title: Non-ASD outcomes at 36 months in siblings at familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A baby siblings research consortium (BSRC) study.
abstract: We characterized developmental outcomes of a large sample of siblings at familial high-risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who themselves did not have ASD (n = 859), and low-risk controls with no family history of ASD (n = 473). We report outcomes at age 3 years using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and adaptive functioning on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Around 11% of high-risk siblings had mild-to-moderate levels of developmental delay, a rate higher than the low-risk controls. The groups did not differ in the proportion of toddlers with mild-to-moderate language delay. Thirty percent of high-risk siblings had elevated scores on the ADOS, double the rate seen in the low-risk controls. High-risk siblings also had higher parent reported levels of ASD symptoms on the ADI-R and lower adaptive functioning on the Vineland. Males were more likely to show higher levels of ASD symptoms and lower levels of developmental ability and adaptive behavior than females across most measures but not mild-to-moderate language delay. Lower maternal education was associated with lower developmental and adaptive behavior outcomes. These findings are evidence for early emerging characteristics related to the "broader autism phenotype" (BAP) previously described in older family members of individuals with ASD. There is a need for ongoing clinical monitoring of high-risk siblings who do not have an ASD by age 3 years, as well as continued follow-up into school age to determine their developmental and behavioral outcomes. Autism Res 2017, 10: 169-178. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: King's College London.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Charman
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brian
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts, Boston.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Leslie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chawarska
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curtin
authors.affiliation: King's College London.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dobkins
authors.affiliation: McGill University.
authors.forename: Mayada
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elsabbagh
authors.affiliation: McMaster University.
authors.forename: Stelios
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Georgiades
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Irva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hertz-Picciotto
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hutman
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh.
authors.forename: Jana M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.affiliation: Birkbeck College London.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Kennedy Krieger Institute and John Hopkins School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landa
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macari
authors.affiliation: University of Miami.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Messinger
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School.|Harvard Graduate School of Education.|Boston Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozonoff
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saulnier
authors.affiliation: University of Washington.
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Boston University.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tager-Flusberg
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.|Seattle Children's Research Institute.
authors.forename: Sara Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
authors.forename: Nurit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yirmiya
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta.
authors.forename: Lonnie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zwaigenbaum
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: adaptive functioning; autism spectrum disorder; broader autism phenotype; developmental outcomes; high risk siblings