title: Encapsulation of indocyanine green into cell membrane capsules for photothermal cancer therapy.
abstract: Although indocyanine green (ICG) has promising applications in photothermal therapy (PPT) because of its low toxicity and high efficiency in inducing heat and singlet oxygen formation in response to near-infrared light with a wavelength of approximately 800nm, its clinical application has been restricted because of its rapid body clearance and poor water stability. Therefore, cell membrane capsules (CMCs) derived from mammalian cells were used to encapsulate negatively charged ICG by temporarily permeating the plasma membrane and resealing using positively charged doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The resulting CMCs@DOX/ICG exhibited a spherical shape, with a diameter of approximately 800nm. The DOX and ICG encapsulation was confirmed by the UV-vis spectrum; a very small amount of DOX (0.8μg) and a very high amount of ICG (∼110μg) were encapsulated in 200μg CMCs. Encapsulation in the CMCs leads to sustained release of ICG, especially in the presence of positively charged DOX. The temperature enhancement and generation of ROS by ICG encapsulated in CMCs were confirmed upon laser irradiation in vitro, leading to cell death. CMCs@DOX/ICG also can significantly enhance the retention of ICG in a tumor after intratumoral injection in vivo. As a result, combination treatment with CMCs@DOX/ICG and laser irradiation demonstrated much better anticancer efficacy than that of free DOX/ICG and CMCs@ICG. The encapsulation of ICG into CMCs, especially with the assistance of DOX, significantly slows down the body clearance of ICG, with a retained PPT effect against tumors, an important step forward in the practical application of ICG in cancer therapy.
  
  
  
  In this study, cell membrane capsules (CMCs) derived from mammalian cells were used to encapsulate negatively charged indocyanine green (ICG) by temporarily permeating the plasma membrane and resealing, in the presence of positively charged doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The resulting CMCs@DOX/ICG exhibited a spherical shape, with a diameter of approximately 800nm. Encapsulation in the CMCs leads to sustained release of ICG and thus slower clearance inside body, especially in the presence of positively charged DOX. The system provides a better photothermal effect against tumors, an important step forward in the practical application of ICG in cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310022, China.
authors.forename: Guoping
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Lijie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310022, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310022, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310022, China. Electronic address: ljli@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lanjuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China. Electronic address: zwmao@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhengwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002214:Capsules; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005260:Female; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000737:chemistry*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D061848:Optical Imaging; D010789:Phototherapy; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D004317:Doxorubicin; D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: Cancer therapy; Cell membrane capsules; Drug delivery; Indocyanine green; Photothermal therapy