title: Higher risks when working unusual times? A cross-validation of the effects on safety, health, and work-life balance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Replication and cross-validation of results on health and safety risks of work at unusual times.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from two independent surveys (European Working Conditions Surveys 2005 and 2010; EU 2005: n = 23,934 and EU 2010: n = 35,187) were used to examine the relative risks of working at unusual times (evenings, Saturdays, and Sundays) on work-life balance, work-related health complaints, and occupational accidents using logistic regression while controlling for potential confounders such as demographics, work load, and shift work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the EU 2005 survey, evening work was significantly associated with an increased risk of poor work-life balance (OR 1.69) and work-related health complaints (OR 1.14), Saturday work with poor work-life balance (OR 1.49) and occupational accidents (OR 1.34), and Sunday work with poor work-life balance (OR 1.15) and work-related health complaints (OR 1.17). For EU 2010, evening work was associated with poor work-life balance (OR 1.51) and work-related health complaints (OR 1.12), Saturday work with poor work-life balance (OR 1.60) and occupational accidents (OR 1.19) but a decrease in risk for work-related health complaints (OR 0.86) and Sunday work with work-related health complaints (OR 1.13). Risk estimates in both samples yielded largely similar results with comparable ORs and overlapping confidence intervals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Work at unusual times constitutes a considerable risk to social participation and health and showed structurally consistent effects over time and across samples.
authors.affiliation: GAWO (Gesellschaft für Arbeits-, Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologische Forschung e.V.), Achterdiek 50, 26131, Oldenburg, Germany. jana.greubel@gawo-ev.de.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greubel
authors.affiliation: GAWO (Gesellschaft für Arbeits-, Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologische Forschung e.V.), Achterdiek 50, 26131, Oldenburg, Germany.|XIMES GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arlinghaus
authors.affiliation: GAWO (Gesellschaft für Arbeits-, Wirtschafts- und Organisationspsychologische Forschung e.V.), Achterdiek 50, 26131, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedhelm
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nachreiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Center for Injury Epidemiology, Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lombardi
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D000072358:Work-Life Balance; D016526:Workload
keywords: Atypical hours; Health; Occupational accidents; Unsocial hours; Work–life balance