title: Automated Classification of Epiphyses in the Distal Radius and Ulna using a Support Vector Machine.
abstract: The aim of this study was to automatically classify epiphyses in the distal radius and ulna using a support vector machine (SVM) and to examine the accuracy of the epiphyseal growth grades generated by the support vector machine. X-ray images of distal radii and ulnae were collected from 140 Chinese teenagers aged between 11.0 and 19.0 years. Epiphyseal growth of the two elements was classified into five grades. Features of each element were extracted using a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), and models were established using support vector classification (SVC). The prediction results and the validity of the models were evaluated with a cross-validation test and independent test for accuracy (PA ). Our findings suggest that this new technique for epiphyseal classification was successful and that an automated technique using an SVM is reliable and feasible, with a relative high accuracy for the models.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, NO1347, West Guangfu Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, NO99, Shangda Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tai-Ang
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, NO1347, West Guangfu Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, China.|Institute of Shanghai Huayi Forensic Science, NO 1277, Dingxi Road, Changning District, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, NO1347, West Guangfu Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, NO1347, West Guangfu Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chong-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, NO1347, West Guangfu Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guang-You
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D044466:Asian People; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D014457:Ulna / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: distal radius; distal ulna; forensic anthropology; forensic science; histogram of oriented gradient; support vector classification; support vector machine