title: Life Expectancy in Nonagenarians Suffering from Critical Limb Ischemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral arterial disease has become an increasing problem in the aging population of the western world with a prevalence of 10-14%. This will result in a growing group of nonagenarians being referred to vascular surgeons, with an estimated growth of 2.5 times the number of nonagenarians between 2015 and 2040. Outcome results of nonagenarians suffering from critical limb ischemia (CLI) are scarce, which can cause difficulties in choosing superior therapy options. We propose that the life expectancy of nonagenarians suffering CLI compared to the overall population of nonagenarians is valuable information required in clinical decision-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2012 and October 2015, all patients suffering from CLI were retrospectively reviewed in the Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands. Patients aged ≥90 years at admission were exclusively included. The main outcome result of this study is the life expectancy of nonagenarians suffering from CLI. Closely related to life expectancy is the primary end point of mortality. Secondary end points were adverse events, reoperations, and limb salvage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 36 patients were included in this study of which 27 were women. The median age was 92 years. Conservative therapy was performed in 61% of the patients. Based on 24 deaths (of which 19 were women), the mortality rate ratio of the study group relative to the Dutch population was 3.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00-4.66; P < 0.000001), adjusted for age and gender. Life expectancy in years of the total Dutch population at age 90 years in 2013 was 3.83 for men and 4.54 for women in contrast to, respectively, 1.23 (95% CI, 0.50-5.69) and 2.70 (95% CI, 1.76-3.74) years in our patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CLI is a severe disease in nonagenarians with a dreadful life expectancy of 1.23 and 2.7 years for men and women, respectively, corresponding with an age- and gender-adjusted mortality rate ratio of 3.13 relative to the Dutch population. Individual factors such as preoperative status, arterial occlusive lesion, and especially predicted postoperative quality of life are important parameters in clinical decision-making. Results of conservative therapy might be acceptable in selected patients, but more focus on quality of life is needed to be conclusive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands. Electronic address: ssteunenberg@amphia.nl.
authors.forename: Stijn L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Steunenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthijs J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jelle W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Raats
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul G H
authors.initials: PGH
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lijckle
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Laan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008017:Life Expectancy; D023821:Limb Salvage; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome