title: Exposure and size distribution of nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among the population using different household fuels.
abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derivatives like nitrated and oxygenated PAHs are of growing concerns because of considerably higher toxicity and important roles during atmospheric chemical reactions. Residential solid fuel combustion is likely to be one large primary source of these pollutants in developing countries. In this study, inhalation exposure to nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives was evaluated among rural residents using carried samplers. The exposure levels of individual nitrated PAHs ranged from 4.04 (9-nitrated phenanthrene) to 89.8 (9-nitrated anthracene) pg/m(3), and of oxy-PAHs were 0.570 (benzo[a]anthracene-7, 12-dione) to 7.99 (Benzanthrone) ng/m(3), generally higher in wood user than that in anthracite user. A majority of derivatives in particle presented in PM2.5 (80% for nitrated naphthalene and over 90% for other targets) and even fine PM1.0. Mass fractions of PAH derivatives in fine and ultra-fine particles were significantly higher than the fractions of corresponding parent PAHs, indicating more adverse health outcomes induced by these derivatives. The inhalation exposure levels for residents adopting wood gasifier burners was significantly lower than the documented results for those burning wood in typical built-in brick stoves, and comparable to those using LPG and electricity, which provided vital information for clean stove development and intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, Jiangsu, PR China. Electronic address: gfshen12@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuanchen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
authors.forename: Xilong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
authors.forename: Hefa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
authors.forename: Chunyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China. Electronic address: gqliu@mail.buct.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guangqing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
authors.forename: Eddy Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9246, United States.
authors.forename: Baoshan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China. Electronic address: taos@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking; D006794:Household Articles; D006798:Housing / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012424:Rural Population; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Clean cookstoves; Household air pollution; Inhalation exposure; PAHs derivatives