title: Strawberry Achenes Are an Important Source of Bioactive Compounds for Human Health.
abstract: Strawberries are highly appreciated for their taste, nutritional value and antioxidant compounds, mainly phenolics. Fruit antioxidants derive from achenes and flesh, but achene contribution to the total fruit antioxidant capacity and to the bioaccessibility after intake is still unknown. In this work, the content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) of achenes and flesh were compared in non-digested as well as in gastric and intestinal extracts after in vitro digestion. Results showed that, despite strawberry achenes represent a small fraction of the fruit, their contribution to total fruit antioxidant content was more than 41% and accounted for 81% of antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Achenes have higher quantity and different quality of antioxidants in non-digested and digested extracts. Antioxidant release was higher in the in vitro gastric digested extracts, but digestion conditions did not only affect quantity but quality, resulting in differences in antioxidant capacity and highlighting the importance of simulating physiological-like extraction conditions for assessing fruit antioxidant properties on human health. These results give new insights into the use of strawberry achenes as a source of bioactive compounds to be considered in strawberry breeding programs for improving human health.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Andaluz de Investigaci&#243;n y Formaci&#243;n Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Consejer&#237;a de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, Junta de Andaluc&#237;a, IFAPA de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, Churriana, 29140 M&#225;laga, Spain. mariat.ariza@juntadeandalucia.es.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ariza
authors.affiliation: &#193;rea de Nutrici&#243;n y Bromatolog&#237;a, Departamento de Qu&#237;mica Anal&#237;tica y Alimentaria, Universidad de Vigo, Campus de Ourense, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. preboredo@uvigo.es.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reboredo-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Universit&#224; Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy. l.mazzoni@live.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy. tamara.forbe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tamara Yuliett
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Forbes-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy. f.giampieri@univpm.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giampieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy. dolla.bihs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afrin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy. m.gasparrini@univpm.it.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gasparrini
authors.affiliation: Instituto Andaluz de Investigaci&#243;n y Formaci&#243;n Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Consejer&#237;a de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, Junta de Andaluc&#237;a, IFAPA de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, Churriana, 29140 M&#225;laga, Spain. maria.soria@juntadeandalucia.es.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Soria
authors.affiliation: Instituto Andaluz de Investigaci&#243;n y Formaci&#243;n Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Consejer&#237;a de Agricultura, Pesca y Desarrollo Rural, Junta de Andaluc&#237;a, IFAPA de Churriana, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, Churriana, 29140 M&#225;laga, Spain. elsa.martinez@juntadeandalucia.es.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ferri
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy. m.a.battino@univpm.it.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battino
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Universit&#224; Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy. b.mezzetti@univpm.it.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mezzetti
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D031985:Fragaria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: anthocyanins; antioxidant capacity; bioaccessibility; breeding; flavonoids; fruit; in vitro digestion; phenolics; seeds