title: The role of Apigenin in testicular damage in experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Testicular torsion is an acute urologic emergency occurring in male newborns, children or adolescents. Prolonged ischemia for more than six hours can lead to irreversible testicular damage. Surgical detorsion allows reperfusion and is the only treatment currently available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of apigenin (APG) on the testicular ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Sham group underwent operation of the left testis. In the torsion-detorsion groups C15 and C120, the left testis was rotated 1080(o) for three hours. The treatment groups Ap15 and Ap120 received the same surgical procedure as groups C15 and C120, but APG was administered intravenously at the same time of detorsion via the right femoral vein. Left orchiectomy was performed 15 min after detorsion at groups C15 and Ap15, and at 120 min at groups C120 and Ap120 for histopathologic and immunohistochemical evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In I/R-untreated groups C15 and C120, there was a moderate to severe distortion of the tubules with lesions that varied between grades III and IV according to histopathological finding. In APG-treated groups Ap15 and Ap120, most of the lesions showed injuries of grades II and III with mild and moderate histopathological features. In Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (Tunel) assay, APG-treated animals showed a statistically significantly decreased number of apoptotic cells compared to groups C15 and C120.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous administration of APG seems to have a protective effect on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury after testicular torsion and detorsion. Hippokratia 2015; 19 (3): 225-230.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skondras
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Histology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambropoulou
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsaroucha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gardikis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripsianis
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vaos
keywords: Apigenin; ischemia/reperfusion injury; rat; testicular torsion