title: Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in children: Idiopathic short stature versus growth hormone deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have evaluated craniofacial growth in boys and girls with idiopathic short stature (ISS) during growth hormone (GH) treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GH treatment on craniofacial growth in children with ISS, compared with those with growth hormone deficiency (GHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 36 children (mean age, 11.3 ± 1.8 years) who were treated with GH consecutively. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed before and 2 years after start of GH treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in age and sex between ISS and GHD groups and the reference group from semilongitudinal study (10 boys and 8 girls from each group). Before treatment, girls with ISS showed a skeletal Class II facial profile compared with the GHD and reference groups (p = 0.003). During GH treatment, the amount of maxillary length increased beyond norm in the ISS and GHD groups in boys (p = 0.035) > 3 standard deviation score (SDS). Meanwhile, mandibular ramus height (p = 0.001), corpus length, and total mandibular length (p = 0.007 for both) increased more in girls with ISS than in girls with GHD. Lower and total anterior facial heights increased more in girls with ISS than in girls with GHD (p = 0.021 and p = 0.007, respectively), > 7-11 SDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GH should be administered carefully when treating girls with ISS, because GH treatment has great effects on vertical overgrowth of the mandible and can result in longer face.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Cranial-Facial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mi-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea. Electronic address: lhk3731@yu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hee-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Cranial-Facial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: hwang@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Chung-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D004393:Dwarfism, Pituitary / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D019382:Human Growth Hormone
keywords: child; growth disorders; growth hormone; mandible; maxilla