title: Phenotypic comparison of individuals with homozygous or heterozygous mutation of NOTCH3 in a large CADASIL family.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary microangiopathy caused by mutations in NOTCH3, very rarely homoallelic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical, radiological, and neuropsychological features in an extended CADASIL family including members with either a homozygous or heterozygous NOTCH3 R1231C mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pedigree included 3 generations of a family with 13 affected individuals. The patients were examined clinically and radiologically. Neuropsychological testing was performed on the proband. Sequencing of the entire coding DNA sequence (CDS) and flanking regions of NOTCH3 was undertaken using PCR amplification and direct Sanger sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Homozygous C3769T mutation, predicting R1231C in exon 22 of NOTCH3 was found in 7 family members. Six other family members harbored the same in the heterozygous state. Homozygous individuals showed a slightly more severe clinical and radiological phenotype of earlier onset compared to their heterozygous counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports the largest number of patients with homozygous NOTCH3 mutation. The phenotype and imaging features of homozygous individuals is within the spectrum of CADASIL, although slightly at the severe end when compared to heterozygotes carrying the same mutation. Both genetic modifiers and environmental factors may play an essential role in modification and alteration of the clinical phenotype and white matter changes among CADASIL patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: aboualshaar.hussam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abou Al-Shaar
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: nqadi@kfshrc.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Najeeb
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: hamed@kfshrc.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Mohamed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Al-Hamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: meyerb@kfshrc.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Brian F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: boholega@kfshrc.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohlega
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D046589:CADASIL / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D000071656:Receptor, Notch3 / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C499374:NOTCH3 protein, human; D000071656:Receptor, Notch3
keywords: CADASIL; Heterozygous; Homozygous; Mutation; NOTCH3; Stroke