title: Psychological morbidity associated with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological illness occurring in association with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) has been widely reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there is a higher incidence of psychological morbidity in women with HG compared with women without significant nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and PsychINFO were searched up to September 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles referring to psychological morbidity in relation to HG. For meta-analysis case-control studies using numerical scales to compare psychological symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were independently assessed for inclusion by two reviewers and methodology was appraised using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Comparison was made using the standard mean difference (SMD) in symptom scale scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 59 articles were included in the systematic review, 12 of these were used in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of depression scale scores demonstrated a very large effect with statistically significantly higher depression scale scores in women with HG (SMD 1.22; 95% CI 0.80-1.64; P ≤ 0.01) compared with controls. Meta-analysis of anxiety scores demonstrated a large effect with statistically significantly higher anxiety disorder scale scores in women with HG (SMD 0.86; 95% CI 0.53-1.19; P ≤ 0.01). In both analyses significant heterogeneity was identified (depression and HG I2= 94%, P ≤ 0.01; anxiety and HG I2= 84%, P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our systematic review and meta-analysis have shown a significantly increased frequency of depression and anxiety in women with HG. The findings should prompt service development for women with HG that includes provision of psychological care and support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Meta-analysis demonstrates an increase in #PsychologicalMorbidity in women with #HyperemesisGravidarum.
authors.affiliation: Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitchell-Jones
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gallos
authors.affiliation: St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farren
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.affiliation: Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bottomley
authors.affiliation: Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Queen Charlottes and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bourne
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006939:Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Anxiety; depression; hyperemesis gravidarum; pregnancy; sickness; vomiting