title: Severe dyslipidemia and immune activation in HIV patients with dysglycemia.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, the relationship between dysglycemia, lipid metabolism, and immune activation in HIV patients is poorly understood.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 180 HIV patients, including 153 patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 27 HAART-naive patients. DM was defined as fasting serum glucose levels ≥126 mg/dl, and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined as serum glucose levels of 101-125 mg/dl at two different time points. Lipid metabolic indexes were measured. CD4+, CD8+, and CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry.
  
  
  
  IFM and DM percentages were higher in the HAART group than in the HAART-naive group (59.5% vs. 48.1% and 21.6% vs. 7.4%, respectively; p < 0.01). Additionally, DM percentage was high in patients receiving HAART containing protease inhibitors. Serum levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in IFG and DM HAART patients than in euglycemic HAART patients (p < 0.05). Serum triglyceride levels were higher in HAART-naive DM patients than in other patients (p < 0.05). CD8+ and CD8+ HLA-DR+ cell counts were higher in IFG and DM HAART patients than in euglycemic HAART patients (p < 0.05). Ordinal logistic regression analysis suggested that TRIG, VLDL, CD8, and HAART were predictors of glucose metabolic disorders.
  
  
  
  HIV patients with hyperglycemia have severe dyslipidemia and immune activation, and HAART is an important impact factor of glucose and lipid metabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases，Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Changzhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases，Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Shujing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases，Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Tiansheng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: b Department of Dermatology and Allergology, St. Josef-Hospital , Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Höxtermann
authors.affiliation: b Department of Dermatology and Allergology, St. Josef-Hospital , Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases，Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Xiangyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases，Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases，Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Linfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: b Department of Dermatology and Allergology, St. Josef-Hospital , Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Adriane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skaletz-Rorowski
authors.affiliation: b Department of Dermatology and Allergology, St. Josef-Hospital , Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Brockmeyer
authors.affiliation: a State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases，Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Nanping
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus; diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; highly active antiretroviral therapy; hyperglycemia; immune activation