title: Cognitive Collaboration Found in Cardiac Physiology: Study in Classroom Environment.
abstract: It is known that periods of intense social interaction result in shared patterns in collaborators' physiological signals. However, applied quantitative research on collaboration is hindered due to scarcity of objective metrics of teamwork effectiveness. Indeed, especially in the domain of productive, ecologically-valid activity such as programming, there is a lack of evidence for the most effective, affordable and reliable measures of collaboration quality. In this study we investigate synchrony in physiological signals between collaborating computer science students performing pair-programming exercises in a class room environment. We recorded electrocardiography over the course of a 60 minute programming session, using lightweight physiological sensors. We employ correlation of heart-rate variability features to study social psychophysiological compliance of the collaborating students. We found evident physiological compliance in collaborating dyads' heart-rate variability signals. Furthermore, dyads' self-reported workload was associated with the physiological compliance. Our results show viability of a novel approach to field measurement using lightweight devices in an uncontrolled environment, and suggest that self-reported collaboration quality can be assessed via physiological signals.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Lauri
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9957-4263
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.|Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cowley
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torniainen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ukkonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vihavainen
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puolamäki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004526:Efficiency; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D048088:Informatics / Q000193:education; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D012985:Software Design; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D016526:Workload; D055815:Young Adult