title: Lattice Boltzmann simulations of settling behaviors of irregularly shaped particles.
abstract: We investigated the settling dynamics of irregularly shaped particles in a still fluid under a wide range of conditions with Reynolds numbers Re varying between 1 and 2000, sphericity ϕ and circularity c both greater than 0.5, and Corey shape factor (CSF) less than 1. To simulate the particle settling process, a modified lattice Boltzmann model combined with a turbulence module was adopted. This model was first validated using experimental data for particles of spherical and cubic shapes. For irregularly shaped particles, two different types of settling behaviors were observed prior to particles reaching a steady state: accelerating and accelerating-decelerating, which could be distinguished by a critical CSF value of approximately 0.7. The settling dynamics were analyzed with a focus on the projected areas and angular velocities of particles. It was found that a minor change in the starting projected area, an indicator of the initial particle orientation, would not strongly affect the settling velocity for low Re. Periodic oscillations developed for all simulated particles when Re>100. The amplitude of these oscillations increased with Re. However, the periods were not sensitive to Re. The critical Re that defined the transition between the steady and periodically oscillating behaviors depended on the inertia tensor. In particular, the maximum eigenvalue of the inertia tensor played a major role in signaling this transition in comparison to the intermediate and minimum eigenvalues.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Galindo-Torres
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Hongwu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Guangqiu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheuermann
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li