title: Outcome Following Surgical Interventions for Micrognathia in Infants With Pierre Robin Sequence: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
abstract: Tongue-lip adhesion (TLA), mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO), and subperiosteal release of the floor of the mouth (SPRFM) are the most commonly performed surgical procedures to treat severe airway obstruction in infants born with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).
  
  
  
  To determine the rate of failure of each type of procedure, in terms of mortality and the need for tracheostomy, and to determine what proportion of infants have significant airway obstruction postoperatively as determined by polysomnography (PSG) and compare the data by procedure type.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive literature search (1981 through June 2015) was done of the National Library of Medicine database using PubMed. Extracted data included diagnosis, type of surgery, and outcome including mortality, need for postoperative tracheostomy and details of PSG. Persistence of significant airway obstruction was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index >15 events/h on PSG.
  
  
  
  Both mortality rate and need for tracheostomy were low for all procedures. Many studies lacked sufficient detail to identify significant airway obstruction postoperatively. In studies with sufficient data, MDO was associated with the lowest percentage of significant airway obstruction postprocedure (3.6%) compared to 50% for infants who underwent TLA. Insufficient PSG data was available for patients who were treated with SPRFM.
  
  
  
  There is a paucity of objective PSG data to definitively assess postoperative airway outcomes for PRS. MDO appears to be the most effective technique based on the available PSG data. Standardized use of PSG may lead to better identification and treatment of patients at risk for suboptimal airway outcomes postoperatively.
authors.forename: Athari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almajed
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viezel-Mathieu
authors.forename: Mirko S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gilardino
authors.forename: Roberto L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Sunil S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tholpady
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Côté
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008844:Micrognathism / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017286:Polysomnography; D014139:Tracheostomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: mandibular distraction osteogenesis; obstructive sleep apnea; polysomnography; tongue-lip adhesion