title: Three-dimensional ultrasonography by means of HDlive rendering in the first trimester of pregnancy: A pictorial review.
abstract: Our objective was to describe early embryo/fetus anatomy and abnormalities provided by three and four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound using HDlive rendering technology in the first trimester of pregnancy. Normal and pathologic embryonic and fetal volume data set with postprocessing using HDlive rendering mode. Virtual fetoscopic imaging of the normal and pathologic fetus even at early stage of development with increasing maternal-fetal bonding process. HDlive represents a novel and valuable lightening system for 3D/4D ultrasound application that may aid the prenatal interpretation of early congenital malformations although limitations and cautions are still needed for inclusion in obstetric clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prenatal Diagnostic Service, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tonni
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prenatal Diagnostic Service, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Pia
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Castigliego
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prenatal Diagnostic Service, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grisolia
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preconceptional and Prenatal Medicine, IRCCS Gabbliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lituania
authors.affiliation: Monash Ultrasound for Women, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meagher
authors.affiliation: Monash Ultrasound for Women, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Perinatal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Fabrício
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Da Silva Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo and Paulista School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araujo Júnior
keywords: First trimester of pregnancy; HDlive rendering; fetal malformations; three-dimensional ultrasound