title: Full-Shift Trunk and Upper Arm Postures and Movements Among Aircraft Baggage Handlers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study assessed full-shift trunk and upper arm postural exposure amplitudes, frequencies, and durations among Swedish airport baggage handlers and aimed to determine whether exposures differ between workers at the ramp (loading and unloading aircraft) and baggage sorting areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trunk and upper arm postures were measured using inclinometers during three full work shifts on each of 27 male baggage handlers working at a large Swedish airport. Sixteen of the baggage handlers worked on the ramp and 11 in the sorting area. Variables summarizing postures and movements were calculated, and mean values and variance components between subjects and within subject (between days) were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood algorithms in a one-way random effect model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, data from 79 full shifts (651h) were collected with a mean recording time of 495min per shift (range 319-632). On average, baggage handlers worked with the right and left arm elevated >60° for 6.4% and 6.3% of the total workday, respectively. The 90th percentile trunk forward projection (FP) was 34.1°, and the 50th percentile trunk movement velocity was 8° s(-1). For most trunk (FP) and upper arm exposure variables, between-subject variability was considerable, suggesting that the flight baggage handlers were not a homogeneously exposed group. A notable between-days variability pointed to the contents of the job differing on different days. Peak exposures (>90°) were higher for ramp workers than for sorting area workers (trunk 0.6% ramp versus 0.3% sorting; right arm 1.3% ramp versus 0.7% sorting).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trunk and upper arm postures and movements among flight baggage handlers measured by inclinometry were similar to those found in other jobs comprising manual material handling, known to be associated with increased risks for musculoskeletal disorders. The results showed that full-shift trunk (FP) and, to some extent, peak arm exposures were higher for ramp workers compared with sorting workers.
authors.affiliation: 1.Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; 2.Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden; jens.wahlstrom@umu.se.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahlström
authors.affiliation: 2.Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden;
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergsten
authors.affiliation: 2.Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden; 3.Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, PO Box 23, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2Z4, Canada;
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trask
authors.affiliation: 2.Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden;
authors.forename: Svend Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mathiassen
authors.affiliation: 2.Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden;
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: 2.Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden; 4.IMM Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forsman
mesh_terms: D000401:Aircraft; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D017770:Lifting / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D016272:Occupational Health; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013548:Sweden; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: baggage handling; epidemiology; ergonomics; exposure variability; musculoskeletal disorders