title: Anatomic Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Knee Leads to Overconstraint at Any Fixation Angle.
abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are one of the most common injuries among athletes. However, the ability to fully restore rotational stability with ACL reconstruction (ACLR) remains a challenge, as evidenced by the persistence of rotational instability in up to 25% of patients after surgery. Advocacy for reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) is rapidly increasing because some biomechanical studies have reported that the ALL is a significant contributor to internal rotational stability of the knee.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of ALL reconstruction (ALLR) graft fixation angle on knee joint kinematics in the clinically relevant setting of a concomitant ACLR and to determine the optimal ALLR graft fixation angle. It was hypothesized that all fixation angles would significantly reduce rotational laxity compared with the sectioned ALL state.
  
  
  
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  
  Ten nonpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees underwent a full kinematic assessment in each of the following states: (1) intact; (2) anatomic single-bundle (SB) ACLR with intact ALL; (3) anatomic SB ACLR with sectioned ALL; (4) anatomic SB ACLR with 7 anatomic ALLR states using graft fixation angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°; and (5) sectioned ACL and ALL. Internal rotation during a 5-N·m internal rotation torque and anterior translation during an 88-N anterior load were recorded at 15° flexion intervals between 0° and 120°. Axial plane translation and internal rotation during a simulated pivot-shift test (combined 5-N·m internal rotation and 10-N·m valgus torques) were recorded between 0° and 60°. Kinematic changes were measured and compared with the intact state for all reconstructed and sectioned states.
  
  
  
  Anatomic ALLR at all graft fixation angles significantly overconstrained internal rotation of the knee joint beyond 30° of flexion and at 45° and 60° during the pivot-shift test. Furthermore, there were no significant knee kinematic differences between any tested graft fixation angles during anterior drawer, pivot-shift, and internal rotation tests.
  
  
  
  Anatomic ALLR in conjunction with an ACLR significantly reduced rotatory laxity of the knee beyond 30° of knee flexion. However, ALLR, regardless of fixation angle, resulted in significant overconstraint of the knee.
  
  
  
  ALLR at any fixation angle overconstrained native joint kinematics and should be performed with careful consideration. Further investigation into the application and target population for ALLR is strongly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schon
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC), Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moatshe
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Alex W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA Instituto Brasil de Tecnologias da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serra Cruz
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chahla
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Grant J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Dornan
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Travis Lee
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Turnbull
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engebretsen
authors.affiliation: Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA drlaprade@sprivail.org.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: LaPrade
mesh_terms: D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D056352:Athletes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D019737:Transplants / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: anterior cruciate ligament; anterolateral ligament; biomechanics; knee ligaments; lateral knee ligaments; rotational instability