title: A pedicle screw system and a lamina hook system provide similar primary and long-term stability: a biomechanical in vitro study with quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions.
abstract: For the stabilization of the thoracolumbar spine area, various stabilization techniques have been developed in recent decades. The aim of these techniques is to immobilize the treated segment to repositioning or correct the spine and guaranty long-term stability to achieve a reliable fusion. The aim of this study was to simulate in an in vitro experiment the postoperative long-term situation in elderly osteoporotic patients to compare two different stabilization principles; a pedicle screw system and a lamina hook system.
  
  
  
  Two comparable groups with respect to age and bone mineral density with each n = 6 fresh-frozen human, bi-segmental thoracolumbar spine specimens (T11-L1) were used. Antero-posterior and lateral radiographs were taken before the test, to assess the spinal status. Then the intact specimens were biomechanically characterized with pure moments in the three anatomical planes in different states in terms of range of motion and neutral zone. After implantation of either, a pedicle screw system or a lamina hook system, the primary stability was determined under the same conditions. Subsequently the specimens were cyclically loaded under complex loading, using a custom-made set-up in a dynamic materials testing machine with increasing moments from 3 to 66 Nm until 100,000 cycles or until one of the three defined "failure" criteria was reached. (1) A failure of a bony structure. (2) Exceeding of the threefold ROM of the primary stability after implantation in flexion plus extension. (3) Reaching of the ROM based on the intact state before implantation both in flexion plus extension.
  
  
  
  The results showed that the ROM was strongly reduced after instrumentation similar for both implant systems in all motion planes. The highest stabilization was found in flexion/extension. During cyclic loading with increasing moments, the ROM increased continuously for both systems. The number of load cycles until one of the failure criteria was reached varied only slightly between the two groups. In the pedicle screw group 30,000 (median) loading cycles (range 5000-80,000) with a corresponding moment of 24 Nm (range 9-54) could be reached. In the lamina hook group 32,500 load cycles (range 20,000-45,000) could be achieved with a corresponding moment of 25.5 Nm (range 18-33). There was a slight trend that the pedicle screw system is influenced more by bone mineral density.
  
  
  
  Both implant systems provide similar primary stability and similar long-term stability. In the pedicle screw group, there was a stronger correlation between bone mineral density and the reached number of load cycles.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Trauma Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081, Ulm, Germany. hans-joachim.wilke@uni-ulm.de.
authors.forename: Hans-Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.affiliation: Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstraße 2, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Trauma Research Center Ulm, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Volkheimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, German Armed Forces Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hackenbroch
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Butenfeld 34, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Püschel
authors.affiliation: Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstraße 2, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauschmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices / Q000592:standards; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000601:surgery; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Biomechanics; Cyclic loading; In vitro experiments; Lamina hooks; Pedicle screws