title: Quick, Accurate, Smart: 3D Computer Vision Technology Helps Assessing Confined Animals' Behaviour.
abstract: Mankind directly controls the environment and lifestyles of several domestic species for purposes ranging from production and research to conservation and companionship. These environments and lifestyles may not offer these animals the best quality of life. Behaviour is a direct reflection of how the animal is coping with its environment. Behavioural indicators are thus among the preferred parameters to assess welfare. However, behavioural recording (usually from video) can be very time consuming and the accuracy and reliability of the output rely on the experience and background of the observers. The outburst of new video technology and computer image processing gives the basis for promising solutions. In this pilot study, we present a new prototype software able to automatically infer the behaviour of dogs housed in kennels from 3D visual data and through structured machine learning frameworks. Depth information acquired through 3D features, body part detection and training are the key elements that allow the machine to recognise postures, trajectories inside the kennel and patterns of movement that can be later labelled at convenience. The main innovation of the software is its ability to automatically cluster frequently observed temporal patterns of movement without any pre-set ethogram. Conversely, when common patterns are defined through training, a deviation from normal behaviour in time or between individuals could be assessed. The software accuracy in correctly detecting the dogs' behaviour was checked through a validation process. An automatic behaviour recognition system, independent from human subjectivity, could add scientific knowledge on animals' quality of life in confinement as well as saving time and resources. This 3D framework was designed to be invariant to the dog's shape and size and could be extended to farm, laboratory and zoo quadrupeds in artificial housing. The computer vision technique applied to this software is innovative in non-human animal behaviour science. Further improvements and validation are needed, and future applications and limitations are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Shanis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9521-8122
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.affiliation: Engineering Department "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calderara
authors.affiliation: Engineering Department "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pistocchi
authors.affiliation: Engineering Department "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cucchiara
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Podaliri-Vulpiani
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Messori
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferri
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D004777:Environment; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software