title: Cell morphologic changes and PCNA expression within craniofacial sutures during monkey Class III treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and compare the cellular morphologic changes and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression within craniofacial sutures in growing Rhesus monkeys treated with a Class III functional appliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six Rhesus monkeys in the mixed dentition stage were divided into three groups: a 45-day experimental group, a 90-day experimental group, and a control group. Monkeys in the experimental groups were fitted with a Class III magnetic twin-block appliance. Cellular changes in six craniofacial sutures-the zygomaticomaxillary, zygomaticotemporal, transverse palatine, pterygopalatine, zygomaticofrontal, and frontomaxillary sutures were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by means of histomorphologic analysis, TEM, and immunohistochemical test of PCNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obvious and altered bone remodeling combined with bone deposition and resorption was present in craniofacial sutures in the experimental groups. Increased activity of enlarged fibroblasts with abundant organelles was revealed. PCNA expression increased in the 45-day group compared with the control group, followed by the 90-day group. The highest percentage of PCNA-positive cells was found in the pterygopalatine suture in the 45-day group and the zygomaticomaxillary suture in the 90-day group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pterygopalatine and zygomaticomaxillary sutures are more active among the craniofacial sutures in the craniofacial complex remodeling during Class III treatment. The magnetic twin-block appliance effectively promoted suture remodeling by enhancing the activity and proliferation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts, especially in the early phase.
authors.affiliation: Stomatology Department, Kunming Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, 9th People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China. xuyun324@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. zhaowei3@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D003818:Dentition, Mixed; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D059346:Magnets; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000628:therapy; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
keywords: Class III treatment; craniofacial sutures; functional; monkey