title: Rare complication of bronchoesophageal fistula due to pulmonary mucormycosis after induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mucormycosis is a rare and life-threatening invasive fungal infection. Pulmonary mucormycosis commonly occurs in patients with severe neutropenia. Typically, pulmonary mucormycosis causes tissue necrosis resulting from angioinvasion and subsequent thrombosis, so most cases can occur with necrotizing pneumonia and/or hemoptysis. Some complex cases may invade adjacent organs, such as the mediastinum, pericardium, and chest wall. However, to the best our knowledge there is little known regarding bronchoesophageal fistula due to pulmonary mucormycosis after induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. We present a case report about this unusual presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 51-year-old Korean man was diagnosed as having acute myeloid leukemia and received induction chemotherapy. After prolonged severe neutropenia, he complained of coughing with aspiration. Imaging showed a bronchoesophageal fistula with extensive necrotizing pneumonia in the middle and lower lobes of his right lung. Bronchoscopy showed near total tissue necrosis in the middle lobe of his right lung, creating an orifice. A bronchial scope was passed through and was able to be connected with his esophagus; a bronchial wall biopsy was performed. Esophagoscopy revealed a large linear defect of his esophageal wall 30 cm from the incision that may have connected with the bronchus. A bronchial biopsy showed typical hyphae with necrotic tissue, indicating pulmonary mucormycosis. He was given amphotericin B, and a wide excision of lung and esophagus was planned. However, he suddenly died due to massive hemoptysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here we present an extremely rare case of bronchoesophageal fistula with severe necrotizing pneumonia due to pulmonary mucormycosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun-Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hyun
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Da-Yeong
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hemato-Oncology, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-717, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hemato-Oncology, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-717, Republic of Korea. sgpark@chosun.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang-Gon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D001983:Bronchial Fistula / Q000150:complications*; D004937:Esophageal Fistula / Q000150:complications*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006801:Humans; D060828:Induction Chemotherapy; D007723:Korea; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009091:Mucormycosis / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Acute myeloid leukemia; Bronchoesophageal fistula; Case report; Mucormycosis; Neutropenia