title: Isoflurane reduces oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic responses in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.
abstract: Isoflurane (ISO) protects the heart from hypoxia-reperfusion injury. However, the molecular mechanisms of ISO in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury is yet to be understood. Using H9c2 cells cultured in vitro, we examined the cytotoxicity of different doses of ISO (0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1%) to H9c2 cells and found that 2.1% ISO had significant toxicity to the cell. Thus, 1.4% ISO was selected for the subsequent experiments. ISO notably ameliorated cell viability loss, lactate dehydrogenase release, and creatine kinase activity of H9c2 cells that were treated with OGD. ISO suppressed OGD-induced pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 production, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation in H9c2 cells. ISO reduced the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde generation, but it enhanced the superoxide dismutase activity in OGD-stimulated H9c2 cells. In addition, diminished OGD-induced cell apoptosis and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in ISO-treated H9c2 cells. ISO markedly up-regulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression but inhibited the pro-apoptotic expressions of Bax, procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and caspase-3 activity. Mechanistically, the cardioprotective effects of ISO on OGD-induced H9c2 cell injury were mediated by the Akt signaling pathway. These findings suggest that ISO alleviates OGD-induced H9c2 cell injury and may therefore be used to prevent and treat ischemic heart diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui 453100, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui 453100, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuangmei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui 453100, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoran
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui 453100, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Guoze
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui 453100, Xinxiang, Henan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiuqin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yue
keywords: H9c2 cardiomyocyte; Isoflurane; apoptosis; inflammation; oxygen-glucose deprivation