title: Fentanyl-Norfentanyl Concentrations During Transdermal Patch Application: LC-MS-MS Urine Analysis.
abstract: Poklis and Backer published a survey of the concentrations of fentanyl and norfentanyl that could be expected in urine from patients using Duragesic®, a transdermal fentanyl patch. That study employed a relatively small number of patient data points and analysis by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. This work examines a larger population of patient positives for fentanyl and norfentanyl to determine whether more than a decade later the original report remains accurate in predicting the range and median levels of fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations physicians can expect to see from their patients. Additionally, these data were transformed to develop a model that results in a near Gaussian distribution of urine drug test results. This retrospective approach was developed to transform and normalize urine drug testing results to provide a historical picture of expected patient values for this important analgesic. The resulting near Gaussian distribution is dose independent and as such should be of value to physicians in quickly assessing whether their patient is consistent with this historical population in the broad terms of this model. While this comparison alone is not definitive for adherence with a treatment regimen, together with patient interviews, prescription history and other clinical criteria, it can add an idea of expected patient values from urine drug testing.
authors.affiliation: Ameritox, Ltd., 486 Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA Oneka.Cummings@ameritox.com.
authors.forename: Oneka T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Ameritox, Ltd., 486 Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Enders
authors.affiliation: Ameritox, Ltd., 486 Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: McIntire
authors.affiliation: Ameritox, Ltd., 486 Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Backer
authors.affiliation: Ameritox, Ltd., 486 Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poklis
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D057968:Transdermal Patch
chemical_list: C080127:norfentanyl; D005283:Fentanyl