title: Comorbidity of bipolar and substance use disorders in national surveys of general populations, 1990-2015: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are common in people with a bipolar disorder (BD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence rates of SUDs in persons with BD based on national or international surveys of household populations.
  
  
  
  Studies published from 1990 to Dec 31, 2015 were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE. psychINFO, and CINAHL databases and reference lists. We calculated prevalence rates and conducted meta-analysis with random-effects model.
  
  
  
  We identified 9 unique surveys of which two surveys were repeated 10 years later using independent samples. The total sample size was 218,397 subjects. The mean prevalence for any illicit drug use disorder was 17%, for alcohol use disorder (AUD) it was 24% and SUD it was 33%. The strongest associations were found between BD and illicit drug use (pooled odds ratio (OR) 4.96, 95% CI 3.98-6.17) followed closely by BD and AUD (OR 4.09, 95% CI 3.37-4.96). The association was higher for BD respondents using illicit drugs compared to bipolar II respondents (ORs 7.48 vs. 3.30).
  
  
  
  Some of the meta-analysis grouped illicit substances together without taking into consideration types of substance use which may differ widely between countries and over time. All included studies were cross-sectional so onset and causality can not be determined.
  
  
  
  The meta-analysis revealed that people with an alcohol use disorder were 4.1 times of greater risk of having a BD compared to those without an AUD. The risks were even higher for illicit drug users where they were 5.0 times of greater risk of having BD compared to non-users. These data confirm strong associations between co-occurring SUDs and BD, indicating a need for more informative studies to help develop better interventions in treating persons with BD and comorbid SUDs.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: glenn.hunt@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Glenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry and CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: Gin.malhi@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gin S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Malhi
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: michelle.cleary@utas.edu.au.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: man-xiong.lai@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Harry Man Xiong
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: Thiagarajan.Sitharthan@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Thiagarajan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sitharthan
mesh_terms: D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Comorbidity; Meta-analysis; Prevalence; Substance use disorders