title: Biofunctional Activities of Equisetum ramosissimum Extract: Protective Effects against Oxidation, Melanoma, and Melanogenesis.
abstract: Equisetum ramosissimum, a genus of Equisetaceae, is a medicinal plant that can be separated into ethyl acetate (EA), dichloromethane (DM), n-hexane (Hex), methanol (MeOH), and water extracts. EA extract was known to have potent antioxidative properties, reducing power, DPPH scavenging activity, and metal ion chelating activity. This study compared these five extracts in terms of their inhibiting effects on three human malignant melanomas: A375, A375.S2, and A2058. MTT assay presented the notion that both EA and DM extracts inhibited melanoma growth but did not affect the viabilities of normal dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) or fibroblasts. Western blot analyses showed that both EA and DM extracts induced overexpression of caspase proteins in all three melanomas. To determine their roles in melanogenesis, this study analyzed their in vitro suppressive effects on mushroom tyrosinase. All extracts except for water revealed moderate suppressive effects. None of the extracts affected B16-F10 cells proliferation. EA extract inhibited cellular melanin production whereas DM extract unexpectedly enhanced cellular pigmentation in B16-F10 cells. Data for modulations of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, and tyrosinase-related protein 2 showed that EA extract inhibited protein expression mentioned above whereas DM extract had the opposite effect. Overall, the experiments indicated that the biofunctional activities of EA extract contained in food and cosmetics protect against oxidation, melanoma, and melanin production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pin-Hui
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, 64 Wenhua Road, Huwei Township, Yunlin County 632, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Pin
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lianhai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chieh-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lianhai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Coker Hall, CB No. 3280, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, Barry University, 11300 Northeast 2nd Avenue, Miami, FL 33161, USA.
authors.forename: Laura Kaodichi
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Ibeto
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Hung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Dik-Lung
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
authors.forename: Chung-Hang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, 64 Wenhua Road, Huwei Township, Yunlin County 632, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yaw-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lianhai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San Ming District, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Min David
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020829:Equisetum / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species