title: A Double-Primary Dead-Weight Tester for Pressures (35-175) kPa in Gage Mode.
abstract: Primary pressure standards in the atmospheric pressure range are often established using mercury manometers. Less frequently, controlled-clearance dead-weight testers in which one component (normally the piston) has been dimensionally measured have also been used. Recent advances in technology on two fronts i) the fabrication of large-diameter pistons and cylinders with good geometry; and ii) the ability to measure the dimensions of these components, have allowed some dead-weight testers at NIST to approach total relative uncertainties (k = 2) in dimensionally-derived effective areas near 5 × 10(-6). This paper describes a single piston/cylinder assembly (NIST-PG201WC/WC) that serves as both a primary gage in which both piston and cylinder are measured dimensionally and a controlled-clearance primary gage (employing the Heydemann-Welch method). Thus it allows some previous assumptions about the modeling of dead-weight testers to be checked. For the gage described in this paper the piston/cylinder clearance obtained from the two analyses have relative differences of 4 × 10(-6) to 7 × 10(-6) over the pressure range 35 kPa to 175 kPa. Some implications of these results will be discussed. From the dimensional characterizations and auxiliary measurements we have determined that the effective area for this gauge at 20 °C is: [Formula: see text]where P is the system pressure and P J is a control pressure. The estimated relative uncertainty in effective area is 8.2 × 10(-6) +1.4 × 10(-11) P/Pa (k = 2). The temperature coefficient for the area was measured and found to be (9.06 ± 0.04) × 10(-6)/K. Thus using the gage at a reference temperature of 23 °C yields an effective area: [Formula: see text]with almost no increase in the uncertainty over that at 20 °C.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.
authors.forename: Yueqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Schmidt
keywords: dead-weight tester; piston/cylinder assembly; pistongage; pressure measurement; primary pressure standards