title: Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy Using a Portable, Noncontact, Nonmydriatic Handheld Retinal Camera.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of low vision and blindness. We evaluated the feasibility of using a handheld, noncontact digital retinal camera, Pictor, to obtain retinal images in dilated and undilated eyes for DR screening. We also evaluated the accuracy of ophthalmologists with different levels of training/experience in grading these images to identify eyes with vision-threatening DR.
  
  
  
  A prospective study of diabetic adults scheduled to have dilated eye exams at Duke Eye Center from January to May 2014 was conducted. An imager acquired retinal images pre- and postdilation with Pictor and selected 1 pre- and 1 postdilation image per eye. Five masked ophthalmologists graded images for gradability (based on image focus and centration) and the presence of no, mild, moderate, or severe nonproliferative DR (NPDR) or proliferative DR (PDR). Referable disease was defined as moderate or severe NPDR or PDR on image grading. We evaluated feasibility based on the graders' evaluation of image gradability. We evaluated accuracy of identifying vision-threatening disease (severe NPDR or PDR documented on dilated clinical examination) based on the graders' sensitivity and specificity of grading referable disease.
  
  
  
  Images were gradable in 86-94% of predilation and 94-97% of postdilation photos. Compared to the dilated clinical exam, overall sensitivity for identifying vision-threatening DR was 64-88% and specificity was 71-90%.
  
  
  
  Pictor can capture retinal images of sufficient quality to screen for DR with and without dilation. Single retinal images obtained using Pictor can identify eyes with vision-threatening DR with high sensitivity and acceptable specificity compared to clinical exam.
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Wenlan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Stefanie Gail
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Schuman
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Michael John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Allingham
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ambar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faridi
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Tushar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suthar
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Scott William
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.affiliation: 1 Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Sasapin Grace
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Prakalapakorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology
keywords: diabetic retinopathy; handheld camera; portable imaging; retina; screening; telemedicine