title: Measuring the quality of life of people at the end of life: The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised.
abstract: The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire has been widely used with people with life-threatening illnesses without modification since its publication in 1996. With use, areas for improvement have emerged; therefore, various minor modifications were tested over time.
  
  
  
  To revise the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised) while maintaining or improving its psychometric properties and length, keeping it as close as possible to the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire to enable reasonable comparison with existing McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire literature.
  
  
  
  Data sets from eight studies were used (four studies originally used to develop the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire, two to develop new McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire versions, and two with unrelated purposes). The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised was developed using analyses of measurement invariance, confirmatory factor analysis, and calculation of correlations with the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire's global quality of life item.
  
  
  
  Data were from 1702 people with life-threatening illnesses recruited from acute and palliative care units, palliative home care services, and oncology and HIV/AIDS outpatient clinics.
  
  
  
  The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised consists of 14 items (plus the global quality of life item). A new Physical subscale was created combining physical symptoms and physical well-being and a new item on physical functioning. The Existential subscale was reduced to four items. The revised Support subscale, renamed Social, focuses more on relationships. The Psychological subscale remains unchanged. Confirmatory factor analysis results provide support for the measurement structure of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised. The overall scale has good internal consistency reliability ( α = 0.94).
  
  
  
  The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire-Revised improves on and can replace the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire since it contains improved wording, a somewhat expanded repertoire of concepts with fewer items, and a single subscale for the physical domain, while retaining good psychometric properties.
authors.affiliation: 1 Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.|2 Lady Davis Research Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: S Robin
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: 3 School of Nursing, Trinity Western University, Langley, BC, Canada.|4 Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sawatzky
authors.affiliation: 4 Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|5 School of Nursing, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Lara B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: 6 Eli Lilly and Company, TBD, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shahidi
authors.affiliation: 7 Clinical Evaluation Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada.|8 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Daren K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Heyland
authors.affiliation: 4 Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|9 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gadermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Quality of life; chronic disease; emotional adjustment; end-of-life care; existentialism; family relations; palliative care; psychometrics; spirituality