title: Use of microbial fuel cells to monitor current production in Qi-deficient liver cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To monitor current production in Qi-deficient liver cells, and to study how cellular proton leakage might affect electric current production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cells were placed in an microbial fuel cells (MFC) anode and the electric current was measured. Mitochondrial-affecting chemicals, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and resveratrol (RVT), were used to induce proton leakage in cells and their effect on current production observed. MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibited higher proton leakage relative to normal liver cells. A mouse model for Qi-deficiency was prepared according to the Methodology of Animal Experiment in Chinese medicine. The Qi-tonics Buzhongyiqi Tang (BZYQT), which is used to treat the Qi-deficiency condition, was applied to Qi-deficient liver cells to examine how current production was altered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adding either DNP or RVT to normal liver cells increased current production. MCF-7 cells that possessed high proton leakage were also found to produce higher currents than normal liver cells. Higher current production, lower cellular glucose content, and lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production rate were found in Qi-deficient liver cells, in which the use of DNP or RVT further increased current production. The use of BZYQT to treat Qi-deficient liver cells decreased current production, counteracted the action of DNP, and also improved cellular glucose content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High electric current production was found in liver cells with high cellular proton leakage. Positive current responses to both mitochondria-affecting chemicals, DNP and RVT, appeared to indicate proper mitochondrial function. The high proton leakage detected in Qi-deficient liver cells might have caused high energy losses, which served to explain the observed lower cellular glucose content and ATP production rate than in normal cells. These results might also explain the exhibited syndromes of low energy and fatigue in Qi-deficient patients. Proton leakage, induced by DNP or the Qi-deficient condition, was possibly caused by unusual uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and appeared to be inhibited by treatment with BZYOT such that decreased current production was observed after BZYQT treatment.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Lexin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology; D004560:Electricity; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019413:Qi
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate