title: Mechanical assessment of a hip joint stem model made of a PEEK/carbon fibre composite under compression loading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the work was to manufacture a composite stem model consisting of carbon fibres (CF) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and to perform the surface strain and stress distributions in the stem-femoral bone model under compression loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Composite stems differing in elasticity were prepared. Three types of composite stems having different arrangements of carbon fibre reinforcements (carbon fibre roving, carbon fibre sleeves and their combinations) in the polymer matrix were made. The stems were cementless fixed in the femoral bone model channel or with the use of the polymer bone cement (PMMA). Mechanical behaviour of composite stems under compression loading was compared with a metallic stem by strain gauge measurements at different parts of stem/bone model systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values of stresses in the proximal part of the bone model for cemented and cementless fixations of the composite stem in the femoral bone channel were higher than those noted for the metallic stem. The increase in proximal bone stress was almost similar for both types of fixation of composite stems, i.e., cemented and cementless fixed stems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal range of mechanical stiffness, strengths and work up to fracture was obtained for composite stem made of carbon fibre sleeves and carbon fibres in the form of roving. Depending on the elasticity of the composite stem model, an increase in the stress in the proximal part of femoral bone model of up to 40% was achieved in comparison with the metallic stem.
authors.affiliation: AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dworak
authors.affiliation: AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Stanisław
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Błażewicz
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000494:pharmacology; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002244:Carbon / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000187:drug effects*; D000071538:Cortical Bone / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011108:Polymers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D001843:Bone Cements; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D007659:Ketones; D011108:Polymers; C063834:polyetheretherketone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D002244:Carbon; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate