title: Combining different assays and chemical analysis to characterize the genotoxicity of waters impacted by textile discharges.
abstract: Waters receiving textile discharges can exhibit genotoxic and mutagenic activity, which has been related to the presence of dyes and aromatic amines as synthesis precursors or byproducts. The aim of this study was to identify dyes and aromatic amines in water samples impacted by textile discharges, and to evaluate the genotoxic responses of these samples using the Salmonella/microsome assay in strains TA98 and YG1041, and the Fpg-modified comet assay in the RTL-W1 fish cell line. The genotoxicity of river samples downstream of the discharge was greater than the upstream samples in both of the Ames tests. The Fpg-modified comet assay detected similar levels of DNA damage in the upstream and downstream samples. Mutagenicity was not detected with TA98, except for the Quilombo River samples, but when YG1041 was used as the tester strain mutagenicity was detected for all sites with a very different profile in upstream sites relative to the other sites. The mutagenic response strongly indicated that aromatic amines or dyes were contributing to the mutagenic activity downstream. The impact of textile discharges was also confirmed by chemical analysis, because the highest concentrations of azo dyes and aromatic amines were detected in the river downstream. This study shows the value of combining assays measuring complementary endpoints to better characterize the mutagenicity of environmental samples, with the advantage that this approach provides an indication of what classes of compounds are responsible for the effect. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:559-571, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil.|School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francine I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Vacchi
authors.affiliation: School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josiane A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vendemiatti
authors.affiliation: University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brosselin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferreira da Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Valnice
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: B Zanoni
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille University, IMBE, FR, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DeMeo
authors.affiliation: University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bony
authors.affiliation: University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Devaux
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil.|School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gisela A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Umbuzeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D001938:Brazil; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000235:genetics; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013783:Textile Industry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: aromatic amines; azo dyes; genotoxicity; mutagenicity