title: The regenerative effects of electromagnetic field on spinal cord injury.
abstract: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is typically the result of direct mechanical impact to the spine, leading to fracture and/or dislocation of the vertebrae along with damage to the surrounding soft tissues. Injury to the spinal cord results in disruption of axonal transmission of signals. This primary trauma causes secondary injuries that produce immunological responses such as neuroinflammation, which perpetuates neurodegeneration and cytotoxicity within the injured spinal cord. To date there is no FDA-approved pharmacological agent to prevent the development of secondary SCI and induce regenerative processes aimed at healing the spinal cord and restoring neurological function. An alternative method to electrically activate spinal circuits is the application of a noninvasive electromagnetic field (EMF) over intact vertebrae. The EMF method of modulating molecular signaling of inflammatory cells emitted in the extra-low frequency range of <100 Hz, and field strengths of <5 mT, has been reported to decrease inflammatory markers in macrophages, and increase endogenous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation and differentiation rates. EMF has been reported to promote osteogenesis by improving the effects of osteogenic media, and increasing the proliferation of osteoblasts, while inhibiting osteoclast formation and increasing bone matrix in vitro. EMF has also been shown to increase chondrogenic markers and collagen and induce neural differentiation, while increasing cell viability by over 50%. As advances are made in stem cell technologies, stabilizing the cell line after differentiation is crucial to SCI repair. Once cell-seeded scaffolds are implanted, EMF may be applied outside the wound for potential continued adjunct treatment during recovery.
authors.affiliation: a Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.|b Wake Forest Center for Integrative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: c Wake Forest Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Ishaq
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: c Wake Forest Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: a Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Harrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D055909:Magnetic Field Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Electromagnetic field (EMF); mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); nerve regeneration; neuroinflammation; spinal cord injury (SCI)