title: Homozygous and heterozygous point mutations in succinate dehydrogenase subunits b, c and d of Rhizoctonia cerealis conferring resistance to thifluzamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thifluzamide, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, is a promising fungicide for controlling wheat sharp eyespot (WSE). WSE is caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis. Information on the resistance mechanism of this pathogen to thifluzamide remains unavailable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used selective reculturing and UV mutagenesis to generate thifluzamide-resistant mutants. Thifluzamide-resistant mutants were only generated through UV mutagenesis. Sequence analysis of succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) genes revealed that two mutants had no mutation in RCSdhB, RCSdhC and RCSdhD, and the other 18 mutants all had at least one mutation in RCSdhB, RCSdhC or RCSdhD, either in a homozygous or heterozygous state. The majority of mutants included either RCSdhD-H116Y or RCSdhC-H139Y. They showed slight resistance to boscalid, bixafen and penflufen. Only one mutant possessed RCSdhB-H246Y, and it showed medium resistance to boscalid and penflufen and a slight resistance to bixafen. All the thifluzamide mutants were sensitive to flutolanil. Compared with their parental isolates, these mutants present no or minor fitness penalties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Homozygous and heterozygous point mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunits b, c and d of R. cerealis may be involved in thifluzamide resistance. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Chao-Qun
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Huai-Gu
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D017354:Point Mutation; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D012232:Rhizoctonia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D021122:Protein Subunits; D013844:Thiazoles; C494892:thifluzamide; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase
keywords: Rhizoctonia cerealis; SDHI resistance; homozygous and heterozygous mutation; thifluzamide