title: Quality of tube well water intended for irrigation and human consumption with special emphasis on arsenic contamination at the area of Punjab, Pakistan.
abstract: In the present study, the tube well water quality and the associated health risks, emphasizing on arsenic contamination, were investigated in rural and urban samples from Tehsil Mailsi located in Punjab, Pakistan. Arsenic concentrations (μg/L) were ranged from 12 to 448.5 and which exceeded the WHO recommended limit (10 μg/L) in all cases. The calculated average daily dose (3.3 × 10-0.4to 1.2 × 10-0.2mg/kg day) and hazard quotient (1.1-40) reflected the potential health risk to local population due to tube well water consumption as drinking purpose. Sodium percent (Na%), sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, Kelly's index and magnesium absorption ratio were also determined to assess the suitability of tube well water for irrigation purpose. The resulting piper plot revealed the Na-Ca-HCO3type water chemistry of the area and generally alkaline environment. The spatial distribution of arsenic in the tube well waters pinpoints the significant contribution of anthropogenic activities to arsenic pollution. Nevertheless, different statistical tools, including principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and correlation matrices, revealed the contribution of both natural and anthropogenic activities and alkaline type of aquifers toward the high level of arsenic contamination.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Atta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
authors.forename: Tangfu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Environmental Hydro-geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan. missfarooqi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Abida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farooqi
authors.affiliation: Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafeeque
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
authors.forename: Yizhang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad Aqeel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamran
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Katsoyiannis
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Information Technology, COMSATS, Islamabad, Pakistan. ali_ebl2@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah
authors.initials: SAMAS
authors.lastname: Eqani
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002254:Carbonates / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010154:Pakistan; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060986:Water Wells
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002254:Carbonates; D002712:Chlorides; D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C005686:sodium carbonate; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D001151:Arsenic; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Arsenic; Health risk; Irrigation; Pakistan; Source apportionment; Tube well water