title: Exploring the Neural Basis of Avatar Identification in Pathological Internet Gamers and of Self-Reflection in Pathological Social Network Users.
abstract: Background and aims Internet gaming addiction appears to be related to self-concept deficits and increased angular gyrus (AG)-related identification with one's avatar. For increased social network use, a few existing studies suggest striatal-related positive social feedback as an underlying factor. However, whether an impaired self-concept and its reward-based compensation through the online presentation of an idealized version of the self are related to pathological social network use has not been investigated yet. We aimed to compare different stages of pathological Internet game and social network use to explore the neural basis of avatar and self-identification in addictive use. Methods About 19 pathological Internet gamers, 19 pathological social network users, and 19 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a self-retrieval paradigm, asking participants to rate the degree to which various self-concept-related characteristics described their self, ideal, and avatar. Self-concept-related characteristics were also psychometrically assessed. Results Psychometric testing indicated that pathological Internet gamers exhibited higher self-concept deficits generally, whereas pathological social network users exhibit deficits in emotion regulation only. We observed left AG hyperactivations in Internet gamers during avatar reflection and a correlation with symptom severity. Striatal hypoactivations during self-reflection (vs. ideal reflection) were observed in social network users and were correlated with symptom severity. Discussion and conclusion Internet gaming addiction appears to be linked to increased identification with one's avatar, evidenced by high left AG activations in pathological Internet gamers. Addiction to social networks seems to be characterized by emotion regulation deficits, reflected by reduced striatal activation during self-reflection compared to during ideal reflection.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Tagrid
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leménager
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dieter
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.affiliation: 4 Medical Quality Management, Kraichtal Clinics , Kraichtal, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beutel
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vollstädt-Klein
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology; D060756:Social Networking; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: angular gyrus; avatar identification; pathological Internet gaming; pathological social network use; self-concept deficits; striatum