of patient understanding of their medication, including the risk of dependence. There is a need to develop extra supports for professionals including patient screening tools for identifying codeine dependence. The support structure for managing codeine-dependent patients in primary care requires further examination.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.affiliation: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.affiliation: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.affiliation: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
authors.forename: Marie-Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Van Hout
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deluca
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003061:Codeine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059408:Pain Management; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D003061:Codeine
keywords: Codeine; PRIMARY CARE; dependence; over the counter