title: Evaluation of wave delivery methodology for brain MRE: Insights from computational simulations.
abstract: MR elastography (MRE) of the brain is being explored as a biomarker of neurodegenerative disease such as dementia. However, MRE measures for healthy brain have varied widely. Differing wave delivery methodologies may have influenced this, hence finite element-based simulations were performed to explore this possibility.
  
  
  
  The natural frequencies of a series of cranial models were calculated, and MRE-associated vibration was simulated for different wave delivery methods at varying frequency, using simple isotropic viscoelastic material models for the brain. Displacement fields and the corresponding brain constitutive properties estimated by standard inversion techniques were compared across delivery methods and frequencies.
  
  
  
  The delivery methods produced widely different MRE displacement fields and inversions. Furthermore, resonances at natural frequencies influenced the displacement patterns. Consequently, some delivery methods led to lower inversion errors than others, and the error on the storage modulus varied by up to 11% between methods.
  
  
  
  Wave delivery has a considerable impact on brain MRE reliability. Assuming small variations in brain biomechanics, as recently reported to accompany neurodegenerative disease (e.g., 7% for Alzheimer's disease), the effect of wave delivery is important. Hence, a consensus should be established on a consistent methodology to ensure diagnostic and prognostic consistency. Magn Reson Med 78:341-356, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: CISTIB Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|Academic Unit of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Deirdre M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: CISTIB Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nishant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ravikumar
authors.affiliation: CISTIB Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beltrachini
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Iain D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: CISTIB Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alejandro F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Frangi
authors.affiliation: CISTIB Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.|INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Zeike A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: brain; dementia; finite element modeling simulation; magnetic resonance elastography; natural frequencies; skull