title: Effects of in vitro fermentation of barley β-glucan and sugar beet pectin using human fecal inocula on cytokine expression by dendritic cells.
abstract: This study simulates the fermentation process of barley β-glucan and sugar beet pectin in the human colon and monitors the degradation products formed. Additionally, immune effects of the degradation products were investigated.
  
  
  
  Immunostimulatory activity of fermentation digesta was investigated using bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) knockout mice, which were unresponsive to microbe-associated molecular patterns. Cytokine responses were elicited to dietary fibers and not to the SCFA and microbiota. The fermentation digesta were analyzed for their SCFA profiles and glycan metabolites over time. During fermentation the amount of insoluble precipitating fibers increased and induced as well as soluble molecules of lower molecular mass greater amounts of cytokines in BMDCs than the parental fiber. Additionally, high amounts of cytokines can be attributed to soluble galactose-rich beet pectin molecules.
  
  
  
  The fermentation of the two fibers led to fiber-specific amounts of SCFA, glycosidic metabolites, and different immunomodulatory properties. BMDC from TLR2/4 knockout mice did not respond to the digest microbiota and SCFA, making it a useful approach to study temporal effects of fermentation on the immunomodulatory effects of fibers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rösch
authors.affiliation: Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taverne
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.|Beneficial Microbes Consultancy, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gruppen
authors.affiliation: Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jerry M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Schols
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques; D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005285:Fermentation; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D047071:beta-Glucans; D010368:Pectins
keywords: Batch fermentation; Dendritic cells; Digesta; Human fecal inocula; Immunomodulation