title: Peripheral immuno-inflammatory abnormalities in ultra-high risk of developing psychosis.
abstract: Immuno-inflammatory imbalances have been documented in schizophrenia, but very little is known about the immunological changes prior to the onset of disease.
  
  
  
  This work aimed to compare serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in young subjects at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis with age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
  
  
  
  A total of 12 UHR and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) subjects were enrolled in this study. Clinical profile was assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I (SCID-I) or Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Serum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 were measured by flow cytometry using the Th1/Th2/Th17 cytometric bead array.
  
  
  
  Compared with the healthy control group, patients in UHR showed increased IL-6 levels (Z=-2.370, p=0.018) and decreased IL-17 levels in serum (Z=-1.959, p=0.050). Levels of IL-17 positively correlated to the values in GAF symptoms (rho=0.632, p=0.028).
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that immunological imbalances could be present in the early stages of psychosis, including in at-risk stages. Future studies should replicate and expand these results.
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maiara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeni-Graiff
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lucas B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Rodrigo B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Mansur
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
authors.forename: Pawan K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Maurya
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graccielle R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asevedo
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zugman
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cinthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.affiliation: Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: elisabrietzke@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brietzke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; Inflammation; Prodromal; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Ultra-high risk