title: Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback.
abstract: During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg; Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Science, University of Fribourg; Benedikt.Lauber@sport.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lauber
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Science, University of Fribourg.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg; Bernsteincenter Freiburg.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leukel
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gollhofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Science, University of Fribourg.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Taube
mesh_terms: D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D009044:Motor Cortex; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018763:Muscle Fatigue; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal