title: Assessing the effectiveness of a three-stage on-farm biobed in treating pesticide contaminated wastewater.
abstract: Agricultural point source pesticide pollution arising from contaminated machinery washings and accidental spillages pose a significant threat to river water and groundwater quality. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of a three-stage on-farm biobed for treating pesticide contaminated wastewater from a large (20 km(2)) commercial arable estate. The facility consisted of an enclosed machinery wash-down unit (stage 1), a 49 m(2) lined compost-straw-topsoil biobed (stage 2), and a 200 m(2) drainage field with a trickle irrigation system (stage 3). Pesticide concentrations were analysed in water samples collected fortnightly between November 2013 and November 2015 from the biobed input and output sumps and from 20 porous pots buried at 45 cm and 90 cm depth within the drainage field. The results revealed that the biobed removed 68-98% of individual pesticides within the contaminated washings, with mean total pesticide concentrations reducing by 91.6% between the biobed input and output sumps. Drainage field irrigation removed a further 68-99% of individual pesticides, with total mean pesticide concentrations reducing by 98.4% and 97.2% in the 45 cm and 90 cm depth porous pots, respectively. The average total pesticide concentration at 45 cm depth in the drainage field (57 μg L(-1)) was 760 times lower than the mean concentration recorded in the input sump (43,334 μg L(-1)). There was no evidence of seasonality in the efficiency of biobed pesticide removal, nor was there evidence of a decline in removal efficiency over the two-year monitoring period. However, higher mean total pesticide concentrations at 90 cm (102 μg L(-1)) relative to 45 cm (57 μg L(-1)) depth indicated an accumulation of pesticide residues deeper within the soil profile. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate that a three-stage biobed can successfully reduce pesticide pollution risk from contaminated machinery washings on a commercial farm.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK. Electronic address: Richard.J.Cooper@uea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fitt
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hiscock
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lovett
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gumm
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Steve J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dugdale
authors.affiliation: Environment Agency, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, UK.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rambohul
authors.affiliation: Environment Agency, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, UK.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Farm Systems & Environment, Low Road, Wortwell, Harleston, IP20 0HJ, UK.
authors.forename: Lister
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.affiliation: Salle Farms Co. Ltd, Manor Farm, Salle, Reepham, NR10 4SF, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beamish
authors.affiliation: Salle Farms Co. Ltd, Manor Farm, Salle, Reepham, NR10 4SF, UK.
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hovesen
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D000072480:Farms; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012987:Soil; D006113:United Kingdom; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Arable; Biobed; Biodegradation; Herbicide; Pesticide; Water quality