title: Dynamic apical surface rings in superficial layer cells of koi Cyprinus carpio scale epidermis.
abstract: This study examined the novel ring-shaped structures found in the apical surface of individual cells of the scale epidermis of koi Cyprinus carpio. These apical rings are highly dynamic structures with lifetimes ranging from a few to several minutes. While several ring forms were observed, the predominant ring morphology is circular or oval. Two distinct ring forms were identified and designated type I and type II. Type I rings have a well-defined outer border that encircles the surface microridges. Type II rings are smooth-surfaced, dinner-plate-like structures with membranous folds or compressed microridges in the centre. Type II rings appear less frequently than type I rings. Type I rings form spontaneously, arising from swollen or physically interrupted microridges but without initially perturbing the encircled microridges. After persisting for up to several minutes the ring closes in a centripetal movement to form a circular or irregular-shaped structure, the terminal disc. The terminal disc eventually disappears, leaving behind a submembranous vesicle-like structure, the terminal body. Type I rings can undergo multiple cycles of formation and closing. Recycling epidermal apical rings form through centrifugal expansion from the terminal disc followed by apparent contraction back to the disc structure, whereupon the cycle may repeat or cease. The findings demonstrate a novel skin surface structure in fishes and are discussed with respect to communication with the external aqueous environment.
authors.affiliation: Morphogenyx Inc., P. O. Box 717, East Northport, NY, 11731, U.S.A.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: DePasquale
mesh_terms: D000825:Animal Structures / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D004777:Environment; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: circular dorsal ruffles; macropinocytosis; microridges