title: Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition.
abstract: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  
  
  
  Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network.
  
  
  
  The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochemistry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neuroimaging and genetics.
  
  
  
  Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Göttingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Borwin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bandelow
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.affiliation: c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abelli
authors.affiliation: i School of Social and Community Medicine , Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bolea-Alamanac
authors.affiliation: e Neurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders , University of Nantes , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourin
authors.affiliation: f Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire , Parkway , UK.|g Department of Psychiatry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.affiliation: h Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences , Gabriele D'Annunzio University , Chieti , Italy.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cinosi
authors.affiliation: d Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.|i School of Social and Community Medicine , Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: j Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Domschke
authors.affiliation: f Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire , Parkway , UK.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fineberg
authors.affiliation: j Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany.|k Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|l Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.|m Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Edna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grünblatt
authors.affiliation: n Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jarema
authors.affiliation: o Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Ku
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: p Department of Psychiatry , North Estonia Medical Centre , Tallinn , Estonia.|q Department of Psychiatry , University of Tartu , Estonia.|t Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maron
authors.affiliation: r Athens University Medical School, First Department of Psychiatry , Eginition Hospital , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Masdrakis
authors.affiliation: s Foundation Biological Psychiatry , Sofia , Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Olya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mikova
authors.affiliation: t Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.affiliation: u UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Sacramento , CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pallanti
authors.affiliation: c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.affiliation: v Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - University Medica Center Berlin, Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ströhle
authors.affiliation: w Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes , University Hospital Cochin , Paris , France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thibaut
authors.affiliation: x Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK.
authors.forename: Matilde M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vaghi
authors.affiliation: o Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunsoo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Göttingen , Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wedekind
authors.affiliation: n Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wichniak
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK.
authors.forename: Jade
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woolley
authors.affiliation: y kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg am Inn , Germany.|z Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zwanzger
authors.affiliation: j Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riederer
mesh_terms: D026683:Advisory Committees; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001689:Biological Psychiatry; D015415:Biomarkers; D032921:Consensus; D006801:Humans; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012955:Societies, Medical; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Anxiety disorders; genetic; neurobiology; neurochemistry; neuroimaging; review