title: Environmental Exposure to Cadmium: Health Risk Assessment and its Associations with Hypertension and Impaired Kidney Function.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal. This study was aimed to estimate the potential health risks in a Cd-polluted district in China, and examine the relationship between urinary cadmium(UCd) and hypertension and impaired kidney function at low exposure levels (UCd: GM 1.3 μg/g creatinine). Blood pressure measurement, questionnaires, and collection of urinary samples were conducted from 217 residents. Environmental samples, food, and cigarette samples were collected and detected to estimate the risks posed by Cd and the contribution of inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact pathways to these risks. A logistic regression model was used in examining associations between exposure and hypertension and impaired kidney function. Results show that this population is at high risk. For non-smokers, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) are 1.74E-04 and 2.96, and for smokers, they are 1.07E-03 and 52.5, respectively. Among all exposure pathways, smoking and foods cause the major increases in ILCR and HQ. UCd is significantly associated with hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 1.468; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.104, 1.953; P = 0.008) and impaired kidney function (OR = 1.902, 95% CI: 1.054, 3.432; P = 0.033). The results demonstrate that Cd can potentially lead to adverse health effects.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Haiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China.
authors.forename: Qilin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chillrud
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Campus, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
authors.forename: Beizhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium