title: Optimization and development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin E and carotenoids in tomato fruits.
abstract: A simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of lipophilic antioxidants in tomato fruits using C30 column operated at 15°C and a gradient mobile phase based on acetonitrile/methanol/dichloromethane in a total run time of 30 min. Diode array and fluorescence detectors were used respectively for the detection of carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and β-carotene) and vitamin E analogs (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols, and tocotrienols). The best extraction yield of analytes in tomato fruits was achieved by employing ethyl acetate/hexane (1:1, v/v) after several treatments with various solvents. In addition, low extraction yields were obtained for carotenoids compared to tocopherols by adopting solid-phase extraction as a second clean-up step. The method was validated on the basis of recovery, precision, linearity, and limit of detection and quantification using spiked tomato samples. The method was applied to cherry and medium-sized tomato fruits. Lycopene was found to be present in largest amount in tomato pulp, followed by β-carotene and lutein. Due to its simplicity, rapidity, and efficiency, the method is suitable for routine analysis of lipophilic antioxidants in tomato fruits, and may also be applied to other vegetables of similar phytochemical profiles.
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece. irakli@cerealinstitute.gr.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irakli
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Paschalina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chatzopoulou
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Kalliopi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadoglidou
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Nektaria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsivelika
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Carotenoids; Extraction yields; Solid-liquid extraction; Tomatoes; Vitamin E