title: An Acoustic Analysis of the Genus Microhyla (Anura: Microhylidae) of Sri Lanka.
abstract: Vocalizing behavior of frogs and toads, once quantified, is useful for systematics, rapid species identification, behavioral experimentation and conservation monitoring. But yet, for many lineages vocalizations remain unknown or poorly quantified, especially in diversity rich tropical regions. Here we provide a quantitative acoustical analysis for all four Sri Lankan congeners of the genus Microhyla. Three of these species are endemic to the island, but Microhyla ornata is regionally widespread. Two of these endemics, M. karunaratnei (Critically Endangered) and M. zeylanica (Endangered), are highly threatened montane isolates; the other, M. mihintalei, is relatively common across the dry lowlands. We recorded and analyzed 100 advertisement calls from five calling males for each species, except for M. zeylanica, which only had 53 calls from three males suitable for analyses. All four species call in choruses and their vocal repertoires are simple compared to most frogs. Their calls contain multiple pulses and no frequency modulation. We quantified eight call characters. Call duration and number of pulses were higher for the two montane isolates (inhabiting cooler habitats at higher altitudes) compared to their lowland congeners. Microhyla zeylanica has the longest call duration (of 1.8 ± 0.12 s) and the highest number of pulses (of 61-92 pulses). The smallest of the species, Microhyla karunaratnei (16.2-18.3 mm), has the highest mean dominant frequency (3.3 ± 0.14 kHz) and pulse rate (77 ± 5.8 pulses per second). The calls separate well in the Principal Component space: PC1 axis is mostly explained by the number of pulses per call and call duration; PC2 is mostly explained by the pulse rate. A canonical means plot of a Discriminant Function analysis shows non-overlapping 95% confidence ellipses. This suggests that some call parameters can be used to distinguish these species effectively. We provide detailed descriptions for eight call properties and compare these with congeners for which data is available. This work provides a foundation for comparative bioacoustic analyses and species monitoring while facilitating the systematics of Microhyla across its range.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, KY, 20400, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Nayana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wijayathilaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, KY, 20400, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Madhava
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-6724
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meegaskumbura
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura; D008297:Male; D013045:Species Specificity; D013188:Sri Lanka; D014828:Vocalization, Animal