title: Ibuprofen removal by heterogeneous photocatalysis and ecotoxicological evaluation of the treated solutions.
abstract: Emerging contaminants including pharmaceuticals are a class of compounds that are causing great concern due to several environmental problems. Conventional water and wastewater treatments do not achieve high removal efficiencies for many of these drugs. Therefore, the present work investigated the removal of ibuprofen (IBP) by heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 irradiated with artificial UV light or solar radiation. The treated solutions were tested against Daphnia similis and Raphidocelis subcapitata, which are species commonly used as bioindicators of environmental conditions. The results indicated that IBP removal reached 92 % after 1 h of treatment using artificial UV and 1000 mg L(-1) of TiO2, which was the optimum catalyst concentration in the range studied (20-1000 mg L(-1)). TOC removal reached up to 78 % after 60 min of treatment using TiO2/artificial UV. Ecotoxicological bioassays indicated that the treated solutions had acute effects, with 30 % immobilization of D. similis and 40 % growth inhibition of R. subcapitata.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: João P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Candido
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandro J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milady R A
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Física e Química, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Av. BPS, 1303, 37500-903, Itajubá, MG, Brazil. mmkondo@unifei.edu.br.
authors.forename: Márcia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D010782:Photolysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Advanced oxidation processes; Daphnia similis; Ecotoxicity; Emerging contaminants; Pharmaceuticals; Raphidocelis subcapitata; Solar light; Titanium dioxide