title: Mapping Environmental Inequalities Relevant for Health for Informing Urban Planning Interventions-A Case Study in the City of Dortmund, Germany.
abstract: Spatial differences in urban environmental conditions contribute to health inequalities within cities. The purpose of the paper is to map environmental inequalities relevant for health in the City of Dortmund, Germany, in order to identify needs for planning interventions. We develop suitable indicators for mapping socioeconomically-driven environmental inequalities at the neighborhood level based on published scientific evidence and inputs from local stakeholders. Relationships between socioeconomic and environmental indicators at the level of 170 neighborhoods were analyzed continuously with Spearman rank correlation coefficients and categorically applying chi-squared tests. Reclassified socioeconomic and environmental indicators were then mapped at the neighborhood level in order to determine multiple environmental burdens and hotspots of environmental inequalities related to health. Results show that the majority of environmental indicators correlate significantly, leading to multiple environmental burdens in specific neighborhoods. Some of these neighborhoods also have significantly larger proportions of inhabitants of a lower socioeconomic position indicating hotspots of environmental inequalities. Suitable planning interventions mainly comprise transport planning and green space management. In the conclusions, we discuss how the analysis can be used to improve state of the art planning instruments, such as clean air action planning or noise reduction planning towards the consideration of the vulnerability of the population.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 6, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands. j.flacke@utwente.nl.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Flacke
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Grazer Str. 4, Bremen 28359, Germany. steffen.schuele@uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Steffen Andreas
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schüle
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Hochschule f&#252;r Gesundheit, Gesundheitscampus 6-8, Bochum 44801, Germany. heike.koeckler@hs-gesundheit.de.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köckler
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Epidemiology, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, University of Bremen, Grazer Str. 4, Bremen 28359, Germany. gabriele.bolte@uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bolte
mesh_terms: D002958:City Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004777:Environment; D005858:Germany; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health
keywords: built environment; environmental inequalities; environmental justice; health determinants; health equity indicators; health inequalities; neighborhood; socioeconomic position; urban planning