title: "Gateway hypothesis" and early drug use: Additional findings from tracking a population-based sample of adolescents to adulthood.
abstract: To evaluate the consistency of the relationship between early drug use in adolescence and illegal drug use in adulthood as proposed in the "gateway theory" and to determine whether pre-existing depressive symptoms modifies this relationship. We used contractual data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult health data spanning a 14 year period. We assessed the relationship between gateway drugs at baseline (age 11-20 years) and drug use in adulthood using generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models. Gateways drugs used in early adolescence were significantly associated with marijuana use, illegal drugs and cocaine in older adolescence, but over time these relationships were not consistent in adulthood. Changes in the pattern of psychoactive drug use were important predictors of drug use in adulthood. A history of higher depressive symptoms was associated with higher frequencies of psychoactive drug use over time. Users of mental health services in adolescence were less likely to use drugs in older adolescence and in adulthood. Relationships between early drug use and later drug use in adulthood cannot be solely explained by the gateway hypothesis. Collectively, adolescent drug prevention and treatment programs should apply theory-based and evidence-proven multisectoral intervention strategies rather than providing a brief counseling on individual's behaviors. This evidence should include understanding that changes in behavior should involve broader analyses of the underlying social context for drug use and in particular the role of the community social norms in driving a group's behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Sam Houston State University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Population Health, 241I CBS Building, Huntsville, TX 77340, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nkansah-Amankra
authors.affiliation: Central Michigan University School of Health Sciences, Health Professions Building, Room 2235, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, United States.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minelli
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Early drug use; Gateway drugs; Gateway theory; Young people