title: Imaging assessment of glenohumeral dysplasia secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess imaging parameters related to the morphology of the glenohumeral joint in children with unilateral brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP), in comparison with those obtained for healthy shoulders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective search for cases of unilateral BPBP diagnosed at our facility. Only patients with a clinical diagnosis of unilateral BPBP were included, and the final study sample consisted of 10 consecutive patients who were assessed with cross-sectional imaging. The glenoid version, the translation of the humeral head, and the degrees of glenohumeral dysplasia were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean diameter of the affected humeral heads was 1.93 cm, compared with 2.33 cm for those of the normal limbs. In two cases, there was no significant posterior displacement of the humeral head, five cases showed posterior subluxation of the humeral head, and the remaining three cases showed total luxation of the humeral head. The mean glenoid version angle of the affected limbs (90-α) was -9.6º, versus +1.6º for the normal, contralateral limbs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main deformities found in this study were BPBP-associated retroversion of the glenoid cavity, developmental delay of the humeral head, and posterior translation of the humeral head.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Professor, Division of Radiology, Universidade de Fortaleza (Unifor) and Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Abaete
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chagas-Neto
authors.affiliation: PhD Student, Division of Radiology, Internal Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor Faeda
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Dalto
authors.affiliation: MD, Radiologist, Radiology Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Université Paris VI, Paris, France; Department of Radiology, Quantitative Imaging Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology and Tele-Imaging, Hospital do Coração (HCor), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michel Daoud
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Crema
authors.affiliation: Orthopedic Surgeon-in-Chief, Brachial Plexus Program Director, Orthopedic Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: PhD, MD, Radiologist, União Médica Radiológica Catanduva (UMERC), Catanduva, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Everaldo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gregio-Junior
authors.affiliation: Full Professor of Orthopedics, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine, and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nilton
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mazzer
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Radiology, Division of Radiology, Internal Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcello Henrique
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nogueira-Barbosa
keywords: Birth injuries/complications; Brachial plexus neuropathies/complications; Humeral head/abnormalities; Joint diseases/diagnosis; Shoulder dislocation/diagnosis; Tomography