title: Vitamin D insufficient levels during pregnancy and micronuclei frequency in peripheral blood T lymphocytes mothers and newborns (Rhea cohort, Crete).
abstract: Vitamin D deficiency is common among pregnant women and may be associated with several adverse health outcomes including cancer. Micronuclei frequency is a biomarker of early genetic effects and has been used to examine the association between genotoxic exposures and cancer. We examined maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy in associations with micronuclei frequency in maternal blood and in cord blood.
  
  
  
  173 mothers and 171 newborns born between 2007 and 2008 in Heraklion (Crete, Greece) were included in the study. Between 14th and 18th weeks of gestation we collected information on maternal diet using food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). We measured maternal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] between the first and second trimester of pregnancy. We estimated dietary vitamin D intake using information from FFQ. After delivery we collected cord blood and maternal peripheral blood. We used the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay to assess the frequencies of micronucleated cells in binucleated T lymphocytes (MNBN).
  
  
  
  Maternal insufficient serum levels of 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/L) during pregnancy were associated with increased MNBN frequency in cord blood [IRR = 1.32 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.72)]. This increase was higher for newborns with birth weight above the third quartile [≥3.500 kg; IRR = 2.21 (1.26, 3.89)]. Similarly, low levels of dietary vitamin D were associated with increased MNBN frequency in cord blood [middle tertile IRR = 1.08 (0.78, 1.47), lower tertile IRR = 1.51 (1.06, 2.14)]. Insufficient levels of vitamin D were not associated with MNBN in mothers.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy increases genotoxic risks in newborns. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency globally is high and it is important to further investigate whether vitamin D supplementation or similar interventions during pregnancy could prevent DNA damage at early stages of life.
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: cocallaghan@creal.cat.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan-Gordo
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer del Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fthenou
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), U823, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute Albert Bonniot, Rond-point de la Chantourne, 38706 La Tronche, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer del Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chalkiadaki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Daraki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dermitzaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Genetics, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Decordier
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Vaggelis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Clinical Trials, Instituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) San Martino - Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IST), Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico Franco
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Theano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roumeliotaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Genetics, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vande Loock
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleinjans
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Genetics, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Micheline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kirsch-Volders
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete GR-71003, Greece.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chatzi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004249:DNA Damage; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Childhood cancer; Genotoxicity; In utero exposures; Micronuclei; Mother–child cohort; Vitamin D