title: Detection of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator for drinking water quality in Hanoi, Vietnam, in large volume of water after household treatment.
abstract: The aims of this study were to examine the removal of bacteria and viruses by household point-of-use (POU) treatments and to apply a previously developed large-volume virus concentration method (∼20 L). First, the removal of microbes by household POU treatment was investigated in the laboratory. Second, the prevalence of viruses in drinking water sources for households and the removal efficiency of microbes by POU treatments in two suburban communities in Hanoi, Vietnam, were investigated. Indigenous pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was used as the main target together with adenovirus, Aichi virus, enterovirus, F-specific bacteriophage genogroup 1, and Escherichia coli to investigate the removal efficiency of household treatments. The results from laboratory and field survey were compared. From the laboratory study, ceramic membranes were not effective for removing viruses and bacteria from water; pathogen reduction was less than 1.5 log10. By contrast, reverse osmosis (RO) devices reduced microbes by 3 to > 5 log10. In a field study, PMMoV was found to be the most prevalent waterborne virus. Household sand filtration was ineffective for removing E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV; the reduction was less than 1 order of magnitude. Boiling the water and then filtering it with a ceramic membrane reduced E. coli by 3 orders of magnitude, but this was not effective for removing PMMoV. RO filtration was one of the promising methods for removing E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV to below their detection limits in most of the samples studied. The removal of E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV was >2.3, >4 and >3 log10, respectively. The laboratory results of virus removal efficiency by POU devices agreed with the field study. Due to the prevalence and characteristics of PMMoV, it is a strong candidate for an indigenous indicator to investigate the viral removal efficiency of household POU treatments.
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative , Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Chiba , Japan.
authors.forename: Jatuwat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sangsanont
authors.affiliation: b Department of Urban Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Dang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: The Dan
authors.affiliation: c Department of Environmental Engineering , National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE) , Hanoi , Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tran
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thi Viet Nga
authors.affiliation: b Department of Urban Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.affiliation: d Research Center for Water Environment Technology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furumai
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000821:virology*; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005374:Filtration; D016679:Genome, Viral; D052699:Kobuvirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009995:Osmosis; D017898:Tobamovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014744:Vietnam; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Household water treatment; large-volume virus concentration; pepper mild mottle virus