title: Differences in quality of life in home-dwelling persons and nursing home residents with dementia - a cross-sectional study.
abstract: Dementia often eventually leads to dependency on others and finally to residential care. However, in Norway about half of the dementia population lives at home, due to individual and political wishes. There is scarce and inconclusive knowledge of how living in a nursing home differs from living at home for persons with dementia (PWDs) with regard to their quality of life (QoL). The first aim of the study was therefore to compare QoL, cognitive and physical functions, social contacts, sleep patterns, physical activity levels, exposure to light, and medication of PWDs in nursing homes and home-dwelling PWDs, and whether living in nursing homes was associated with a lower QoL than living at home for PWDs. A second aim was to examine if possible differences between residencies in QoL were consistent over time.
  
  
  
  The cross-sectional study was based on baseline data from two RCT studies of PWDs. A total of 15 nursing homes with adapted units for PWDs and 23 adapted day care centres for home-dwelling PWDs recruited 78 and 115 participants respectively. Trained nurses scored sociodemographic data, level of dementia (on the Clinical Dementia Rating scale), amount of medication, and QoL (QUALID). Sleep patterns, physical activity levels, and light exposure were measured by actigraphy. A multiple regression analysis was used to test the association between residency and QoL. The association between residency and change in QoL over time was investigated by linear regression analysis of a subsample with follow-up data.
  
  
  
  Home-dwelling PWDs showed significantly higher QoL than PWDs in nursing homes. This difference was maintained even after stratifying on the severity of dementia. Home-dwelling PWDs with moderate dementia showed significantly less use of walking aids, more social contact, higher levels of activity and exposure to daylight, and less use of psychotropic medications. The regression model explained 28 % of the variance in QoL in persons with moderate dementia. However, only residency contributed significantly in the model. Residency also significantly predicted negative change over time in QoL.
  
  
  
  The study indicated that living at home as long as possible is not only desirable for economic or health political reasons but also is associated with higher QoL for persons with moderate dementia. More studies are needed to investigate how QoL could be increased for PWDs in nursing homes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Section for Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway. christine.olsen@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Section for Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergland
authors.affiliation: Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marie-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Enders-Slegers
authors.affiliation: Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Section for Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jøranson
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Care and Public Health, Hedmark University College, Elverum, Norway.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calogiuri
authors.affiliation: Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Section for Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway.|Faculty of Health and Social Work Studies, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ihlebæk
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: ActiGraph; Activity level; Dementia; Geriatrics; Home-dwelling; Institutionalization; Light exposure; Nursing home; Quality of life; Sleep