title: The association between nitroglycerin use and adverse outcomes in women undergoing cesarean delivery in the second stage of labor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify predictors of hysterotomy extension in women undergoing cesarean delivery (CD) in the second stage of labor, and whether use of nitroglycerin (NTG) during CD has a protective effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women undergoing CD in the second stage of labor from 2012 to 2015. Some women received NTG at the obstetrician's request. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between second stage duration and NTG administration on maternal and neonatal outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 391 women in the sample, 27% had an extension and 12% received NTG. Second stage ≥4 h was associated with a 2.14-fold higher risk of extension (95% CI 1.22-3.75), a 2.00-fold higher risk of hemorrhage (95% CI: 1.20-3.33) and 2.42-fold higher risk of blood transfusion during delivery hospitalization (95% CI: 0.99-5.91). Intravenous (IV) and sublingual-spray (SL-spray) NTG administration were not associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage or extension. SL-NTG was associated with 4.68-fold increased odds of 5-min Apgar <7 (95% CI 1.42-15.41) and 3.36-fold greater odds of NICU admission (95% CI 1.20-9.41).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that NTG protects against extension, and SL-NTG use was associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate risk and benefits of NTG use.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isquick
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and.
authors.forename: Sanae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moghadassi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and.
authors.forename: Mari-Paule
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Thiet
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and.|b Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine , University California , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lucero
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D016015:Logistic Models; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006473:Postpartum Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014599:Uterus / Q000293:injuries*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin
keywords: Nitroglycerin; cesarean delivery; hysterotomy extension