title: Hourglass appearance on ventriculography: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 75-year-old patient with hypertension and severe aortic stenosis underwent elective coronary angiography that showed mild non-obstructive disease in the mid left anterior descending artery (LAD). A left ventriculogram, however, demonstrated segmental systolic dysfunction with dilated akinetic apex (figure 1A, see online supplementary video 1). There was no history of prior myocardial infarction and the patient had not experienced any chest pain recently. A 12-lead ECG showed widespread deep symmetrical inverted T-waves with the exception of leads I, aVL and V1 (see online supplementary figure S1). Cardiac MRI (CMR) was performed to further delineate the morphology of the left ventricle (LV) and a representative frame in late gadolinium phase is shown (figure 1B).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Above information is most likely consistent with: Takotsubo cardiomyopathyLeft ventricular pseudoaneurysmApical variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with aneurysm formationA sequel of prior myocardial infarction in the setting of aortic stenosisLeft ventricular non-compaction.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, The Northern Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Umair
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hayat
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Northern Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Northern Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen