title: Prognostic value of HMGA2, P16, and HPV in oral squamous cell carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Molecular markers are only occasionally used in diagnostics of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), even though they could influence decision making in individually designed cancer therapies. We analyzed the predictive value of the markers HPV, p16, and HMGA2 and the TNM classification in regard to survival and recurrence rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 91 OSCC cases were included in this study, with a follow up of up to 131 months. HPV-DNA was present in 7 carcinomas. p16 was detected by immunohistochemical staining in 14 samples. HMGA2 expression was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Overexpression of HMGA2 was found to vary between 32-fold and 32,000-fold compared to nondysplastic tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cox regression analysis showed that age, sex, smoking status, use of alcohol, human papillomavirus (HPV), and tumor size had no significant effect on overall and progression-free survival. HMGA2 and N-status showed significant effects on overall (HMGA2: p = 0.049; N1: p = 0.019; N2: p = 0.02) and disease-free survival (HMGA2: p = 0.057; N1: p = 0.198; N2: p = 0.02). P16 appeared to be borderline significant but the χ(2) indicated that p16 and N were correlated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that HMGA2 expression may have the potential to allow a more precise prognosis on survival in patients with OSCC.
authors.affiliation: Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark. Electronic address: siggil@bbsyd.dk.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: anne.k.ohlmann@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anne Katharina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ohlmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: braesen.jan@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Jan Hinrich
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bräsen
authors.affiliation: University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark. Electronic address: rholst@health.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: prof.warnke@mkg-flensburg.de.
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Warnke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D025743:HMGA2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011379:Prognosis; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D025743:HMGA2 Protein
keywords: Disease-free survival; HMGA2; HPV; Oral cancer; TNM staging; p16