title: Mapping Global Potential Risk of Mango Sudden Decline Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata.
abstract: The Mango Sudden Decline (MSD), also referred to as Mango Wilt, is an important disease of mango in Brazil, Oman and Pakistan. This fungus is mainly disseminated by the mango bark beetle, Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Stebbing), by infected plant material, and the infested soils where it is able to survive for long periods. The best way to avoid losses due to MSD is to prevent its establishment in mango production areas. Our objectives in this study were to: (1) predict the global potential distribution of MSD, (2) identify the mango growing areas that are under potential risk of MSD establishment, and (3) identify climatic factors associated with MSD distribution. Occurrence records were collected from Brazil, Oman and Pakistan where the disease is currently known to occur in mango. We used the correlative maximum entropy based model (MaxEnt) algorithm to assess the global potential distribution of MSD. The MaxEnt model predicted suitable areas in countries where the disease does not already occur in mango, but where mango is grown. Among these areas are the largest mango producers in the world including India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, and Mexico. The mean annual temperature, precipitation of coldest quarter, precipitation seasonality, and precipitation of driest month variables contributed most to the potential distribution of MSD disease. The mango bark beetle vector is known to occur beyond the locations where MSD currently exists and where the model predicted suitable areas, thus showing a high likelihood for disease establishment in areas predicted by our model. Our study is the first to map the potential risk of MSD establishment on a global scale. This information can be used in designing strategies to prevent introduction and establishment of MSD disease, and in preparation of efficient pest risk assessments and monitoring programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tarcísio Visintin da Silva
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7317-0789
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Galdino
authors.affiliation: Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo S S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Acelino C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Alfenas
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, WA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lisa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Neven
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud, Oman.
authors.forename: Abdullah M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Sadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Picanço
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001517:Coleoptera; D031022:Mangifera / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011891:Rain; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature