title: Pattern of Visual Field Loss in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Across Different Severity Levels.
abstract: To investigate the patterns of visual field (VF) defects in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) across different severity levels and to assess hemifield differences within each severity level.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  Three hundred four patients diagnosed with PACG were recruited from glaucoma clinics at a Singapore hospital.
  
  
  
  Point-wise total deviation values were recorded from the static automated perimetry (Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard program 24-2; Humphrey model 750 [Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA]) printouts. Patients were excluded if they had unreliable VFs (fixation losses >33% and false-positive responses >15%), had undergone only 10-2 VF testing, had VF defects not typical of glaucoma, or had undergone cataract extraction. Mild, moderate, and severe VF loss were defined by a mean deviation of -6.00 dB or more, -6.01 to -12.00 dB, and -12.01 dB or less, respectively. Each hemifield was divided into regions according to glaucoma hemifield test sectors. The average mean deviation (MD) of each region was obtained using total deviation values.
  
  
  
  Between- and within-hemifield differences of the regions across the severity levels.
  
  
  
  After excluding ineligible cases, 249 patients with PACG were included in the analysis. Mean age of the patients was 65.7±8.6 years, with a 1:1 gender ratio. The number of patients who had mild, moderate, and severe VFs was 72 (28.9%), 78 (31.3%), and 99 (39.8%), respectively. For between-hemifield comparisons, all regions in the superior hemifield had worse MDs compared with their counterparts in the inferior hemifield across the severity spectrum. Likewise, for within-hemifield comparisons, MDs of the regions gradually worsened with increasing distance from the fixation point.
  
  
  
  In this group of clinic-based PACG patients, the superior hemifield was found to be affected more severely than the inferior hemifield, and the differences between them increased with worsening disease severity. The damage was consistently more pronounced in the nasal area.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Eray
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Monisha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Nongpiur
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Sae Cheong
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Tina T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Rahat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.affiliation: Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Shamira A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. Electronic address: aung.tin@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Tin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015812:Glaucoma, Angle-Closure / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012846:Singapore; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*