title: Meat eaters by dissociation: How we present, prepare and talk about meat increases willingness to eat meat by reducing empathy and disgust.
abstract: Many people enjoy eating meat but dislike causing pain to animals. Dissociating meat from its animal origins may be a powerful way to avoid cognitive dissonance resulting from this 'meat paradox'. Here, we provide the first comprehensive test of this hypothesis, highlighting underlying psychological mechanisms. Processed meat made participants less empathetic towards the slaughtered animal than unprocessed meat (Study 1). When beheaded, a whole roasted pork evoked less empathy (Study 2a) and disgust (Study 2b) than when the head was present. These affective responses, in turn, made participants more willing to eat the roast and less willing to consider an alternative vegetarian dish. Conversely, presenting a living animal in a meat advertisement increased empathy and reduced willingness to eat meat (Study 3). Next, describing industrial meat production as "harvesting" versus "killing" or "slaughtering" indirectly reduced empathy (Study 4). Last, replacing "beef/pork" with "cow/pig" in a restaurant menu increased empathy and disgust, which both equally reduced willingness to eat meat and increased willingness to choose an alternative vegetarian dish (Study 5). In all experiments, effects were strongly mediated by dissociation and interacted with participants' general dissociation tendencies in Study 3 and 5, so that effects were particularly pronounced among participants who generally spend efforts disassociating meat from animals in their daily lives. Together, this line of research demonstrates the large role various culturally-entrenched processes of dissociation play for meat consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Political Science and Government, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: j.r.kunst@psykologi.uio.no.
authors.forename: Jonas R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.affiliation: Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Sigrid M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hohle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D060435:Carnivory / Q000523:psychology; D002417:Cattle; D003073:Cognitive Dissonance; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D000069466:Red Meat; D013552:Swine; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Animals; Denial of mind; Disgust; Dissociation; Empathy; Meat