title: Affective brain-computer music interfacing.
abstract: We aim to develop and evaluate an affective brain-computer music interface (aBCMI) for modulating the affective states of its users.
  
  
  
  An aBCMI is constructed to detect a user's current affective state and attempt to modulate it in order to achieve specific objectives (for example, making the user calmer or happier) by playing music which is generated according to a specific affective target by an algorithmic music composition system and a case-based reasoning system. The system is trained and tested in a longitudinal study on a population of eight healthy participants, with each participant returning for multiple sessions.
  
  
  
  The final online aBCMI is able to detect its users current affective states with classification accuracies of up to 65% (3 class, [Formula: see text]) and modulate its user's affective states significantly above chance level [Formula: see text].
  
  
  
  Our system represents one of the first demonstrations of an online aBCMI that is able to accurately detect and respond to user's affective states. Possible applications include use in music therapy and entertainment.
authors.affiliation: Brain Embodiment Lab, School of Systems Engineering, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirke
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Asad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Faustina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Slawomir J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nasuto
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000523:psychology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult