title: Associations of socioeconomic position in childhood and young adulthood with cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jerusalem Perinatal Family Follow-Up Study.
abstract: Several stages in the life course have been identified as important to the development of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to assess the associations of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position (SEP) and social mobility with cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRs) later in life.
  
  
  
  We conducted follow-up examinations of 1132 offspring, aged 32, within a population-based cohort of all births in Jerusalem from 1974 to 1976. SEP was indicated by parents' occupation and education, and adulthood SEP was based on offspring's occupation and education recorded at age 32. Linear regression models were used to investigate the associations of SEP and social mobility with CMRs.
  
  
  
  Childhood-occupational SEP was negatively associated with body mass index (BMI; β=-0.29, p=0.031), fat percentage (fat%; β=-0.58, p=0.005), insulin (β=-0.01, p=0.031), triglycerides (β=-0.02, p=0.024) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; β=-1.91, p=0.015), independent of adulthood SEP. Adulthood-occupational SEP was negatively associated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; β=-0.01, p=0.002), and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β=0.87, p=0.030). Results remained similar after adjustment for smoking and inactivity. Childhood-educational SEP was associated with decreased WHR and LDL-C level (p=0.0002), and adulthood-educational SEP was inversely associated with BMI (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.008), WHR (p=0.001) and fat% (p=0.0002) and positively associated with HDL-C (p=0.030). Additionally, social mobility (mainly upward) was shown to have adverse cardiometabolic outcomes.
  
  
  
  Both childhood and adulthood SEP contribute independently to CMR. The match-mismatch hypothesis may explain the elevated CMRs among participants experiencing social mobility. Identification of life-course SEP-related aspects that translate into social inequality in cardiovascular risk may facilitate efforts for improving health and for reducing disparities in cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: The Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Savitsky
authors.affiliation: The Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Manor
authors.affiliation: The Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.affiliation: The Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.affiliation: The Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: The Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calderon-Margalit
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Siscovick
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enquobahrie
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: The Braun School of Public Health, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hochner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009790:Occupations; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012937:Social Mobility
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease; Epidemiology of chronic diseases; SOCIO-ECONOMIC