title: Synthesis, characterization and performance of high energy ball milled meso-scale zero valent iron in Fenton reaction.
abstract: Understanding contaminant degradation by different sized zero valent iron (ZVI) particles is one important aspect in addressing the long-term stability of these particles in field studies. In this study, meso zero valent iron (mZVI) particles were synthesised in a milling time of 10 h using ball milling technique. The efficacy of mZVI particles for removal of phenol was quantitatively evaluated in comparison with coarse zero valent iron (cZVI) and nano zero valent iron (nZVI) particles. Phenol degradation experiments were carried out in sacrificial batch mode at room temperature independently with cZVI, nZVI and mZVI under varied pH conditions of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Batch experiments substantiating the reactivity of mZVI under unbuffered pH system were also carried out and compared with buffered and poorly buffered pH systems. mZVI particles showed consistent phenol degradation at circum-neutral pH with efficiency of 44%, 67%, and 89% in a span of 5, 10 and 20 min respectively. The dissolved iron species and residual iron formation were also measured as a function of pH. Unbuffered systems at circum-neutral pH produced less residual iron when compared to buffered and poorly buffered systems. At this pH, oxidation of Fe(2+) produced a different oxidant Ferryl ion, which was found to effectively participate in phenol degradation.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ambika
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Devasena
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Water Resources Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India. Electronic address: indunambi@iitm.ac.in.
authors.forename: Indumathi Manivannan
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Nambi
mesh_terms: D002021:Buffers; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010316:Particle Size; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; C045076:Fenton's reagent; D016877:Oxidants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C066317:ferryl iron; D019800:Phenol; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: Buffered and unbuffered system; Fenton’s oxidation; Ferryl ion; High energy ball mill; Meso zero valent iron