title: 'Time-shrinking perception' in the visual system: a psychophysical and high-density ERP study.
abstract: 'Time-shrinking perception (TSP)' is a unique perceptual phenomenon in which the duration of two successive intervals (T1 and T2) marked by three auditory stimuli is perceived as equal even when they are physically different. This phenomenon provides a link between time and working memory; however, previous studies have mainly been performed on the auditory modality but not the visual modality. To clarify the neural mechanism of visual TSP, we performed a psychophysical experiment and recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) under different T1/T2 combinations. Three successive black/white sinusoidal gratings (30 ms duration) were presented to the participants. In the psychophysical experiment, either T1 or T2 was varied from 240 to 560 ms in 40-ms steps, while T2 or T1 was fixed at 400 ms. Participants judged whether T1 and T2 were equal or not by pressing a button. ERPs were recorded from 128 scalp electrodes, while T1 was varied from 240, 320, and 400 ms with the 400 ms T2 duration, and vice versa. Behavioral data showed asymmetrical assimilation: When -80 ms ≤ (T1 - T2) ≤ +120 ms, TSP was observed in the T1-varied condition. When -120 ms ≤ (T1 - T2) ≤ +80 ms, it was also observed in the T2-varied condition. These asymmetric time ranges in vision were different from those in the auditory modality. ERP data showed that contingent negative variation (CNV) appeared in the fronto-central region at around 300-500 ms during T2 presentation in the T1 < T2 condition. In the /240/400/ pattern, the CNV amplitude was decreased at around 350 ms. In contrast, P3 appeared at the parietal region about 450-650 ms after T2 in the T1 > T2 condition. In the /400/240/ pattern, P3 amplitude was greater than those of other temporal patterns. These neural responses corresponded to participants' perception that T1 and T2 were not equal. The neural responses in the fronto-central region were involved with endogenous temporal attention for discrimination. Moreover, neural responses in the parietal region were engaged in exogenous temporal attention. Therefore, fronto-parietal neural responses underlie temporal perception in vision.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nagaike
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitsudo
authors.affiliation: Department of Acoustic Design, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. tobi@neurophy.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shozo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tobimatsu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011601:Psychophysics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Contingent negative variation; Endogenous and exogenous temporal attention; Event-related potentials; P3; Time-shrinking perception