title: Characterization of promoter sequence of toll-like receptor genes in Vechur cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the promoter sequence of toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in Vechur cattle, an indigenous breed of Kerala with the sequence of Bos taurus and access the differences that could be attributed to innate immune responses against bovine mastitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from Jugular vein of Vechur cattle, maintained at Vechur cattle conservation center of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, using an acid-citrate-dextrose anticoagulant. The genomic DNA was extracted, and polymerase chain reaction was carried out to amplify the promoter region of TLRs. The amplified product of TLR2, 4, and 9 promoter regions was sequenced by Sanger enzymatic DNA sequencing technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sequence of promoter region of TLR2 of Vechur cattle with the B. taurus sequence present in GenBank showed 98% similarity and revealed variants for four sequence motifs. The sequence of the promoter region of TLR4 of Vechur cattle revealed 99% similarity with that of B. taurus sequence but not reveals significant variant in motifregions. However, two heterozygous loci were observed from the chromatogram. Promoter sequence of TLR9 gene also showed 99% similarity to B. taurus sequence and revealed variants for four sequence motifs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that significant variation in the promoter of TLR2 and 9 genes in Vechur cattle breed and may potentially link the influence the innate immunity response against mastitis diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lakshmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Jayavardhanan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Aravindakshan
keywords: Vechur breed; mastitis; promoter; sequence; toll-like receptor