title: Optimizing the Entrainment Geometry of a Dry Powder Inhaler: Methodology and Preliminary Results.
abstract: For passive dry powder inhalers (DPIs) entrainment and emission of the aerosolized drug dose depends strongly on device geometry and the patient's inhalation manoeuvre. We propose a computational method for optimizing the entrainment part of a DPI. The approach assumes that the pulmonary delivery location of aerosol can be determined by the timing of dose emission into the tidal airstream.
  
  
  
  An optimization algorithm was used to iteratively perform computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of the drug emission of a DPI. The algorithm seeks to improve performance by changing the device geometry. Objectives were to achieve drug emission that was: A) independent of inhalation manoeuvre; B) similar to a target profile. The simulations used complete inhalation flow-rate profiles generated dependent on the device resistance. The CFD solver was OpenFOAM with drug/air flow simulated by the Eulerian-Eulerian method.
  
  
  
  To demonstrate the method, a 2D geometry was optimized for inhalation independence (comparing two breath profiles) and an early-bolus delivery. Entrainment was both shear-driven and gas-assisted. Optimization for a delay in the bolus delivery was not possible with the chosen geometry.
  
  
  
  Computational optimization of a DPI geometry for most similar drug delivery has been accomplished for an example entrainment geometry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK. TK434@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2221-1859
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kopsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
authors.forename: Darragh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murnane
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK.
authors.forename: Digby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Symons
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000465:Algorithms; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000379:methods*; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D008168:Lung
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols
keywords: DPI; boundary-condition; cost-function; entrainment; optimization