title: Surface plasmon resonance based selective and sensitive colorimetric determination of azithromycin using unmodified silver nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals and human plasma.
abstract: In this article we report a novel method for colorimetric sensing and selective determination of a non-chromophoric drug-azithromycin, which lacks native absorbance in the UV-Visible region using unmodified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The citrate-capped AgNps dispersed in water afforded a bright yellow colour owing to the electrostatic repulsion between the particles due to the presence of negatively charged surface and showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 394nm. Addition of positively charged azithromycin at a concentration as low as 0.2μM induced rapid aggregation of AgNPs by neutralizing the negative charge on the particle surface. This phenomenon resulted in the colour change from bright yellow to purple which could be easily observed by the naked eye. This provided a simple platform for rapid determination of azithromycin based on colorimetric measurements. The factors affecting the colorimetric response like pH, volume of AgNPs suspension and incubation time were suitably optimized. The validated method was found to work efficiently in the established concentration range of 0.2-100.0μM using two different calibration models. The selectivity of the method was also evaluated by analysis of nanoparticles-aggregation response upon addition of several anions, cations and some commonly prescribed antibiotics. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of azithromycin in pharmaceuticals and spiked human plasma samples with good accuracy and precision. The simplicity, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the method hold tremendous potential for the analysis of such non-chromophoric pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Vijay D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Chavada
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Nejal M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier's College, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Mallika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. Electronic address: pranav_shrivastav@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Pranav S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shrivastav
mesh_terms: D017963:Azithromycin / Q000097:blood*; D002138:Calibration; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D000067493:Dynamic Light Scattering; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012834:Silver; D017963:Azithromycin
keywords: Azithromycin; Colorimetry; Human plasma; Pharmaceuticals; Silver nanoparticles; Surface plasmon resonance