title: Liver Failure due to Acute Viral Hepatitis (A-E).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Viral hepatitis is still one of the key causes of acute liver failure (ALF) in the world.
  
  
  METHODS
  A selective literature search of the PubMed database was conducted, including current studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. We obtained an overview of ALF due to viral hepatitis in terms of epidemiology, course, and treatment options.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most fulminant viral courses are reported after infection with hepatitis A, B, and B/D, but not with hepatitis C. Hepatitis E is also known to cause ALF but has not gained much attention in recent years. However, more and more autochthonous hepatitis E virus infections have been recently observed in Europe. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) under immunosuppressive conditions, such as after intensive chemotherapy, is also an increasing problem. For most viral-induced cases of ALF, liver transplantation represented the only therapeutic option in the past. Today, immediate treatment of HBV-induced ALF with nucleotide or nucleoside analogs is well tolerated and beneficially affects the course of the disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although numbers in Western European countries are decreasing rapidly, reliable diagnostic screening for hepatitis A-E is necessary to identify the etiology and to determine those most at risk of developing ALF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manka
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verheyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gerken
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canbay
keywords: Acute liver failure; Hepatitis B virus reactivation; Hepatitis E virus; Viral hepatitis