title: Potent response of QS-21 as a vaccine adjuvant in the skin when delivered with the Nanopatch, resulted in adjuvant dose sparing.
abstract: Adjuvants play a key role in boosting immunogenicity of vaccines, particularly for subunit protein vaccines. In this study we investigated the induction of antibody response against trivalent influenza subunit protein antigen and a saponin adjuvant, QS-21. Clinical trials of QS-21 have demonstrated the safety but, also a need of high dose for optimal immunity, which could possibly reduce patient acceptability. Here, we proposed the use of a skin delivery technology - the Nanopatch - to reduce both adjuvant and antigen dose but also retain its immune stimulating effects when compared to the conventional needle and syringe intramuscular (IM) delivery. We have demonstrated that Nanopatch delivery to skin requires only 1/100(th) of the IM antigen dose to induce equivalent humoral response. QS-21 enhanced humoral response in both skin and muscle route. Additionally, Nanopatch has demonstrated 30-fold adjuvant QS-21 dose sparing while retaining immune stimulating effects compared to IM. QS-21 induced localised, controlled cell death in the skin, suggesting that the danger signals released from dead cells contributed to the enhanced immunogenicity. Taken together, these findings demonstrated the suitability of reduced dose of QS-21 and the antigen using the Nanopatch to enhance humoral responses, and the potential to increase patient acceptability of QS-21 adjuvant.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering &Nanotechnology, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Hwee-Ing
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering &Nanotechnology, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Germain J P
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering &Nanotechnology, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexandra C I
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Depelsenaire
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering &Nanotechnology, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A F
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012503:Saponins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012503:Saponins; C078785:saponin QA-21V1