title: A method for the dynamic correction of B0-related distortions in single-echo EPI at 7T.
abstract: We propose a method to calculate field maps from the phase of each EPI in an fMRI time series. These field maps can be used to correct the corresponding magnitude images for distortion caused by inhomogeneity in the static magnetic field. In contrast to conventional static distortion correction, in which one 'snapshot' field map is applied to all subsequent fMRI time points, our method also captures dynamic changes to B0which arise due to motion and respiration. The approach is based on the assumption that the non-B0-related contribution to the phase measured by each radio-frequency coil, which is dominated by the coil sensitivity, is stable over time and can therefore be removed to yield a field map from EPI. Our solution addresses imaging with multi-channel coils at ultra-high field (7T), where phase offsets vary rapidly in space, phase processing is non-trivial and distortions are comparatively large. We propose using dual-echo gradient echo reference scan for the phase offset calculation, which yields estimates with high signal-to-noise ratio. An extrapolation method is proposed which yields reliable estimates for phase offsets even where motion is large and a tailored phase unwrapping procedure for EPI is suggested which gives robust results in regions with disconnected tissue or strong signal decay. Phase offsets are shown to be stable during long measurements (40min) and for large head motions. The dynamic distortion correction proposed here is found to work accurately in the presence of large motion (up to 8.1°), whereas a conventional method based on single field map fails to correct or even introduces distortions (up to 11.2mm). Finally, we show that dynamic unwarping increases the temporal stability of EPI in the presence of motion. Our approach can be applied to any EPI measurements without the need for sequence modification.
authors.affiliation: High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dymerska
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Benedikt A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Poser
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trattnig
authors.affiliation: High Field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: simon.robinson@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Simon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
keywords: Dynamic distortion correction; EPI; Field mapping; Ultra-high field; fMRI