title: Fish oil attenuates neurologic severity of antiphospholipid syndrome in a mice experimental model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Murine experimental models of antiphospholipid syndrome (eAPLS) showed neurologic dysfunction and therapeutic effect of the anticoagulant enoxaparin is well established. Omega-3 fatty acids and curcumin, tested in neuroinflammation and auto-immunity diseases, might be interesting therapeutic candidates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these candidates on neurologic severity in eAPLS.
  
  
  METHODS
  One month after immunization of BALB/c mice with beta-2-glycoprotein I, daily treatments were initiated with enoxaparin (1 mg/kg), omega-3 fatty acids (0.5 g/kg), and curcumin (200 mg/kg) for 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality was significantly decreased by enoxaparin and omega-3 treatments. Fish oil and curcumin group exhibited the highest mean of swimming behavior in forced swim test in surviving mice. Mice under omega-3 fatty acids or curcumin presented low anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test. Cerebral histopathology revealed heavy inflammatory infiltrates in cortical and subcortical regions with vacuolization, swelling, and degeneration of astrocytes in the control group, with aggravation under curcumin; no infiltrate was retrieved in enoxaparin and omega-3 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the first to demonstrate a potential therapeutic effect of omega-3 fatty acids in eAPLS. Enoxaparin and omega-3 fatty acids combination would be interesting for further investigation.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratoire de Recherche en Physiologie et Physiopathologie, Pôle Technologie Santé, Faculté de Médecine , Université Saint Joseph , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maalouly
authors.affiliation: b Faculté de Médecine , Université Saint Joseph , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: c Faculté de Médecine, service d'anatomopathologie , Université Saint Joseph , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Smayra
authors.affiliation: a Laboratoire de Recherche en Physiologie et Physiopathologie, Pôle Technologie Santé, Faculté de Médecine , Université Saint Joseph , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Youakim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saliba
authors.affiliation: d Institut National de Pathologie , Baabda , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aftimos
authors.affiliation: e Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine interne , Université Saint Joseph , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Fadi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: a Laboratoire de Recherche en Physiologie et Physiopathologie, Pôle Technologie Santé, Faculté de Médecine , Université Saint Joseph , Beirut , Lebanon.
authors.forename: Nassim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farès
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D013550:Swimming
chemical_list: D017984:Enoxaparin; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D003474:Curcumin
keywords: Antiphospholipid syndrome; Curcumin; Enoxaparin; Neuroinflammation; Omega-3