title: Antiretroviral therapy affects the z-score index of deviant cortical EEG rhythms in naïve HIV individuals.
abstract: Here we tested the effect of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) on deviant electroencephalographic (EEG) source activity in treatment-naïve HIV individuals.
  
  
  
  Resting state eyes-closed EEG data were recorded before and after 5 months of cART in 48 male HIV subjects, who were naïve at the study start. The EEG data were also recorded in 59 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects as a control group. Frequency bands of interest included delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2 and alpha3, based on alpha frequency peak specific to each individual. They also included beta1 (13-20 Hz) and beta2 (20-30 Hz). Low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) estimated EEG cortical source activity in frontal, central, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions.
  
  
  
  Before the therapy, the HIV group showed greater parietal delta source activity and lower spatially diffuse alpha source activity compared to the control group. Thus, the ratio of parietal delta and alpha3 source activity served as an EEG marker. The z-score showed a statistically deviant EEG marker (EEG +) in 50% of the HIV individuals before therapy (p < 0.05). After 5 months of cART, delta source activity decreased, and alpha3 source activity increased in the HIV subjects with EEG + (about 50% of them showed a normalized EEG marker).
  
  
  
  This procedure detected a deviant EEG marker before therapy and its post-therapy normalization in naïve HIV single individuals.
  
  
  
  The parietal delta/alpha3 EEG marker may be used to monitor cART effects on brain function in such individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Babiloni
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennica
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Del Percio
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noce
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cordone
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ketura
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muratori
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferracuti
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roma
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Correr
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Campli
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gianserra
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ciullini
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aceti
authors.affiliation: IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soricelli
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teti
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viscione
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Limatola
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onorati
authors.affiliation: ITAB, University of Chieti "D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Capotosto
authors.affiliation: Clinical Infectious Diseases, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreoni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001611:Beta Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000187:drug effects*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003700:Delta Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects; D004569:Electroencephalography; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: Alpha rhythms; Delta rhythms; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Low-resolution brain electromagnetic source tomography (LORETA); Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG); z-Score