title: Testicular atrophy following paediatric primary orchidopexy: A prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the Nordic consensus statement advocating orchidopexy at an earlier age, the present study sought to investigate the outcomes of primary paediatric orchidopexy at a tertiary UK centre.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively assess testicular atrophy following primary orchidopexy for undescended testes in a paediatric population. Secondary outcomes were complication rates and whether outcomes were dependent on grade of operating surgeon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data regarding age at operation, classification of the undescended testis, length of follow-up, and subjective comparison of intraoperative and postoperative testicular volumes compared with the contralateral testis were collected. Testicular atrophy was defined as >50% loss of testicular volume or a postoperative testicular volume <25% of the volume of the contralateral testis. Patients were excluded for incomplete data and follow-up <6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data for 234 patients were analysed. Testicular atrophy occurred in 2.6% of cases. There was no reported testicular re-ascent. All secondary acquired cases underwent a previous ipsilateral hernia repair. There was no significant difference in outcomes comparing the grade of surgeon (consultant n = 8, trainee/staff-grade surgeon n = 7-8). There was a trend towards postoperative catch-up growth in approximately one fifth of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous studies have reported a testicular atrophy rate of 5%. The present study reported a similar rate of 2.6%. In agreement with a previous publication, it was also found that testicular atrophy was not dependent on the grade of operating surgeon. The mechanism for testicular catch-up growth is not well understood. Animal studies have supported the hypothesis that increased temperature has a detrimental effect on testicular volume. However, follow-up in the present cohort was short (median 6.9 months), making interpretation of this finding difficult. It is acknowledged that clinical palpation alone to determine testicular volume potentially introduces intra-observer and inter-observer error. However, prospective studies using ultrasound to determine testicular volumes following orchidopexy have reported catch-up growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study represented one of the larger collections of prospective assessments of outcomes following primary orchidopexy. It was acknowledged that subjectively assessing testicular volume is not ideal; however, the data correlated with similar studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Durell
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johal
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burge
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kitteringham
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manoharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Steinbrecher
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK. Electronic address: stephen.griffin@uhs.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D001284:Atrophy / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Orchidopexy; Outcome; Testicular atrophy