title: Treatment outcome, treatment retention, and their predictors among clients of five outpatient alcohol treatment centres in Switzerland.
abstract: Few studies have reported on the outcomes of outpatient alcohol treatment or the factors associated with effective treatment. We investigated treatment outcome, treatment retention, and their predictors in clients receiving outpatient treatment for alcohol misuse.
  
  
  
  Naturalistic, longitudinal multi-centre study in Switzerland that included 858 clients receiving outpatient treatment for alcohol misuse. Assessments were conducted at treatment admission, discharge, and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Non-problem drinking was used as an indicator of positive treatment outcome.
  
  
  
  Clients admitted to outpatient alcohol treatment were highly heterogeneous in terms of pre-treatment alcohol use and drinking goals. 45 % of clients exhibiting problem drinking at the beginning of treatment showed non-problem drinking at discharge, and 41 % and 43 % showed non-problem drinking at the 6- and 12-month follow-up, respectively; 51 % were discharged regularly and 43 % were discharged irregularly. Non-problem drinking at the 12-month follow-up was more likely in clients with a higher life satisfaction, those with lower alcohol use, those aiming for alcohol abstinence, and those who had been admitted for the first time to a treatment institution, whereas it was less likely in clients with a higher educational level. Treatment retention was higher among older clients, clients with a higher life satisfaction, and clients who subsisted on their own income.
  
  
  
  Irregular discharge is high in outpatient alcohol treatment; nevertheless, a substantial portion of clients can achieve and maintain non-problem drinking by a 12-month follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich University, Konradstrasse 32, CH- 8031, Zurich, Switzerland. severin.haug@isgf.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Severin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.affiliation: Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Zurich University, Konradstrasse 32, CH- 8031, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schaub
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D013557:Switzerland; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Predictors; Treatment outcome; Treatment retention