title: Preventing violence-related injuries in England and Wales: a panel study examining the impact of on-trade and off-trade alcohol prices.
abstract: To examine the influence of real on-trade and off-trade alcohol prices and socioeconomic and environmental factors on rates of violence-related emergency department (ED) attendances in England and Wales over an 8-year period.
  
  
  
  Anonymised injury data which included attendance date, age and gender of patients aged over 18 years who reported injury in violence were collected from a structured sample of 100 EDs across England and Wales between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2012. Alcohol prices and socioeconomic measures were obtained from the UK Office for National Statistics. Panel techniques were used to derive a statistical model.
  
  
  
  Real on-trade (β=-0.661, p<0.01) and off-trade (β=-0.277, p<0.05) alcohol prices were negatively related with rates of violence-related ED attendance among the adult population of England and Wales, after accounting for the effects of regional poverty, income inequality, youth spending power and seasonal effects. It is estimated that over 6000 fewer violence-related ED attendances per year in England and Wales would result from a 1% increase in both on-trade and off-trade alcohol prices above inflation. Of the variables studied, changes in regional poverty and income inequality had the greatest effect on violence-related ED attendances in England and Wales.
  
  
  
  Small increases in the price of alcohol, above inflation, in both markets, would substantially reduce the number of patients attending EDs for treatment of violence-related injuries in England and Wales. Reforming the current alcohol taxation system may be more effective at reducing violence-related injury than minimum unit pricing.
authors.affiliation: Violence Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4671-2797
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: Violence Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Vaseekaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sivarajasingam
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Kent
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6968-3098
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heravi
authors.affiliation: Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Violence Research Group, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shepherd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D011050:Policy Making; D011159:Population Surveillance; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013660:Taxes; D014754:Violence / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult