title: The outcome of hip exercise in patellofemoral pain: A systematic review.
abstract: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is one of the most common lower extremity conditions seen in clinical practice. Current evidence shows that there are hip strength deficits, delayed onset and shorter activation of gluteus medius in people with PFP. The aim of this review was to systematically review the literature to investigate the outcome of hip exercise in people with PFP.
  
  
  METHODS
  AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, PEDro, Pubmed, Science direct and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from inception to November 2014 for RCTs, non-randomised studies and case studies. Two independent reviewers assessed each paper for inclusion and quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty one papers were identified; eighteen investigating strengthening exercise, two investigating the effect of neuromuscular exercise and one study investigated the effect of hip exercise for the prevention of PFP. Hip and knee strengthening programmes were shown to be equally effective. Limited evidence indicates that the addition of hip exercise to an exercise programme is beneficial. Limited evidence demonstrates that motor skill retraining in a participant group who displayed abnormal hip alignment in running improves pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence consistently demonstrated that both hip strengthening and neuromuscular exercise has a beneficial effect on pain and function in people with PFP. Strengthening exercise predominantly addressed abductor and external rotator muscle groups. A consensus from PFP researchers for standardisation of methodology is recommended to enable meaningful comparison between trials.
authors.affiliation: University of Brighton, Health Sciences, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne BN20 7UR, UK. Electronic address: catherine.thomson9@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: University of Brighton, Health Sciences, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne BN20 7UR, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Krouwel
authors.affiliation: University of Brighton, Health Sciences, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne BN20 7UR, UK.
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuisma
authors.affiliation: University of Brighton, Health Sciences, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne BN20 7UR, UK.
authors.forename: Clair
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hebron
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006615:Hip / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Exercise; Hip; Neuromuscular; Patellofemoral; Review