title: Application of nanomedicine for crossing the blood-brain barrier: Theranostic opportunities in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease characterized with immunopathobiological events, including lymphocytic infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS), microglia activation, demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although several neuroprotective drugs have been designed for the treatment of MS, complete remission is yet matter of debate. Therefore, development of novel therapeutic approaches for MS is of a high priority in immunological research. Nanomedicine is a recently developed novel medical field, which is applicable in both diagnosis and treatment of several cancers and autoimmune diseases. Although there is a marked progress in neuroimaging through using nanoparticles, little is known regarding the therapeutic potential of nanomedicine in neurological disorders, particularly MS. Moreover, the majority of data is limited to the MS related animal models. In this review, we will discuss about the brain targeting potential of different nanoparticles as well as the role of nanomedicine in the diagnosis and treatment of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
authors.affiliation: a Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran ;
authors.forename: Ghasem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ghalamfarsa
authors.affiliation: b Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab , Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden ;|c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran ;
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hojjat-Farsangi
authors.affiliation: d Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences , Babol , Iran ;
authors.forename: Mousa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran ;
authors.forename: Enayat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anvari
authors.affiliation: f Department of Agricultural Engineering , Islamic Azad University , Tehran ;
authors.forename: Shohreh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farhadi
authors.affiliation: g Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran ;|h Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran ;
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousefi
authors.affiliation: g Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran ;|h Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran ;|i Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jadidi-Niaragh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020078:Neurogenic Inflammation; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
keywords: Blood–brain barrier; diagnosis; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; nanoparticle; neuroinflammation