title: Genomic analysis of snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus) identifies genes and processes related to high-altitude adaptation.
abstract: The snub-nosed monkey genus Rhinopithecus includes five closely related species distributed across altitudinal gradients from 800 to 4,500 m. Rhinopithecus bieti, Rhinopithecus roxellana, and Rhinopithecus strykeri inhabit high-altitude habitats, whereas Rhinopithecus brelichi and Rhinopithecus avunculus inhabit lowland regions. We report the de novo whole-genome sequence of R. bieti and genomic sequences for the four other species. Eight shared substitutions were found in six genes related to lung function, DNA repair, and angiogenesis in the high-altitude snub-nosed monkeys. Functional assays showed that the high-altitude variant of CDT1 (Ala537Val) renders cells more resistant to UV irradiation, and the high-altitude variants of RNASE4 (Asn89Lys and Thr128Ile) confer enhanced ability to induce endothelial tube formation in vitro. Genomic scans in the R. bieti and R. roxellana populations identified signatures of selection between and within populations at genes involved in functions relevant to high-altitude adaptation. These results provide valuable insights into the adaptation to high altitude in the snub-nosed monkeys.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Dong
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.|Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Cui-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.|Deparment of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.|State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.|Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Hu
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Lin
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.|State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.|Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.|Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kai-Le
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.|Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Guo
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China.
authors.forename: Ye-Qin
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institue of Primatology and Human Evolution, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Nujiang Prefecture Forestry Bureau, Yunnan, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Shu
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.affiliation: San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, USA.
authors.forename: Oliver A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.|Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Chung-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016673:Colobinae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers