title: Farmers' use of personal protective equipment during handling of plant protection products: Determinants of implementation.
abstract: Understanding factors affecting the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during handling of plant protection products (PPPs) is of major importance for the design of tailored interventions to minimize exposure among farmers. However, data regarding this issue are highly limited. Factors related to the use of PPE during handling of PPPs were explored in a survey of cotton farmers in northern Greece. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the farmers based on a questionnaire with structured items on the frequency of use of various personal protective devices during handling of PPPs. New evidence on patterns of PPE use and potential exposure of farmers to PPPs is provided. Most farmers (49.3%) showed potentially unsafe behaviour with respect to PPE use. Hat and boots were the most commonly used protective items during PPPs use, but most of the farmers surveyed reported low frequency of use for gloves, goggles, face mask, coveralls, and respirator. Especially the respirator was reported to be the least used PPE item amongst farmers. Farmers who perceived PPPs as harmful substances or those who had an episode of intoxication in the past reported more frequent use of several PPE items. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the variable episode of intoxication in the past exerted the strongest positive influence on PPE use, followed by the perception of PPPs being hazardous substances, upper secondary education, previous training on PPPs (i.e., spraying equipment, application parameters, risks to human health and environment, safety issues) and farm size under cultivation. Old age exerted a significant negative influence on PPE use, namely, elderly farmers tended not to use PPE. Strategies to maximize the protection of applicators of PPPs from hazardous exposures still require innovation to achieve increased effectiveness. Emphasis on lifelong training and education of farmers about hazards and risks of PPPs is crucial for changing wrong behaviours in handling of PPPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, GR 68200 Orestiada, Greece. Electronic address: chris.damalas@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Christos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Damalas
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamhossein
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abdollahzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000067565:Farmers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003368:Gossypium; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067393:Personal Protective Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000600:supply & distribution*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Behaviour; Exposure; Health hazards; PPE; Pesticides; Risk perceptions; Safety