title: A preliminary study to evaluate the strategy of combining clinical criteria and next generation sequencing (NGS) for the identification of monogenic diabetes among multi-ethnic Asians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is increasing globally and Asia is the epicenter. Among those with young-onset diabetes (<45years), the prevalence of monogenic diabetes is estimated to be non-trivial (∼5%). An accurate diagnosis of monogenic diabetes is important to inform treatment, prognosis and genetic counseling. Therefore, a robust clinical algorithm to identify probands for testing is needed. Our aims are (1) to select probands for genetic testing and variant identification based on their clinical phenotype and (2) to evaluate the MODY probability calculator in our multi-ethnic Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four potential probands, identified in accordance with clinical practice guidelines, were subjected to re-sequencing of 16 monogenic diabetes genes and targeted genotyping for mitochondrial 3243A>G point-mutation. Variants, confirmed by bi-directional Sanger sequencing, were classified as pathogenic if they fulfilled the criteria adapted from American College of Medical Genetics. Performance of MODY calculator (with positive-predictive threshold set at >62.4%) for those with diabetes-onset ⩽35years (data input-limit) (n=71) was also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen subjects (15.5%) harbored likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants: 6 (2 novel) in HNF1A (1 subject concomitantly had another HNF4A variant), 1 in HNF4A, 2 in mt3243A>G and 1 each in GCK, KCNJ11 (novel), ABCC8 (novel) and PAX4 (novel). Performance of the MODY calculator was: sensitivity 0.769, specificity 0.603 and negative predictive value 0.921. When analysis was restricted to MODY1-3, the performance was: 0.875, 0.587 and 0.974, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of MODY is non-trivial (∼15%) among Asians with young-onset diabetes. MODY calculator performs well in our population in nominating probands for genetic testing.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH), Singapore.
authors.forename: Su Fen
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH), Singapore. Electronic address: lim.su.chi@alexandrahealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Su Chi
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH), Singapore.
authors.forename: Clara Sh
authors.initials: CSh
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH), Singapore.
authors.forename: Jessie Cw
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore.
authors.forename: Winston Yc
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore.
authors.forename: Joyce X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH), Singapore.
authors.forename: Tavintharan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Subramanium
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Center, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH), Singapore.
authors.forename: Chee Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sum
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Genetic testing; MODY; Monogenic diabetes; Next-generation sequencing