title: Magnetoencephalography-guided surgery in frontal lobe epilepsy using neuronavigation and intraoperative MR imaging.
abstract: Especially in hidden lesions causing drug-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), the localization of the epileptic zone EZ can be a challenge. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) can raise the chances for localization of the (EZ) in combination with electroencephalography (EEG). We investigated the impact of MEG-guided epilepsy surgery with the aid of neuronavigation and intraoperative MR imaging (iopMRI) on seizure outcome of FLE patients.
  
  
  
  Twenty-eight patients (15 females, 13 males; mean age 31.0±11.1 years) underwent surgery in our department. All patients underwent presurgical MEG monitoring (two-sensor Magnes II or whole head WH3600 MEG system; 4-D Neuroimaging, San Diego, CA, USA). Of those, six patients (group 1) with MRI-negative FLE were operated on before 2002 with intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and invasive EEG mapping only. Eleven patients with MRI-negative FLE (group 2) and eleven with lesional FLE (group 3) underwent surgery using 1.5T-iopMRI and neuronavigation, including intraoperative visualization of the MEG localizations in 22 and functional MR imaging (for motor and speech areas) as well as DTI fiber tracking (for language and pyramidal tracts) in 13 patients.
  
  
  
  In the first group, complete resection of the defined EZ including the MEG localization according to the latest postoperative MRI was achieved in four out of six patients. Groups two and three had complete removal of the MEG localizations in 20/22 (91%, 10 of 11 each). Intraoperative MRI revealed incomplete resection of the MEG localizations of four patients (12%; two in both groups), leading to successful re-resection. Transient and permanent neurological deficits alike occurred in 7.1%, surgery-associated complications in 11% of all patients. In the first group, excellent seizure outcome (Engel Class IA) was achieved in three (50%), in the second in 7 patients (61%) and third group in 8 patients (64%, two iopMRI-based re-resections). Mean follow-up was 70.3 months (from 12 to 284 months).
  
  
  
  In our series, MEG-guided resection using neuronavigation and iopMR imaging led to promising seizure control rates. Even in non-lesional FLE, seizure control rates and the probability of complete resection of the MEG localizations was similar to lesional FLE using multimodal navigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: bjoern.sommer@uk-erlangen.de.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roessler
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rampp
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hajo M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blumcke
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buchfelder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000069280:Electrocorticography / Q000379:methods; D017034:Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D015225:Magnetoencephalography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Drug-resistant epilepsy; Intraoperative MRI; Magnetoencephalography; Multimodal navigation; Non-lesional frontal lobe epilepsy; Surgery