title: Modeling and kinetic characterization of wastewater disinfection using chlorine and UV irradiation.
abstract: Sewage disinfection has the primary objective of inactivating pathogenic organisms to prevent the dissemination of waterborne diseases. This study analyzed individual disinfection, with chlorine alone, ultraviolet radiation alone, and a combined disinfection process (chlorine-UV radiation). Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Salmonella typhi ATCC 14028, and Clostridium perfringens were selected to evaluate the efficiency of different disinfection processes. The aim of the present study was to characterize the kinetics of chlorine (as NaHOCl) consumption, to evaluate responses of these bacterial species to the chlorination, the ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and the chlorine/UV disinfection processes in secondary wastewater using a batch laboratory reactor. Another target of this work was to study the modeling of the kinetic of water disinfection by chlorination and/or UV irradiation. Two kinetic models (Chick-Watson and Hom) were tested as to ability to scale disinfection of these bacterial species by different ultraviolet and/or chlorine doses. The results of the kinetics of chlorine consumption showed that monochloramines and trichloramines were the most important forms of residual chlorine as compared to free chlorine and dichloramines. The kinetics of inactivation of all examined bacterial strains showed that the application of the model of Hom in its original form was not representative of this kinetics of inactivation. Modification of this model, considering an initial decline of bacteria during the contact of water with chlorine, improved the results of the model. By the same, results revealed that the involved processes of UV irradiation were too complex to be approached by a simplified formulation, even in the case of specific strains of microorganisms and the use of nearly constant UV radiation intensity. In fact, the results have pointed out that the application of the Chick-Watson law is known to be inadequate to describe microbial inactivation with tailing or shoulder behavior. However, the UV kinetic studies also revealed that the first instants of exposure (2 to 10 s) to a UV intensity of 5 to 8 mW.cm-2 appeared as the deciding factors in disinfection with UV irradiation. It was shown that the combination of chlorine with UV yielded additive effects on the inactivation of bacterial strains and spectacular disinfection efficiency at a short contact time and less dose. In contrast to most studies, UV irradiation alone and chlorine alone exhibited low disinfection efficiency in inactivation of tested bacterial strains.
authors.affiliation: Water Research and Technology Center, Borj Cédria Science and Technology Park, University Tunis Cartage, P.O. Box 273, 8020, Tunis, Soliman, Tunisia. brahmounaouer@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Brahmi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mounaouer
authors.affiliation: Water Research and Technology Center, Borj Cédria Science and Technology Park, University Tunis Cartage, P.O. Box 273, 8020, Tunis, Soliman, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Hassen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdennaceur
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Chlorination; Disinfection; Kinetic; Modeling; Secondary wastewater; UV combinations; UV irradiation