title: Tomato-based randomized controlled trial in prostate cancer patients: Effect on PSA.
abstract: The effect of lycopene-containing foods in prostate cancer development remains undetermined. We tested whether a lycopene-rich tomato intervention could reduce the levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer patients.
  
  
  
  Prior to their curative treatment, 79 patients with prostate cancer were randomized to a nutritional intervention with either 1) tomato products containing 30 mg lycopene per day; 2) tomato products plus selenium, omega-3 fatty acids, soy isoflavones, grape/pomegranate juice, and green/black tea (tomato-plus); or 3) control diet for 3 weeks.
  
  
  
  The main analysis, which included patients in all risk categories, did not reveal differences in changes of PSA-values between the intervention and control groups. Post-hoc, exploratory analyses within intermediate risk (n = 41) patients based on tumor classification and Gleason score post-surgery, revealed that median PSA decreased significantly in the tomato group as compared to controls (-2.9% and +6.5% respectively, p = 0.016). In separate post-hoc analyses, we observed that median PSA-values decreased by 1% in patients with the highest increases in plasma lycopene, selenium and C20:5 n-3 fatty acid, compared to an 8.5% increase in the patients with the lowest increase in lycopene, selenium and C20:5 n-3 fatty acid (p = 0.003). Also, PSA decreased in patients with the highest increase in lycopene alone (p = 0.009).
  
  
  
  Three week nutritional interventions with tomato-products alone or in combination with selenium and n-3 fatty acids lower PSA in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer. Our observation suggests that the effect may depend on both aggressiveness of the disease and the blood levels of lycopene, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: ingvild.paur@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paur
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: WLL@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lilleby
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: s.k.bohn@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Siv Kjølsrud
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bøhn
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: erik@hulander.se.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hulander
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: wilkle@so-hf.no.
authors.forename: Willibrord
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: LVLAT@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vlatkovic
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Urology, Akershus University Hospital, 1748 Lørenskog, Norway. Electronic address: axcrona@online.no.
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Axcrona
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: nilbol@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bolstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: BJC@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjøro
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1122, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: petter.laake@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laake
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: k.a.tasken@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Kristin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Taskén
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: aud.svindland@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Aud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svindland
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: lamaer@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Lars Magne
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Eri
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: BJORB@ous-hf.no.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brennhovd
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: m.h.carlsen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Monica H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Carlsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: s.d.fossa@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Sophie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fosså
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: sigbjorn.smeland@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Sigbjørn S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smeland
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: a.s.karlsen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Anette S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Karlsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Cancer Medicine, Transplantation and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: rune.blomhoff@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blomhoff
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007529:Isoflavones; D002338:Carotenoids; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D012643:Selenium; D000077276:Lycopene
keywords: Diet; Lycopene; Prostate cancer; Prostate specific antigen; Selenium; Tomato