title: The impact of dietary flavonoid supplementation on smoking-induced inflammatory process and fibrinolytic impairment.
abstract: Smoking is associated with increased inflammatory process and impairment of fibrinolytic status. Concord grape juice (CGJ), a rich source of flavonoids, can modify cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to evaluate the impact of CGJ on smoking-induced impairment of inflammatory and fibrinolytic status in healthy smokers.
  
  
  
  We studied the effect of a 2-week oral treatment with CGJ in 26 healthy smokers on three occasions (day 0: baseline, day 7 and day 14) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Measurements were carried out before (pSm) and 20 min after (Sm20) cigarette smoking. Serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were measured as markers of inflammatory and fibrinolytic status, respectively.
  
  
  
  Treatment with CGJ reduced pSm sICAM-1 levels (p < 0.001), while placebo had no impact on ICAM-1 levels (p = 0.31). Moreover, treatment with CGJ decreased pSm values of PAI-1 (p < 0.001) while placebo had no impact on PAI-1 levels (p = 0.89). Smoking induced an elevation in PAI-1 levels after smoking compared to pro-smoking levels in all study days and in both arms (CGJ and placebo) of the study (p < 0.001 for all). Interestingly, CGJ compared to placebo, attenuated the acute smoking increase in sICAM-1 and PAI-1 levels (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005 respectively).
  
  
  
  CGJ consumption improved inflammatory and fibrinolytic status in healthy smokers and attenuated acute smoking induced increase in ICAM-1 and PAI-1 levels. These findings shed further light on the favorable effects of flavonoids in cardiovascular health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokkou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States. Electronic address: gsiasos@med.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siasos
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Georgiopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Aleksis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verveniotis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vavuranakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zisimos
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plastiras
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria-Eleni
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kollia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Papavassiliou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D018401:Sample Size; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000628:therapy; D027843:Vitis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; C573420:ICAM1 protein, human; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cigarette smoking; Fibrinolysis; Flavonoids; Grape juice; Inflammation; Nutrition