title: A population based study of drowning in Canada.
abstract: Although water-related fatality rates have changed over time, the epidemiology of drowning in Canada has not recently been examined. In spite of the evidence supporting varying drowning death rates by age, information on how characteristics of drowning incidents differ by age group remains limited. The primary objective of this study was to examine the epidemiology of drowning in Canada. A secondary objective was to describe the characteristics of these drowning incidents as they vary by age group.
  
  
  
  A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted using data that were collected for incidents occurring in Canada between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012. The main outcome variable was a water-related fatality, in the majority of cases (94 %) the primary cause of death was drowning. Age specific frequencies, proportions and rates per 100,000 population were calculated and compared among six age groups.
  
  
  
  There were 2392 unintentional water-related fatalities identified in Canada between 2008 and 2012. Death rates (per 100,000) varied by age group 0-4 (1.05), 5-14 (0.57), 15-19 (1.27), 20-34 (1.70), 35-64 (1.44), 65+ (1.74). The male to female ratio was 5:1. Differences in the characteristics of drowning by age group were identified across: sex, body of water, urban versus rural location, time of year, activity type, purpose of activity, alcohol involvement, personal flotation device use, accompaniment, and whether a rescue was attempted.
  
  
  
  The study results suggest that there may be a need for drowning prevention strategies that are tailored to specific age groups. Rural areas in Canada may also benefit from targeted drowning prevention.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. tessa_clemens@edu.yorku.ca.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6589-8948
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamim
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rotondi
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology & Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Alison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Macpherson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004332:Drowning / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067393:Personal Protective Equipment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014867:Water / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Age factors; Drowning; Epidemiology