title: Renal pathology in patients with occupational exposure to carbon disulphide: A case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carbon disulphide (CS2) is widely used as an organic solvent. However, there is little information available regarding the clinical manifestations and the pathological features of kidney injury caused by CS2. The current study aimed to describe the renal manifestations of a group of patients with long-term occupational exposure to CS2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with long-term exposure to CS2and visiting a single centre were enrolled, with their clinical features recorded. Renal biopsies were taken from all patients, and their pathological findings were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients came from the same chemical fibre factory. Their mean age at enrollment was 36.9 ± 2.4 years, and each patient had a CS2exposure duration exceeding 10 years. Eight patients (80%) presented with proteinuria and none had hematuria. Two patients (20%) had underlying hypertension and five (50%) had increased serum creatinine levels. Light microscopic examination of their renal biopsy specimens revealed diffuse mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial hyperplasia in all patients. Moreover, three patients (30%) had nodular hyperplasia, resembling the lesions of diabetic nephropathy. Variable degrees of tubular atrophy and interstitial infiltrations of lymphocytes and monocytes were observed in all patients. Similarly, lectron microscopic examination showed glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and mesangial hyperplasia. Immunopathological staining for IgA and IgG, complements or hepatitis B markers (hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen-antibody) are negative in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term occupational exposure to CS2may be associated with renal injury, although the renal pathological features are often non-specific.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
authors.forename: Santao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hongyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
authors.forename: Linwang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001706:Biopsy; D002246:Carbon Disulfide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine; D012997:Solvents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012997:Solvents; D002246:Carbon Disulfide
keywords: carbon disulphide; clinical manifestations; pathological features; renal injury