title: Assessment of Intra-articular Screw Penetration During Radial Head and Olecranon Locking Plate Fixation: A Cadaveric Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of radiographic and clinical exams in predicting screw penetration into the proximal radioulnar joint and ulnohumeral joint during open reduction and internal fixation of the radial head and proximal ulna.
  
  
  METHODS
  Olecranon and radial head plates were applied to 15 cadaveric elbows. Screws were assessed for intra-articular joint penetration using both clinical exam and radiographic evaluation. Clinical exam consisted of evaluation for crepitus. Radiographs demonstrating screws positioned near the joint surface were evaluated for penetration by 3 fellowship trained hand surgeons. Elbows were disarticulated and screw prominence was determined and recorded using standardized calipers. The ability of clinical and radiographic exams to correctly predict a breach in the articular surface was determined by calculating sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Consideration was given to screw position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of crepitus was 81.1% for screws in the radial head plate and 72.6% for screws in the olecranon plate. The sensitivity of radiographs was 72.4% for the screws in the radial head plate and 55.0% for screws in the olecranon plate. Correct radiographic assessment of penetration varied but position o-2 on the olecranon plate consistently resulted in the lowest sensitivity of 30.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study evaluates sensitivity and specificity of clinical and radiographic means when assessing for articular penetration of screws during olecranon and radial head locking plate fixation. Certain screw locations are more difficult to evaluate than others and may go undetected by standard means of assessment used in a surgical setting.
authors.affiliation: Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ismar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dizdarevic
authors.affiliation: Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Claire M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Eden
authors.affiliation: Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bengard
authors.affiliation: Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: O Alton
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.affiliation: Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Louis W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.affiliation: Mt. Sinai St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Steven Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Glickel
keywords: ORIF; crepitus; olecranon; proximal radioulnar; radial head; screw penetration; ulnohumeral