title: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Continuing Education Programs on Providing Clinical Community Pharmacy Services.
abstract: Objective. To summarize the effects of media methods used in continuing education (CE) programs on providing clinical community pharmacy services and the methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs. Methods. A systematic review was performed using Medline, SciELO, and Scopus databases. The timeline of the search was 1990 to 2013. Searches were conducted in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Results. Nineteen articles of 3990 were included. Fourteen studies used only one media method, and the live method (n=11) was the most frequent (alone or in combination). Only two studies found that the CE program was ineffective or partially effective; these studies used only the live method. Most studies used nonrobust, nonvalidated, and nonstandardized methods to measure effectiveness. The majority of studies focused on the effect of the CE program on modifying the knowledge and skills of the pharmacists. One study assessed the CE program's benefits to patients or clients. Conclusion. No evidence was obtained regarding which media methods are the most effective. Robust and validated methods, as well as assessment standardization, are required to clearly determine whether a particular media method is effective.
authors.affiliation: University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Faculdades Integradas de Ourinhos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Roque
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Obreli-Neto
authors.affiliation: University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marques Dos Reis
authors.affiliation: State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camilo Molino
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Guidoni
authors.affiliation: State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edmarlon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Girotto
authors.affiliation: Health Care Center Tereza Evaristo Marcomini, Salto Grande, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marisabelle Lima
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Baldoni
authors.affiliation: University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo Régis
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Leira Pereira
mesh_terms: D003146:Communications Media; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D004513:Education, Pharmacy, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000379:methods*
keywords: community pharmacy; continuing education; pharmacy service