title: Effect of Different Concentrations of Chlorhexidine in Glass-ionomer Cements on In Vivo Biocompatibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether a difference exists between the in vivo biocompatibility of glass-ionomer cements (GICs) containing chlorhexidine (CHX) in different concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-four male Wistar rats were distributed into 7 groups (n = 12) and received subcutaneous implants of small tubes containing different materials, as follows: Ketac control (K), Ketac-CHX 10% (K10), Ketac-CHX 18% (K18), Resilience control (R), Resilience-CHX 10% (R10), Resilience-CHX 18% (R18), Control (polyethylene). The animals were then sacrificed on post-insertion days 7, 15 and 30, and tissues were examined under an optical microscope for inflammatory infiltrate, edema, necrosis, granulation tissue, multinucleated giant cells, and collagen fibers. The results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups K18 and R18 showed larger areas of intense inflammatory infiltrate, with significant differences between group C and groups K18 and R18 (p = 0.007) at 7 days, and between groups C and K18 (p = 0.017) at 15 days. In terms of tissue repair, groups K18 and R18 demonstrated a lower quantity of collagen fibers with significant differences from group C (p = 0.019) at 7 days, and between group K18 and group C (p = 0.021) at 15 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 18% concentration of CHX was shown to have a toxic effect. The 10% concentration of CHX was shown to be suitable for tissue contact. The addition of CHX to the glass-ionomer cements is a highly promising method for obtaining of an antibacterial GIC for use in clinical practice.
authors.forename: Rogério
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lacerda-Santos
authors.forename: Gêisa Aiane de Morais
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: Mirella de Fátima Liberato
authors.initials: Mde F
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.forename: Fabiola Galbiatti de
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Antonielson Dos
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Matheus Melo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pithon
authors.forename: Polliana Muniz
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Alves
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002255:Carbonic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D003094:Collagen / Q000187:drug effects; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D015726:Giant Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006097:Granulation Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D009336:Necrosis; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003764:Dental Materials; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D002255:Carbonic Acid; C006903:carbopol 940; C040235:Ketac-cem; D020959:Polyethylene; D003094:Collagen; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D015034:Zinc Oxide