title: Soil inoculation steers restoration of terrestrial ecosystems.
abstract: Many natural ecosystems have been degraded because of human activities(1,2) and need to be restored so that biodiversity is protected. However, restoration can take decades and restoration activities are often unsuccessful(3) because of abiotic constraints (for example, eutrophication, acidification) and unfavourable biotic conditions (for example, competition or adverse soil community composition). A key question is what manageable factors prevent transition from degraded to restored ecosystems and what interventions are required for successful restoration(2,4). Experiments have shown that the soil community is an important driver of plant community development(5-8), suggesting that manipulation of the soil community is key to successful restoration of terrestrial ecosystems(3,9). Here we examine a large-scale, six-year-old field experiment on ex-arable land and show that application of soil inocula not only promotes ecosystem restoration, but that different origins of soil inocula can steer the plant community development towards different target communities, varying from grassland to heathland vegetation. The impact of soil inoculation on plant and soil community composition was most pronounced when the topsoil layer was removed, whereas effects were less strong, but still significant, when the soil inocula were introduced into intact topsoil. Therefore, soil inoculation is a powerful tool to both restore disturbed terrestrial ecosystems and steer plant community development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E R Jasper
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2925-9222
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wubs
authors.affiliation: Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: van der Putten
authors.affiliation: Vereniging Natuurmonumenten, District Zuid-West Veluwe, Planken Wambuisweg 1a, 6718 SP Ede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Machiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.affiliation: Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T Martijn
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2878-3479
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bezemer
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D065948:Grassland; D009426:Netherlands; D012988:Soil Microbiology