title: Denervation-Associated Change in the Palatinus and Levator Veli Palatini Muscles of Dogs with Elongated Soft Palate.
abstract: Muscle lesions and decreased numbers of peripheral nerve branches have been reported in the soft palates of dogs presenting with brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome (BAOS). Myosin adenosine triphosphatase staining was employed to investigate whether muscle lesions in the elongated soft palate (ESP) of dogs with BAOS reflect the presence of denervation. Soft palates were collected from nine brachycephalic dogs during surgical intervention for BAOS and from five healthy beagle dogs as controls. In the control soft palates, myofibres with relatively uniform diameters and a random mosaic pattern of type I and II myofibres were observed in the palatinus muscle (PM), while almost all of the myofibres in the levator veli palatini muscle (LVPM) were of type II. In the ESPs, small group atrophy, large group atrophy and angular-shaped atrophy were observed in myofibres of the PM and rarely in the LVPM. Fibre type grouping and an increase in type IIC myofibres were found only in the PM. Morphometric analysis of ESPs revealed a significant increase in the number of type I and II myofibres in the PM showing atrophy or hypertrophy compared with controls. A significant increase in atrophic type II myofibres was found in the LVPM of affected dogs. Myopathy consistent with denervation was observed in the PM, but rarely in the LVPM, of ESP specimens. The results suggest that the myopathy seen in dogs with ESP may partly reflect atrophy of myofibres resulting from damage to peripheral nerve branches, with subsequent reinnervation of myofibres.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Japan. Electronic address: akatoyik.iara@gmail.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Animal Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michishita
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hara
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D009121:Muscle Denervation / Q000662:veterinary*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome; denervation atrophy; dog; elongated soft palate