title: Radiographic localisation of the entheses of the equine stifle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injury to the tendons and ligaments of the equine stifle is a common cause of lameness in horses. Individual radiographic localisation of each tendon and ligament of the stifle has not been previously reported or demonstrated in multiple radiographic projections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To create a series of radiographs identifying the origins and/or insertions of the tendons and ligaments of the equine stifle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study of radiographic anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The location of all entheses were determined by gross dissection. The proximal tibia and fibula, distal femur, patella and menisci were isolated from one horse and used as a template. A series of 4 radiographs was obtained with each enthesis identified with barium paste. The radiographic landmarks for each enthesis were described and the best projection(s) for evaluation of each structure of interest identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight radiographic images were produced that demonstrated the best radiographic projections to define each enthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiography is the imaging modality most frequently used to evaluate the equine stifle. The images presented here will serve as a guide for evaluating radiographs of the equine stifle, particularly identifying avulsions and enthesopathies of ligamentous and tendinous origins and insertions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Aldrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Monahan
authors.affiliation: Conway Veterinary Services, Guymon, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Imaging Consultants, Inc., Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valdés-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005269:Femur; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008022:Ligaments; D013264:Stifle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries; D013710:Tendons; D013977:Tibia
keywords: horse; ligaments; radiographic anatomy; stifle; tendons