title: The loss of vernalization requirement in narrow-leafed lupin is associated with a deletion in the promoter and de-repressed expression of a Flowering Locus T (FT) homologue.
abstract: Adaptation of Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) to cropping in southern Australian and northern Europe was transformed by a dominant mutation (Ku) that removed vernalization requirement for flowering. The Ku mutation is now widely used in lupin breeding to confer early flowering and maturity. We report here the identity of the Ku mutation. We used a range of genetic, genomic and gene expression approaches to determine whether Flowering Locus T (FT) homologues are associated with the Ku locus. One of four FT homologues present in the narrow-leafed lupin genome, LanFTc1, perfectly co-segregated with the Ku locus in a reference mapping population. Expression of LanFTc1 in the ku (late-flowering) parent was strongly induced by vernalization, in contrast to the Ku (early-flowering) parent, which showed constitutively high LanFTc1 expression. Co-segregation of this expression phenotype with the LanFTc1 genotype indicated that the Ku mutation impairs cis-regulation of LanFTc1. Sequencing of LanFTc1 revealed a 1.4-kb deletion in the promoter region, which was perfectly predictive of vernalization response in 216 wild and domesticated accessions. Linkage disequilibrium rapidly decayed around LanFTc1, suggesting that this deletion caused the loss of vernalization response. This is the first time a legume FTc subclade gene has been implicated in the vernalization response.
authors.affiliation: Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK.|School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.|The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Książkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rychel
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Naghmeh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Besharat
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Candy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wyrwa
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.|Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre for AgriBiosciences, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Ricarda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.affiliation: The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.|Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Erskine
authors.affiliation: The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Wallace A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cowling
authors.affiliation: Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.|CSIRO Agriculture, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia.
authors.forename: Jens D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.|The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batley
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naganowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolko
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D005819:Genetic Markers; D054643:INDEL Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D031297:Lupinus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D059372:Nucleotide Motifs / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: 
  Lupinus angustifolius
  ; Flowering Locus T (FT); florigen; mutation; promoter; vernalization