title: Immunotoxicological, biochemical, and histopathological studies on Roundup and Stomp herbicides in Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study was directed to investigate the immunotoxic and oxidative stress effects of Roundup and Stomp herbicides and their combination on Nile catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment was carried out on 120 fish that randomly divided into four equal groups with three replicates: The first group kept as control, the second group exposed to 1/2 96 h lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of Roundup, the third group exposed to 1/2 96 h LC50 of Stomp, and the fourth one exposed to a combination of Roundup and Stomp at previously-mentioned doses. The experiment was terminated after 15 days; blood samples were obtained at 1(st), 8(th), and 15(th) days of treatment where the sera were separated for estimation of antioxidant enzymes. Meanwhile, at 15(th) day of exposure part of blood was collected from all groups with an anticoagulant for evaluation of phagocytic activity, then the fish were sacrificed, and specimens from the liver of all groups were obtained for histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicated that both herbicides either individually or in combination elucidated significant decrease in phagocytic activity that was highly marked in group exposed to both herbicides. Furthermore, our data elicited an obvious elevation in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Meanwhile, the data depicted reduction in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Histopathological investigation of liver proved the aforementioned results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It could be concluded that either Roundup or Stomp alone cause significant deleterious effects on aquatic vertebrates. However, the use of their combination enhanced their toxic effects. Toxicity can end up in humans through the food chain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Alzeraa Street Postal Code 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
authors.forename: Gihan G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Moustafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Alzeraa Street Postal Code 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Shaaban
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Alzeraa Street Postal Code 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
authors.forename: A H Abo
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hadeed
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Alzeraa Street Postal Code 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
authors.forename: Walaa M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Elhady
keywords: Roundup; Stomp; antioxidant enzymes; fish; phagocytosis