title: Utilization of Whole Exome Sequencing to Identify Causative Mutations in Familial Congenital Heart Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect with family- and population-based studies supporting a strong genetic cause for CHD. The goal of this study was to determine whether a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach could identify pathogenic-segregating variants in multiplex CHD families.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WES was performed on 9 kindreds with familial CHD, 4 with atrial septal defects, 2 with patent ductus arteriosus, 2 with tetralogy of Fallot, and 1 with pulmonary valve dysplasia. Rare variants (<1% minor allele frequency) that segregated with disease were identified by WES, and variants in 69 CHD candidate genes were further analyzed. These selected variants were subjected to in silico analysis to predict pathogenicity and resulted in the discovery of likely pathogenic mutations in 3 of 9 (33%) families. A GATA4 mutation in the transactivation domain, p.G115W, was identified in familial atrial septal defects and demonstrated decreased transactivation ability in vitro. A p.I263V mutation in TLL1 was identified in an atrial septal defects kindred and is predicted to affect the enzymatic functionality of TLL1. A disease-segregating splice donor site mutation in MYH11 (c.4599+1delG) was identified in familial patent ductus arteriosus and found to disrupt normal splicing of MYH11 mRNA in the affected individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate the clinical utility of WES to identify causative mutations in familial CHD and demonstrate the successful use of a CHD candidate gene list to allow for a more streamlined approach enabling rapid prioritization and identification of likely pathogenic variants from large WES data sets.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT0112048.
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: LaHaye
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corsmeier
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Madhumita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald-Butt
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zender
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bosse
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus. Peter.White@nationwidechildrens.org Vidu.Garg@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute (S.L., M.B., S.F.-B., G.Z., K.B., K.L.M., V.G.), The Heart Center (S.L., M.B., J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., V.G.), and Biomedical Genomics Core and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute (D.C., P.W.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; and Department of Molecular Genetics (S.L., V.G.) and Department of Pediatrics (J.L.B., S.F.-B., K.L.M., P.W., V.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus. Peter.White@nationwidechildrens.org Vidu.Garg@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Vidu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D059472:Exome; D005260:Female; D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D040941:Heredity; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009154:Mutation; D059645:Mutation Rate; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D055394:Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D050991:GATA4 Transcription Factor; C484170:GATA4 protein, human; D005819:Genetic Markers; C509903:MYH11 protein, human; D055394:Tolloid-Like Metalloproteinases; C484478:TLL1 protein, human; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains
keywords: ductus arteriosus, patent; exome; genetic testing; heart septal defects, atrial; tetralogy of Fallot