title: Italian daily platelet transfusion practice for haematological patients undergoing high dose chemotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation: a survey by the GIMEMA Haemostasis and Thrombosis Working Party.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following high-dose chemotherapy/bone marrow transplantation, patients are routinely, prophylactically transfused with platelet concentrates (PC) if they have a platelet count ≤10×109/L or higher in the presence of risk factors for bleeding. However, whether such transfusions are necessary in clinically stable patients with no bleeding, or whether a therapeutic transfusion strategy could be sufficient and safe, is still debated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GIMEMA Haemostasis and Thrombosis Working Party sent a questionnaire to Italian haematology departments to survey several aspects of daily platelet transfusion practice, such as the cut-off platelet count for transfusion, the evaluation of refractoriness and the type of PC administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was answered by 18 out of 31 centres (58%). A total of 23,162 PC were transfused in 2,396 patients in 2013. The vast majority of centres (95%) transfused PC according to Italian and international guidelines; only a few transfused always at platelet counts ≤20×109/L. The broad agreement on platelet count cut-off for transfusion (≤10×109/L) was not confirmed when the World Health Organization (WHO) bleeding score was considered: only a third of centres (33%) used transfusions as recommended when the bleeding grade was ≥2. Platelet refractoriness was poorly monitored and most centres (89%) evaluated, mostly empirically (67%), response to transfusion only 24 hours later. Thirty percent of centres transfused platelets in asymptomatic refractory patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most Italian haematology departments transfuse PC according to Italian and international guidelines, our survey shows that in routine daily practice physicians do not comply closely with the WHO recommendations on platelet transfusions and monitoring platelet refractoriness. This causes excessive platelet transfusions, with a resulting increase of costs and waste of public health resources.
authors.affiliation: Transfusion Service, Haemophilia Centre and Haematology, Castelfranco Veneto Hospital, Castelfranco Veneto, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tagariello
authors.affiliation: Centre for Bleeding Disorders, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine and Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falanga
authors.affiliation: Haemophilia Centre, Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, "Pugliese-Ciaccio" Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Unit of Haematology and Transplantation, University Hospital of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariasanta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Storti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Verona; Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veneri
authors.affiliation: Transfusion Service, Haemophilia Centre and Haematology, Castelfranco Veneto Hospital, Castelfranco Veneto, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.affiliation: Transfusion Service, Haemophilia Centre and Haematology, Castelfranco Veneto Hospital, Castelfranco Veneto, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Candiotto
authors.affiliation: Transfusion Service, Haemophilia Centre and Haematology, Castelfranco Veneto Hospital, Castelfranco Veneto, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tassinari
authors.affiliation: Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, "L. Sacco" University Hospital, Department of Oncology and Haematology-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Augusto B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Stefano