title: The morphologic change of the ulnar collateral ligament of elbow in high school baseball pitchers, with and without symptoms, by sonography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few reports in the literature relate morphologic changes of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) to prior elbow symptoms. This study used ultrasonography (US) to assess the ulnohumeral joint space width, with and without stress, and elucidate morphologic changes of the UCL of the elbow in high school pitchers with and without a history of elbow symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of 122 high school baseball pitchers who underwent US of the medial aspect of both elbows completed a self-administered questionnaire related to the self-satisfaction score (0-100) for pitching performance and throwing-related elbow joint pain sustained during the prior 3 years. We conducted gravity stress US elbow examination with 30° of flexion with and without valgus stress. Comparisons of the UCL thickness and ulnohumeral joint space width, with and without valgus stress, were made among the 122 high school pitchers with and without a history of elbow symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pitchers with an elbow symptom history exhibited a greater difference between the UCL thickness on the throwing side than those with no elbow symptom history (P = .0013). A negative significant association was found between UCL thickness on the pitching side and the self-evaluation score for pitching performance (r = -0.20, P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US assessment demonstrated that the UCL in the dominant side with elbow symptom history was thicker than that with no elbow symptom history. The UCL thickness might reflect the prior pitching condition of high school baseball pitchers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan. Electronic address: tajika@gunma-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tajika
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shimoyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shitara
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takagishi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000070637:Collateral Ligament, Ulnar / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000092464:Elbow Injuries
keywords: Elbow; baseball; injury; pitcher; ulnar collateral ligament (UCL); ultrasonography