title: Cerebellar and Brainstem Malformations.
abstract: The frequency and importance of the evaluation of the posterior fossa have increased significantly over the past 20 years owing to advances in neuroimaging. Conventional and advanced neuroimaging techniques allow detailed evaluation of the complex anatomic structures within the posterior fossa. A wide spectrum of cerebellar and brainstem malformations has been shown. Familiarity with the spectrum of cerebellar and brainstem malformations and their well-defined diagnostic criteria is crucial for optimal therapy, an accurate prognosis, and correct genetic counseling. This article discusses cerebellar and brainstem malformations, with emphasis on neuroimaging findings (including diagnostic criteria), neurologic presentation, systemic involvement, prognosis, and recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842, USA; Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, Zurich 8032, Switzerland. Electronic address: aporett1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poretti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boltshauser
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842, USA.
authors.forename: Thierry A G M
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Huisman
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Brain stem; Cerebellum; Children; Diffusion tensor imaging; Malformation; Neuroimaging