title: Initial experience with percutaneous coronary sinus catheter placement in minimally invasive cardiac surgery in an academic center.
abstract: Placement of a percutaneous coronary sinus catheter (CSC) by an anesthesiologist for retrograde cardioplegia in minimally invasive cardiac surgery is relatively safe in experienced hands. However, the popularity of its placement remains limited to a small number of centers due to its perceived complexity and potential complications.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively reviewed all cardiac cases performed by one surgeon between December 2009 and April 2012. The reviewed cases were divided into two groups: cardiac cases with percutaneous CSC placement (CSC group) and cardiac cases without placement (control group). Anesthesia preparation time (APT) was then compared between the CSC group and control group. In the CSC group, cases were further divided into two groups. One group contained cases with an APT of less than 90 min (success group) and the other contained cases with an APT greater than or equal to 90 min or cases with CSC placement failure (delay/failure group). Patients' characteristics, type of surgery, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) findings were compared between the two groups (success group vs. delay/failure group) to identify variables associated with prolongation of the APT or CSC placement failure.
  
  
  
  Percutaneous CSC placement was required in 83 cases (CSC group). The catheter was successfully placed in 74 of those cases. We experienced one complication, coronary sinus injury after multiple attempts at placing the catheter. The mean APT was 102 ± 31 min in the CSC group (n = 81) and 42 ± 15 min in the control group (n = 285). We could not identify any variables associated with prolongation of the APT or catheter placement failure.
  
  
  
  The success rate of the placement was 89.1 % in our academic center. On average, placing the CSC added approximately one additional hour to the APT. This time is not an accurate representation of true catheter placement time, as it included time for preparation of the CSC, TEE, and fluoroscopy. We experienced one documented complication (coronary sinus injury), which was immediately diagnosed by TEE and fluoroscopy in the operating room. No variables associated with prolongation of APT or CSC placement failure were identified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 6JCP, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Akashi Medical Center, 743-33 Okubocho Yagi, Akashi, Hyogo Prefecture, 674-0063, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 6JCP, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swerczek
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 6JCP, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. satoshi-hanada@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D054326:Coronary Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Anesthesia; Coronary sinus catheter; Minimally invasive cardiac surgery; Retrograde cardioplegia