title: Influence of cigarette smoking and inflammatory gene polymorphisms on glycated hemoglobin in the Japanese general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is closely involved in the development of type 2 diabetes, and cigarette smoking acts as potent inducer of inflammation. We therefore investigated interactions between inflammation-related gene polymorphisms and cigarette smoking on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Japanese general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study using data collected from 2619 Japanese (1274 males and 1345 females) 40-69 years of age who participated in baseline survey of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) Study (2005-2008). Eight polymorphisms in seven genes (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α) were determined using the Invader assay. The interactions of smoking and gene polymorphisms on HbA1c levels were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regression models and analysis of covariance with adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the eight polymorphisms, only one significant interaction was detected for IL-1β T-31C (P < 0.0001). Among the subjects carrying TT genotype, current heavy smokers (≥ 20 cigarettes/day) had higher HbA1c (5.83 [95% confidence interval 5.67-5.99] %) versus all other smoking status groups (never 5.49 [5.41-5.56] %, former 5.54 [5.43-5.65] %, current moderate [< 20 cigarettes/day] 5.50 [5.30-5.69] %), whereas such differences were not observed in the subjects with C allele. The logistic regression analyses regarding high-normal HbA1c levels showed a similar pattern of results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking status did not interact with any other inflammation-related polymorphisms except for IL-1β T-31C. Heavy smokers harboring the TT genotype of IL-1β T-31C polymorphism show a greater adverse effect of smoking on HbA1c levels among Japanese middle-aged subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Tosu Public Health and Welfare Office, Saga Prefectural Government, 1234-1 Moto-machi, Tosu 841-0051, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Division of International Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamajima
authors.affiliation: Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kadota
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ibusuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maedashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Akie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachidori Hirokojiagaru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Nagato
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oze
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Registry, Prevention and Epidemiology, Chiba Cancer Center, 666-2 Nitona-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
keywords: Cigarette smoking; Gene polymorphism; Gene–environmental interaction; Glycated hemoglobin; Inflammatory cytokine