title: Advances in assessing ingredient safety.
abstract: The safety of food ingredients will be assessed in the 21st century by mixture of traditional methods, such as the "safe" dose concept, which is thought to be an accurate but imprecise estimation of dose below the population threshold for adverse effect, and contemporary methods, such as the Benchmark Dose (BMD), Chemical Specific Adjustment Factors (CSAF), physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models, and biologically-informed dose response modeling. New research on the horizon related to toxicology 21 may also improve these risk assessment methods, or suggest new ones. These traditional, contemporary and new methods and research will be briefly described.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA), 2300 Montana Avenue, Suite 409, Cincinnati, OH 45211, USA. Electronic address: doursoml@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dourson
authors.affiliation: R G York & Associates LLC, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: York
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019985:Benchmarking; D003257:Consumer Product Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005503:Food Additives / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000592:standards; D019649:Food Industry / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods*; D005544:Forecasting; D033161:Government Regulation; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011050:Policy Making; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D035501:Uncertainty; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives
keywords: Acceptable daily intake; Benchmark dose; Critical effect; Ingredient safety; Reference dose; Risk assessment; Uncertainty factor