title: Eight Flurothyl-Induced Generalized Seizures Lead to the Rapid Evolution of Spontaneous Seizures in Mice: A Model of Epileptogenesis with Seizure Remission.
abstract: The occurrence of recurrent, unprovoked seizures is the hallmark of human epilepsy. Currently, only two-thirds of this patient population has adequate seizure control. New epilepsy models provide the potential for not only understanding the development of spontaneous seizures, but also for testing new strategies to treat this disorder. Here, we characterize a primary generalized seizure model of epilepsy following repeated exposure to the GABAA receptor antagonist, flurothyl, in which mice develop spontaneous seizures that remit within 1 month. In this model, we expose C57BL/6J mice to flurothyl until they experience a generalized seizure. Each of these generalized seizures typically lasts <30 s. We induce one seizure per day for 8 d followed by 24 h video-electroencephalographic recordings. Within 1 d following the last of eight flurothyl-induced seizures, ∼50% of mice have spontaneous seizures. Ninety-five percent of mice tested have seizures within the first week of the recording period. Of the spontaneous seizures recorded, the majority are generalized clonic seizures, with the remaining 7-12% comprising generalized clonic seizures that transition into brainstem seizures. Over the course of an 8 week recording period, spontaneous seizure episodes remit after ∼4 weeks. Overall, the repeated flurothyl paradigm is a model of epileptogenesis with spontaneous seizures that remit. This model provides an additional tool in our armamentarium for understanding the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and may provide insights into why spontaneous seizures remit without anticonvulsant treatment. Elucidating these processes could lead to the development of new epilepsy therapeutics.
  
  
  
  Epilepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by the occurrence of recurrent, unprovoked seizures in which the individual seizure-ictal events are self-limiting. Remission of recurrent, unprovoked seizures can be achieved in two-thirds of cases by treatment with anticonvulsant medication, surgical resection, and/or nerve/brain electrode stimulation. However, there are examples in humans of epilepsy with recurrent, unprovoked seizures remitting without any intervention. While elucidating how recurrent, unprovoked seizures develop is critical for understanding epileptogenesis, an understanding of how and why recurrent, unprovoked seizures remit may further our understanding and treatment of epilepsy. Here, we describe a new model of recurrent, unprovoked spontaneous seizures in which the occurrence of spontaneous seizures naturally remits over time without any therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, and.
authors.forename: Sridhar B
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7104-4877
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kadiyala
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York 12201, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Albany, Albany, New York 12201, and.
authors.forename: Joshua Q
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9397-2049
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yannix
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, and.
authors.forename: Julia W
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6896-1519
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Nalwalk
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, and Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180.
authors.forename: Dominick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papandrea
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, and.
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York 12201, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Albany, Albany, New York 12201, and.
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0233-9513
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Herron
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, and Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, ferlanr@mail.amc.edu.
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8044-2479
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ferland
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003292:Convulsants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D005481:Flurothyl / Q000633:toxicity*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003292:Convulsants; D005452:Fluoresceins; C435731:fluoro jade; D005481:Flurothyl
keywords: electroencephalogram; epilepsy; epileptogenesis; flurothyl; remission; valproate