title: Oxidative stress-related biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an up-to-date review of oxidative stress biomarkers in multiple sclerosis and thus identify candidate molecules with greatest promise as biomarkers of diagnosis, disease activity or prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A semi-systematic literature search using PubMed and other databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitric oxide metabolites, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, protein carbonyl, 3-nitrotyrosine, isoprostanes, malondialdehyde and products of DNA oxidation have been identified across multiple studies as having promise as diagnostic, therapeutic or prognostic markers in MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneity of study design, particularly patient selection, limits comparability across studies. Further cohort studies are needed, and we would recommend promising markers be incorporated into future clinical trials to prospectively validate their potential.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol/Level 1, Learning & Research, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ibitoye
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol/Level 1, Learning & Research, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol/Level 1, Learning & Research, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol/Level 1, Learning & Research, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hares
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol/Level 1, Learning & Research, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scolding
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol/Level 1, Learning & Research, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilkins
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D004247:DNA; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: biomarkers; diagnosis; disability progression; disease activity; multiple sclerosis; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; therapeutic monitoring