title: Massive Spontaneous Symptomatic Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Pontine Infarction - A Case Report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation is common in anterior circulation infarction, but is rarely seen in brainstem infarction. We report a case of massive symptomatic brainstem hemorrhagic transformation in a patient with pontine infarction treated with only antiplatelet agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 59-year-old man presented with acute dysarthria and right sided weakness. His Glasgow coma scale was E3 V5 M6. His pupils were pinpoint in size and minimally reactive to light. He showed complete horizontal gaze palsy, right facial weakness, severe dysarthria, dysphagia, and right hemiplegia. Computed tomography showed a dense basilar artery sign without evidence of acute infarction or hemorrhage. After treated with aspirin and dipyridamole, he had massive symptomatic brainstem hemorrhagic transformation on the next day. After medical treatment, he survived but remained in locked-in state with occasional drowsiness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemorrhagic transformation following brainstem infarction is a rare yet potentially devastating condition in patients without thrombolytic therapy. It should be considered when neurological deterioration develops in patients with brainstem infarction. Follow-up brain imaging studies are warranted because antithrombotic agents should be discontinued in case of hemorrhagic transformation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011149:Pons