title: Smart management of sample dilution using an artificial neural network to achieve streamlined processes and saving resources: the automated nephelometric testing of serum free light chain as case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Saving resources is a paramount issue for the modern laboratory, and new trainable as well as smart technologies can be used to allow the automated instrumentation to manage samples more efficiently in order to achieve streamlined processes. In this regard the serum free light chain (sFLC) testing represents an interesting challenge, as it usually causes using a number of assays before achieving an acceptable result within the analytical range.
  
  
  METHODS
  An artificial neural network based on the multi-layer perceptron (MLP-ANN) was used to infer the starting dilution status of sFLC samples based on the information available through the laboratory information system (LIS). After the learning phase, the MLP-ANN simulation was applied to the nephelometric testing routinely performed in our laboratory on a BN ProSpec® System analyzer (Siemens Helathcare) using the N Latex FLC kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MLP-ANN reduced the serum kappa free light chain (κ-FLC) and serum lambda free light chain (λ-FLC) wasted tests by 69.4% and 70.8% with respect to the naïve stepwise dilution scheme used by the automated analyzer, and by 64.9% and 66.9% compared to a "rational" dilution scheme based on a 4-step dilution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it was restricted to follow-up samples, the MLP-ANN showed good predictive performance, which alongside the possibility to implement it in any automated system, made it a suitable solution for achieving streamlined laboratory processes and saving resources.
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ialongo
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernardini
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D006801:Humans; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains / Q000097:blood*; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer
chemical_list: D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains