title: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain In Vivo: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distinct exercises have been proposed for knee rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. There is a need to understand ACL strain behavior during different rehabilitation exercises to protect the graft from excessive strain that could interfere with its healing process.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To critically review studies that directly measured normal ACL strain in vivo during different movements, conditions, or exercises to gain insight into which of them may produce more strain on the ligament or the ligament graft in the case of reconstructed knees.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and PEDro databases was conducted. Keywords included anterior cruciate ligament, strain, stress, deformation, transducer, rehabilitation, rehabilitation exercise, physical therapy, and physiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inclusion criteria were (1) peer-reviewed studies published in English or Spanish, (2) research conducted on adult human subjects with normal ACLs and healthy knees, and (3) ACL strain directly measured during different movements, conditions, or exercises by using a transducer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific data were abstracted from the selected studies, including isometric quadriceps and hamstrings activity, active and passive flexion-extension of the knee, closed kinetic chain exercises, and application of joint compressive load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 10 studies met all criteria and were included in the final analysis. The strain values produced by closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises were similar. However, closed kinetic chain exercises appear to attenuate the strain increase that occurs in open kinetic chain exercises when increasing resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data may be relevant to develop rehabilitation exercises or programs that do not endanger the healing ACL graft and to provide a basis for future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Physical Therapy Section, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain juananlqsrn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Luque-Seron
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Physical Therapy Section, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Medina-Porqueres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: anterior cruciate ligament; biomechanics; rehabilitation; strain