title: Low surgical complication rates in cochlear implantation for young children less than 1 year of age.
abstract: To identify risk factors for perioperative morbidity among a large national cohort of pediatric patients undergoing cochlear implantation.
  
  
  
  Retrospective study utilizing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric database (2012-2013).
  
  
  
  Pediatric cochlear implantation cases were identified using current procedural terminology 69930. Patients were categorized by age, and operative characteristics along with 30-day perioperative outcomes were analyzed.
  
  
  
  We identified 1,351 cases of pediatric cochlear implantation. The median age was 3.6 years, and 73 patients were less than 1 year of age. Of 21 complication occurrences (1.55%), superficial incisional surgical site infection (SSI) was the most common (n = 13, 61.9%). Thirty-nine patients (2.9%) required readmission. The median operative time was 142 minutes, and the mean postoperative length of stay was 0.58 days. When comparing patients younger than 1 year old to those 1 year or older, no significant differences were noted in complication rate, postoperative length of stay, or reoperation rate. Patients less than 1 year of age were more likely to be readmitted (6.9% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.04) and had longer mean operative times (191 minutes vs. 160 minutes, P = 0.0015). Steroid use was a risk factor for unplanned reoperation, SSI, and readmission.
  
  
  
  Despite a slight increase in readmission rates and operative times among patients less than 1 year of age, cochlear implantation appears to be safe in this population, with complication rates, reoperation rates, and postoperative lengths of stay similar to children undergoing the procedure at the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved age of 1 year and older.
  
  
  
  4. Laryngoscope, 127:720-724, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.|Department of Surgery, Clive O. Callender Howard-Harvard Multidisciplinary Outcomes Research Center and the Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Adedoyin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalejaiye
authors.affiliation: Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ghedak
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.|Department of Surgery, Clive O. Callender Howard-Harvard Multidisciplinary Outcomes Research Center and the Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Gezzer
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Mauricia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Hung Jeffrey
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D003054:Cochlear Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
keywords: Pediatric; cochlear implant; complications; infant