title: Sinonasal Fungal Infections and Complications: A Pictorial Review.
abstract: Fungal infections of the nose and paranasal sinuses can be categorized into invasive and non-invasive forms. The clinical presentation and course of the disease is primarily determined by the immune status of the host and can range from harmless or subtle presentations to life threatening complications. Invasive fungal infections are categorized into acute, chronic or chronic granulomatous entities. Immunocompromised patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, HIV and patients receiving chemotherapy or chronic oral corticosteroids are mostly affected. Mycetoma and Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis are considered non-invasive forms. Computer tomography is the gold-standard in sinonasal imaging and is complimented by Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as it is superior in the evaluation of intraorbital and intracranial extensions. The knowledge and identification of the characteristic imaging patterns in invasive - and non- invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is crucial and the radiologist plays an important role in refining the diagnosis to prevent a possible fatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gavito-Higuera
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
authors.forename: Carola Birgit
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mullins
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramos-Duran
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
authors.forename: Nassim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akle
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Imaging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Figueroa
keywords: Complications; fungal infections; invasive; magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography; non-invasive; sinonasal