title: Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Patients with Parkinson's disease have a number of specific visual disturbances. These include changes in colour vision and contrast sensitivity and difficulties with complex visual tasks such as mental rotation and emotion recognition. We review changes in visual function at each stage of visual processing from retinal deficits, including contrast sensitivity and colour vision deficits to higher cortical processing impairments such as object and motion processing and neglect. We consider changes in visual function in patients with common Parkinson's disease-associated genetic mutations including GBA and LRRK2 . We discuss the association between visual deficits and clinical features of Parkinson's disease such as rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder and the postural instability and gait disorder phenotype. We review the link between abnormal visual function and visual hallucinations, considering current models for mechanisms of visual hallucinations. Finally, we discuss the role of visuo-perceptual testing as a biomarker of disease and predictor of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.|National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.|Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rimona S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.|National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anette E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Schrag
authors.affiliation: National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.|Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Crutch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.|National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.|National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.|Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Huw R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2 / Q000235:genetics; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000473:pathology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000235:genetics; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D001617:beta-Glucosidase
keywords: Parkinson’s disease; cognition; perception; vision