title: Rhizobacterial Community Structures Associated with Native Plants Grown in Chilean Extreme Environments.
abstract: Chile is topographically and climatically diverse, with a wide array of diverse undisturbed ecosystems that include native plants that are highly adapted to local conditions. However, our understanding of the diversity, activity, and role of rhizobacteria associated with natural vegetation in undisturbed Chilean extreme ecosystems is very poor. In the present study, the combination of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 454-pyrosequencing approaches was used to describe the rhizobacterial community structures of native plants grown in three representative Chilean extreme environments: Atacama Desert (ATA), Andes Mountains (AND), and Antarctic (ANT). Both molecular approaches revealed the presence of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria as the dominant phyla in the rhizospheres of native plants. Lower numbers of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed in rhizosphere soils from ATA compared with AND and ANT. Both approaches also showed differences in rhizobacterial community structures between extreme environments and between plant species. The differences among plant species grown in the same environment were attributed to the higher relative abundance of classes Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. However, further studies are needed to determine which environmental factors regulate the structures of rhizobacterial communities, and how (or if) specific bacterial groups may contribute to the growth and survival of native plants in each Chilean extreme environments.
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil Interaction, and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile. milko.jorquera@ufrontera.cl.
authors.forename: Milko A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jorquera
authors.affiliation: Section of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumito
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, 2181 McCarty Hall, PO Box 110290, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ogram
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil Interaction, and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Oscar U
authors.initials: OU
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.affiliation: Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Lorena M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lagos
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil Interaction, and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Nitza G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Inostroza
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil Interaction, and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Jacquelinne J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Acuña
authors.affiliation: Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Joaquín I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rilling
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil Interaction, and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de La Luz Mora
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001483:Base Sequence; D044822:Biodiversity; D002677:Chile; D002965:Classification; D002980:Climate; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058645:Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; D003889:Desert Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D000071251:Extreme Environments; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010802:Phylogeny; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012987:Soil
keywords: Andes Mountain; Antarctic; Atacama Desert; Bacterial community; Extreme environments; Rhizosphere