title: Patch-use dynamics by a large herbivore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An adaption of the optimal foraging theory suggests that herbivores deplete, depart, and finally return to foraging patches leaving time for regrowth [van Moorter et al., Oikos 118:641-652, 2009]. Inter-patch movement and memory of patches then produce a periodic pattern of use that may define the bounds of a home range. The objective of this work was to evaluate the underlying movements within home ranges of elk (Cervus elaphus) according to the predictions of this theory. Using a spatial temporal permutation scan statistic to identify foraging patches from GPS relocations of cow elk, we evaluated return patterns to foraging patches during the 2012 growing season. Subsequently, we used negative binomial regression to assess environmental characteristics that affect the frequency of returns, and thereby characterize the most successful patches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that elk return to known patches regularly over a season, on average after 15.4 (±5.4 SD) days. Patches in less-rugged terrain, farther from roads and with high productivity were returned to most often when controlling for the time each patch was known to each elk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instead of diffusion processes often used to describe animal movement, our research demonstrates that elk make directed return movements to valuable foraging sites and, as support for Van Moorter et al.'s [Oikos 118:641-652, 2009] model, we submit that these movements could be an integral part of home-range development in wild ungulates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada.
authors.forename: Dana P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Boyce
keywords: Foraging selection; Home-range development; Site-fidelity