title: Resting-state networks in 6-to-10 year old children.
abstract: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging provides a non-invasive approach to the study of intrinsic functional brain networks. When applied to the study of brain development, most studies consist of relatively small samples that are not always representative of the general population. Descriptions of these networks in the general population offer important insight for clinical studies examining, for instance, psychopathology or neurological conditions. Thus our goal was to characterize resting-state networks in a large sample of children using independent component analysis (ICA). The study further aimed to describe the robustness of these networks by examining which networks occur frequently after repeated ICA. Resting-state networks were obtained from a sample of 536 6-to-10 year old children. Distributions of networks were built from repeated subsampling and group ICA analyses, and meta-ICA was used to construct a representative set of components. Within- and between-network properties were tested for age-related developmental associations using spatio-temporal regression. After repeated ICA, many networks were present over 95% of the time suggesting the components are highly reproducible. Some networks were less robust, and were observed less than 70% of the time. Age-related associations were also observed in a selection of networks, including the default-mode network, offering further evidence of development in these networks at an early age. ICA-derived resting-state networks appear to be robust, although some networks should further scrutinized if subjected to group-level statistical analyses, such as spatiotemporal regression. The final set of ICA-derived networks and an age-appropriate T1-weighted template are made available to the neuroimaging community, https://www.nitrc.org/projects/genr. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4286-4300, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ryan L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Muetzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura M E
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Blanken
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thijssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Lugt
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tonya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012146:Rest
keywords: age-related; brain development; dual regression; functional MRI; independent component analysis