title: Low Concentration of Salmonella enterica and Generic Escherichia coli in Farm Ponds and Irrigation Distribution Systems Used for Mixed Produce Production in Southern Georgia.
abstract: Studies have shown that irrigation water can be a vector for pathogenic bacteria. Due to this, the Food Safety Modernization Act's (FSMA) produce safety rule requires that agricultural water directly applied to produce be safe and of adequate sanitary quality for use, which may pose a challenge for some farmers. The purpose of this research was to assess the presence and concentration of Salmonella and generic Escherichia coli in irrigation water from distribution systems in a mixed produce production region of southern Georgia. Water samples were collected during three growing seasons at three farms irrigating crops with surface water (Pond 1, Pond 2) or groundwater (Well) during 2012-2013. Salmonella and generic E. coli populations were monitored by culture and Most Probable Number (MPN). Confirmed isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and serotyping. In Pond 1, Salmonella was detected in 2/21 surface, 5/26 subsurface, 10/50 center pivot, and 0/16 solid set sprinkler head water samples. In Pond 2, Salmonella was detected in 2/18 surface, 1/18 subsurface, 6/36 drip line start, and 8/36 drip line end water samples. Twenty-six well pumps and 64 associated drip line water samples were negative. The overall mean Salmonella concentration for positive water samples was 0.03 MPN/100 mL (range <0.0011-1.8 MPN/100 mL). Nine Salmonella serovars comprising 22 pulsotypes were identified. Identical serovars and subtypes were found three times on the same day and location: Pond 1-Pivot-Cantaloupe (serovar Rubislaw), Pond 1-Pivot-Peanut (serovar Saintpaul), and Pond 2-Drip Line Start-Drip Line End-Yellow Squash (serovar III_16z10:e,n,x,z15). Generic E. coli was detected in water from both farm ponds and irrigation distribution systems, but the concentrations met FSMA microbial water quality criteria. The results from this study will allow producers in southern Georgia to better understand how potential pathogens move through irrigation distribution systems.
authors.affiliation: 1 Western Center for Food Safety, University of California-Davis , Davis, California.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Antaki
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia-Tifton , Tifton, Georgia .
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vellidis
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia-Tifton , Tifton, Georgia .
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: 1 Western Center for Food Safety, University of California-Davis , Davis, California.
authors.forename: Peiman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aminabadi
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: 1 Western Center for Food Safety, University of California-Davis , Davis, California.
authors.forename: Michele T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Jay-Russell
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000295:instrumentation; D010367:Arachis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology; D028463:Cucumis melo / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D028464:Cucurbita / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000072480:Farms; D059022:Food Safety; D005845:Georgia; D060587:Groundwater / Q000382:microbiology*; D007881:Legislation, Food; D058889:Molecular Typing; D061005:Ponds / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012621:Seasons; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014871:Water Microbiology; D060753:Water Quality; D060986:Water Wells
keywords: Escherichia coli; Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA); Salmonella; irrigation water; on-farm food safety