title: Factors contributing to the longitudinal development of social participation in individuals with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine factors associated with the longitudinal development of social participation in a Dutch population of individuals with Cerebral Palsy (CP) aged 1-24 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this multicentre prospective longitudinal study, 424 individuals with CP aged 1-24 years were recruited from various rehabilitation centers in The Netherlands. Social participation was measured with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. We assessed associations with age, intellectual impairment, level of gross motor function, gender, type of CP, manual ability, epilepsy, hearing-, visual-, speech impairment and pain, internalizing- and externalizing behavioral problems, type of education and parental level of education. Each individual was measured 3 or 4 times. The time between measurements was 1 or 2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epilepsy and speech impairment were each independently associated with the longitudinal development of social participation. The effects were rather small and did not change with age. Also, a trend was found that children attending special education develop less favorably in social participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results might provide parents and caregivers with starting points to further develop tailored support for individuals with epilepsy, with speech impairment and/or attending special education at risk for suboptimal social participation.
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.s.tan@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Siok Swan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Rijndam Rehabilitation Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilma M A
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van der Slot
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, The Netherlands; Partner of NetChild, Network for Childhood Disability Research, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjolijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ketelaar
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center, department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jules G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center, department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annet J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dallmeijer
authors.affiliation: Brain Center Rudolf Magnus and Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, The Netherlands; Partner of NetChild, Network for Childhood Disability Research, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dirk-Wouter
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Rijndam Rehabilitation Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marij E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Roebroeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004519:Education, Special / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008282:Mainstreaming, Education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D058992:Social Participation; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Associated factors; Cerebral palsy; Lifespan expectations; Longitudinal development; Social functioning; Social participation