title: Modeling the Relative Importance of Nutrient and Carbon Loads, Boundary Fluxes, and Sediment Fluxes on Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia.
abstract: The Louisiana continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico experiences bottom water hypoxia in the summer. In this study, we applied a biogeochemical model that simulates dissolved oxygen concentrations on the shelf in response to varying riverine nutrient and organic carbon loads, boundary fluxes, and sediment fluxes. Five-year model simulations demonstrated that midsummer hypoxic areas were most sensitive to riverine nutrient loads and sediment oxygen demand from settled organic carbon. Hypoxic area predictions were also sensitive to nutrient and organic carbon fluxes from lateral boundaries. The predicted hypoxic area decreased with decreases in nutrient loads, but the extent of change was influenced by the method used to estimate model boundary concentrations. We demonstrated that modeling efforts to predict changes in hypoxic area on the continental shelf in relationship to changes in nutrients should include representative boundary nutrient and organic carbon concentrations and functions for estimating sediment oxygen demand that are linked to settled organic carbon derived from water-column primary production. On the basis of our model analyses using the most representative boundary concentrations, nutrient loads would need to be reduced by 69% to achieve the Gulf of Mexico Nutrient Task Force Action Plan target hypoxic area of 5000 km(2).
authors.affiliation: Trinity Engineering Associates, Inc. , Large Lakes Research Station, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Feist
authors.affiliation: Large Lakes and Rivers Forecasting Research Branch, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Large Lakes Research Station, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138, United States.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pauer
authors.affiliation: CSRA LLC , Large Lakes Research Station, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138, United States.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Melendez
authors.affiliation: Gulf Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, United States.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lehrter
authors.affiliation: ICF International , Large Lakes Research Station, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138, United States.
authors.forename: Phillip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: DePetro
authors.affiliation: Large Lakes and Rivers Forecasting Research Branch, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Large Lakes Research Station, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138, United States.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Rygwelski
authors.affiliation: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Stennis Space Center, Mississippi 39529, United States.
authors.forename: Dong S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Large Lakes and Rivers Forecasting Research Branch, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Large Lakes Research Station, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138, United States.
authors.forename: Russell G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Kreis
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D057486:Carbon Cycle; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D060851:Gulf of America; D000860:Hypoxia; D010100:Oxygen
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D010100:Oxygen