title: Reinfection of adult cattle with rotavirus B during repeated outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea.
abstract: Rotavirus B (RVB) infection in cattle is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological features of repeated outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea due to RVB infection in adult cattle on a large dairy farm complex in Japan. In October 2002, approximately 550 adult cows and approximately 450 in February 2005 had acute watery diarrhea at several farms on the complex. Four months before the first outbreak, RVB antibody-positive rates at subsequently affected farms were significantly lower than at non-affected farms (30% to 32% versus 61% to 67%). During the acute phase of both outbreaks, RVB antibody-positive rates in diarrheal cows tested were as low as 15% to 26%. Most of the farms affected in the second outbreak were also involved in the first outbreak. Some adult cows with RVB diarrhea in the first outbreak showed not only RVB seroresponse, but also RVB shedding in the second outbreak, although none of these cows developed diarrhea. Nucleotide sequences of the VP7 and VP4 genes revealed a close relationship between RVB strains in both outbreaks. Taken together, these results indicate that outbreaks of epidemic RVB diarrhea in adult cows might be influenced by herd immunity and could occur repeatedly at the same farms over several years. To our knowledge, this is the first report on repeated RVB infections in the same cattle.
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Yoshizumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Hisahiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Ainani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Awang
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.affiliation: Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9203101, Japan (Hayashi, Takai, Ide); Ishikawa Hokubu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nanao, Ishikawa 9292126, Japan (Murakami, Kuroda); Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan (Awang, Suzuki, Miyazaki); Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 1838509, Japan (Nagai); Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Sapporo 0620045, Japan (Tsunemitsu); Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak 31400, Malaysia (Awang); United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 5011193, Japan (Nagai, Tsunemitsu).
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsunemitsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins