title: The impact of maternal- and neonatal-associated factors on human milk's macronutrients and energy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the impact of specific maternal- and neonatal-associated factors on human milk's macronutrients and energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted with the use of a human milk analyzer (HMA, MIRIS, Uppsala, Sweden). Six hundred and thirty samples of raw milk and 95 samples of donor pasteurized milk were delivered from a total of 305 mothers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant inverse correlation of fat, protein and energy content with gestational age and birth weight was established. Fat and energy were lower in colostrum, increased in transitional milk and decreased on the 30th day's mature milk compared to transitional. The rate of protein decline from colostrum to mature milk was lower in premature deliveries compared to that of full-terms, resulting in greater contents of protein in preterm mature milk. The upmost amounts of carbohydrates were found in mature milk of preterm deliveries. A positive correlation was found between maternal age and fat contents. In women with higher post-pregnancy BMI levels greater analogies of fat and energy were presented. In women suffering diet-controlled gestational diabetes (GD), lower protein and higher fat and energy levels were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prematurity, maternal age, diet-controlled GD and high post-pregnancy BMI levels were found to impose statistical significant effect on milk's macronutrients and energy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Quality Control , Research and Continuing Education, Elena Venizelou Maternity Hospital , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dritsakou
authors.affiliation: b Human Donor Milk Bank, NICU, Elena Venizelou Maternity Hospital , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liosis
authors.affiliation: c School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valsami
authors.affiliation: d Department of Science of Dietetics - Nutrition , Harokopeion University of Athens , Athens , Greece , and.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Polychronopoulos
authors.affiliation: e Department of Science of Dietetics- Nutrition , Harokopeion University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Skouroliakou
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D003126:Colostrum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008423:Maternal Age; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D008894:Milk Proteins
keywords: Raw human milk; donor; energy; fat; human milk analyzer; prematurity; protein