title: Uncertain Diagnostic Language Affects Further Studies, Endoscopies, and Repeat Consultations for Patients With Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.
abstract: Although guidelines state that functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) can be diagnosed with minimal investigation, consultations and investigations still have high costs. We investigated whether these are due to specific behaviors of specialist clinicians by examining differences in clinician approaches to organic gastrointestinal diseases vs FGIDs.
  
  
  
  We performed a retrospective review of 207 outpatient department letters written from the gastroenterology unit at a tertiary hospital after patient consultations from 2008 through 2011. We collected data from diagnostic letters and case notes relating to patients with organic (n = 108) or functional GI disorders (n = 119). We analyzed the content of each letter by using content analysis and reviewed case files to determine which investigations were subsequently performed. Our primary outcome was the type of diagnostic language used and other aspects of the clinical approach.
  
  
  
  We found gastroenterologists to use 2 distinct types of language, clear vs qualified, which was consistent with their level of certainty (or lack thereof), for example, "the patient is diagnosed with…." vs "it is possible that this patient might have….". Qualified diagnostic language was used in a significantly higher proportion of letters about patients with FGIDs (63%) than organic gastrointestinal diseases (13%) (P < .001). In addition, a higher proportion of patients with FGIDs underwent endoscopic evaluation than patients with organic gastrointestinal diseases (79% vs 63%; P < .05).
  
  
  
  In an analysis of diagnoses of patients with FGIDs vs organic disorders, we found that gastroenterologists used more qualified (uncertain) language in diagnosing patients with FGIDs. This may contribute to patient discard of diagnoses and lead to additional, unwarranted endoscopic investigations.
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Electronic address: ecushla.linedale@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ecushla C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Linedale
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chur-Hansen
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; University of York, York, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Antonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mikocka-Walus
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Communication; Endoscopy; IBS; Management