title: Functional balance between neuraminidase and haemagglutinin in influenza viruses.
abstract: Seasonal influenza A and B viruses are important human pathogens responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, influenza A zoonotic viruses are a constant pandemic threat. These viruses present two major surface glycoproteins: the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). These two glycoproteins both recognize the sialic acid and have complementary activities, the HA binds the sialic acid through its receptor-binding site, the NA is a receptor-destroying enzyme that cleaves α2-3 and α2-6-linked sialic acids. Therefore, the functional HA/NA balance is a critical factor for a good viral fitness and plays a major role in overcoming the host barrier and the efficiency of sustained human-to-human transmission. Although the two glycoproteins are in constant evolution, the HA/NA balance seems to remain stable in human viruses because an optimal balance is required to maintain good viral fitness. Understanding the evolution of influenza viruses requires an in-depth exploration of the HA/NA balance.
authors.affiliation: Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CIRI Inserm U1111, équipe Virpath, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence virus influenzae France Sud, Laboratoire de Virologie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaymard
authors.affiliation: Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CIRI Inserm U1111, équipe Virpath, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Le Briand
authors.affiliation: Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CIRI Inserm U1111, équipe Virpath, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence virus influenzae France Sud, Laboratoire de Virologie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frobert
authors.affiliation: Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CIRI Inserm U1111, équipe Virpath, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence virus influenzae France Sud, Laboratoire de Virologie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lina
authors.affiliation: Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, CIRI Inserm U1111, équipe Virpath, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence virus influenzae France Sud, Laboratoire de Virologie, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France. Electronic address: vanessa.escuret@chu-lyon.fr.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Escuret
mesh_terms: D024921:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012621:Seasons; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D014764:Viral Proteins; D009439:Neuraminidase
keywords: Antiviral resistance; Haemagglutinin; Haemagglutinin/Neuraminidase balance; Host adaptation; Influenza viruses; Neuraminidase