title: Implications of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of CDKN2A (p16(INK4a)) in Cancer.
abstract: Aberrant gene silencing is highly associated with altered cell cycle regulation during carcinogenesis. In particular, silencing of the CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene, which encodes the p16(INK4a) protein, has a causal link with several different types of cancers. The p16(INK4a) protein plays an executional role in cell cycle and senescence through the regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 and cyclin D complexes. Several genetic and epigenetic aberrations of CDKN2A lead to enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis with recurrence of cancer and poor prognosis. In these cases, the restoration of genetic and epigenetic reactivation of CDKN2A is a practical approach for the prevention and therapy of cancer. This review highlights the genetic status of CDKN2A as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in various cancers.
authors.affiliation: China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju 361-742, South Korea.
authors.forename: Bu Young
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China. Electronic address: mhlee@hci-cn.org.
authors.forename: Mee-Hyun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation: China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA. Electronic address: zgdong@hi.umn.edu.
authors.forename: Zigang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056741:Cyclin D / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D056741:Cyclin D; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
keywords: CDKN2A; Cancer; Epigenetic alterations; Genetic alterations; p16(INK4a)