title: Prescription Patterns and the Cost of Antihyperglycemic Drugs in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Germany.
abstract: The goals were to analyze prescription patterns and the cost of antihyperglycemic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) treated in Germany in 2015.
  
  
  
  This study included 36382 patients aged 40 years or over treated in general practices (GPs) and diabetologist practices who were diagnosed with T2DM in 2015. Nine different families of antihyperglycemic therapy were included in the analysis. Demographic data included age, gender, and type of health insurance coverage. Clinical data included HbA1c level, body mass index (BMI), and the number of T2DM complications. The annual antihyperglycemic treatment cost per patient was calculated based on pharmacy retail prices. The multivariate regression analysis was fitted to estimate the adjusted treatment cost differences.
  
  
  
  The percentage of T2DM patients receiving antihyperglycemic treatments was 87.6. This share was slightly higher in men than in women (89.1% vs 86.0%). Interestingly, the share of people treated with antihyperglycemic drugs decreased with age yet increased with HbA1c levels, BMI, and the number of complications. The average annual cost of antihyperglycemic drugs amounted to €498. It was significantly higher in men than in women (difference of €22). It was also significantly higher in individuals with private health insurance coverage than in people with public health insurance coverage (difference of €153). The annual cost decreased with age. It is compelling to note that this cost increased with HbA1c levels and BMI. Finally, the annual cost also increased with the number of complications.
  
  
  
  The share and the cost of antihyperglycemic treatments vary with gender, age, type of health insurance coverage, HbA1c levels, BMI, and the number of complications.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: 2 IMS Health, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Vultee
authors.affiliation: 2 IMS Health, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostev
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: BMI; HbA1c; complication; primary care; therapy cost; type 2 diabetes