title: Variants in the autophagy-related gene IRGM confer susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating lipophagy.
abstract: Autophagy has been shown to be crucial in the regulation of the intracellular lipid stores in hepatocytes. We hypothesize that immunity-related GTPase family M (IRGM) gene (an autophagy-related gene) variants confer the susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development.
  
  
  
  832 obese children and adolescents aged 6-18years were recruited. NAFLD was determined by liver ultrasonography. We genotyped PNPLA3 rs738409, GCKR rs780094, TM6SF2 rs58542926, six IRGM single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs13361189, rs9637876, rs72553867, rs10065172, rs1000113, and rs11747270). To understand the molecular mechanism, we examined the effects of IRGM knockdown and overexpression on autophagic flux and lipid droplet metabolism in human hepatoma cells.
  
  
  
  22.8% of recruited obese children and adolescents had NAFLD. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that after controlling for the effects of age- and gender-adjusted body mass index, gender, PNPLA3, GCKR, and TM6SF2 polymorphisms, variant IRGM rs10065172 TT genotype independently increased the odds ratio of NAFLD by 2.04 (95% confidence interval 1.22-3.42; p=0.007), as compared to the CC genotype. The predictive model was validated by means of 10-fold cross validation. Functional assay revealed that IRGM knockdown inhibited autophagic flux and increased lipid droplet content in HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells, which were reversed by the autophagy inducer rapamycin administration. Similarly, wortmannin (an autophagy inhibitor) increased intracellular lipid droplet content. In contrast, overexpression of IRGM caused decreased lipid droplet content in HepG2 cells.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that IRGM may contribute to the development of human NAFLD by altering hepatic lipid metabolism through the autophagy pathway.
  
  
  
  Autophagy is involved in the process of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. The mechanism of autophagy regulation by IRGM has just been unveiled. This study demonstrates that genetic variants in IRGM confer risk of human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The functional studies reveal how IRGM regulates hepatic lipid droplet content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pi-Feng
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsueh-Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Hwei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: yhni@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yen-Hsuan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001343:Autophagy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
chemical_list: D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; C513539:IRGM protein, human
keywords: Autophagy; Obesity; Polymorphism; Steatosis