title: Infraorbital Dark Circles: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Evaluation and Treatment.
abstract: Infraorbital dark circles represent a common and multifactorial challenge in the world of aesthetic medicine and are the result of a variety of factors including deep facial anatomy, soft tissue changes, as well as contributions from the skin. A variety of treatment options exist, and a customised management strategy can be developed for the particular anatomic changes present. A literature search using MEDLINE and non-MEDLINE sources was performed utilising keywords including: 'Dark circles' 'infraorbital dark circles', 'infraorbital pigment', 'under-eye circles' and 'lower eyelid bags'. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed and the data were assimilated with evidence from our practice. This review provides a detailed discussion of the aetiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and management of infraorbital dark circles. An understanding of the deep and superficial anatomy is crucial to the management of this complex entity. The armamentarium for treatment includes minimally invasive interventions such as makeup and cosmeceuticals, a variety of laser and chemical treatments, fillers and fat transfer, as well as more invasive surgical manoeuvres.
authors.affiliation: TOC Eye and Face, Austin, USA.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vrcek
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozgur
authors.affiliation: TOC Eye and Face, Austin, USA.
authors.forename: Tanuj
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakra
keywords: Dark circles; infraorbital dark circles; infraorbital pigment; lower eyelid bags; under-eye circles