title: Evaluation of ToxA and Vibrio parahaemolyticus lysate on humoral immune response and immune-related genes in Pacific red snapper.
abstract: Immunogenicity of ToxA and Vibrio parahaemolyticus lysate was evaluated in a double immunostimulation scheme in Pacific red snapper after V. parahaemolyticus infection. Three groups of Pacific red snapper were intraperitonealy (i.p.) injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), ToxA of V. parahaemolyticus (ToxA-Vp group) or V. parahaemolyticus lysate (lysate-Vp group) (first injection, day 1; second injection, day 7). Fish were subsequently infected with live V. parahaemolyticus. Humoral immune parameters in skin mucus and serum were evaluated on days 1, 7, 8 and 14 days post-immunostimulation and 7 days post-infection. Moreover expression of immune-related genes was quantified by real time PCR in head-kidney leukocytes, spleen, liver, and intestine. The ToxA-Vp-treated group showed a higher anti-protease and catalase activity in skin mucus when compared with the PBS group. Measurements of SOD and CAT activities showed an increment in both activities a day after the second boost with ToxA-Vp or lysate-Vp. Interestingly, IgM levels in mucus and transcripts were enhanced followed the ToxA-Vp treatment even after challenge. Furthermore, IL-1β was strongly expressed in all analyzed cell or tissues followed ToxA-Vp or Vp-lysate treatments. Finally, SOD and CAT gene expression was up-regulated in fish immunostimulated with either treatment ToxA-Vp or lysate-Vp, mainly after infection in head-kidney leukocytes and intestine. This is the first study where the effects of ToxA from V. parahaemolyticus in the immune system of Pacific red snapper was evaluated. These results suggest that ToxA-Vp would positively affect humoral immune response and up-regulate expression of genes involved in the immune system function; and could help in the control of V. parahaemolyticus infection in Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru, an economic important fish in Mexico.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reyes-Becerril
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico.
authors.forename: Minerva
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maldonado-García
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico.
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guluarte
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: León-Gallo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosales-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ascencio
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hirono
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Inmunología & Vacunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico. Electronic address: eangulo@cibnor.mx.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angulo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D009093:Mucus / Q000276:immunology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010473:Perciformes; D044967:Serum / Q000276:immunology; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D029941:Fish Proteins
keywords: Gene expression; Humoral immune parameters; Lysate Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Pacific red snapper; ToxA; Vibrio parahaemolyticus