title: Glucocorticoid receptor gene modulates severity of depression in women with crack cocaine addiction.
abstract: Crack cocaine addicted inpatients that present more severe withdrawal symptoms also exhibit higher rates of depressive symptoms. There is strong evidence that the identification of genetic variants in depression is potentialized when reducing phenotypic heterogeneity by studying selected groups. Since depression has been associated to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, this study evaluated the effects of SNPs in stress-related genes on depressive symptoms of crack cocaine addicts at early abstinence and over the detoxification treatment (4th, 11th and 18th day post admission). Also, the role of these SNPs on the re-hospitalization rates after 2.5 years of follow-up was studied. One hundred eight-two women were enrolled and eight SNPs in four genes (NR3C2, NR3C1, FKBP5 and CRHR1) were genotyped. A significant main effect of NR3C1-rs41423247 was found, where the C minor allele increased depressive symptoms at early abstinence. This effect remained significant after 10,000 permutations to account for multiple SNPs tested (P=0.0077). There was no effect of rs41423247 on the course of detoxification treatment, but a slight effect of rs41423247 at late abstinence was detected (P=0.0463). This analysis suggests that the presence of at least one C allele is worse at early abstinence, while only CC genotype appears to increase depressive symptoms at late abstinence. Also, a slight effect of rs41423247 C minor allele increasing the number of re-hospitalizations after 2.5 years was found (P=0.0413). These findings are in agreement with previous studies reporting an influence of rs41423247 on sensitivity to glucocorticoids and further elucidate its resulting effects on depressive-related traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rovaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelita P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Aroche
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Djenifer B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kappel
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pezzi
authors.affiliation: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil.
authors.forename: Mateus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Levandowski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Neuroscience and Behavior (LPNeC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana R B
authors.initials: ARB
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schuch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Neuroscience and Behavior (LPNeC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosa M M
authors.initials: RMM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassi-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Electronic address: claiton.bau@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Claiton H D
authors.initials: CHD
authors.lastname: Bau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000235:genetics*; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000235:genetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5; C497713:NR3C1 protein, human; C561839:NR3C2 protein, human
keywords: Addiction; CRHR1; FKBP5; Glucocorticoid receptor; Major depressive disorder; NR3C1