title: Developing a Media Moisture Threshold for Nurseries to Reduce Tree Stress and Ambrosia Beetle Attacks.
abstract: Exotic ambrosia beetles are among the most damaging pests of trees grown in nurseries. The primary pests Xylosandrus crassiusculus Motschulsky and Xylosandrus germanus Blandford use ethanol to locate vulnerable trees. Research, primarily with X. germanus, has shown that flood-stressed trees emit ethanol and are preferentially attacked by ambrosia beetles. Our goal was to develop a media (also called potting soil) moisture threshold as an integrated pest management (IPM) tactic and assess grower practices that lead to ambrosia beetle attacks. Flooded Cornus florida L., Cornus kousa Burg., and Magnolia grandiflora L. trees incurred more attacks than unflooded trees that were not attacked. To determine optimal media moisture levels, we grew flood-tolerant Acer rubrum L. and flood-intolerant C. florida in containers with 10, 30, 50, 70, or 90% media moisture. No flooded or unflooded A. rubrum were attacked. However, C. florida grown in 70 or 90% moisture were attacked and died, whereas trees at 30 and 50% moisture were not attacked. Thus, we suggest an upper moisture threshold of 50% when growing C. florida and other flood-intolerant trees. However, during peak ambrosia beetle flight activity in spring 2013 and 2014, we found that media moisture levels in commercial nurseries were often between 50 and 90%. Implementing a media moisture threshold, as a new IPM tool, could reduce ambrosia beetle attacks and the need for insecticide applications, which is currently the only available management tactic. Future research should focus on how changes in substrates, irrigation, and other practices could help growers meet this threshold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC 27695 (steven_frank@ncsu.edu) steven_frank@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Insects Research Laboratory, and Department of Entomology, the Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 (christopher.ranger@ars.usda.gov).
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ranger
mesh_terms: D031002:Acer / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D029768:Cornus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D055868:Floods; D016468:Forestry / Q000379:methods*; D060434:Herbivory; D031566:Magnolia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D009657:North Carolina; D011897:Random Allocation; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D048889:Weevils / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Acer rubrum; Cornus florida; Magnolia grandiflora; ethanol; flood-stress