title: Resolving Bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes from persistently infected U.S. beef calves with complete genome sequence.
abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is classified into 2 genotypes, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, each of which contains distinct subtypes with genetic and antigenic variation. To effectively control BVDV by vaccination, it is important to know which subtypes of the virus are circulating and how their prevalence is changing over time. Accordingly, the purpose of our study was to estimate the current prevalence and diversity of BVDV subtypes from persistently infected (PI) beef calves in the central United States. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5'-UTR (5' untranslated region) for 119 virus strains revealed that a majority (82%) belonged to genotype 1b, and the remaining strains were distributed between genotypes 1a (9%) and 2 (8%); however, BVDV-2 subtypes could not be confidently resolved. Therefore, to better define the variability of U.S. BVDV isolates and further investigate the division of BVDV-2 isolates into subtypes, complete genome sequences were obtained for these isolates as well as representatives of BVDV-1a and -1b. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete coding sequence provided more conclusive genetic classification and revealed that U.S. BVDV-2 isolates belong to at least 3 distinct genetic groups that are statistically supported by both complete and individual coding gene analyses. These results show that a more complex set of BVDV-2 subtypes has been circulating in this region than was previously thought.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE aspen.workman@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Aspen M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Workman
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Harhay
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: Timothy P L
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: Dale M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Grotelueschen
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sjeklocha
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brodersen
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE (Workman, Heaton, Harhay, Smith, Chitko-McKown)Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE (Grotelueschen)Cattle Empire LLC, Satanta, KS (Sjeklocha)Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Brodersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NEDepartment of Animal Science (Petersen), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
authors.forename: Carol G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Chitko-McKown
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001483:Base Sequence; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000821:virology*; D002417:Cattle; D030241:Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030242:Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005838:Genotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D000069466:Red Meat
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions
keywords: Bovine viral diarrhea virus; molecular epidemiology; persistent infection; pestivirus