title: Total antioxidant intake and prostate cancer in the Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS) study. A case control study.
abstract: The total intake of dietary antioxidants may reduce prostate cancer risk but available data are sparse and the possible role of supplements unclear. We investigated the potential association between total and dietary antioxidant intake and prostate cancer in a Swedish population.
  
  
  
  We used FFQ data from 1499 cases and 1112 controls in the population based case-control study Cancer of the Prostate in Sweden (CAPS). The ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay was used to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of diet and supplements. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of prostate cancer across quintiles of antioxidant intake from all foods, from fruit and vegetables only, and from dietary supplements using unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  
  Coffee comprised 62 % of the dietary antioxidant intake, tea 4 %, berries 4 %, chocolate 2 %, and boiled potatoes 2 %. In total 19 % and 13 % of the population took multivitamins and supplemental Vitamin C respectively, on a regular basis. Antioxidant intake from all foods and from fruits and vegetables separately measured by the FRAP assay was not associated with prostate cancer risk. For antioxidant intake from supplements we found a positive association with total, advanced, localized, high grade and low grade prostate cancer in those above median supplemental TAC intake of users compared to non-users (Adjusted ORs for total prostate cancer: 1.37, 95 % CI 1.08-1.73, advanced: 1.51, 95 % CI 1.11-2.06, localized: 1.36. 95 % CI 1.06-1.76, high grade 1.60, 95 % CI 1.06-2.40, low grade 1.36, 95 % CI 1.03-1.81). A high intake of coffee (≥6 cups/day) was associated with a possible risk reduction of fatal and significantly with reduced risk for high grade prostate cancer, adjusted OR: 0.45 (95 % CI: 0.22-0.90), whereas a high intake of chocolate was positively associated with risk of total, advanced, localized and low grade disease (adjusted OR for total: 1.43, 95 % CI 1.12-1.82, advanced: 1.40, 95 % CI 1.01-1.96, localized: 1.43, 95 % CI 1.08-1.88, low-grade: 1.41, 95 % CI 1.03-1.93).
  
  
  
  Total antioxidant intake from diet was not associated with prostate cancer risk. Supplement use may be associated with greater risk of disease.
authors.affiliation: Oslo University Hospital, Clinic of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Montebello, 0380, Oslo, Norway. k.m.russnes@medisin.uio.no.|Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway. k.m.russnes@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Kjell M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6730-6192
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Russnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.affiliation: Oslo University Hospital, Clinic of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Montebello, 0380, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blomhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Sigbjørn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smeland
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grönberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.|Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Lorelei A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bälter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants
keywords: Antioxidants; Coffee; Dietary supplement; Prostate cancer