title: The economic costs of mental health-related discrimination.
abstract: To estimate and compare the economic costs of mental health-related discrimination in the domains of health care, relationships and participation in leisure activities in England between 2011 and 2014.
  
  
  
  A subsample of the Viewpoint survey was interviewed using the Costs of Discrimination Assessment Questionnaire in 2011 and 2014. Information on the impact of discrimination on healthcare use, help seeking from family and friends and participation in leisure activities was recorded. Pattern of contacts, costs and predictor of costs were examined.
  
  
  
  Our findings showed higher costs of health service use for individuals who reported experiences of discrimination in healthcare settings in 2011 compared with those who did not (mean difference £625, P-value 0.019). Individuals who reported experiences of discrimination in relationships in 2014 had higher healthcare costs than those who did not (mean difference £418, P -value 0.034). There was some evidence of a reduction in overall levels of healthcare use, leisure activities and support from families over time. Discrimination did not significantly affect help seeking from family/friends or leisure activities.
  
  
  
  There is some evidence that discrimination is related to increased healthcare costs. A prospective study is needed to better understand the consequences of these effects.
authors.affiliation: King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Osumili
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corker
authors.affiliation: The McPin Foundation, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: The McPin Foundation, London, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinfold
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
authors.affiliation: King's Health Economics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCrone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: costs; health service use; mental health-related discrimination; welfare loss