title: Prostate-specific antigen testing in inner London general practices: are those at higher risk most likely to get tested?
abstract: To investigate the association between factors influencing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing prevalence including prostate cancer risk factors (age, ethnicity, obesity) and non-risk factors (social deprivation and comorbidity).
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional database of 136 inner London general practices from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2014.
  
  
  
  Men aged ≥40 years without prostate cancer were included (n=150 481).
  
  
  
  Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the association between PSA testing and age, ethnicity, social deprivation, body mass index (BMI) and comorbidity while adjusting for age, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis and tamsulosin or finasteride use.
  
  
  
  PSA testing prevalence was 8.2% (2013-2014), and the mean age was 54 years (SD 11). PSA testing was positively associated with age (OR 70-74 years compared to 40-44 years: 7.34 (95% CI 6.82 to 7.90)), ethnicity (black) (OR compared to white: 1.78 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.85)), increasing BMI and cardiovascular comorbidity. Testing was negatively associated with Chinese ethnicity and with increasing social deprivation.
  
  
  
  PSA testing among black patients was higher compared to that among white patients, which differs from lower testing rates seen in previous studies. PSA testing was positively associated with prostate cancer risk factors and non-risk factors. Association with non-risk factors may increase the risk of unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nderitu
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Hemelrijck
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rohini
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dudek
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D058006:General Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D012306:Risk; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Prostate-specific antigen; comorbidity; ethnicity; general practice; prostate cancer; testing prevalence