title: Wnt/β-catenin signaling in melanoma: Preclinical rationale and novel therapeutic insights.
abstract: WNT signaling regulates embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in the adult stage. Evolutionarily, activation of the WNT pathway is triggered by a large family of cytokines and activates a broad spectrum of downstream targets through two independent branches mediated by β-catenin (defined as canonical pathway) or PLC and small GTPase (defined as non-canonical pathway), respectively. Recent studies revealed the crucial role of WNT in the maintenance of cell metabolism and stemness as well as its deregulation in tumourigenesis and malignant transformation through oncogenic reprogramming, which contributes to cancer cell proliferation and differentiation, survival, stress response and resistance. In addition, multiple functional mutations discovered in human tumours have been reported to cause malignancy, indicating this pathway as a novel therapeutic target in oncology. Notably, emerging data highlights its involvement in the crosstalk between immune and cancer cells. However, contradictory effects have been also observed in different pre-clinical models when strategic(???) inhibitors are tested. In this review, we address the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms of WNT signaling in cancer, with a particular focus on current melanoma therapy, which has witnessed dramatic improvement in the last five years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gongda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Oncology, INSERM Research Unit 932, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Massi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Haematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy. Electronic address: mariomandala@tin.it.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mandalà
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000276:immunology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Melanoma; Prognosis; Therapy; Tumour progression; β-Catenin