title: Ventral striatal hyperconnectivity during rewarded interference control in adolescents with ADHD.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by cognitive deficits (e.g., interference control) and altered reward processing. Cognitive control is influenced by incentive motivation and according to current theoretical models, ADHD is associated with abnormal interactions between incentive motivation and cognitive control. However, the neural mechanisms by which reward modulates cognitive control in individuals with ADHD are unknown.
  
  
  
  We used event-related functional resonance imaging (fMRI) to study neural responses during a rewarded Stroop color-word task in adolescents (14-17 years) with ADHD (n = 25; 19 boys) and healthy controls (n = 33; 22 boys).
  
  
  
  Adolescents with ADHD showed increased reward signaling within the superior frontal gyrus and ventral striatum (VS) relative to controls. Importantly, functional connectivity analyses revealed a hyperconnectivity between VS and motor control regions in the ADHD group, as a function of reward-cognitive control integration. Connectivity was associated with performance improvement in controls but not in the ADHD group, suggesting inefficient connectivity.
  
  
  
  Adolescents with ADHD show increased neural sensitivity to rewards and its interactions with interference control in VS and motor regions, respectively. The findings support theoretical models of altered reward-cognitive control integration in individuals with ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: I.Ma@psych.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Ili
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Holstein
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gabry W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mies
authors.affiliation: Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mennes
authors.affiliation: Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roshan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cools
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Antonius H N
authors.initials: AHN
authors.lastname: Cillessen
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anouk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheres
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012201:Reward; D057190:Stroop Test; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: ADHD; Functional connectivity; Interference control; Motivation; Reward; Stroop; fMRI