title: Sweet taste disorder and vascular complications in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unknown whether taste disorders can be a risk factor for micro- and macro-vascular diseases in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study in a nationally representative samples of 848 and 849 US adults (aged ≥40years) with diabetes or prediabetes who had sweet and salt taste disorders, respectively, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the study population, 5.7% had sweet taste disorder and 8.6% had salt taste disorder. These data correspond to approximately 1.5 million and 1.8 million individuals with abnormal glucose tolerance aged 40years or older in the US population, respectively. In the adjusted model, sweet taste disorder was significantly associated with complication of ischemic heart disease (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-5.81; P=0.04). Moreover, sweet taste disorder in patients with diabetes was significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy (adjusted OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.09-7.69; P=0.03) and diabetic nephropathy (adjusted OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.07-9.36; P=0.03). Meanwhile, salt taste disorder was not significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, ischemic heart disease, or stroke. Total sugar intake was significantly higher in patients with sweet taste disorder than in those without it, whereas total daily intake of carbohydrate did not differ significantly. No significant association was observed between salt taste disorder and daily intake of sodium after multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sweet taste disorder in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance was associated with increased sugar intake and vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Division of General Medicine, Jichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan. Electronic address: ttsujimoto@hosp.ncgm.go.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, JCHO Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Depertment of Diabetes and Metabolism, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Jichi Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; First Department of Comprehensive Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kakei
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kajio
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Study and Informatics, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health/Health Policy, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000639:trends; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Abnormal glucose tolerance; Diabetes; Ischemic heart disease; Sugar intake; Sweet taste disorder