title: Controversies in Contemporary Facial Reanimation.
abstract: Facial palsy is a devastating condition with profound functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial implications. Although the complexity of facial expression and intricate synergy of facial mimetic muscles are difficult to restore, the goal of management is to reestablish facial symmetry and movement. Facial reanimation surgery requires an individualized treatment approach based on the cause, pattern, and duration of facial palsy while considering patient age, comorbidities, motivation, and goals. Contemporary reconstructive options include a spectrum of static and dynamic procedures. Controversies in the evaluation of patients with facial palsy, timing of intervention, and management decisions for dynamic smile reanimation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, 6th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21287-0910, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, 6th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21287-0910, USA. Electronic address: PBYRNE2@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D005149:Facial Expression; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000637:transplantation; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000294:innervation / Q000637:transplantation
keywords: Dynamic reanimation; Facial palsy; Facial paralysis; Facial reanimation; Free gracilis muscle transfer; Nerve transfers