title: Notes on the Reproductive Ecology and Description of the Preimaginal Morphology of Elaphrus sugai Nakane, the Most Endangered Species of Elaphrus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Ground Beetle Worldwide.
abstract: Elucidating the basic life-history of endangered species is the first important step in the conservation of such species. This study examined the reproductive ecology and the preimaginal morphology of the endangered ground beetle Elaphrus sugai Nakane (Coleoptera: Carabidae); currently, the Watarase wetland of the central Kanto Plain, Japan is the only confirmed locality of this beetle species. Laboratory rearing of reproductive adults collected in early April revealed that females can lay more than 131 eggs. Eggs were laid in mud, without an egg chamber. Larvae reached adulthood when fed a diet of mealworms, indicating that E. sugai larvae are insect larvae feeders. An earthworm diet, the optimal diet for larvae of a congeneric species (E. punctatus Motschulsky), was lethal to E. sugai larvae. The egg stage was 3-4 days in duration under a 16L8D cycle (22°C). The duration from hatching to adult eclosion was 23-42 days at various temperatures simulating those of the reproductive period. Larval morphology was similar to that of consubgeneric species described previously. The pupa is unusual, in that the setae on the abdominal tergites are long (twice as long as those of the abdominal segment) and have somewhat "coiled" apices. Finally, the current endangered status of E. sugai was compared to that of E. viridis Horn, which has been regarded as the most endangered species of the genus worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.|Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kôji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasakawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004032:Diet; D017753:Ecosystem; D056727:Endangered Species; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D007564:Japan; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D010058:Oviposition; D011679:Pupa / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D013712:Tenebrio; D053833:Wetlands