title: Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis by Endoscopic Retrograde Appendicitis Therapy (ERAT): Combination of Colonoscopy and Endoscopic Retrograde Appendicography.
abstract: Acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal emergency, but the diagnosis of appendicitis remains a challenge. Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT) is a new and minimally invasive procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis.
  
  
  
  To investigate the diagnostic value of ERAT for acute appendicitis by the combination of colonoscopy and endoscopic retrograde appendicography (ERA).
  
  
  
  Twenty-one patients with the diagnosis of suspected uncomplicated acute appendicitis who underwent ERAT between November 2014 and January 2015 were included in this study. The main outcomes, imaging findings of acute appendicitis including colonoscopic direct-vision imaging and fluoroscopic ERA imaging, were retrospectively reviewed. Secondary outcomes included mean operative time, mean hospital stay, rate of complication, rate of appendectomy during follow-up period, and other clinical data.
  
  
  
  The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was established in 20 patients by positive ERA (5 patients) or colonoscopy (1 patient) alone or both (14 patients). The main colonoscopic imaging findings included mucosal inflammation (15/20, 75 %), appendicoliths (14/20, 70 %), and maturation (5/20, 25 %). The key points of ERA for diagnosing acute appendicitis included radiographic changes of appendix (17/20, 85 %), intraluminal appendicoliths (14/20, 70 %), and perforation (1/20, 5 %). Mean operative time of ERAT was 49.7 min, and mean hospital stay was 3.3 days. No patient converted to emergency appendectomy. Perforation occurred in one patient after appendicoliths removal was not severe and did not require invasive procedures. During at least 1-year follow-up period, only one patient underwent laparoscopic appendectomy.
  
  
  
  ERAT is a valuable procedure of choice providing a precise yield of diagnostic information for patients with suspected acute appendicitis by combination of colonoscopy and ERA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. lych123@126.com.
authors.forename: Yingchao
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8267-4102
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
authors.forename: Weizhi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
authors.forename: Junjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: She
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D002429:Cecal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D020347:Lithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061646:Operative Time; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Acute appendicitis; Diagnosis; Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy; Endoscopic retrograde appendicography; Endoscopic therapy