title: A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to enhance teaching effectiveness: A 10-year update: BEME Guide No. 40.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review, which focused on faculty development initiatives designed to improve teaching effectiveness, synthesized findings related to intervention types, study characteristics, individual and organizational outcomes, key features, and community building.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review included 111 studies (between 2002 and 2012) that met the review criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall satisfaction with faculty development programs was high. Participants reported increased confidence, enthusiasm, and awareness of effective educational practices. Gains in knowledge and skills, and self-reported changes in teaching behaviors, were frequently noted. Observed behavior changes included enhanced teaching practices, new educational initiatives, new leadership positions, and increased academic output. Organizational changes were infrequently explored. Key features included evidence-informed educational design, relevant content, experiential learning, feedback and reflection, educational projects, intentional community building, longitudinal program design, and institutional support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review holds implications for practice and research. Moving forward, we should build on current success, broaden the focus beyond individual teaching effectiveness, develop programs that extend over time, promote workplace learning, foster community development, and secure institutional support. We should also embed studies in a theoretical framework, conduct more qualitative and mixed methods studies, assess behavioral and organizational change, evaluate transfer to practice, analyse key features, and explore the role of faculty development within the larger organizational context.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montreal , Canada ;
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Steinert
authors.affiliation: b Division of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada ;
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: c International Programs , National Board of Medical Examiners , Philadelphia, PA , USA ;
authors.forename: Brownell
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: d Department of Integrated Studies in Education, Faculty of Education , McGill University , Montreal , Canada ;
authors.forename: Bonnie Maureen
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: e Faculty of Biomedical Sciences , Austral University , Buenos Aires , Argentina ;
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Centeno
authors.affiliation: f HoPingKong Centre for Excellence in Education and Practice and The Wilson Centre , University Health Network , Toronto , Canada ;
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naismith
authors.affiliation: g Prideaux Centre for Research in Health Professions Education , School of Medicine, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia ;
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prideaux
authors.affiliation: h School of Medical Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ;
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: i Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Ageing and Chronic Disease and Institute of Health and Society , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ;
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tullo
authors.affiliation: j Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA ;
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Viggiano
authors.affiliation: k Medicine Learning and Teaching Unit, School of Medicine , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia ;
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: l School of Health Professions Education (SHE) , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dolmans
mesh_terms: D005180:Faculty, Medical; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D011361:Professional Competence; D013192:Staff Development / Q000379:methods*; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards