title: Inflammatory response during slow- and fast-twitch muscle regeneration.
abstract: Skeletal muscles are characterized by their unique ability to regenerate. Injury of a so-called fast-twitch muscle, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), results in efficient regeneration and reconstruction of the functional tissue. In contrast, slow-twitch muscle (soleus) fails to properly reconstruct and develops fibrosis. This study focuses on soleus and EDL muscle regeneration and associated inflammation.
  
  
  
  We determined differences in the activity of neutrophils and M1 and M2 macrophages using flow cytometry and differences in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines using Western blotting and immunolocalization at different times after muscle injury.
  
  
  
  Soleus muscle repair is accompanied by increased and prolonged inflammation, as compared to EDL. The proinflammatory cytokine profile is different in the soleus and ED muscles.
  
  
  
  Muscle repair efficiency differs by muscle fiber type. The inflammatory response affects the repair efficiency of slow- and fast-twitch muscles. Muscle Nerve 55: 400-409, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kasprzycka
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bocian
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuchcinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaczmarska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gladysz
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wladyslawa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Streminska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria Anna
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ciemerych
mesh_terms: D000123:Acetyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D007797:Laminin / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000502:physiology*; D018657:Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch / Q000502:physiology*; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007797:Laminin; C510384:Myh3 protein, rat; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D000123:Acetyltransferases; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains
keywords: EDL; inflammation; macrophages; neutrophils; skeletal muscle regeneration; soleus