title: Risk factors for genital human papillomavirus among men in Tanzania.
abstract: The objective of the study was to assess risk factors for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among men in Tanzania, both overall and in relation to HIV status. In a cross-sectional study conducted among 1,813 men in Tanzania, penile swabs were tested for HPV using Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2). Study participants were offered HIV testing. Risk factors for HPV (HC2 high-risk and/or low-risk positivity) were assessed using logistic regression with adjustment for age, lifetime number of sexual partners, and HIV status. Altogether, 372 men (20.5%) were HPV-positive. Among men tested for HIV (n = 1,483), the HIV prevalence was 9.4%. The odds ratio (OR) of HPV increased with increasing age. HIV-positivity was associated with an increased odds ratio of HPV (OR = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.30-2.82), whereas the odds of HPV tended to be lower in circumcised men than in uncircumcised men (OR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.54-1.09). When stratifying by HIV status, we found lower odds of HPV in overweight HIV-positive men (BMI > 25) than in normal weight HIV-positive men (OR = 0.25; 95%CI: 0.08-0.78). This did not apply to HIV-negative men. Circumcision tended to decrease the odds of HPV both in HIV-positive men and in HIV-negative men, although not being statistically significant. In conclusion, HIV is a strong risk factor for HPV among men in Tanzania. Additionally, in HIV-positive men a high BMI seems to be associated with a lower risk of HPV. Finally, we observed a tendency toward a lower risk of HPV both among HIV-positive and HIV-negative circumcised men compared to their uncircumcised counterparts. J. Med. Virol. 89:345-351, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tina Bech
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mwaiselage
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Virology, Universitaetsklinikum, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iftner
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Prevention, Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
authors.forename: Crispin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kahesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rasch
authors.affiliation: Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frederiksen
authors.affiliation: Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munk
authors.affiliation: Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Gynecologic Clinic Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Susanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kjaer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D010413:Penis / Q000821:virology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: human papillomavirus; men; risk factors; sub-Saharan Africa