title: Armored Scales and Their Parasitoids on Commercial Avocados Grown in California or Imported from Mexico.
abstract: Levels of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Mexican Hass avocados imported into California over May 2008-June 2009 were monitored on 135 trucks entering the state via the Blythe border station, the entry point receiving the highest volume of fruit. Levels of live sessile scales were 3.9-fold higher than indicated in a previous survey (September 2007-April 2008) although levels of live eggs and crawlers were similar to previous levels. A survey of avocado fruit in California infested with armored scales detected four species known to be endemic but failed to find any of the seven exotic Diaspididae entering the state on Mexican fruit. Monitoring of Mexican armored scales on imported avocados from September 2007 to December 2010 recovered 10 species of parasitoids predominated by two species of Signiphora Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae). One of these species, Signiphora flavopalliata Ashmead, comprised 36% of all collected Mexican parasitoids and is a known hyperparasitoid. A survey of armored scale parasitoids present on commercial California avocados detected 17 genetic signatures, with only four of these in common with those detected on imported Mexican fruit. The implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (joseph.morse@ucr.edu; paul.rugman-jones@ucr.edu; john.heraty@ucr.edu; serguei.triapitsyn@ucr.edu; richard.stouthamer@ucr.edu) joseph.morse@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (joseph.morse@ucr.edu; paul.rugman-jones@ucr.edu; john.heraty@ucr.edu; serguei.triapitsyn@ucr.edu; richard.stouthamer@ucr.edu).
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Rugman-Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (jimwoolley@TAMU.edu).
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Woolley
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (joseph.morse@ucr.edu; paul.rugman-jones@ucr.edu; john.heraty@ucr.edu; serguei.triapitsyn@ucr.edu; richard.stouthamer@ucr.edu).
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Heraty
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (joseph.morse@ucr.edu; paul.rugman-jones@ucr.edu; john.heraty@ucr.edu; serguei.triapitsyn@ucr.edu; richard.stouthamer@ucr.edu).
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Triapitsyn
authors.affiliation: The Hofshi Foundation, Fallbrook, CA 92028; www.avocadosource.com (rhofshi@gmail.com).
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hofshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (joseph.morse@ucr.edu; paul.rugman-jones@ucr.edu; john.heraty@ucr.edu; serguei.triapitsyn@ucr.edu; richard.stouthamer@ucr.edu).
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stouthamer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D002140:California; D005638:Fruit; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000145:classification / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D008800:Mexico; D027421:Persea; D011679:Pupa / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Diaspididae; hyperparasitoid; parasitoid; phytosanitary security; risk analysis