title: Effect of tetrasodium pyrophosphate concentration and cooking time on the physicochemical properties of process cheese.
abstract: Tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) is widely used as an emulsifying salt (ES) in process cheese. Previous reports have indicated that TSPP exhibits some unusual properties, including the gelation of milk proteins at specific ES concentrations. We studied the effect of various concentrations (0.25-2.75%) of TSPP and cooking times (0-20min) on the rheological, textural, and physical properties of pasteurized process Cheddar cheese using a central composite rotatable experimental design. Cheeses were made with a constant pH value to avoid pH as a confounding factor. Modeling of the textural properties of process cheese made with TSPP exhibited complex behavior, with polynomial models (cubic) giving better predictions (higher coefficient of determination values) than simpler quadratic models. Meltability indices (degree of flow from the UW MeltProfiler (University of Wisconsin-Madison), loss tangent value at 60°C from rheological testing, and Schreiber melt area) initially decreased with increasing TSPP concentrations, but above a critical ES concentration (~1.0%) meltability increased at higher TSPP concentrations. The storage modulus values measured at 70°C for process cheese initially increased with increasing TSPP concentration, but above a concentration of 1% ES, the storage modulus values decreased. Cooking time had little effect on the various melting or rheological properties. With an increase in TSPP concentration, the insoluble Ca and P contents increased, suggesting that TSPP addition resulted in the formation of insoluble calcium pyrophosphate complexes; some of which were likely associated with caseins. A portion of the added TSPP remained in the soluble phase. The acid-base buffering profiles also indicated that calcium pyrophosphate complexes were formed in cheese made with TSPP. In milk systems, low levels of TSPP have been shown to induce protein crosslinking and gelation, whereas at higher TSPP concentrations milk gelation was inhibited due to excessive charge repulsion from these calcium pyrophosphate complexes. We hypothesized that a similar phenomenon was occurring in our process cheese, resulting in the initial reduction in meltability with TSPP addition due to protein crosslinking, but at higher TSPP levels meltability increased due to excessive charge repulsion.
authors.affiliation: Food Research & Development Laboratory, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 1-83, 5-Chome Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 228-8583 Japan; Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan; Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison 53706.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shirashoji
authors.affiliation: Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison 53706.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jaeggi
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison 53706. Electronic address: jalucey@facstaff.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lucey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000737:chemistry; D002611:Cheese; D003296:Cooking; D005511:Food Handling; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008894:Milk Proteins; D012212:Rheology
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D008894:Milk Proteins
keywords: emulsifying salt; meltability; texture