title: Carpal tunnel syndrome treated with guided brain plasticity: a randomised, controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guided plasticity, induced by cutaneous forearm anaesthesia, improves hand sensibility in patients with nerve injury and vibration-induced neuropathy. This study investigated whether patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) would benefit from cutaneous forearm anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients with clinical and electroneurography-verified CTS were randomised to sensory training combined with either an anaesthetic cream (EMLA®) (n = 34) or a placebo cream (n = 36) on the volar part of the forearm. The treatment was repeated at increasing intervals over 8 weeks. The primary outcome was the Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire (BCTQ) symptom severity scale after 8 weeks. Secondary outcomes included activity limitations, sensory function, and nerve conduction. This study compared the longitudinal changes between the two groups, and with correction for multiple comparisons it also compared the longitudinal change within the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in primary or secondary outcomes between the groups. However, the BCTQ symptom severity scale improved significantly within the EMLA®group over the 8-week period (p = 0.001). Apart from this, no significant improvements in activity limitations, sensory function, or nerve conduction were seen in the two groups compared to baseline. Altogether, 47% of patients in the EMLA®group and 61% in the placebo group had been operated on with carpal tunnel release by 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An 8-week treatment protocol with cutaneous forearm anaesthesia to guide brain plasticity gave no significant subjective or objective improvements in hand function compared to placebo.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Malmo , Sweden.|b Department of Hand Surgery , Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flondell
authors.affiliation: a Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Malmo , Sweden.|b Department of Hand Surgery , Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Malmo , Sweden.|c Department of Neurophysiology , Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden.
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Translational Medicine , Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Malmo , Sweden.|b Department of Hand Surgery , Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Björkman
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009431:Neural Conduction; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine
keywords: CTS; EMLA®; PROM; RCT; sensibility