title: Mitigation of 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol Ester Formation by Radical Scavengers.
abstract: The present study investigated the possible mechanism of free radical scavengers on mitigation of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) fatty acid ester formation in vegetable oils. The electron spin resonance investigation showed that the concentration of free radicals could be clearly decreased in 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol (DSG) samples by all four antioxidants (l-ascorbyl palmitate, α-tocopherol, lipophilic tea polyphenols, and rosemary extract) at 120 °C for 20 min under a N2 atmosphere. Moreover, the rosemary extract exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy examination of DSG with α-tocopherol at 25 and 120 °C revealed that α-tocopherol could prevent the involvement of an ester carbonyl group of DSG in forming the cyclic acyloxonium free radical intermediate. Furthermore, the ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis showed that α-tocopherol could suppress the formation of 3-MCPD di- and monoesters. Finally, the four antioxidants could decrease 3-MCPD esters in the palm oil during deodorization. Particularly, the rosemary extract also showed the highest efficiency in 3-MCPD ester mitigation.
authors.affiliation: Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pengwei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, School of Marine Science, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ling-Zhi
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.affiliation: Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Liangli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuanrong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuebing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D003296:Cooking; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005609:Free Radicals; D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin
keywords: 3-MCPD esters; ESR; FTIR; antioxidants; free radical mechanism; inhibitor