title: Clinical Translation of Tissue Engineered Trachea Grafts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a state-of-the-art review discussing recent achievements in tissue engineered tracheal reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured PubMed search of the current literature up to and including October 2015. Representative articles that discuss the translation of tissue engineered tracheal grafts (TETG) were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integration of a biologically compatible support with autologous cells has resulted in successful regeneration of respiratory epithelium, cartilage, and vascularization with graft patency, although the optimal construct composition has yet to be defined. Segmental TETG constructs are more commonly complicated by stenosis and delayed epithelialization when compared to patch tracheoplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The recent history of human TETG recipients represents revolutionary proof of principle studies in regenerative medicine. Application of TETG remains limited to a compassionate use basis; however, defining the mechanisms of cartilage formation, epithelialization, and refinement of in vivo regeneration will advance the translation of TETG from the bench to the bedside.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA Tendy.Chiang@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Tendy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Ekene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onwuka
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Surgical Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Breuer
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery*; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: airway reconstruction; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering; tracheal replacement