title: Novelty in hypertension in children and adolescents: focus on hypertension during the first year of life, use and interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, role of physical activity in prevention and treatment, simple carbohydrates and uric acid as risk factors.
abstract: The present article intends to provide an update of the article "Focus on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents" published in 2013 (Spagnolo et al., Ital J Pediatr 39:20, 2013) in this journal. This revision is justified by the fact that during the last years there have been several new scientific contributions to the problem of hypertension in pediatric age and during adolescence. Nevertheless, for what regards some aspects of the previous article, the newly acquired information did not require substantial changes to what was already published, both from a cultural and from a clinical point of view. We felt, however, the necessity to rewrite and/or to extend other parts in the light of the most recent scientific publications. More specifically, we updated and extended the chapters on the diagnosis and management of hypertension in newborns and unweaned babies, on the use and interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and on the usefulness of and indications for physical activity. Furthermore, we added an entirely new section on the role that simple carbohydrates (fructose in particular) and uric acid may play in the pathogenesis of hypertension in pediatric age.
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strambi
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy. abrjg@tin.it.|ASL Milano 1, Novate Milanese Ollearo 2, 20155, Milan, Italy. abrjg@tin.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giussani
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Amalia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ambruzzi
authors.affiliation: ASL Milano 2, Melegnano, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|UOC Nefrologia Pediatrica A.R.N.A.S. Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corrado
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|Alta Specializzazione Ipertensione Arteriosa, UOS Medicina dello Sport, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Cardiologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.affiliation: UOC Pediatria ad Indirizzo Dietologico e Malattie del Metabolismo Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|UOC Nefrologia Pediatrica A.R.N.A.S. Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy.|Società Italiana Nefrologia Pediatrica, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maringhin
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Matteucci
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Menghetti
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|Cardiologia Perinatale e Pediatrica, UOC Malattie Cardiovascolari, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.|Società Italiana Cardiologia Pediatrica, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salice
authors.affiliation: Neonatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schena
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Translazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Strisciuglio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Genova e IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viazzi
authors.affiliation: Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione Arteriosa Società Italiana di Pediatria, Rome, Italy.|Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali - S.Bi.Bi.T. Università di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Virdis
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.|Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Neurologiche e Metaboliche, Ospedale S. Luca, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.|Società Italiana Ipertensione Arteriosa, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genovesi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007223:Infant; D008019:Life Style; D010372:Pediatrics; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012380:Role; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid