title: In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in relation to Escherichia coli and Cyprinus carpio.
abstract: Genotoxicity studies (using SOS chromotest and comet assay) of Escherichia coli and carp (Cyprinus carpio) were performed for three pharmaceutically active compounds, ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol and 5-fluorouracil, used in the treatment of humans. The values of genotoxicity induction coefficient (I) in the SOS chromotest clearly showed genotoxicity for ciprofloxacin, both in the presence and in the absence of S9 fraction; 17α-ethinylestradiol demonstrated slight genotoxicity at the highest tested concentration; and 5-fluorouracil did not induce genotoxic effects in Escherichia coli mutants. Statistical analysis of the results of the comet assay revealed significant differences in cell populations derived from carp placed in a solution of 5-fluorouracil in comparison with the negative control. Statistical analysis also showed a significant increase of "% DNA in tail" of comets in cell populations incubated in solutions of 17α-ethinylestradiol at concentrations of 10000, 2000 and 400 µg/L and in solutions of 5-fluorouracil with S9 fraction at concentrations of 50,000 and 2,000 μg/L in comparison with the negative controls.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Załęska-Radziwiłł
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Affek
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doskocz
authors.affiliation: b Department of Geoecology and Climatology , Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Affek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D004958:Estradiol; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D005472:Fluorouracil
keywords: 17α-ethinylestradiol; 5-fluorouracil; SOS chromotest; ciprofloxacin; comet assay; environmental genotoxicity