title: Circulating linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid and glucose metabolism: the Hoorn Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Data on the relation between linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk are scarce and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of serum LA and ALA with fasting and 2 h post-load plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 667 participants from third examination (2000) of the population-based Hoorn study in which individuals with glucose intolerance were overrepresented. Fatty acid profiles in serum total lipids were measured at baseline, in 2000. Diabetes risk markers were measured at baseline and follow-up in 2008. Linear regression models were used in cross-sectional and prospective analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cross-sectional analyses (n = 667), serum LA was inversely associated with plasma glucose, both in fasting conditions (B = -0.024 [-0.045, -0.002]) and 2 h after glucose tolerance test (B = -0.099 [-0.158, -0.039]), but not with HbA1c (B = 0.000 [-0.014, 0.013]), after adjustment for relevant factors. In prospective analyses (n = 257), serum LA was not associated with fasting (B = 0.003 [-0.019, 0.025]) or post-load glucose (B = -0.026 [-0.100, 0.049]). Furthermore, no significant associations were found between serum ALA and glucose metabolism in cross-sectional or prospective analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, serum LA was inversely associated with fasting and post-load glucose in cross-sectional, but not in prospective analyses. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of serum LA and ALA levels and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in glucose metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mieke.cabout@vu.nl.|Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. mieke.cabout@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cabout
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alssema
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Giel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nijpels
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CDA
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingeborg A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Amany K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Elshorbagy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Refsum
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D014280:Triglycerides; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid
keywords: Alpha-linolenic acid; Glucose; Hemoglobin A1c; Linoleic acid; Serum fatty acids; Type 2 diabetes