title: Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and lung cancer mortality: A 12-year cohort study in Northern China.
abstract: Cohort evidence that links long-term exposures to air pollution and mortality comes largely from the United States and European countries. We investigated the relationship between long-term exposures to particulate matter <10μm in diameter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and mortality of lung cancer in Northern China. A cohort of 39,054 participants were followed during 1998-2009. Annual average concentrations for PM10, NO2, and SO2 were determined based on data collected from central monitoring stations. Lung cancer deaths (n=140) were obtained from death certificates, and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, gender, BMI, education, marital status, smoking status, passive smoking, occupation, alcohol consumption, etc. Each 10mg/m(3) increase in PM10 concentrations was associated with a 3.4%-6.0% increase in lung cancer mortality in the time-varying exposure model and a 4.0%-13.6% increase in the baseline exposure model. In multi-pollutant models, the magnitude of associations was attenuated, most strongly for PM10. The association was different in men and women, also varying across age categories and different smoking status. Substantial differences exist in the risk estimates for participants based on assignment method for air pollution exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Li-Wen
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Ju
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Ju
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
authors.forename: Luo-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
authors.forename: Zheng-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7334, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Trevathan
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
authors.forename: Ke-Xin
authors.initials: KX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicine and Health Information, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, 110122 Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Xin
authors.initials: BX
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Hong
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Peng
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. Electronic address: donggh5@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guang-Hui
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China. Electronic address: tangnaijun@tmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Nai-Jun
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Air pollution; Cohort study; Lung cancer; Mortality; Particulate matter