title: Serum pharmacokinetics of choline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine-N-oxide after oral gavage of phosphatidylcholines with different fatty acid compositions in mice.
abstract: Little is known about the pharmacokinetics of phosphatidylcholine (PC)-derived choline, trimethylamine (TMA), and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We therefore aim to investigate serum choline, TMA, and TMAO pharmacokinetics following different PCs gavage and compare the difference between PC emulsions and liposomes (SOL). Serum choline, TMA, and TMAO levels were measured after orally gavaged egg yolk PC emulsion (EGE), squid PC emulsion (SQE), soybean PC emulsion (SOE), and SOL in fasted mice. Time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) and productions for TMA and TMAO were more slow and less in SQE group compared with EGE and SOE groups. Tmax for choline, TMA, and TMAO prolonged, and the productions of them were significantly declined in SOL group compared to SOE group. These findings indicated that marine source squid PC could counter-regulate the potential risks of TMAO generation, and the use of liposome as the form of PC supplementary may eliminate TMAO production.
authors.affiliation: a College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: a College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.|c Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology , Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Chengzi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: a College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: b Health and Nutrition Science , Nishikyushu University , Kanzaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Teruyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagita
authors.affiliation: a College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.
authors.forename: Changhu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: a College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China.
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: TMA; TMAO; choline; pharmacokinetics; phosphatidylcholines