title: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.2.1c virus in migratory birds, 2014-2015.
abstract: A novel Clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 reassortant virus caused several outbreaks in wild birds in some regions of China from late 2014 to 2015. Based on the genetic and phylogenetic analyses, the viruses possess a stable gene constellation with a Clade 2.3.2.1c HA, a H9N2-derived PB2 gene and the other six genes of Asian H5N1-origin. The Clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 reassortants displayed a high genetic relationship to a human H5N1 strain (A/Alberta/01/2014). Further analysis showed that similar viruses have been circulating in wild birds in China, Russia, Dubai (Western Asia), Bulgaria and Romania (Europe), as well as domestic poultry in some regions of Africa. The affected areas include the Central Asian, East Asian-Australasian, West Asian-East African, and Black Sea/Mediterranean flyways. These results show that the novel Clade 2.3.2.1c reassortant viruses are circulating worldwide and may have gained a selective advantage in migratory birds, thus posing a serious threat to wild birds and potentially humans.
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China. Beeyh@im.ac.cn.|CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. Beeyh@im.ac.cn.|Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. Beeyh@im.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yuhai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.|Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taishan, 271000, China.
authors.forename: Zhenjie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Tianlong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Kirill
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sharshov
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Susloparov
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shestopalov
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve, State Forestry Administration, Xining, 810007, China.
authors.forename: Yubang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve, State Forestry Administration, Xining, 810007, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve, State Forestry Administration, Xining, 810007, China.
authors.forename: Jianqing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
authors.forename: Yingxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.|Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.|Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Fumin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathogen Biology, Taishan Medical College, Taishan, 271000, China. shiwf@ioz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Weifeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China.|CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.|Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.|Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001717:Birds; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny
keywords: Clade 2.3.2.1c; H5N1; highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; migratory birds; outbreak