title: Effect of maternal Helicobacter Pylori infection on birth weight in an urban community in Uganda.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori, a widespread infection particularly in developing countries has been associated with many adverse effects during pregnancy including hyperemesis gravidarum, neural tube defects in newborns, intrauterine fetal growth restriction and miscarriage. We sought to document the effects of H. pylori infection on birth weight in a low-income setting in Kampala, Uganda.
  
  
  
  This was a prospective cohort study conducted in Kampala between May 2012 and May 2013. The participants were H. pylori positive and H. pylori negative HIV negative primigravidae and secundigravidae. Recruitment was at ≤18 gestation weeks and follow up assessments were carried out at 26 and 36 gestation weeks and soon after delivery. H. pylori infection was determined using H. pylori stool antigen test. Maternal weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain were calculated. Only term and live babies were considered. Low birth weight (LBW) was defined as a birth weight of <2500 gram.
  
  
  
  A total of 221 participants were enrolled with mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 20.9 ± 2.7 years. The mean ± SD gestation age at delivery was 39.4 ± 1.0 weeks. Primigravidae were 61.5 % (n = 188) and 52.9 % (n = 117) of the participants were positive for H. pylori infection. Low pre-pregnancy BMI (<18.5 kg/m(2)) was recorded in 14.6 % (n = 28) while 38 % (n = 73) had a height <156 cm at recruitment. Of the infants born to the participants, 13.6 % (n = 26) had low birth weight (<2500 gram). Independent predictors for LBW were the mother being positive for H. pylori infection (odds ratio, OR, 3.6, 95 % CI 1.1 - 11.5; P = 0.031) maternal height at recruitment <156 cm (OR 3.4, 95 % CI 1.4-8.2; P = 0.008) and maternal weight gain rates <0.3 kg/week during the 2(nd) and 3(rd) trimesters (OR 3.8, 95 % CI 1.0-14.1; P = 0.044).
  
  
  
  H. pylori infection is associated with LBW among primigravidae and secundigravidae in Kampala, Uganda.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda. rwanyama@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Mike N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Opio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Sports Science, School of Biological Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Rhona K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Baingana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050498:Live Birth; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D047929:Term Birth; D014454:Uganda
keywords: Birth weight; Gestation weight gain; H. pylori infection; Kampala Uganda; Pregnancy