title: Pleural Effusion of Patients with Malignant Mesothelioma Induces Macrophage-Mediated T Cell Suppression.
abstract: Clinical studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of immunotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma. The pleural cavity seems an attractive compartment to administer these types of therapies; however, local immunosuppressive mechanisms could hamper their efficacy. Macrophages are abundantly present within the mesothelioma microenvironment. This study investigates the influence of the macrophage phenotype, macrophages' capacity to inhibit local immune responses, and the decisive role of pleural effusion (PE) in this regard.
  
  
  
  We cultured macrophages in the presence of PEs and investigated their phenotype. Macrophages and T cells were cocultured in the presence of PEs and tumor cell line supernatants. The levels of 11 cytokines and the prostanoid prostaglandin E2 were measured in PEs and supernatants. The presence and phenotype of macrophages and T cell subsets was measured in the PE of patients with mesothelioma.
  
  
  
  PE induced a tumor-promoting M2 phenotype in macrophages, which was confirmed by the suppressive activity of macrophages on T cell proliferation during coculture. Prostanoid prostaglandin E2 was identified as a potential inducer of the suppressive capacity of macrophages in PE. Macrophages isolated from PEs displayed an M2 phenotype and were negatively correlated with T cells in vivo.
  
  
  
  The current study demonstrates that macrophages in PE can play a pivotal role in directly hampering the antitumor T cell immune response. This emphasizes the potential of macrophages as a therapeutic target in mesothelioma and indicates that the presence and phenotype of macrophages in PE should be taken into consideration in the application of (intrapleural) immunotherapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: l.lievense@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Lysanne A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lievense
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bezemer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margaretha E H
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kaijen-Lambers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost P J J
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hegmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joachim G J V
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Aerts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D000086002:Mesothelioma, Malignant; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
keywords: Immunosuppression; Mesothelioma; Microenvironment; Pleural cavity; Tumor-associated macrophages