title: Adjuvants- and vaccines-induced autoimmunity: animal models.
abstract: The emergence of autoimmunity after vaccination has been described in many case reports and series. Everyday there is more evidence that this relationship is more than casual. In humans, adjuvants can induce non-specific constitutional, musculoskeletal or neurological clinical manifestations and in certain cases can lead to the appearance or acceleration of an autoimmune disease in a subject with genetic susceptibility. The fact that vaccines and adjuvants can trigger a pathogenic autoimmune response is corroborated by animal models. The use of animal models has enabled the study of the effects of application of adjuvants in a homogeneous population with certain genetic backgrounds. In some cases, adjuvants may trigger generalized autoimmune response, resulting in multiple auto-antibodies, but sometimes they can reproduce human autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis and antiphospholipid syndrome and may provide insights about the potential adverse effects of adjuvants. Likewise, they give information about the clinical, immunological and histologic characteristics of autoimmune diseases in many organs, especially secondary lymphoid tissue. Through the description of the physiopathological characteristics of autoimmune diseases reproduced in animal models, new treatment targets can be described and maybe in the future, we will be able to recognize some high-risk population in whom the avoidance of certain adjuvants can reduce the incidence of autoimmune diseases, which typically results in high morbidity and mortality in young people. Herein, we describe the main animal models that can reproduce human autoimmune diseases with emphasis in how they are similar to human conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.|The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Jiram Torres
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Pathology, Zaragoza University, Saragossa, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luján
authors.affiliation: The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Miri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.affiliation: The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. Shoenfel@post.tau.ac.il.|Incumbent of the Laura Schwartz Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Shoenfel@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D015551:Autoimmunity; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D014612:Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D014612:Vaccines
keywords: Adjuvants; Alum; Autoimmunity; Pristane; Squalene; Vaccines