title: Treatment with Rhodiola crenulata root extract ameliorates insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats by modulating sarcolemmal and intracellular fatty acid translocase/CD36 redistribution in skeletal muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhodiola species have been used for asthenia, depression, fatigue, poor work performance and cardiovascular diseases, all of which may be associated with insulin resistance. To disclose the underlying mechanisms of action, the effect of Rhodiola crenulata root (RCR) on insulin resistance was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with liquid fructose in their drinking water over 18 weeks. The extract of RCR was co-administered (once daily by oral gavage) during the last 5 weeks. The indexes of lipid and glucose homeostasis were determined enzymatically and/or by ELISA. Gene expression was analyzed by Real-time PCR, Western blot and/or confocal immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RCR extract (50 mg/kg) suppressed fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and the increases in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and the adipose tissue insulin resistance index in rats. Additionally, this treatment had a trend to restore the ratios of glucose to insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) to insulin. Mechanistically, RCR suppressed fructose-induced acceleration of the clearance of plasma NEFA during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and decreased triglyceride content and Oil Red O staining area in the gastrocnemius. Furthermore, RCR restored fructose-induced sarcolemmal overexpression and intracellular less distribution of fatty acid translocase/CD36 that contributes to etiology of insulin resistance by facilitating fatty acid uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that RCR ameliorates insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats by modulating sarcolemmal and intracellular CD36 redistribution in the skeletal muscle. Our findings may provide a better understanding of the traditional use of Rhodila species.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
authors.forename: Dazhi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
authors.forename: Guowei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Pharmafood Institute, Kyoto, 602-8136, Japan.
authors.forename: Johji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamahara
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. yuhao@sitcm.edu.au.|Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. yuhao@sitcm.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yuhao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. wjwcq68@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018955:CD36 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D029771:Rhodiola / Q000737:chemistry*; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D018955:CD36 Antigens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005632:Fructose
keywords: Fatty acid translocase/CD36; Insulin resistance; Rhodiola; Sarcolemma