title: Testing the effects of safety climate and disruptive children behavior on school bus drivers performance: A multilevel model.
abstract: The study was designed to test a multilevel path model whose variables exert opposing effects on school bus drivers' performance. Whereas departmental safety climate was expected to improve driving safety, the opposite was true for in-vehicle disruptive children behavior. The driving safety path in this model consists of increasing risk-taking practices starting with safety shortcuts leading to rule violations and to near-miss events. The study used a sample of 474 school bus drivers in rural areas, driving children to school and school-related activities. Newly developed scales for measuring predictor, mediator and outcome variables were validated with video data taken from inner and outer cameras, which were installed in 29 buses. Results partially supported the model by indicating that group-level safety climate and individual-level children distraction exerted opposite effects on the driving safety path. Furthermore, as hypothesized, children disruption moderated the strength of the safety rule violation-near miss relationship, resulting in greater strength under high disruptiveness. At the same time, the hypothesized interaction between the two predictor variables was not supported. Theoretical and practical implications for studying safety climate in general and distracted driving in particular for professional drivers are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel. Electronic address: dzohar@tx.technion.ac.il.
authors.forename: Dov
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zohar
authors.affiliation: Harvard School of Public Health & Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, United States. Electronic address: Jin.Lee@libertymutual.com.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D015279:Organizational Culture; D000066553:Problem Behavior; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012424:Rural Population; D012449:Safety; D012574:Schools
keywords: Distracted driving; Driving safety; Safety climate; School buses