title: The role of alexithymia: An 8-year follow-up study of chronic pain patients.
abstract: The aim of this 8-year follow-up study was to ascertain changes in alexithymia, depressiveness and pain situation in a sample of chronic pain patients and to explore the impact of alexithymia and depression on the outcome.
  
  
  
  Participants (n=83) were chronic non-malignant pain patients who completed self-report study questionnaires before their first visit to the pain clinic and again 8years later. Study variables consisted of pain intensity measured by the Visual Analogous Scale, the Pain Disability Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The moderate improvement in the pain situation was estimated as a decrease of 30% or more in pain intensity or pain disability.
  
  
  
  In the whole sample there was a significant decrease in pain intensity, pain disability and depressiveness, but only some of the patients achieved moderate improvement in their pain situation. Alexithymia remained stable during the 8-year period. The alexithymic patients had poorer pain situation and more depressiveness both at baseline and at follow-up. Unfavorable outcome in the pain situation was connected with male gender and alexithymia at baseline but not with depressiveness. Alexithymia and depressiveness were closely related to each other and the connection strengthened during the follow-up period.
  
  
  
  Alexithymic depressive chronic pain patients represent a special, more disabled subgroup among chronic pain patients. The authors recommend screening for and identifying alexithymia and depression in chronic pain patients. Structural treatment protocols such as cognitive-behavioral therapy may benefit these patients. More research is needed to develop treatment interventions for alexithymic patients.
authors.affiliation: Pain Clinic, Raahe Hospital, P.O. BOXs 25, 92101, Raahe, Finland. Electronic address: anita.saariaho@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anita S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Saariaho
authors.affiliation: Pain Clinic, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. BOX 21, FIN-OUH, Oulu, Finland. Electronic address: tom.saariaho@ppshp.fi.
authors.forename: Tom H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Saariaho
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. BOXs 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: aino.mattila@pshp.fi.
authors.forename: Aino K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: matti.joukamaa@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Matti I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Joukamaa
authors.affiliation: Unit of Adolescent Psychiatry, Satakunta, Hospital District, Antinkatu 15A, 28100 Pori, Finland. Electronic address: max.karukivi@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karukivi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires