title: Nasal Bacterial Colonization in Pediatric Epistaxis: The Role of Topical Antibacterial Treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epistaxis is a common problem in childhood. It has been shown that children with recurrent epistaxis are more likely to have nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. It has been suggested that low-grade inflammation, crusting and increased vascularity due to bacterial colonization contributes to the development of epistaxis in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the nasal colonization and treatment outcome in pediatric epistaxis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Charts of the pediatric patients referred to our university hospital otolaryngology outpatient clinics for the evaluation of epistaxis were reviewed. The patients whose nasal cultures had been taken at the first clinical visit comprised the study group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria grown. The presence of crusting and hypervascularity was not dependent on the type of bacterial growth and there was no relation between hypervascularity and crusting of the nasal mucosa. Thirty-six patients were evaluated for the outcome analysis. Resolution of bleeding was not dependent on nasal colonization; in patients with colonization, there was no difference between topical antibacterial and non-antibacterial treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the high colonization rates, topical antibacterial treatment was not found superior to non-antibacterial treatment. Our study does not support the belief that bacterial colonization results in hypervascularity of the septal mucosa causing epistaxis since no relation was found between nasal colonization, hypervascularity and crusting. The role of bacterial colonization in pediatric epistaxis need to be further investigated and treatment protocols must be determined accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mukadder
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yeliz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Çetinkol
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ordu University School of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Ordu University Training and Research Hospital, Ordu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Timur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Batmaz
keywords: Antibacterial treatment; nasal colonization; nasal vascularization; pediatric epistaxis