title: Causes of Health Care Workers' Exposure to Antineoplastic Drugs: An Exploratory Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exposure of health care workers to antineoplastic drugs is associated with several adverse health effects, including reproductive toxicities and mutagenic effects. Recent studies have confirmed that Canadian health care workers are at risk of exposure to these agents. However, the causes leading to occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform an exploratory study to ascertain the immediate and contributing causes of health care workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from 6 acute care facilities in Vancouver, British Columbia. Those agreeing to participate were asked to complete a questionnaire about previous exposure to antineoplastic drugs while at work and to describe the circumstances of each exposure incident. Responses were qualitatively analyzed, and the causes of each incident were classified as immediate (unsafe work acts and/or unsafe working conditions) or contributing (related to the management of the organization, the environment, and/or the physical and mental status of the worker).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Completed questionnaires were received from 120 participants, 18 (15.0%) of whom reported having had previous occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Qualitative analysis of the responses showed 4 categories of immediate causes (needlestick injury, spill, direct contact, and other unintended exposure) and 3 categories of contributing causes (poor communication, inadequate controls, and lack of training). Some incidents had multiple immediate and/or contributing causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to a review of the immediate and contributing causes identified in this study, many of the exposure incidents were deemed preventable. A "hierarchy of controls" should be implemented, including (in the following order) engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. The findings of this study can be used to develop job safety analyses, which can in turn be adopted in guidelines for safe handling of hazardous drugs. Future similar studies are suggested to ensure the generalizability of results.
authors.affiliation: PhD, CPHI(C), CRSP, CIH, is an Assistant Professor in the School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Chun-Yip
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hon
authors.affiliation: BSc, was, at the time of this study, an Occupational Health and Safety student in the School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abusitta
keywords: antineoplastic drugs; causes; exploratory study; occupational exposure