title: Posterior urethral valves: are neonatal imaging findings predictive of renal function during early childhood?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstructive renal dysplasia as observed on US is associated with posterior urethral valves and is regarded as predicting poor renal functional outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether any characteristic of urinary tract imaging at birth is predictive of renal function in children with prenatally diagnosed posterior urethral valves.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed clinical data including renal function (at birth and up to 3 years of age) and clinical outcome (urinary infection, dialysis, renal transplantation). Imaging data included US (dilatation of the urinary tract, renal cortical echogenicity, signs of cystic dysplasia, urinoma) and cystourethrography findings (vesicoureteral reflux, bladder anomalies, presence of valves) from imaging performed directly after birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We retrospectively studied 30 children. Three of the 30 (10%) were in renal failure by the age of 3 years. Twelve of 14 (85%) children with parenchymal anomalies (cortical hyperechogenicity or cystic changes) and 8/9 (89%) children with bilateral high-grade reflux had normal renal function at age 3 years. One child without cystic dysplasia or reflux had abnormal renal function from birth. None of the six children with urinoma developed renal failure by the age of 3 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence of cortical hyperechogenicity, cystic changes or bilateral reflux cannot be considered prognostic of renal failure by the age of 3 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Radiology, CHRU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, 59037, France. hochart.vero@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hochart
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, CHRU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lahoche
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, CHRU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: René-Hilaire
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Priso
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHRU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Houfflin-Debarge
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHRU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bassil
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, CHRU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Dyuti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, CHRU Lille, Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Behal
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Radiology, CHRU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, 59037, France.
authors.forename: Freddy Efraim
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Avni
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014521:Urethra / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Children; Chronic kidney disease; Micturating cystourethrography; Neonate; Posterior urethral valves; Prognosis; Renal failure; Renal function; Ultrasound