title: Which Biomarker is most Effective to Determine Severity of Acute Head Trauma in the Experimental Animal Head Trauma Model?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of the need for effective method to determine the severity of head trauma, the importance of biomarkers is recognized recently. This study aims to analyze the values of sera levels of some biomarkers and the relation with their tissue levels in acute head injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, rats were divided into three groups (mild head trauma, severe head trauma and control group). All rats were anaesthetized. Weightdrop method was used as trauma method. Blood samples were obtained five minutes after trauma when the acute effects of trauma occurred. Then whole brains of rats were excised. Levels of biomarkers were investigated in the sera samples and homogenized brain tissues biochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences in the sera GFAP (p=0.015) and insulin (p=0.011) levels were observed. Very significant difference in the sera nNOS level was observed. Extremely significant difference in the tissue IL-6 (p < 0.001) level was observed between all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sera nNOS and tissue IL-6 are the best biomarkers to predict trauma severity. Sera GFAP and insulin are also capable to show trauma severity in the very acute period of postinjury. Tissue levels of the biomarkers except insulin are higher than their sera levels.
authors.affiliation: Gaziosmanpaşa University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Tokat, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Fatih Ersay
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Deniz
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Benli
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oksuz
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Ilknur
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Butun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I