title: Near Infrared Imaging As a Method of Studying Tsetse Fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) Pupal Development.
abstract: Near infrared (NIR) photography and video was investigated as a method for observing and recording intrapuparial development in the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis and other Muscomorpha (Cyclorrhapha) Diptera. We showed that NIR light passes through the puparium, permitting images of the true pupae and pharate adult to be captured. Various wavelengths of NIR light from 880 to 1060 nm were compared to study the development of tsetse fly pupae from larviposition to emergence, using time-lapse videos and photographs. This study was carried out to advance our understanding of tsetse pupal development, specifically with the goal of improving a sorting technique which could separate male from female tsetse flies several days before emergence. Separation of the sexes at this stage is highly desirable for operational tsetse sterile insect technique control programmes, as it would permit the easy retention of females for the colony while allowing the males to be handled, irradiated and shipped in the pupal stage when they are less sensitive to vibration. In addition, it presents a new methodology for studying the pupal stage of many coarctate insects for many applications. NIR imaging permits observation of living pupae, allowing the entire development process to be observed without disruption.
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria (zelda.moran@gmail.com; a.g.parker@iaea.org).
authors.forename: Zelda R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria (zelda.moran@gmail.com; a.g.parker@iaea.org) a.g.parker@iaea.org.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007259:Infrared Rays; D010781:Photography; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000254:growth & development*; D014743:Videotape Recording
keywords: Glossina palpalis gambiensis; pupariation; pupation; sex separation; time-lapse video