title: Biosynthesis of Antibiotic Leucinostatins in Bio-control Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum and Their Inhibition on Phytophthora Revealed by Genome Mining.
abstract: Purpureocillium lilacinum of Ophiocordycipitaceae is one of the most promising and commercialized agents for controlling plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other insects and plant pathogens. However, how the fungus functions at the molecular level remains unknown. Here, we sequenced two isolates (PLBJ-1 and PLFJ-1) of P. lilacinum from different places Beijing and Fujian. Genomic analysis showed high synteny of the two isolates, and the phylogenetic analysis indicated they were most related to the insect pathogen Tolypocladium inflatum. A comparison with other species revealed that this fungus was enriched in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), proteases and pathogenesis related genes. Whole genome search revealed a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites (SMs) encoding genes. The non-ribosomal peptide synthetase LcsA, which is comprised of ten C-A-PCP modules, was identified as the core biosynthetic gene of lipopeptide leucinostatins, which was specific to P. lilacinum and T. ophioglossoides, as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, gene expression level was analyzed when PLBJ-1 was grown in leucinostatin-inducing and non-inducing medium, and 20 genes involved in the biosynthesis of leucionostatins were identified. Disruption mutants allowed us to propose a putative biosynthetic pathway of leucinostatin A. Moreover, overexpression of the transcription factor lcsF increased the production (1.5-fold) of leucinostatins A and B compared to wild type. Bioassays explored a new bioactivity of leucinostatins and P. lilacinum: inhibiting the growth of Phytophthora infestans and P. capsici. These results contribute to our understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of leucinostatins and may allow us to utilize P. lilacinum better as bio-control agent.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiguo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.|College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Runmao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Erfeng
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhenchuan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Wen-Bing
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Bingyan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D023281:Genomics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010143:Paecilomyces / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D010802:Phylogeny; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D010455:Peptides; C008268:leucinostatin A