title: [Red tape in psychiatry: on bureaucracy, bureaucratism, and our secret fondness for procedures].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A frequent complaint in psychiatry is that the psychiatrist-patient relationship and the quality of care are hampered by bureaucratic processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an analysis of various types of bureaucracy in psychiatry that can serve as a starting-point for the improvement of care and the performance of qualitative studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an exploratory study using PubMed, Google, and various Dutch medical journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contemporary psychiatry is characterised by a bureaucratic organization structure. Mental, somatic, and social problems are translated in a standardised manner into medical jargon which gives rise to a DSM diagnosis, a cost-price, and outcome measures. This medical-bureaucratic system has important virtues, provided it is applied efficiently and the patient-psychiatrist relationship remains intact. In the Netherlands, however, this balance has been disturbed. Future research can be facilitated if distinctions are made between various types of bureaucracy (referred to here as Hippocratic, Weberian, and Kafkaesque bureaucracy). In addition, we discuss various national initiatives which aim to counter bureaucracy, including initiatives of the Dutch government.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the patient-psychiatrist relationship is to regain its central role, bureaucracy needs to be countered constantly. The government can facilitate this process, but healthcare providers can also play a key role and meanwhile help to bring about a substantial reduction in the costs of care.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: F R E
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Smink
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kwidama
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vladár Rivero
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care