title: Major abdominal surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses.
abstract: Introduction Patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses pose difficult ethical and moral dilemmas for surgeons because of their refusal to receive blood and blood products. This article outlines the personal experiences of six Jehovah's Witnesses who underwent major abdominal surgery at a single institution and also summarises the literature on the perioperative care of these patients. Methods The patients recorded their thoughts and the dilemmas they faced during their surgical journey. We also reviewed the recent literature on the ethical principles involved in treating such patients and strategies recommended to make surgery safer. Results All patients were supported in their decision making by the clinical team and the Hospital Liaison Committee for Jehovah's Witnesses. The patients recognised the ethical and moral difficulties experienced by clinicians in this setting. However, they described taking strength from their belief in Jehovah. A multitude of techniques are available to minimise the risk associated with major surgery in Jehovah's Witness patients, many of which have been adopted to minimise unnecessary use of blood products in general. Nevertheless, the risks of catastrophic haemorrhage and consequent mortality remain an unresolved issue for the treating team. Conclusions Respect for a patient's autonomy in this setting is the overriding ethical principle, with detailed discussion forming an important part of the preparation of a Jehovah's Witness for major abdominal surgery. Clinicians must be diligent in the documentation of the patient's wishes to ensure all members of the team can abide by these.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit , Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham , UK.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rollins
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit , Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham , UK.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Contractor
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit , Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham , UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Inumerable
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit , Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham , UK.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000941:ethics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033221:Jehovah's Witnesses; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abdominal surgery; Blood loss; Blood transfusion; Jehovah’s Witness; Patient perspective