title: Relationship between shoulder roll and hand propulsion in the front crawl stroke.
abstract: This study re-evaluated the magnitude of hand propulsion (HP) in the pull and push phases of the front crawl stroke and investigated the association between the angular velocity of shoulder roll (ωSR) and hand propulsive lift (HPL). ωSRwas computed in the plane normal to a forward direction for 16 skilled swimmers performing the front crawl stroke at a maximal sprinting pace. HP, hand propulsive drag (HPD) and HPLwere determined by a dynamic pressure approach. HP and HPDin the pull phase were greater than in the push phase (P < 0.05) while HPLin the pull phase was similar to that in the push phase. Eleven swimmers out of the 16 swimmers had a significant within-swimmers correlation between ωSRand HPLin the push phase (P < 0.05). That is, HPLincreased in the push phase as the ωSRof rolling back to the neutral position became faster. A swimmer should use more drag for hand propulsion in the pull phase and propulsion from drag and lift equally in the push phase. Based on the relationship between ωSRand HPLin the push phase, a possible stroke technique to enhance HPLusing ωSRis discussed.
authors.affiliation: a School of Sports, Health and Leisure , Republic Polytechnic , Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Shigetada
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.affiliation: b Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Science , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: b Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Science , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.affiliation: b Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Science , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuda
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Shoulder angular velocity; propulsive drag and lift; pull and push phases