title: High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA Gene Reveals Substantial Bacterial Diversity on the Municipal Dumpsite.
abstract: Multiple types of solid waste in developing countries is disposed of together in dumpsites where there is interaction between humans, animals and the bacteria in the waste. To study the bacteria at the dumpsite and the associated risks, previous studies have focused on culturable, leaving behind a great number of unculturable bacteria. This study focuses on a more comprehensive approach to study bacteria at the dumpsite. Since the site comprised of unsorted wastes, a qualitative survey was first performed to identify the variety of solid waste as this has influence on the microbial composition. Thus, domestic (Dom), biomedical (Biom), river sludge (Riv), and fecal material of pigs scavenging on the dumpsite (FecD) were sampled. Total DNA was extracted from 78 samples and the v4-16S rRNA amplicons was characterized using an Illumina MiSeq platform.
  
  
  
  A total of 8,469,294 sequences passed quality control. Catchall analysis predicted a mean of 8243 species per sample. Diversity was high with an average InvSimpson index of 44.21 ± 1.44. A total of 35 phyla were detected and the predominant were Firmicutes (38 %), Proteobacteria (35 %), Bacteroidetes (13 %) and Actinobacteria (3 %). Overall 76,862 OTUs were detected, however, only 20 % were found more than 10 times. The predominant OTUs were Acinetobacter (12.1 %), Clostridium sensu stricto (4.8 %), Proteinclasticum and Lactobacillus both at (3.4 %), Enterococcus (2.9 %) and Escherichia/Shigella (1.7 %). Indicator analysis (P ≤ 0.05, indicator value ≥ 70) shows that Halomonas, Idiomarina, Tisierella and Proteiniclasticum were associated with Biom; Enterococcus, Bifidobacteria, and Clostridium sensu stricto with FecD and Flavobacteria, Lysobacter and Commamonas to Riv. Acinetobacter and Clostridium sensu stricto were found in 62 % and 49 % of all samples, respectively, at the relative abundance of 1 %. None of OTUs was found across all samples.
  
  
  
  This study provides a comprehensive report on the abundance and diversity bacteria in municipal dumpsite. The species richness reported here shows the complexity of this man-made ecosystem and calls for further research to assess for a link between human diseases and the dumpsite. This would provide insight into proper disposal of the waste, as well as, limit the risks to human health associated with the dumpsite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. kilazasmsn24@gmail.com.|School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania. kilazasmsn24@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kilaza Samson
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Mwaikono
authors.affiliation: BecA-ILRI Hub International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, W238A Millennium Science Complex, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Aswathy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sebastian
authors.affiliation: Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, the Pennsylvania State University, 204 Wartik Laboratories, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.|Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, the Pennsylvania State University, 204 Wartik Laboratories, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania.|Genome Sciences Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gwakisa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D044822:Biodiversity; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D062611:Solid Waste; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology; D013636:Tanzania; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012722:Sewage; D062611:Solid Waste
keywords: 16S rRNA; Illumina MiSeq; Molecular diversity; Municipal dumpsite; Solid waste