title: Syndromes with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in the spine.
abstract: Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) has been known for over of 40 years. It is an underrecognized entity due to the low number of described cases and poor propagation awareness of the problem. Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis is usually confused with infectious spondylodiscitis or malignant lesions, both primary and metastatic. Failing to consider CNO as one of possible lesions of the spine among an array of differential diagnoses may lead to a prolonged ineffective treatment increasing treatment-related morbidity. In this paper the authors describe these two syndromes, with a possible autoimmune background - chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) and SAPHO syndrome - that include CNO being among the manifestations. The authors present the spinal symptomatology of CNO for both syndromes published so far to help spine clinicians organize the information for better usage in everyday clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Kubaszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Rheumaorthopaedics, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland; Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wojdasiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Hospital in Śrem, Śrem, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rożek
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumaorthopaedics, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Iwona E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Słowińska
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Connective Tissue Diseases, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Romanowska-Próchnicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Radosław
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Słowiński
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Experimental Pathology with Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz A
authors.initials: ŁA
authors.lastname: Poniatowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroorthopaedics and Neurology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Rheumaorthopaedics, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gasik
keywords: CRMO; SAPHO syndrome; non-bacterial inflammation; osteomyelitis