title: Hypomagnesaemia: a modifiable risk factor of diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous disease characterised by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance. Diabetes is occurring at younger age in India. It is estimated that 20% of the type 2 DM patients reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during their lifetime. Recently, it has been proposed that hypomagnesaemia is a novel factor implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Considering this, a study was designed to estimate the prevalence and association of hypomagnesaemia with diabetic nephropathy in North Indian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigated clinical group composed of 100 type 2 diabetics, grouped into two, on the basis of presence or absence of diabetic nephropathy with n=50 each. Biochemical investigations including fasting blood sugar (BS-F), blood urea, creatinine, magnesium (Mg), urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (U-A/C ratio) were carried out. Descriptive statistics was applied to described frequency and means. χ2-Test and Student's t-tests were used to analyze associations between categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Pearson's correlation was done to find the association of nephropathy with hypomagnesaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that 37% of diabetic patients had hypomagnesaemia (mean=1.40±0.16 mg/dL). There was also a significantly higher prevalence of hypomagnesaemia (52%) in DM nephropathy patients (mean=1.62±0.31 mg/dL) compared to without nephropathy patients (22%, mean=1.86±0.28 mg/dL). Serum magnesium levels were significantly inversely correlated with serum creatinine (r=-0.222, p=0.026) and U-A/C ratio (r=-0.352, p=0.000), and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (r=0.304, p=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that hypomagnesaemia was significantly associated with higher prevalence of diabetic nephropathy and can be used as a marker for the risk of development of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.forename: Sonny
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bherwani
authors.forename: Srushtee Bipin
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jibhkate
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Saumya
authors.forename: Sitendu Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ghotekar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine; D007328:Insulin; D008274:Magnesium