title: Effect of Candida albicans on Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is supposed to play a key role in the pathophysiological processes of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI), and Candida albicans in human gut commonly elevates inflammatory cytokines in intestinal mucosa. This study aimed to explore the effect of C. albicans on IIRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups according to the status of C. albicans infection and IIRI operation: group blank and sham; group blank and IIRI; group cefoperazone plus IIRI; group C. albicans plus cefoperazone and IIRI (CCI); and group C. albicans plus cefoperazone and sham. The levels of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-μ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and diamine oxidase (DAO) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to evaluate the inflammation reactivity as well as the integrity of small intestine. Histological scores were used to assess the mucosal damage, and the C. albicans blood translocation was detected to judge the permeability of intestinal mucosal barrier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of inflammatory factors TNF-μ, IL-6, and IL-1β in serum and intestine were higher in rats undergone both C. albicans infection and IIRI operation compared with rats in other groups. The levels of DAO (serum: 44.13 ± 4.30 pg/ml, intestine: 346.21 ± 37.03 pg/g) and Chiu scores (3.41 ± 1.09) which reflected intestinal mucosal disruption were highest in group CCI after the operation. The number of C. albicans translocated into blood was most in group CCI ([33.80 ± 6.60] ×102 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intestinal C. albicans infection worsened the IIRI-induced disruption of intestinal mucosal barrier and facilitated the subsequent C. albicans translocation and dissemination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Rong
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Zhi
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002438:Cefoperazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002438:Cefoperazone; D006631:Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)