title: Obstetrical correlates and perinatal consequences of neonatal hypoglycemia in term infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine independent perinatal and intrapartum factors associated with neonatal hypoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of singleton pregnancies delivered at term in 2013; 318 (3.8%) neonates diagnosed with hypoglycemia were compared to 7955 (96.2%) neonate controls with regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analysis showed that independent prenatal factors were multiparity (odds-ratio [OR] = 1.61), gestational age (OR = 0.68), gestational diabetes (OR = 0.22), macrosomia (OR = 4.87), small for gestational age neonate [SGA] (OR = 6.83) and admission cervical dilation (OR = 0.79). For intrapartum factors, only cesarean section (OR = 1.57) and last cervical dilation (OR = 0.92) were independently significantly associated with neonatal hypoglycemia. For biologically plausible risk factors, independent factors were cesarean section (OR = 4.18), gentamycin/clindamycin in labor (OR = 5.35), gestational age (OR = 0.59) and macrosomia (OR = 5.62). Mothers of babies with neonatal hypoglycemia had more blood loss and longer hospital stays, while neonates with hypoglycemia had worse umbilical cord gases, more neonatal hypoxic conditions, neonatal morbidities and NICU admissions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes was protective of neonatal hypoglycemia, which may be explained by optimum maternal glucose management; nevertheless macrosomia was independently predictive of neonatal hypoglycemia. Cesarean section and decreasing gestational age were the most consistent independent risk factors followed by treatment for chorioamnionitis and SGA. Further studies to evaluate these observations and develop preventive strategies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ogunyemi
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Betcher
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whitten
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Amitai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.affiliation: a Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA and.|b William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Holtrop
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000150:complications*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Neonatal hypoglycemia; intrapartum risk factors,; perinatal risk factors