title: Enabling, Not Cultivating: Received Social Support and Self-Efficacy Explain Quality of Life After Lung Cancer Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the effects of self-efficacy and social support on health outcomes are well established, it is crucial to find out if these predictors are chained in a specific way, with either self-efficacy prompting support receipt or with support receipt prompting self-efficacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the context of adaptation after lung cancer surgery, this study investigated (1) the cultivation hypothesis, assuming that the relationship between self-efficacy and quality-of-life indices would be mediated by social support received from medical personnel, family, and friends, and (2) the enabling hypothesis, assuming that the association between received social support and quality-of-life indices would be mediated by self-efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with the first onset of non-small-cell lung cancer (N = 102) filled in questionnaires at 3-4 days after segmentectomy or lobectomy (time 1), at 1-month follow-up (time 2), and at 4-month follow-up (time 3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mediation analyses accounting for the effects of age, gender, marital status (all measured at time 1), and the mediator (measured at time 1 and time 2) yielded no support for the cultivation hypothesis. Indirect effects were observed for 0 out of 14 quality-of-life indices, measured at time 3. In contrast, the enabling hypothesis was confirmed for 11 out of 14 quality-of-life indices (physical, functional, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects; measured at time 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interventions for patients with lung cancer may focus on enhancing social support receipt within the first week after surgery, followed by a self-efficacy prompt 3 weeks later.
authors.affiliation: Department in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.affiliation: Department in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland. aluszczy@uccs.edu.|Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado 1861 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA. aluszczy@uccs.edu.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luszczynska
authors.affiliation: Department in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pawlowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cieslak
authors.affiliation: Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urte
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scholz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cultivation; Enabling; Non-small-cell lung cancer; Quality of life; Self-efficacy; Social support