title: Long-term effects of joint bleeding before starting prophylaxis in severe haemophilia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early initiation of prophylaxis in severe haemophilia is critical for effective prevention of arthropathy. However, the optimum time for starting prophylaxis has not been established yet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed long-term effects of age at starting prophylaxis and joint bleeding before prophylaxis on haemophilic arthropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients with severe haemophilia (FVIII/IX <0.01 IU mL-1), born between 1965 and 2000, haemophilic arthropathy was evaluated on X-rays. Patient groups were compared by multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for bleeding phenotype and lifetime intensity of prophylaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and twenty-four patients were evaluated at a median age of 22 years. When comparing patients according to age at starting prophylaxis, starting before age 6 years was significantly better than starting later (P < 0.01), but no additional benefit of starting before age 3 years was demonstrated. The number of joint bleeds before prophylaxis had a stronger association with arthropathy than age at starting prophylaxis. Starting prophylaxis before the onset of joint bleeding resulted in the best long-term outcome (P ≤ 0.02); starting after one joint bleed appeared to have acceptable long-term outcome. The difference between starting after 0-1 and 2-5 joint bleeds was notable, but statistical significance was not reached (P = 0.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research with more patients on early prophylaxis will have to clarify whether starting prophylaxis before joint bleeding is superior.
authors.affiliation: Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nijdam
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Foppen
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Y T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
authors.affiliation: Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Mauser-Bunschoten
authors.affiliation: Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R E G
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schutgens
authors.affiliation: Van Creveldkliniek, Center for Benign Hematology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000150:complications*; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: X-rays; arthropathy; haemophilia; joint bleed; long-term outcome; prophylaxis