title: Effectiveness of interventions for adult peripheral intravenous catheterization: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral intravenous catheterization (PIVC) is commonly performed on emergency departments and inpatient units. Unsuccessful PIVC first attempts increase pain, and lead to treatment and diagnostic delays.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine strategies associated with PIVC first attempt success in adult emergency department patients and inpatients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, TRIP, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (OVID), and grey literatures databases such as Proquest Dissertation and Theses Global, and Open Grey databases between November and December, 2014. The search was updated on January 28, 2016. We included full text reports of randomized controlled trials testing PIVC interventions versus standard of care. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 14 randomized controlled trials involving 3201 participants. Interventions included the AccuVein™, AccuCath™ catheter system, ultrasound, safety catheters, and topical anesthetics. Three studies compared AutoGuard and Insyte catheters and were suitable for meta-analysis. There was no difference in first attempt success with a relative risk of 0.0 (95% CI, -0.04, 0.04). There was limited evidence to support the use of ultrasound to increase first attempt success.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Well-designed and reported randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of ultrasound compared to standard of care are warranted.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PROSPERO registration: CRD42014015428.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Faculty of Nursing, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. Electronic address: parkers@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Shannon I A
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Faculty of Nursing, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. Electronic address: benzies@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Benzies
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Taylor Family Digital Library, 410 University Court NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. Electronic address: ahayden@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: K Alix
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Unit 1633, 1632 14 Ave NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1M7, Canada. Electronic address: eslang@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Eddy S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D015397:Program Evaluation; D058996:Quality Improvement
keywords: Adult; Cannulation; Nursing; Peripheral intravenous catheterization; Success; Systematic review; Ultrasound; Vascular access; Venous