title: Retrospective Study of Cryptococcal Meningitis With Elevated Minimum Inhibitory Concentration to Fluconazole in Immunocompromised Patients.
abstract: Background.  Mortality for cryptococcal meningitis remains significant, in spite of available treatment. Resistance to first-line maintenance therapy, particularly fluconazole, has been reported. Methods.  A retrospective chart review was performed on immunocompromised patients with cryptococcal meningitis, who had susceptibility testing performed between January 2001 and December 2011, at 3 hospitals in Atlanta, Georgia. Results.  A total of 35 immunocompromised patients with cryptococcal meningitis were identified, 13 (37.1%) of whom had an elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to fluconazole (MIC ≥16 µg/mL). Eighty percent of patients were males with African American predominance, the median age was 37 years, and 80% of the patients were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Subsequent recurrence of cryptococcal meningitis was more likely in HIV patients compared with solid organ transplant patients (P = .0366). Overall, there was a statistically significant increase in an elevated MIC to fluconazole in patients who had a history of prior azole use (odds ratio, 10.12; 95% confidence interval, 2.04-50.16). Patients with an elevated MIC to fluconazole and those with a high cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen load (≥1:512) were more likely to have central nervous system complications (P = .0358 and P = .023, respectively). Although no association was observed between an elevated MIC to fluconazole and mortality, those who received voriconazole or high-dose fluconazole (≥800 mg) for maintenance therapy were more likely to survive (P = .0288). Conclusions.  Additional studies are required to further investigate the morbidity and mortality associated with an elevated MIC to fluconazole in cryptococcal meningitis, to determine when it is appropriate to perform susceptibility testing, and to evaluate its cost effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Hashem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nasri
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabbani
authors.affiliation: West Georgia Health , LaGrange.
authors.forename: Melhim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bou Alwan
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine; Grady Memorial Hospital Clinical Laboratory.
authors.forename: Yun F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine; Grady Memorial Hospital Clinical Laboratory; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Paulina A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Rebolledo
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Colleen S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Minh L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Albert M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rouphael
keywords: Cryptococcus; azoles; elevated MIC; immunocompromised; meningitis