title: Reexamining the Validity and Dimensionality of the Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale: Improving Its Clinical Utility.
abstract: To improve the clinical utility of the Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) by reexamining its factor structure and comparing its performance against a measure of general self-efficacy in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional survey design.
  
  
  
  Community.
  
  
  
  Adults with SCI (N=161; 118 men and 43 women) recruited from Australia (n=82) and the United States (n=79), including 86 with paraplegia and 75 with tetraplegia.
  
  
  
  None.
  
  
  
  Confirmatory factor analysis deriving fit indices on reported 1-, 2-, and 3-factor structures for the MSES. Exploratory factor analysis of MSES using principal component analysis with promax oblique rotation and structure validation, with correlations and multiple regression using cross-sectional data from the Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
  
  
  
  The MSES was confirmed to have a 3-factor structure, explaining 61% of variance. Two of the factors, labeled social function self-efficacy and personal function self-efficacy, were SCI condition-specific, whereas the other factor (accounting for 9.7% of variance) represented general self-efficacy, correlating most strongly with the Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale. Correlations and multiple regression analyses between MSES factors, Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale total score, SF-36 Physical and Mental Component Summary scores, and SF-36 domain scores support validity of this MSES factor structure. No significant cross-cultural differences existed between Australia and the United States in total MSES or factor scores.
  
  
  
  The findings support a 3-factor structure encompassing general and SCI domain-specific self-efficacy beliefs and better position the MSES to assist SCI rehabilitation assessment, planning, and research.
authors.affiliation: John Walsh Center for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards; and Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: james.middleton@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.affiliation: John Walsh Center for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards; and Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: John Walsh Center for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards; and Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: John Walsh Center for Rehabilitation Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards; and Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011594:Psychometrics; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Psychometrics; Rehabilitation; Self efficacy; Spinal cord injuries