title: The Effects of Hearing Impairment, Age, and Hearing Aids on the Use of Self-Motion for Determining Front/Back Location.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are two cues that listeners use to disambiguate the front/back location of a sound source: high-frequency spectral cues associated with the head and pinnae, and self-motion-related binaural cues. The use of these cues can be compromised in listeners with hearing impairment and users of hearing aids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine how age, hearing impairment, and the use of hearing aids affect a listener's ability to determine front from back based on both self-motion and spectral cues.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a previously published front/back illusion: signals whose physical source location is rotated around the head at twice the angular rate of the listener's head movements are perceptually located in the opposite hemifield from where they physically are. In normal-hearing listeners, the strength of this illusion decreases as a function of low-pass filter cutoff frequency, this is the result of a conflict between spectral cues and dynamic binaural cues for sound source location. The illusion was used as an assay of self-motion processing in listeners with hearing impairment and users of hearing aids.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 40 hearing-impaired participants, with an average age of 62 yr. The data for three listeners were discarded because they did not move their heads enough during the experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Listeners sat at the center of a ring of 24 loudspeakers, turned their heads back and forth, and used a wireless keypad to report the front/back location of statically presented signals and of dynamically moving signals with illusory locations. Front/back accuracy for static signals, the strength of front/back illusions, and minimum audible movement angle were measured for each listener in each condition. All measurements were made in each listener both aided and unaided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hearing-impaired listeners were less accurate at front/back discrimination for both static and illusory conditions. Neither static nor illusory conditions were affected by high-frequency content. Hearing aids had heterogeneous effects from listener to listener, but independent of other factors, on average, listeners wearing aids exhibited a spectrally dependent increase in "front" responses: the more high-frequency energy in the signal, the more likely they were to report it as coming from the front.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hearing impairment was associated with a decrease in the accuracy of self-motion processing for both static and moving signals. Hearing aids may not always reproduce dynamic self-motion-related cues with sufficient fidelity to allow reliable front/back discrimination.
authors.affiliation: MRC/CSO Institute of Hearing Research (Scottish Section), Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: W Owen
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Brimijoin
authors.affiliation: MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Akeroyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003463:Cues; D019416:Head Movements; D006310:Hearing Aids; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013017:Sound Localization; D013067:Speech Perception