title: The utility of polarized heliospheric imaging for space weather monitoring.
abstract: A polarizing heliospheric imager is a critical next generation tool for space weather monitoring and prediction. Heliospheric imagers can track coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as they cross the solar system, using sunlight scattered by electrons in the CME. This tracking has been demonstrated to improve the forecasting of impact probability and arrival time for Earth-directed CMEs. Polarized imaging allows locating CMEs in three dimensions from a single vantage point. Recent advances in heliospheric imaging have demonstrated that a polarized imager is feasible with current component technology.Developing this technology to a high technology readiness level is critical for space weather relevant imaging from either a near-Earth or deep-space mission. In this primarily technical review, we developpreliminary hardware requirements for a space weather polarizing heliospheric imager system and outline possible ways to flight qualify and ultimately deploy the technology operationally on upcoming specific missions. We consider deployment as an instrument on NOAA's Deep Space Climate Observatory follow-on near the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point, as a stand-alone constellation of smallsats in low Earth orbit, or as an instrument located at the Sun-Earth L5 Lagrange point. The critical first step is the demonstration of the technology, in either a science or prototype operational mission context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Space Studies Southwest Research Institute Boulder Colorado USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: DeForest
authors.affiliation: Department of Space Studies Southwest Research Institute Boulder Colorado USA.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Institute of Space Research Boston College Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: STFC-RAL Space Didcot UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Davies
keywords: heliospheric imaging; instrumentation; polarization