title: Alcohol, cigarette smoking, and ovarian reserve in reproductive-age African-American women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are common behaviors in reproductive-age women, little is known about the impact of consumption patterns on ovarian reserve. Even less is known about the effects of smoking and alcohol use in reproductive-age African-American women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the patterns of alcohol intake and cigarette smoking on anti-Müllerian hormone levels as a marker of ovarian reserve in African-American women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional analysis from the baseline clinical visit and data collection of the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids performed by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. A total of 1654 volunteers, aged 23-34 years, recruited from the Detroit, Michigan community completed questionnaires on alcohol intake and cigarette smoking and provided serum for anti-Müllerian hormone measurement. Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used as appropriate to estimate the effect of a range of exposure patterns on anti-Müllerian hormone levels while adjusting for potential confounders including age, body mass index, and hormonal contraception.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most participants were alcohol drinkers (74%). Of those, the majority (74%) engaged in binge drinking at least once in the last year. Women who reported binge drinking twice weekly or more had 26% lower anti-Müllerian hormone levels compared with current drinkers who never binged (95% confidence interval, -44, -2, P < .04). Other alcohol consumption patterns (both past and current) were unrelated to anti-Müllerian hormone. The minority of participants currently (19%) or formerly (7%) smoked, and only 4% of current smokers used a pack a day or more. Neither smoking status nor second-hand smoke exposure in utero, childhood, or adulthood was associated with anti-Müllerian hormone levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that current, frequent binge drinking may have an adverse impact on ovarian reserve. Other drinking and smoking exposures were not associated with anti-Müllerian hormone in this cohort of healthy, young, African-American women. A longitudinal study of how these common lifestyle behaviors have an impact on the variability in age-adjusted anti-Müllerian hormone levels is merited.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hawkins Bressler
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Lia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Peter John D
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: De Chavez
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
authors.forename: Donna D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: erica-marsh@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Erica E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Marsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D065851:Ovarian Reserve; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone
keywords: alcohol; anti-Müllerian hormone; cigarette smoking; ovarian reserve; second-hand smoke