title: Effect of amoxicillin exposure on brain, gill, liver, and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): The role of amoxicilloic acid.
abstract: Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics around the world due to its broad-spectrum activity against different bacterial strains as well as its use as a growth promoter in animal husbandry. Although residues of this antibacterial agent have been found in water bodies in diverse countries, there is not enough information on its potential toxicity to aquatic organisms such as the common carp Cyprinus carpio. This study aimed to evaluate AMX-induced oxidative stress in brain, gill, liver and kidney of C. carpio. Carp were exposed to three different concentrations of AMX (10 ng/L, 10 μg/L, 10 mg/L) for 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Amoxicillin and its main degradation product amoxicilloic acid (AMA) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection and UV detection (HPLC-EC-UV). Significant increases in LPX, HPC, and PCC (P < 0.05) were found in all study organs, particularly kidney, as well as significant changes in antioxidant enzymes activity. Amoxicilloic acid in water is concluded to induce oxidative stress in C. carpio, this damage being highest in kidney. The biomarkers used are effective for the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1102-1120, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elizalde-Velázquez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Héctor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martínez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Delegación Gustavo a. Madero. México, DF, México. C.P., 07738.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Octavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dublán-García
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13072, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Flores
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13072, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Peñalvo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología Química, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela 10, 13072, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lizcano-Sanz
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C000619194:amoxicilloic acid; D000658:Amoxicillin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: HPLC-EC-UV; amoxicillin; amoxicilloic acid; cyprinus carpio; oxidative stress