title: Benthos response following petroleum exploration in the southern Caspian Sea: Relating effects of nonaqueous drilling fluid, water depth, and dissolved oxygen.
abstract: The effects of linear alpha olefin (LAO) nonaqueous drilling fluid on benthic macrofauna were assessed over a six year period at a southern Caspian Sea petroleum exploration site. A wide-ranging, pre-drilling survey identified a relatively diverse shelf-depth macrofauna numerically dominated by amphipods, cumaceans, and gastropods that transitioned to a less diverse assemblage dominated by hypoxia-tolerant annelid worms and motile ostracods with increasing depth. After drilling, a similar transition in macrofauna assemblage was observed with increasing concentration of LAO proximate to the shelf-depth well site. Post-drilling results were consistent with a hypothesis of hypoxia from microbial degradation of LAO, supported by the presence of bacterial mats and lack of oxygen penetration in surface sediment. Chemical and biological recoveries at ≥200m distance from the well site were evident 33months after drilling ceased. Our findings show the importance of monitoring recovery over time and understanding macrofauna community structure prior to drilling.
authors.affiliation: Exxon Mobil Corporation, 22777 Springwoods Village Parkway, Spring, TX 77389, USA. Electronic address: russell.d.tait@exxonmobil.com.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.affiliation: Maxon Consulting, 2546 San Clemente Terrace, San Diego, CA 92122, USA. Electronic address: maxonc@maxonconsulting.com.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Maxon
authors.affiliation: Terry Parr Environmental Consulting Services, 7924 Grape Street, La Mesa, CA 91924, USA. Electronic address: terparr@cox.net.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.affiliation: Maxon Consulting, 2546 San Clemente Terrace, San Diego, CA 92122, USA. Electronic address: newtonf@maxonconsulting.com.
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001382:Azerbaijan; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D000066388:Oil and Gas Industry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Benthic macrofauna; Caspian Sea; Drill cuttings; Hypoxia; Linear alpha olefin (LAO); Nonaqueous drilling fluid (NADF)