title: Metformin targeting autophagy overcomes progesterone resistance in endometrial carcinoma.
abstract: Metformin is the most prescribed anti-diabetic medication worldwide because of its proven efficacy and limited side effects. In this study, the significant anticancer effect of metformin was investigated in both endometrial carcinoma and progesterone-resistant endometrial carcinoma cells.
  
  
  
  We tested the growth inhibition assay using MTT cell proliferation, cell cycle assay, apoptosis assessment with flow cytometry using propidium iodide and Annexin V, and autophagy protein expression with western blot analysis.
  
  
  
  Metformin inhibited the growth of cancer cells with different concentrations in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the inhibition properties observed as a function of increased concentrations of metformin were markedly augmented when the medication was administered in the progesterone-resistant Ishikawa cells, even with a dose as low as 10 mM. The early and late phases of apoptosis were enhanced in the metformin-treated tumour cells that were analyzed. For the Ishikawa cells, the expression of p-AMPK, LC-3, and beclin1 was upregulated after treatment, whereas the AMPK levels were not modulated. Furthermore, for the Ishikawa-PR cells, the protein levels were similarly upregulated. Finally, we observed that the three proteins showed much more variability in Ishikawa-PR cells than in Ishikawa cells.
  
  
  
  The application of metformin to target autophagy in endometrial cancer cells provides a new potential treatment for progesterone-resistant endometrial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, 315010, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Southern Medical University, 510000, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. nbeyfk@163.com.|Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, 100000, Beijing, People's Republic of China. nbeyfk@163.com.
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, 315010, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D008687:Metformin
keywords: Autophagy; Endometrial carcinoma; Metformin; Progesterone resistance