title: Mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy induced by oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main complications in patients with diabetes and has been the leading cause of visual loss since 1990. Oxidative stress is a biological process resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process contributes to the development of many diseases and disease complications. ROS interact with various cellular components to induce cell injury. Fortunately, there is an antioxidan t system that protects organisms against ROS. Indeed, when ROS exceed antioxidant capacity, the resulting cell injury can cause diverse physiological and pathological changes that could lead to a disease like DR.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of common and novel biomarkers involved in the development of DR and explores how these biomarkers could be used to monitor the damage induced by oxidative stress in DR, which is a significant complication in people with diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The poor control of glucemy in pacients with DB has been shown contribute to the development of complications in eyes as DR.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Neurochemistry , National Institute of Pediatrics , Mexico.
authors.forename: David Calderón
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Pharmacology , National Institute of Pediatrics , Mexico.|c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , National Autonomous University of Mexico , Mexico.
authors.forename: Hugo Juárez
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Olguín
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Pharmacology , National Institute of Pediatrics , Mexico.
authors.forename: Ernestina Hernández
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Neurochemistry , National Institute of Pediatrics , Mexico.
authors.forename: Armando Valenzuela
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Peraza
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , National Autonomous University of Mexico , Mexico.
authors.forename: Diego Zamora
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: de la Cruz
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Pharmacology , National Institute of Pediatrics , Mexico.
authors.forename: Monica Punzo
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Soto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Biomarkers; Diabetic retinopathy; Oxidative stress; Retinal damage