title: Cognitive Impairment and Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity in Vascular Parkinsonism.
abstract: Patients with vascular parkinsonism have higher cognitive decline and more basal ganglia lesions. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of cognitive impairment with functional connectivity between the basal ganglia and cingulate cortex in vascular parkinsonism.
  
  
  
  Thirty patients (8 with vascular parkinsonism and 22 with Parkinson disease) and 23 controls were enrolled. The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale and the Stroop Task were used to assess cognitive decline. MR imaging examinations included T1-MPRAGE, FLAIR, and resting-state fMRI sequences. MPRAGE was segmented to obtain basal ganglia and cingulate cortex volumes. FLAIR was segmented to obtain white matter hyperintensity lesion volume. Resting-state fMRI sequences were used to compare basal ganglia functional connectivity with the cingulate cortex between patients and controls.
  
  
  
  Patients with vascular parkinsonism exhibited impaired attention, resistance to interference, and inhibitory control and an increased number of errors on the Stroop Task. They also had higher caudate nucleus and white matter hyperintensity lesion volumes, which were positively correlated (ρ = 0.75, P < .0001). Caudate nucleus functional connectivity with the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex was increased in patients with vascular parkinsonism compared with controls and patients with Parkinson disease, and it was positively correlated with the caudate nucleus volume (ρ = 0.44, P = .016). Caudate nucleus functional connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex was decreased in patients with vascular parkinsonism compared with controls and negatively correlated with the number of errors on the Stroop test (ρ = -0.51, P = .0003).
  
  
  
  In patients with vascular parkinsonism, cognitive decline could be related to changes of caudate nucleus functional connectivity with the cingulate cortex at resting-state, which may be induced by ischemia-related remodelling.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P, A.B., N.M.d.C.) vincent.dunet@chuv.ch.|Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P., A.B., N.M.d.C.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.|Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (V.D), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9897-4561
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dunet
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P, A.B., N.M.d.C.).|Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P., A.B., N.M.d.C.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.|Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (J.D., F.Molino), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5221, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.|Intrasense (J.D.), Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7083-2940
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deverdun
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P, A.B., N.M.d.C.).|Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P., A.B., N.M.d.C.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.|Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research (C.C.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1061, Montpellier University, La Colombiere Hospital, Montpellier, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (C.C.), U1198, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5754-3178
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Charroud
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P, A.B., N.M.d.C.).|Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P., A.B., N.M.d.C.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3927-9868
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Le Bars
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (J.D., F.Molino), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 5221, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.|Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle (F.Molino), UMR 5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U661, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7687-3209
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Molino
authors.affiliation: Clinique du Parc (S.M.d.C.), Service d'imagerie, Castenau-Le-Lez, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5481-7313
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menjot de Champfleur
authors.affiliation: Neurology (F.Maury, M.C., X.A., P.L., F.P., C.G.), Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7076-7149
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maury
authors.affiliation: Neurology (F.Maury, M.C., X.A., P.L., F.P., C.G.), Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3111-9069
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charif
authors.affiliation: Neurology (F.Maury, M.C., X.A., P.L., F.P., C.G.), Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: X
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3834-2981
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ayrignac
authors.affiliation: Neurology (F.Maury, M.C., X.A., P.L., F.P., C.G.), Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7759-8555
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Labauge
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology (G.C.).
authors.forename: G
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9796-3529
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castelnovo
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P, A.B., N.M.d.C.).|Neurology (F.Maury, M.C., X.A., P.L., F.P., C.G.), Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France.|Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P., A.B., N.M.d.C.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4005-1043
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P, A.B., N.M.d.C.).|Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P., A.B., N.M.d.C.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.|Team "Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors" (A.B., N.M.d.C,), U1051, Institut of Neurosciences of Montpellier, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9187-1375
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonafe
authors.affiliation: Neurology (F.Maury, M.C., X.A., P.L., F.P., C.G.), Montpellier University Hospital Center, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France.|EuroMov (C.G.), Montpellier, France.|Movement to Health (C.G.), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8870-9529
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geny
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P, A.B., N.M.d.C.).|Institut d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle Humaine, I2FH (V.D., J.D., C.C., E.L.B., F.P., A.B., N.M.d.C.), Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.|Medical Imaging (N.M.d.C.), Caremeau University Hospital Center, Nimes, France.|Team "Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors" (A.B., N.M.d.C,), U1051, Institut of Neurosciences of Montpellier, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4098-5962
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Menjot de Champfleur
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*