title: Echocardiographic Pattern of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Analysis of 511 Consecutive Patients.
abstract: There is no comprehensive analysis of transthoracic echocardiographic findings of pulmonary embolism (PE). The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (RVD), typical echocardiographic signs of acute PE (TES), and incidental abnormalities.
  
  
  
  A single-center, retrospective analysis was conducted of 511 consecutive patients (281 women; mean age, 64.0 ± 18.6 years) with PE confirmed by contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography who underwent transthoracic echocardiography for the assessment of left ventricular and RV alterations. The McConnell sign, the "60/60" sign, and right heart thrombus were regarded as TES. RVD included RV free wall hypokinesis and RV to LV end-diastolic ratio > 0.9. Incidental echocardiographic alterations were also reported.
  
  
  
  RV enlargement, RV free wall hypokinesis, and interventricular septal flattening were found in 27.4%, 26.6%, and 18.4% of patients, respectively. Tricuspid regurgitation peak systolic gradient > 30 mmHg and pulmonary ejection acceleration time < 80 msec were measured in 46.6% and 37.2% of patients, respectively. RVD was found in 20.0% of patients, while normal RV function was present in 33.4% of patients. The McConnell sign, 60/60 sign, and right heart thrombus were found in 19.8%, 12.9%, 1.8% of subjects, respectively. All 16 hemodynamically unstable patients with PE presented enlarged hypokinetic right ventricle and at least one TES. However, in three of them, RV to LV end-diastolic ratio was <0.9. Incidental abnormalities were found in 9.6% of 364 stable patients with PE without RVD and TES.
  
  
  
  Transthoracic echocardiography showed no significant abnormalities suggestive of PE in 71% of patients with PE, while in approximately 10%, transthoracic echocardiography revealed incidental findings. The coexistence of an enlarged hypokinetic right ventricle with the McConnell sign together with the 60/60 sign seems to be the most useful echocardiographic criterion for RVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: kkurnicka@yahoo.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurnicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lichodziejewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goliszek
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dzikowska-Diduch
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zdończyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozłowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kostrubiec
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciurzyński
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palczewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grudzka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krupa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koć
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pruszczyk
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033162:Incidental Findings; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Diagnosis; Echocardiography; Pulmonary embolism