title: Dietary factors in the development of type 1 diabetes.
abstract: There are several indicators concerning the putative importance of dietary factors during the fetal period lactation, infancy and childhood in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Among foods, cow's milk consumption has been associated with an increased risk of preclinical and/or clinical type 1 diabetes and sugars with a progression from preclinical to clinical disease. Breast milk, on the other hand, may be protective. Processed foods may be related to a greater risk of type 1 diabetes because they contain higher amounts of advanced glycation end-products. Nitrites or N-nitroso compounds in processed meat products could increase the risk of this disease. Among nutrients, n-3 fatty acids, vitamins D and E, and zinc may protect from preclinical and/or clinical type 1 diabetes. The microbial composition of foods or food's other effects on gut microbiota are receiving increasing attention, also due to their putative role in the development of type 1 diabetes. Still the number of prospective studies in this research field is limited and most of the findings remain to be replicated.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.|Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and University Hospital of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008892:Milk / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
keywords: children; diet; infant feeding; islet autoimmunity; nutrition; type 1 diabetes