title: Clinical care of incarcerated people with HIV, viral hepatitis, or tuberculosis.
abstract: The burden of HIV/AIDS and other transmissible diseases is higher in prison and jail settings than in the non-incarcerated communities that surround them. In this comprehensive review, we discuss available literature on the topic of clinical management of people infected with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and tuberculosis in incarcerated settings in addition to co-occurrence of one or more of these infections. Methods such as screening practices and provision of treatment during detainment periods are reviewed to identify the effect of community-based treatment when returning inmates into the general population. Where data are available, we describe differences in the provision of medical care in the prison and jail settings of low-income and middle-income countries compared with high-income countries. Structural barriers impede the optimal delivery of clinical care for prisoners, and substance use, mental illness, and infectious disease further complicate the delivery of care. For prison health care to reach the standards of community-based health care, political will and financial investment are required from governmental, medical, and humanitarian organisations worldwide. In this review, we highlight challenges, gaps in knowledge, and priorities for future research to improve health-care in institutions for prisoners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA. Electronic address: jrich@lifespan.org.
authors.forename: Josiah D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Curt G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Beckwith
authors.affiliation: The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macmadu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon D L
authors.initials: BDL
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brinkley-Rubinstein
authors.affiliation: Health and Human Rights Division, Human Rights Watch, New York City, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Amon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Milloy
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Maximilian R F
authors.initials: MRF
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Lima, Peru; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.
authors.forename: Lukoye
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Atwoli
authors.affiliation: Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Altice
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000628:therapy; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000628:therapy; D006525:Hepatitis, Viral, Human / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D011329:Prisoners; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents