title: Detailed anatomy of the retaining ligaments of the mandible for facial rejuvenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present anatomical characteristics of three true ligaments of the mandible and better understanding of jowl formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Facial dissections were performed in 10 fresh cadavers (20 hemifaces) using 2.5 magnifying surgical loupes. Mental ligament, medial mandibular ligament, and mandibular osteocutaneous ligament were identified as thick fibrous tissue originating from the mandible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The location of the mental ligament was 9.1 ± 2.8 mm lateral to the midline and 8.4 ± 3.8 mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible. The medial mandibular ligament was located 28.5 ± 4.9 mm lateral to the midline and 8.4 ± 2.7 mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible. The mandibular osteocutaneous ligament was located 51.1 ± 4.5 mm lateral to the midline and 9.1 ± 3.1 mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We investigated location and tension of two unfamiliar ligaments in the mandible, the mental and medial mandibular ligaments medial to the mandibular osteocutaneous ligament, and confirmed them as true ligaments by histology. Our findings suggest that the cause of the jowl formation is mainly descent of the cheek fat compartments, but not laxity of mandibular osteocutaneous ligament.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea; Da Vinci Cosmetic Surgery Clinic, Gumi-Si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39431, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mu Sam
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Naju Community Health Center, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58213, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Gu
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea. Electronic address: boffin@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea. Electronic address: ibkimmd@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: In-Beom
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D002102:Cadaver; D002610:Cheek / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012060:Rejuvenation
keywords: Aging; Anatomy; Mandible; Retaining ligaments