title: Interactions between Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and oral micro-organisms in an in vitro biofilm model.
abstract: Probiotics have shown favourable properties in maintaining oral health. By interacting with oral microbial communities, these species could contribute to healthier microbial equilibrium. This study aimed to investigate in vitro the ability of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) to integrate in oral biofilm and affect its species composition. Five oral strains, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Candida albicans were involved. The group setup included 6 mono-species groups, 3 dual-species groups (L.GG + S. mutans/S. sanguinis/C. albicans), and 4 multi-species groups (4/5 species and 4/5 species + L.GG, 4 species were all the tested strains except S. mutans). Cell suspensions of six strains were pooled according to the group setup. Biofilms were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (HA) discs at 37 °C in anaerobic conditions for 64.5 h. Biofilm medium was added and refreshed at 0, 16.5, and 40.5 h. The pH of spent media was measured. Viable cells of the 16.5 h and 64.5 h biofilms were counted. 64.5 h biofilms were stained and scanned with confocal laser scanning microscopy.
  
  
  
  Our results showed that L.GG and S. mutans demonstrated stronger adhesion ability than the other strains to saliva-coated HA discs. L.GG, C. albicans, S. mutans and F. nucleatum, with poor ability to grow in mono-species biofilms demonstrated better abilities of adhesion and reproduction in dual- and/or multi-species biofilms. L.GG slightly suppressed the growth of C. albicans in all groups, markedly weakened the growth of S. sanguinis and F. nucleatum in 4sp + L.GG group, and slightly reduced the adhesion of S. mutans in L.GG+ S. mutans group.
  
  
  
  To conclude, in this in vitro model L.GG successfully integrated in all oral biofilms, and reduced the counts of S. sanguinis and C. albicans and lowered the biofilm-forming ability of F. nucleatum, but only slightly reduced the adhesion of S. mutans. C. albicans significantly promoted the growth of L.GG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland. qingru.jiang@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Qingru
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5847-1698
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.|Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 26 Vasil Aprilov, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stamatova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical Nutrition Physiology, Medicine Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Veera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kainulainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Medical Nutrition Physiology, Medicine Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000502:physiology; D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D064206:Aggregatibacter / Q000502:physiology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000502:physiology; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000502:physiology*; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D050296:Microbial Viability; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000502:physiology; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Biofilm; Oral health; Oral pathogen; Probiotics