title: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of idle intravenous catheters: An integrative review.
abstract: Complications of intravenous catheters remain a major contributor to health care costs and are a patient safety problem. An intravenous catheter not actively in use-an idle catheter-may increase the risk of infectious and noninfectious complications. We conducted an integrative review of the available literature to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with idle intravenous catheters.
  
  
  
  Searches of multiple computerized databases were conducted to identify studies on idle intravenous catheters. Data on definitions of idle catheter, type of catheter, prevalence, risk factors, and patient outcomes were extracted.
  
  
  
  Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The location and setting of the studies were diverse, including cross-sectional, retrospective, and prospective, and were conducted in varied geographic locations. The definition of an idle catheter was variable across studies. Although studies varied in terms of line-days or number of catheters placed, the primary definition of idle device was based on number of days or percent of devices left in situ without use. Four studies evaluated patient outcomes associated with idle catheters and found increased risk of infection, intensive care unit admission, and phlebitis.
  
  
  
  Idle intravenous catheters are common and are associated with adverse outcomes. Prospective studies incorporating uniform definitions of idle catheters to test interventions to reduce idle catheter use are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Human Ecology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA.
authors.forename: Monideepa B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Becerra
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI. Electronic address: ns2@medicine.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Nasia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Safdar
mesh_terms: D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D062666:Vascular Access Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Bloodstream infection; CLABSI; Idle lines; Patient outcomes