title: Total dosage of gardenia fruit used by patients with mesenteric phlebosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenteric phlebosclerosis (MP) is a disease characterized by fibrotic change or calcification of the mesenteric vein. Recently, there has been an increase in case reports of MP related to herbal medicine usage. Long-term intake of gardenia fruit (GF) is suspected as a possible cause. However, many GF users do not develop this disease and the association between GF and MP remains unclear. In this study, we investigated for the first time the dosage of GF used by patients with and without MP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a medical chart review study design to assess the association between GF and MP. We reviewed patients with a history of intake of herbal medicines containing GF. Among these patients, we selected patients who were examined by colonoscopy and abdominal plain computed tomography (CT). We investigated the findings of colonoscopy, CT scan and histological examination. We assessed the total dosages of GF alongside the duration of ambulatory visit, the administration period of herbal medicine containing GF and pre-existing disease in order to compare MP cases and non-MP patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten MP cases and 42 non-MP patients were analyzed. We summarized clinical findings of MP cases. All MP cases used more GF than non-MP patients and were administered more than approximately 5,000 grams of GF in cumulative dosage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicated that excessive intake of GF contributes to and/or accelerates the development of MP suggesting that long-term usage of GF in excessive amounts increases the risk of MP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Traditional Medical Center, Suwa Central Hospital, 4300 Tamagawa, Chino, Nagano, 391-8503, Japan. ynagata@suwachuo.jp.|River Side Clinic, Chino, Nagano, Japan. ynagata@suwachuo.jp.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine and Rheumatology, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Traditional Medical Center, Suwa Central Hospital, 4300 Tamagawa, Chino, Nagano, 391-8503, Japan.|River Side Clinic, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Hokudaimae Clinic, Hokkaido Kampo Medical Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.|Shinsapporo Keiaikai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal medicine, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Sunao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal medicine, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal medicine, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal medicine, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Machiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.affiliation: River Side Clinic, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Chikao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal medicine, Suwa Central Hospital, Chino, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Norihide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taniuchi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D032062:Gardenia / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008642:Mesenteric Veins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Gardenia fruit; Herbal medicine; Kampo; Mesenteric phlebosclerosis; Sanshishi