title: The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: The genetic architecture of common traits, including the number, frequency, and effect sizes of inherited variants that contribute to individual risk, has been long debated. Genome-wide association studies have identified scores of common variants associated with type 2 diabetes, but in aggregate, these explain only a fraction of the heritability of this disease. Here, to test the hypothesis that lower-frequency variants explain much of the remainder, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia performed whole-genome sequencing in 2,657 European individuals with and without diabetes, and exome sequencing in 12,940 individuals from five ancestry groups. To increase statistical power, we expanded the sample size via genotyping and imputation in a further 111,548 subjects. Variants associated with type 2 diabetes after sequencing were overwhelmingly common and most fell within regions previously identified by genome-wide association studies. Comprehensive enumeration of sequence variation is necessary to identify functional alleles that provide important clues to disease pathophysiology, but large-scale sequencing does not support the idea that lower-frequency variants have a major role in predisposition to type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.|Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.|Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), affiliated with the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.|Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.|Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.|Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela J
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authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.|Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.|Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.|Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.|Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore.
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authors.initials: CC
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authors.affiliation: South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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authors.affiliation: CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France.
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authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.
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authors.initials: YT
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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authors.affiliation: Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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authors.affiliation: CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK.|National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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authors.initials: ST
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.|Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.|The Eye Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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authors.initials: TY
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authors.affiliation: KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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authors.initials: PR
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authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.initials: JC
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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authors.initials: GL
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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authors.initials: CJ
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: T
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authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jette
authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
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authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cramer
authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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authors.initials: HA
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authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
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authors.initials: ASF
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authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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authors.initials: L
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.initials: T
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authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
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authors.affiliation: Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.|Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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authors.initials: L
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authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jasmina
authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Valeriya
authors.initials: V
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authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
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authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marit E
authors.initials: ME
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authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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authors.initials: T
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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authors.initials: JM
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authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Health Care, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.|Diabetes Center, Vaasa Health Care Center, Vaasa, Finland.
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authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
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authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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authors.initials: L
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authors.initials: T
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authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Narisu
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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authors.initials: A
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authors.initials: O
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authors.initials: L
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authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
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authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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authors.initials: M
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authors.initials: L
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authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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authors.initials: M
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authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olov
authors.initials: O
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authors.affiliation: Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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authors.initials: AH
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authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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authors.initials: K
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authors.initials: AR
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authors.initials: E
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authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.initials: MO
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.initials: K
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.initials: T
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DePristo
authors.affiliation: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: de Angelis
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.|Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deloukas
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anette P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gjesing
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.|Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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authors.initials: G
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
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authors.affiliation: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thorand
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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authors.initials: T
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authors.affiliation: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.initials: FB
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authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland.
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authors.initials: B
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authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
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authors.initials: F
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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authors.initials: L
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authors.affiliation: DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
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authors.affiliation: Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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authors.initials: CNA
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authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
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authors.affiliation: Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.
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authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rauramaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria.|Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), University Hospital LaPaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.|National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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authors.initials: J
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authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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authors.initials: V
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authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.|Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.|Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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authors.initials: RM
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Syvänen
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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authors.initials: RN
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authors.affiliation: Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India.
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authors.initials: D
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authors.forename: Erwin P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bottinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Shin
authors.initials: YS
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authors.affiliation: CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Chandak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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authors.initials: JCN
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authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kee Seng
authors.initials: KS
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authors.initials: MJ
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authors.initials: SB
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.|MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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authors.initials: P
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authors.affiliation: The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
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authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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authors.initials: RCW
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authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Pollin
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.|Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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authors.initials: M
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authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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authors.initials: N
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authors.affiliation: CNRS-UMR8199, Lille University, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille, France.|Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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authors.initials: P
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authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.|Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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authors.initials: I
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authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.|Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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authors.initials: YY
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authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: JS
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: DeFronzo
authors.affiliation: German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: H
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authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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authors.initials: B
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authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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authors.initials: A
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authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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authors.initials: NJ
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authors.affiliation: The Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
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authors.initials: M
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authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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authors.initials: C
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authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingelsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Hae Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.|Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Illig
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trakalo
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Prokopenko
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Reedik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mägi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Data Sciences and Data Engineering, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Yossi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Farjoun
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Katharine R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gloyn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strauch
authors.affiliation: Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.|Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiinamaija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK.|National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jaspal Singh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kooner
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taesung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.|The Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hattersley
authors.affiliation: Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.|Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.|Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.affiliation: Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Francis S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.|Department of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atzmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK.|Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Graeme I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blangero
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ravindranath
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duggirala
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.|Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.|Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: E Shyong
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Gilean
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McVean
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hanis
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.|Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seielstad
authors.affiliation: Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Frayling
authors.affiliation: General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sladek
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lander
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Noël P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Burtt
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mohlke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meitinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.|Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Goncalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abecasis
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Florez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.|Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Hyun Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boehnke
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: McCarthy
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D059472:Exome; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D018401:Sample Size