title: Quality Matters: Systematic Analysis of Endpoints Related to "Cellular Life" in Vitro Data of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure.
abstract: Possible hazardous effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) at low exposure levels are controversially discussed due to inconsistent study findings. Therefore, the main focus of the present study is to detect if any statistical association exists between RF-EMF and cellular responses, considering cell proliferation and apoptosis endpoints separately and with both combined as a group of "cellular life" to increase the statistical power of the analysis. We searched for publications regarding RF-EMF in vitro studies in the PubMed database for the period 1995-2014 and extracted the data to the relevant parameters, such as cell culture type, frequency, exposure duration, SAR, and five exposure-related quality criteria. These parameters were used for an association study with the experimental outcome in terms of the defined endpoints. We identified 104 published articles, from which 483 different experiments were extracted and analyzed. Cellular responses after exposure to RF-EMF were significantly associated to cell lines rather than to primary cells. No other experimental parameter was significantly associated with cellular responses. A highly significant negative association with exposure condition-quality and cellular responses was detected, showing that the more the quality criteria requirements were satisfied, the smaller the number of detected cellular responses. According to our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of specific RF-EMF bio-effects in association to exposure quality, highlighting the need for more stringent quality procedures for the exposure conditions.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Resources and Technologies, Department Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln 3430, Austria. myrtill.simko@ait.ac.at.
authors.forename: Myrtill
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simkó
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universit&#224; di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy. daniel.remondini@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Remondini
authors.affiliation: CNR-Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli 80124, Italy. zeni.o@irea.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zeni
authors.affiliation: CNR-Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Napoli 80124, Italy. scarfi.mr@irea.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Scarfi
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: apoptosis; association analysis; cell proliferation; electromagnetic fields; in vitro