title: Byproduct Metal Availability Constrained by Dynamics of Carrier Metal Cycle: The Gallium-Aluminum Example.
abstract: Future availability of byproduct metals is not limited by geological stocks, but by the rate of primary production of their carrier metals, which in turn depends on the development of their in-use stocks, the product lifetimes, and the recycling rates. This linkage, while recognized conceptually in past studies, has not been adequately taken into account in resource availability estimates. Here, we determine the global supply potential for gallium up to 2050 based on scenarios for the global aluminum cycle, and compare it with scenarios for gallium demand derived from a dynamic model of the gallium cycle. We found that the gallium supply potential is heavily influenced by the development of the in-use stocks and recycling rates of aluminum. With current applications, a shortage of gallium is unlikely by 2050. However, the gallium industry may need to introduce ambitious recycling- and material efficiency strategies to meet its demand. If in-use stocks of aluminum saturate or decline, a shift to other gallium sources such as zinc or coal fly ash may be required.
authors.affiliation: Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.|Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Amund N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Løvik
authors.affiliation: Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.|Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eliette
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.affiliation: Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.|Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005708:Gallium / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D007221:Industry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D059027:Recycling
chemical_list: D005708:Gallium; D000535:Aluminum