title: Sida tuberculata (Malvaceae): a study based on development of extractive system and in silico and in vitro properties.
abstract: Sida tuberculata (Malvaceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in Brazil as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. Here, we aimed to investigate the different extractive techniques on phytochemical parameters, as well as to evaluate the toxicity and antioxidant capacity of S. tuberculata extracts using in silico and in vitro models. Therefore, in order to determine the dry residue content and the main compound 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) concentration, extracts from leaves and roots were prepared testing ethanol and water in different proportions. Extracts were then assessed by Artemia salina lethality test, and toxicity prediction of 20E was estimated. Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenger assays, ferric reducing power assay, nitrogen derivative scavenger, deoxyribose degradation, and TBARS assays. HPLC evaluation detected 20E as main compound in leaves and roots. Percolation method showed the highest concentrations of 20E (0.134 and 0.096 mg/mL of extract for leaves and roots, respectively). All crude extracts presented low toxic potential on A. salina (LD50 >1000 µg/mL). The computational evaluation of 20E showed a low toxicity prediction. For in vitro antioxidant tests, hydroethanolic extracts of leaves were most effective compared to roots. In addition, hydroethanolic extracts presented a higher IC50 antioxidant than aqueous extracts. TBARS formation was prevented by leaves hydroethanolic extract from 0.015 and 0.03 mg/mL and for roots from 0.03 and 0.3 mg/mL on egg yolk and rat tissue, respectively (P<0.05). These findings suggest that S. tuberculata extracts are a considerable source of ecdysteroids and possesses a significant antioxidant property with low toxic potential.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.|Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade em Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: da Rosa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: A C F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Salgueiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: A Z C
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Colpo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade em Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.|Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: A S L
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Folmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004441:Ecdysterone / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004441:Ecdysterone