title: l-Carnitine affects preimplantation embryo development toward infertility in mice.
abstract: l-Carnitine (l-Cn), despite the beneficial role as energy-generating substance delivering long-chain fatty acids to the β-oxidation pathway in mitochondria, has been accused to cause an endometriosis-like state to BALB/c mice manifested by increased inflammatory cytokines in serum and peritoneal fluid, accumulation of immune cells in the peritoneal cavity and uterine walls and most importantly, correlating to infertility. Exploring this type of infertility, the effect of l-Cn on preimplantation embryo development, ovarian integrity and systemic maternal immunity was studied. Using nonlinear microscopy analysis, which was shown to be a powerful tool for determining embryo quality by quantitatively estimating the lipid body (LB) content of the cells, it was shown that in vitro and in vivo administration of l-Cn significantly decreased LB mean area in zygotes. Daily intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg l-Cn for 3, 4 and 7days to mice significantly decreased the percent of normal zygotes. However, only the 7-day treatment persisted by affecting 2- and 8-cell stage embryos, while almost abolishing blastocyst development. Such effects were accompanied by abnormal ovarian histology, showing increased numbers of corpora luteus and elevated progesterone concentration in the serum. In addition, it was shown that the 7-day l-Cn treatment pushed maternal systemic immunity toward inflammation and immunosuppression by increasing CD11b-, CD25- and CD11bGr1-positive cells in spleen, which opposed the necessity for immunostimulation at these early stages of pregnancy. In conclusion, the results presented here demonstrated that elevated doses of l-Cn affect early stages of embryo development, leading to infertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of BiologyUniversity of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Christiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kyvelidou
authors.affiliation: Department of BiologyUniversity of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sotiriou
authors.affiliation: Department of BiologyUniversity of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Antonopoulou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation of Research and Technology, Crete, Greece Department of PhysicsUniversity of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsagkaraki
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation of Research and Technology, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tserevelakis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation of Research and Technology, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filippidis
authors.affiliation: Department of BiologyUniversity of Crete, Crete, Greece athan@biology.uoc.gr.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Athanassakis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007246:Infertility / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D002331:Carnitine