title: Superelasticity and force plateau of nickel-titanium springs: an in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper analyzed whether nickel-titanium closed coil springs (NTCCS) have a different superelastic (SE) behavior according to activation and whether their force plateau corresponds to that informed by the manufacturer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 springs were divided into 16 subgroups according to their features and activated proportionally to the length of the extensible part (NiTi) of the spring (Y). The force values measured were analyzed to determine SE rates and force plateaus, which were mathematically calculated. These plateaus were compared to those informed by the manufacturer. Analysis of variance was accomplished followed by Tukey post-hoc test to detect and analyze differences between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subgroups were SE at the activation of 400% of Y length, except for: subgroups 4B and 3A, which were SE at 300%; subgroups 4E and 4G, which were SE at 500%; and subgroup 3C, which was SE at 600%. Subgroup 3B did not show a SE behavior. Force plateaus depended on activation and, in some subgroups and some activations, were similar to the force informed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the springs showed SE behavior at 400% of activation. Force plateaus are difficult to compare due to lack of information provided by manufacturers.
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Ivini Viana
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergei Godeiro Fernandes Rabelo
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lídia Parsekian
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Parsekian
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009532:Nickel; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium