title: Canopy Venom: Proteomic Comparison among New World Arboreal Pit-Viper Venoms.
abstract: Central and South American pitvipers, belonging to the genera Bothrops and Bothriechis, have independently evolved arboreal tendencies. Little is known regarding the composition and activity of their venoms. In order to close this knowledge gap, venom proteomics and toxin activity of species of Bothriechis, and Bothrops (including Bothriopsis) were investigated through established analytical methods. A combination of proteomics and bioactivity techniques was used to demonstrate a similar diversification of venom composition between large and small species within Bothriechis and Bothriopsis. Increasing our understanding of the evolution of complex venom cocktails may facilitate future biodiscoveries.
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. jordan.debono@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Debono
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. rcochran@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Chip
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cochran
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. sanjaya.kuruppu@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Sanjaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuruppu
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. a.nouwens@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouwens
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. niwanthi.rajapakse@bakeridi.edu.au.|Department of Physiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. niwanthi.rajapakse@bakeridi.edu.au.
authors.forename: Niwanthi W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Animal Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia. minami.kawasaki@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: Minami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. gone2@westnet.com.au.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. james.dobson@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. kate.baumann@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. mahdokht.jouiaei@gmail.com.|Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. mahdokht.jouiaei@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mahdokht
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jouiaei
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. tnwjackson@gmail.com.|Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. tnwjackson@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Timothy N W
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. jcoludar@gmail.com.|Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. jcoludar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koludarov
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. dol_yce@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Dolyce
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. dr.syedabidali@gmail.com.|Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. dr.syedabidali@gmail.com.|HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. dr.syedabidali@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Syed A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. Ian.Smith@monash.edu.
authors.forename: A Ian
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Animal Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. bgfry@uq.edu.au.|Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. bgfry@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Fry
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D017837:Bothrops / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D017753:Ecosystem; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010802:Phylogeny; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D030162:Reptilian Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D030162:Reptilian Proteins
keywords: enzyme; evolution; pit-viper; venom