title: Properties and cellular effects of particulate matter from direct emissions and ambient sources.
abstract: The pollution of particulate matter (PM) is of great concern in China and many other developing countries. It is generally recognized that the toxicity of PM is source and property dependent. However, the relationship between PM properties and toxicity is still not well understood. In this study, PM samples from direct emissions of wood, straw, coal, diesel combustion, cigarette smoking and ambient air were collected and characterized for their physicochemical properties. Their expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and levels of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) was measured using a RAW264.7 cell model. Our results demonstrated that the properties of the samples from different origins exhibited remarkable differences. Significant increases in ROS were observed when the cells were exposed to PMs from biomass origins, including wood, straw and cigarettes, while increases in TNF-α were found for all the samples, particularly those from ambient air. The most important factor associated with ROS generation was the presence of water-soluble organic carbon, which was extremely abundant in the samples that directly resulted from biomass combustion. Metals, endotoxins and PM size were the most important properties associated with increases in TNF-α expression levels. The association of the origins of PM particles and physicochemical properties with cytotoxic properties is illustrated using a cluster analysis.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Wenjie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Yilin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Guofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Hefa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: c College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Fujian , China.
authors.forename: Shuiping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: d School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: e Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts , USA.
authors.forename: Baoshan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002681:China; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014934:Wood / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D005742:Gasoline; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: ROS; TNF-α; in vitro toxicity test; particulate matter; physicochemical properties