title: The Impact of a National Tobacco Education Campaign on State-Specific Quitline Calls.
abstract: The ads from the first federally funded national tobacco education campaign, Tips From Former Smokers (Tips), considerably increased quitline calls nationwide. This study evaluates the effect of Tips on state-specific quitline calls.
  
  
  
  Precampaign, during-campaign, and postcampaign comparison; regression modeling.
  
  
  
  All fifty states as well as the District of Columbia.
  
  
  
  Calls to state quitlines.
  
  
  
  Tips.
  
  
  
  Tips campaign exposure was measured by gross rating points (GRPs). Calls to quitline's 1-800-QUIT-NOW were assigned to markets in each state based on their area codes.
  
  
  
  Multivariate regression was used to assess the relationship between calls to state quitlines and media market-level Tips GRPs, while controlling for market and area code characteristics.
  
  
  
  Nationally, every 100 Tips GRPs per week at the market level was associated with an average of 45 additional quitline calls in each area code (β = 44.65, p < .001). Tips GRPs were associated with significant increases in quitline calls in 46 states and the District of Columbia, of which 11 experienced effects significantly larger than the national average and 5 experienced significantly smaller effects. We were unable to detect statistically significant effects of GRPs on call volumes for four states. Graphically, call volumes in those states followed Tips GRPs.
  
  
  
  The Tips campaign significantly increased calls to quitlines for almost all the states. These findings underscore the effectiveness of national tobacco media campaigns for reaching state audiences.
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA lzhang2@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malarcher
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Babb
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schauer
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Debrot
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodes
mesh_terms: D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D015277:Hotlines / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States
keywords: mass media campaign; prevention research; quitline; state; tobacco control