title: Gray level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) to assess microstructural and textural changes in pre-implantation embryos.
abstract: The preimplantation embryo is extraordinarily sensitive to environmental signals and events such that perturbations can alter embryo metabolism and program an altered developmental trajectory, ultimately affecting the phenotype of the adult individual; indeed, the physical environment associated with in vitro embryo culture can attenuate development. Defining the underlying metabolic changes and mechanisms, however, has been limited by the imaging technology used to evaluate metabolites and structural features in the embryo. Here, we assessed the impact of in vitro fertilization and culture on mouse embryos using three metabolic markers: peroxyfluor 1 (a reporter of hydrogen peroxide), monochlorobimane (a reporter of glutathione), and Mitotracker Deep Red (a marker of mitochondria). We also evaluated the distribution pattern of histone 2AX gamma (γH2AX) in the nuclei of 2- and 8-cell embryos and blastocysts to investigate the degree of DNA damage caused by in vitro embryo culture. In vitro-fertilized embryos, in vivo-developed embryos, and in vivo-fertilized embryos recovered and cultured in vitro were compared at the 2-, 8-cell, and blastocyst stages. In addition to assessments based on fluorescence intensity, textural analysis using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), a statistical approach that assesses texture within an image, was used to evaluate peroxyfluor 1, monochlorobimane, and Mitotracker Deep Red staining in an effort to develop a robust metric of embryo quality. Our data provide strong evidence of modified metabolic parameters identifiable as altered fluorescence texture in embryos developed in vitro. Thus, texture-analysis approach may provide a means of gaining additional insight into embryo programming beyond conventional measurements of staining intensity for metabolic markers. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 701-713, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Tiffany C Y
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Lesley J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitty
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Renae C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|Monash Centre for Health Research Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Jeremy G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Hannah M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice