title: Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra.
abstract: We recently described a two-step process of urethral plate canalization and urethral fold fusion to form the human penile urethra. Canalization ("opening zipper") opens the solid urethral plate into a groove, and fusion ("closing zipper") closes the urethral groove to form the penile urethra. We hypothesize that failure of canalization and/or fusion during human urethral formation can lead to hypospadias. Herein, we use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analysis of transverse serial sections to better characterize development of the human fetal penile urethra as contrasted to the development of the human fetal clitoris. Eighteen 7-13 week human fetal external genitalia specimens were analyzed by SEM, and fifteen additional human fetal specimens were sectioned for histologic analysis. SEM images demonstrate canalization of the urethral/vestibular plate in the developing male and female external genitalia, respectively, followed by proximal to distal fusion of the urethral folds in males only. The fusion process during penile development occurs sequentially in multiple layers and through the interlacing of epidermal "cords". Complex epithelial organization is also noted at the site of active canalization. The demarcation between the epidermis of the shaft and the glans becomes distinct during development, and the epithelial tag at the distal tip of the penile and clitoral glans regresses as development progresses. In summary, SEM analysis of human fetal specimens supports the two-zipper hypothesis of formation of the penile urethra. The opening zipper progresses from proximal to distal along the shaft of the penis and clitoris into the glans in identical fashion in both sexes. The closing zipper mechanism is active only in males and is not a single process but rather a series of layered fusion events, uniquely different from the simple fusion of two epithelial surfaces as occurs in formation of the palate and neural tube.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology.|Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology.|Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Overland
authors.affiliation: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology.|Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Adriane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.affiliation: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology.|Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology.|Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology.|Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Urology.|Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Box A610, San Francisco, CA 94143.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baskin
mesh_terms: D002987:Clitoris / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004848:Epithelium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010413:Penis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D014521:Urethra / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Clitoris; Development; Epithelial fusion; Penis; SEM; Urethra