title: Recent advances and future of immunotherapy for glioblastoma.
abstract: Outcome for glioma (GBM) remains dismal despite advances in therapeutic interventions including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection. The overall survival benefit observed with immunotherapies in cancers such as melanoma and prostate cancer has fuelled research into evaluating immunotherapies for GBM.
  
  
  
  Preclinical studies have brought a wealth of information for improving the prognosis of GBM and multiple clinical studies are evaluating a wide array of immunotherapies for GBM patients. This review highlights advances in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches. We discuss the strategies and outcomes of active and passive immunotherapies for GBM including vaccination strategies, gene therapy, check point blockade and adoptive T cell therapies. We also focus on immunoediting and tumor neoantigens that can impact the efficacy of immunotherapies.
  
  
  
  Encouraging results have been observed with immunotherapeutic strategies; some clinical trials are reaching phase III. Significant progress has been made in unraveling the molecular and genetic heterogeneity of GBM and its implications to disease prognosis. There is now consensus related to the critical need to incorporate tumor heterogeneity into the design of therapeutic approaches. Recent data also indicates that an efficacious treatment strategy will need to be combinatorial and personalized to the tumor genetic signature.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kamran
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calinescu
authors.affiliation: c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina.
authors.forename: Marianela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candolfi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Mayuri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chandran
authors.affiliation: d Department of Neurosurgery , Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan.
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mineharu
authors.affiliation: c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina.
authors.forename: Antonela S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Asad
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koschmann
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Felipe J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Nunez
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Pedro R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Lowenstein
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.|b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005544:Forecasting; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007116:Immunization, Passive / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
keywords: Glioma; cancer vaccines; checkpoint blockade; gene therapy; immunotherapy; passive immunotherapy