title: The Gut Microbiota from Lean and Obese Subjects Contribute Differently to the Fermentation of Arabinogalactan and Inulin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An aberrant metabolic activity or a compositional alteration of the gut microbiota has been proposed as a factor that makes us more prone to disease. Therefore, we explored the effect of two dietary fibers (arabinogalactan and inulin) on the microbiota from lean and obese subjects during 72 h in vitro fermentation experiments using the validated TNO dynamic in vitro model of the proximal colon: TIM-2. Metabolically, arabinogalactan fermentation showed a higher production of propionate when compared to n-butyrate in the obese microbiota fermentations. In general, lean microbiota produced more n-butyrate from the fermentation of both substrates when compared to the obese microbiota. Furthermore, the obese microbiota extracted more energy from the fermentation of both fibers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compositionally, bacteria belonging to Gemmiger, Dorea, Roseburia, Alistipes, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera were found to be highly abundant or stimulated by the prebiotics in the lean microbiota suggesting a potential role in leanness. Furthermore, a significant correlation between known butyrogenic strains including B. adolescentis, an unclassified Bifidobacterium and F. prausnitzii with this metabolite in the fermentation of inulin in both microbiotas was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although supplementary in vivo studies are needed, the current study provides more evidence for the consumption of specific ingredients with the aim of modulating the gut microbiota in the context of obesity.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute of Food & Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Maastricht University, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands.|CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil.|University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carlota
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bussolo de Souza
authors.affiliation: Top Institute of Food & Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Maastricht University, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Beneficial Microbes Consultancy, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venema
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D002087:Butyrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005685:Galactans / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007444:Inulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism*; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000032:analysis; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014631:Valerates / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002087:Butyrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005685:Galactans; D056692:Prebiotics; D011422:Propionates; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014631:Valerates; D007444:Inulin; C029658:propionic acid; C005653:arabinogalactan