title: Roles of Insulin Resistance, Endothelial Dysfunction and Lifestyle Changes in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) caused 1.3 million deaths in 2010, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality of diabetic patients. Cardiovascular disease in DM involves complex pathophysiology processes, which are promoted by many risk factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle and environmental factors are responsible for the current epidemic of diabetes and the subsequent increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Over the past years, targets focusing on the increased risk of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients have attracted significant interest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within this review, the roles of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and lifestyle changes in the development of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients are discussed. Potential strategies and challenges in targeting cardiovascular risks in diabetic individuals are also considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, China.
authors.forename: Dongdong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, China.
authors.forename: Wanrong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008019:Life Style
keywords: Diabetes mellitus (DM); cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk; endothelium; hyperglycaemia; insulin resistance