title: Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes in Asymptomatic Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis and Preserved Left Ventricular Systolic Function Undergoing Exercise Echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, we sought to assess incremental prognostic utility of exercise stress echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 533 such patients (age, 66±13 years; 78% men; 31% with coronary artery disease) who underwent exercise stress echocardiography between 2001 and 2012. Clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise variables (metabolic equivalents [METs], % of age-sex-predicted METs and heart rate recovery at first minute post exercise) were recorded. The end point was all-cause mortality. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons score, left ventricular ejection fraction, mean resting aortic valve (AV) gradient, indexed AV area, METs, and heart rate recovery were 2.9±3%, 58±4%, 35±11 mm Hg, 0.47±0.1 cm(2)/m(2), 7.8±3, and 26±12 bpm, respectively. Only 50% achieved >100%, whereas 26% achieved <85% age-sex-predicted METs. There were no major exercise stress echocardiography-related complications. Over 6.9±3 years, 341 (64%) underwent AV replacement (54% isolated), and there were 104 (20%) deaths. On multivariable Cox proportional hazard survival analysis, a higher Society of Thoracic Surgeons score (hazard ratio, 1.21), lower % age-sex-predicted METs (hazard ratio 1.15), and slower heart rate recovery (hazard ratio, 1.22) were associated with higher longer-term mortality, whereas AV replacement (time-dependent covariate, hazard ratio, 0.26) was associated with improved survival. The addition of % age-sex-predicted METs to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons score resulted in significant reclassification of longer-term mortality risk (integrated discrimination index, 0.07 [0.03-0.11; P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction undergoing exercise stress echocardiography, a lower % of age-sex-predicted METs and slower heart rate recovery were associated with longer-term mortality, whereas AV replacement was associated with improved survival.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masri
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Sabik
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: A Marc
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gillinov
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: L Leonardo
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: Lars G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.M., A.L.G., T.B., R.A.G., L.L.R., B.P.G., M.Y.D.) and the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery (J.F.S., A.M.G., L.G.S.), Heart Valve Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH. desaim2@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Milind Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
keywords: aortic valve stenosis; echocardiography; exercise; metabolic equivalent; outcome measures