title: Breath Analysis Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors Distinguishes Early and Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients from Healthy Persons.
abstract: Fourteen volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers in the breath have been identified to distinguish early gastric cancer (EGC) and advanced gastric cancer (AGC) patients from healthy persons by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase microextraction (SPME). Then, a breath analysis approach based on a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor was developed to detect these biomarkers. Utilizing hydrazine vapor adsorbed in graphene oxide (GO) film, the clean SERS sensor is facilely prepared by in situ formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) without any organic stabilizer. In the SERS sensor, RGO can selectively adsorb and enrich the identified biomarkers from breath as an SPME fiber, and AuNPs well dispersed on RGO endow the SERS sensor with an effective detection of adsorbed biomarkers. Fourteen Raman bands associated with the biomarkers are selected as the fingerprints of biomarker patterns to distinguish persons in different states. The approach has successfully analyzed and distinguished different simulated breath samples and 200 breath samples of clinical patients with a sensitivity of higher than 83% and a specificity of more than 92%. In conclusion, the VOC biomarkers and breath analysis approach in this study can not only diagnose gastric cancer but also distinguish EGC and AGC. This work has great potential for clinical translation in primary screening diagnosis and stage determination of stomach cancer in the near future.
authors.forename: Yunsheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yixia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai 210040, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shangli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lungen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhi
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA-CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfranca
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA-CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de la Fuente
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Daxiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D006046:Gold
keywords: advanced gastric cancer; breath analysis; early gastric cancer; reduced graphene oxide; surface-enhanced Raman scattering; volatile organic compounds