title: Age-related differences in morphological characteristics of residual skin surface components collected from the surface of facial skin of healthy male volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Global increase of human longevity results in the emergence of previously ignored ageing-related problems. Skin ageing is a well-known phenomenon, but active search for scientific approaches to its prevention and even skin rejuvenation is a relatively new area. Although the structure and composition of the stratum corneum (SC), the superficial layer of epidermis, is well studied, relatively little is known about the residual skin surface components (RSSC) that overlay the surface of the SC. The aim of this study was to examine morphological features of RSSC samples non-invasively collected from the surface of human facial skin for the presence of age-related changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residual skin surface component samples were collected by swabbing from the surface of facial skin of 60 adult male volunteers allocated in two age groups: 34 subjects aged in the range 18-32 years and 26 subjects aged in the range 58-72 years. The collected samples were analysed microscopically: the size of the lipid droplets was measured; desquamated corneocytes and lipid crystals were counted; and microbial presence was assessed semi-quantitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-related changes were revealed for all studied components of the RSSC. There was a significant (P = 0.0126) decrease in the size of lipid droplets among older men. Likewise, significantly (P = 0.0252) lower numbers of lipid crystals were present in this group. In contrast, microbial presence in the RSSC was significantly (P = 0.0019) increased in the older group. There was also a trend towards more abundant corneocyte desquamation among older men, but the difference has not reached statistical significance (P = 0.0636).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-invasively collected RSSC samples present an informative material for studying age-related changes on the surface of the SC of human facial skin. The results of this study confirm earlier observations regarding age-associated decline of the efficiency of the epidermal barrier and can be used for testing new approaches to skin ageing prevention.
authors.affiliation: Lycotec Ltd, Cambridge, UK.|Institute of Cardiology, Saratov, Russia.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Chalyk
authors.affiliation: DiagNodus Ltd, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Bandaletova
authors.affiliation: Lycotec Ltd, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kyle
authors.affiliation: Lycotec Ltd, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Petyaev
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013499:Surface Properties; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ageing; corneocyte desquamation; lipid crystals; lipids; microbial presence; skin surface