title: Review of biomarkers in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: helpful tools or just playing tricks?
abstract: Diagnosing systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) can be extremely challenging if typical arthritis is lacking. A variety of biomarkers have been described for the diagnosis and management of SJIA. However, very few markers have been well-validated. In addition, increasing numbers of biomarkers are identified by high throughput or multi-marker panels.
  
  
  
  We identified diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers by systematic literature review, evaluating each according to a predefined level of verification, validation or clinical utility. Diagnostic biomarkers were those identifying SJIA versus (1) non-SJIA conditions or healthy controls (HC) or (2) other non-systemic JIA subtypes. Prognostic biomarkers were those specifically tested for the prediction of (1) disease flare, (2) increased disease activity +/- discrimination of active versus inactive disease, or (3) macrophage activation syndrome (MAS).
  
  
  
  Fifty-five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria identifying 68 unique biomarkers, of which 50/68 (74 %) were investigated by only a single research group. Candidate marker verification and clinical utility was evaluated according to whether markers were readily and reliably measurable, investigated by independent study groups, discovered by more than one method (i.e. verified markers) and validated in independent cohorts. This evaluation revealed diagnostic biomarkers of high interest for further evaluation in the diagnostic approach to SJIA that included heme oxygenase-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12, IL-18, osteoprotegerin, S100 calcium-binding protein A12 (S100A12) and S100A8/A9.
  
  
  
  In summary, a number of biomarkers were identified, though most had limited evidence for their use. However, our findings combined with the identified studies could inform validation studies, whether in single or multi-marker assays, which are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Faekah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gohar
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kessel
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Miha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavric
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holzinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149, Münster, Germany. dfoell@uni-muenster.de.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foell
mesh_terms: D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers