title: Impact of PET - CT motion correction in minimizing the gross tumor volume in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of respiratory motion on localization, and quantification of lung lesions for the Gross Tumor Volume utilizing a fully automated Auto3Dreg program and dynamic NURBS-based cardiac-torso digitized phantom (NCAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory motion may result in more than 30% underestimation of the SUV values of lung, liver and kidney tumor lesions. The motion correction technique adopted in this study was an image-based motion correction approach using, a voxel-intensity-based and a multi-resolution multi-optimization (MRMO) algorithm. The NCAT phantom was used to generate CT attenuation maps and activity distribution volumes for the lung regions. All the generated frames were co-registered to a reference frame using a time efficient scheme. Quantitative assessment including Region of Interest (ROI), image fidelity and image correlation techniques, as well as semi-quantitative line profile analysis and qualitatively overlaying non-motion and motion corrected image frames were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest motion was observed in the Z-direction. The greatest translation was for the frame 3, end inspiration, and the smallest for the frame 5 which was closet frame to the reference frame at 67% expiration. Visual assessment of the lesion sizes, 20-60mm at 3 different locations, apex, mid and base of lung showed noticeable improvement for all the foci and their locations. The maximum improvements for the image fidelity were from 0.395 to 0.930 within the lesion volume of interest. The greatest improvement in activity concentration underestimation was 7.7% below the true activity for the 20 mm lesion in comparison to 34.4% below, prior to correction. The discrepancies in activity underestimation were reduced with increasing the lesion sizes. Overlaying activity distribution on the attenuation map showed improved localization of the PET metabolic information to the anatomical CT images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The respiratory motion correction for the lung lesions has led to an improvement in the lesion size, localization and activity quantification with a potential application in reducing the size of the PET GTV for radiotherapy treatment planning applications and hence improving the accuracy of the regime in treatment of lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Farwaniya Hospital, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Masoomi
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Physics, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: Clinical Physics, Barts Health - NHS Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Yassine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bouchareb
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.affiliation: The Harley Street Clinic, London, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robinson
keywords: Correction; Lung cancer; NCAT; PET-CT