title: The role of primary auditory and visual cortices in temporal processing: A tDCS approach.
abstract: Many studies showed that visual stimuli are frequently experienced as shorter than equivalent auditory stimuli. These findings suggest that timing is distributed across many brain areas and that "different clocks" might be involved in temporal processing. The aim of this study is to investigate, with the application of tDCS over V1 and A1, the specific role of primary sensory cortices (either visual or auditory) in temporal processing.
  
  
  
  Forty-eight University students were included in the study. Twenty-four participants were stimulated over A1 and 24 participants were stimulated over V1. Participants performed time bisection tasks, in the visual and the auditory modalities, involving standard durations lasting 300ms (short) and 900ms (long).
  
  
  
  When tDCS was delivered over A1, no effect of stimulation was observed on perceived duration but we observed higher temporal variability under anodic stimulation compared to sham and higher variability in the visual compared to the auditory modality. When tDCS was delivered over V1, an under-estimation of perceived duration and higher variability was observed in the visual compared to the auditory modality.
  
  
  
  Our results showed more variability of visual temporal processing under tDCS stimulation. These results suggest a modality independent role of A1 in temporal processing and a modality specific role of V1 in the processing of temporal intervals in the visual modality.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Italy. Electronic address: mioni.giovanna@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mioni
authors.affiliation: École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grondin
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forgione
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fracasso
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mapelli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stablum
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult