title: Development and validation of a blocking ELISA test for the detection of avian influenza antibodies in poultry species.
abstract: Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious viral disease usually asymptomatic in wild birds that can spread to domestic poultry and cause large-scale outbreaks. Some of the AI viruses (AIV) can cross the species barrier and induce fatal disease to humans, a matter of great concern worldwide. Early detection of AIV is of major importance for disease control, since prompt implementation of adequate measures can prevent spread of the virus and therefore further outbreaks. This paper reports the development and validation of a blocking ELISA using a monoclonal antibody against a conserved structural protein for the serologic diagnosis of all AI virus subtypes from domestic bird species, allowing the quick, easily automated and low-cost screening of a high number of farms. The test will be of great value not only for surveillance, but also for monitoring the efficiency of vaccination programs. Cut-off values were established in 20% of inhibition for turkey sera and in 50% of inhibition for chicken and duck sera. Estimations of 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity were obtained based on the results of known AI positive (n=130) and negative (n=208) sera, including serum samples from birds infected with other common avian viral pathogens (n=7). ROC analysis showed an area under curve (AUC) of 1.0 for chicken, duck and turkey sera, indicating that the blocking ELISA was able to perfectly discriminate between negative and positive samples of any of the poultry species tested. Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were above the acceptance threshold. Furthermore, the ELISA titers were similar to the known hemagglutination inhibition titers of three positive reference sera indicating sensitivity comparable with the golden standard HI method. The method here described is an economically attractive alternative to the commercial ELISAs currently available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: margarida.henriques@iniav.pt.
authors.forename: Ana Margarida
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fagulha
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sílvia Carla
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luís
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fevereiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002645:Chickens; D004372:Ducks; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000276:immunology*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Antibodies; Avian influenza; ELISA; Monoclonal antibody; ROC analysis