title: The types of endocrine cells in the pancreas of Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the types of endocrine cells in the pancreas of the Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica) and its immunolocalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five adult H. javanica were used without sexual distinction. The presences of endocrine cells (glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide [PP]) in pancreatic tissues were detected using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fusiform, round, and oval form endocrine cells were detected in the islets of Langerhans and exocrine parts. Most of the insulin cells were found in the central area, glucagon cells were identified in the central and peripheral areas, and somatostatin and PP cells were detected in the mantle area of the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon and somatostatin cells were also detected in smaller numbers of peripheral parts of the islet. In all of the islet parts, glucagon endocrine cells were most prevalent cell type and then, somatostatin, insulin, and PP. In the exocrine parts, PP, somatostatin, glucagon, and insulin endocrine cells were found in the inter-acinus part with moderate, moderate, a few and rare numbers, in that order. In the pancreatic duct, glucagon and somatostatin cells were found between epithelial cells in rare numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pancreas of Sunda porcupine (H. javanica) contains four types of major pancreatic endocrine cells with approximately similar distribution patterns to the other rodents, except for abundant glucagon cells in the peripheral area of the islets of Langerhans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Teguh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Budipitojo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Yuda Heru
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Fibrianto
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Guntari Titik
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Mulyani
keywords: Hystrix javanica; Sunda porcupine; endocrine cell types; immunohistochemistry; pancreas