title: Adjacent Lichen Sclerosis predicts local recurrence and second field tumour in women with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: In this study, we investigated if the presence of histologically abnormal epithelium adjacent to the primary tumour influenced the frequency, timing, and topography of local vulvar recurrences (LVR) following treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (VSCC).
  
  
  
  The study population comprised a cohort of 201 consecutive cases with incident VSCC. LVR were categorised as local relapses (LR) if they occurred <2cm from the tumour margins, and as second field tumours (SFT) when ≥2cm from these margins. Univariable and multivariable competing risk modelling was performed to identify the prognostic factors associated with local disease recurrence.
  
  
  
  The characterization of the epithelium adjacent to the invasive component was possible for 199 (99.0%) patients. Of these, 171 (85.9%) were found to have intraepithelial abnormalities found adjacent to the surgical specimen. Multivariable analyses revealed that, following adjustment, Lichen Sclerosis (LS) was associated with an increase in the incidence of LVR, LR and SFT (SHRs: 3.4, 2.7 and 4.4, respectively). Although the incidence of LR and SFT in women with LS associated VSCC was similar, the peak incidence of SFT occurred more than two years before that of LR.
  
  
  
  Women with VSCC arising in a field of LS may continue to have an increased risk of developing LR and SFT for many years after resection of their primary tumour. Our study suggests that these women should be followed up more regularly so that LVR can be detected earlier; unless a more robust surveillance programme or chemopreventative treatments become available.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J K W
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.affiliation: Department of Histopathology, Birmingham Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganesan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kehoe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Dental and Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: davidluesley@nhs.net.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Luesley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018459:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery