title: Association of Loss of Independence With Readmission and Death After Discharge in Older Patients After Surgical Procedures.
abstract: Older adults are at increased risk for adverse events after surgical procedures. Loss of independence (LOI), defined as a decline in function or mobility, increased care needs at home, or discharge to a nonhome destination, is an important patient-centered outcome measure.
  
  
  
  To evaluate LOI among older adult patients after surgical procedures and examine the association of LOI with readmission and death after discharge in this population.
  
  
  
  This retrospective cohort study examined 9972 patients 65 years and older with known baseline function, mobility, and living situation undergoing inpatient operations from January 2014 to December 2014 at 26 hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Geriatric Surgery Pilot Project. A total of 4895 patients were excluded because they were totally dependent, classified as class 5 by the American Society of Anesthesiologists, undergoing orthopedic or spinal procedures, or died prior to discharge.
  
  
  
  Loss of independence at time of discharge.
  
  
  
  Readmission and death after discharge.
  
  
  
  Of the 5077 patients included in this study, 2736 (53.9%) were female and 3876 (76.3%) were white, with a mean (SD) age of 75 (7) years. For this cohort, LOI increased with age; LOI occurred in 1386 of 2780 patients (49.9%) aged 65 to 74 years, 1162 of 1726 (67.3%) aged 75 to 84 years, and 479 of 571 (83.9%) 85 years and older (P < .001). Readmission occurred in 517 patients (10.2%). In a risk-adjusted model, LOI was strongly associated with readmission (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.2) and postoperative complication (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% CI, 4.9-9.0). Death after discharge occurred in 69 patients (1.4%). After risk adjustment, LOI was the strongest factor associated with death after discharge (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.4-19.3). Postoperative complication was not significantly associated with death after discharge.
  
  
  
  Loss of independence, a patient-centered outcome, was associated with postoperative readmissions and death after discharge. Loss of independence can feasibly be collected across multiple hospitals in a national registry. Clinical initiatives to minimize LOI will be important for improving surgical care for older adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois2Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Julia R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Berian
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois3Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.affiliation: Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois4Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Clifford Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Ronnie A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora.
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003643:Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects