title: PTSD and depression construct: prevalence and predictors of co-occurrence in a South Lebanese civilian sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Armed conflict, occupation, and political and economic instability that are particularly experienced by the civilian Lebanese population of South Lebanon would almost inevitably affect these individuals psychologically. Therefore, identifying predictors of co-occurring mental disorders is paramount to sound assessment and intervention planning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to determine the prevalence and predictors of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in a post-war population from South Lebanon.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 991 citizens from 10 villages were interviewed using a cross-sectional design through random sampling. The prevalence of PTSD, MDD, or both was 23.4%. To identify predictors of PTSD and depression co-occurrence, multinomial logistic regression was used. Participants were divided into four groups (participants with no PTSD or depression, participants with PTSD only, participants with depression only, and participants with PTSD-depression comorbidity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the significant predictors of PTSD-depression co-occurrence, female gender, health problems, social life events, and witnessed traumatic events were most consistently found. Additionally, employment and educational status, as well as social support, were found to significantly predict co-occurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results reveal the distinct risk and protective factors that characterize the PTSD-depression profile. These findings will hopefully assist in the development of interventions that are sensitive to individuals' psychosocial milieu.
authors.affiliation: Hariri School of Nursing and Psychiatry Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; lf00@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Laila F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Farhood
authors.affiliation: Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Souha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fares
authors.affiliation: Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sabbagh
authors.affiliation: Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamady
keywords: co-occurrence; depression; posttraumatic stress disorder; war