title: Chemical Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans.
abstract: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as one major part of the glycocalyx are involved in many essential biological cell processes, as well as in many courses of diseases. Because of the potential therapeutic application of GAG polymers, fragments, and also derivatives toward different diseases (e.g., heparin derivatives against Alzheimer's disease), there is a continual growing demand for new chemical syntheses, which suffice the high claim to stereoselectivity and chemoselectivity. This Review summarizes the progress of chemical syntheses of GAGs over the last 10 years. For each class of the glycosaminoglycans-hyaluronan (HA), heparan sulfate/heparin (HS/HP), chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS), and keratan sulfate (KS)-mainly novel glycosylation strategies, elongation sequences, and protecting group patterns are discussed, but also (semi)automated syntheses, enzymatic approaches, and functionalizations of synthesized or isolated GAGs are considered.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mende
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Christin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bednarek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wawryszyn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.affiliation: Division 2-Informatics, Economics and Society, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Biskup
authors.affiliation: Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.|Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bräse
mesh_terms: D020650:Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006031:Glycosylation; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D009005:Monosaccharides