title: Obesity is associated with increased risk of invasive penile cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To validate the association between obesity and penile cancer at a population level, we conducted a matched case-control study linking the Iowa Department of Motor Vehicles Drivers' License Database (DLD) with cancer surveillance data collected by the State Health Registry of Iowa (SHRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  All men diagnosed with invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma from 1985 to 2010 were identified by SHRI. Two hundred sixty-six cancer cases and 816 cancer-free male controls, selected from the Iowa DLD, were matched within 5-year age and calendar year strata. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using self-reported height and weight from the DLD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between BMI and the risk of developing invasive penile cancer. Obesity was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing penile cancer. For every five-unit increase in BMI the risk of invasive penile cancer increased by 53 % (OR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.29-1.81, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We previously reported an association between obesity and higher risk of invasive penile cancer and advanced cancer stage at diagnosis in a hospital-based retrospective study. This population-based study confirms an association between obesity and invasive penile cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., 3 RCP, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1089, USA.
authors.forename: Kerri T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.affiliation: Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Button
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., 3 RCP, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1089, USA. amit-gupta-1@uiowa.edu.|Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. amit-gupta-1@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Case control study; Epidemiologic study; Obesity; Penile cancer