title: Comprehensive evaluation of the liquid fraction during the hydrothermal treatment of rapeseed straw.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The requirement for efficient and green conversion technologies has prompted hydrothermal processing as a promising treatment option for sustainable biorefinery industry. The treatment has been applied to process plenty of lignocellulose materials, yielding abundant high value-degraded products, especially the products in the liquid fraction. Therefore, it is essential to systematically evaluate the degraded products in aqueous fraction by comprehensive analysis and structural characterization during the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapeseed straw was hydrothermally treated at temperature ranging from 145 to 205 °C for various retention time (15, 30, 60 and 120 min), and the degraded polysaccharides and lignin products in aqueous phase were systematically evaluated by comprehensive analysis and structural characterization. Results showed that with an increase of severity, the polymers were gradually depolymerized resulting in a decrease of the molecular weight from 8430 (log R 0 3.26) to 2130 g/mol (log R 0 5.08), an increase of oligosaccharides from 19.44 (log R 0 2.88) to 99.94 g/kg (log R 0 4.32) and an increase of monosaccharides from 0.91 (log R 0 2.88) to 30.43 g/kg (log R 0 4.37). With the increase of monosaccharide degradation components (8.26 to 125.68 g/kg), the saccharides gradually decreased after its maximum value. The maximum yield of oligosaccharides (99.94 g/kg) accompanying a relatively low level of monosaccharides (17.77 g/kg) was obtained at a high temperature (190 °C) for a short reaction time (15 min). The degraded polysaccharides had a linear backbone of (1 → 4)-linked β-d-xylopyranosyl xylan decorated with branches based on 2D NMR spectra analysis. Lignin was strongly condensed with a decrease of S/G ratio as the severity increased. The yields of the degraded constitutions have a incomplete linear correlation with the treatment severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The liquid fractions obtained from hydrothermal treatment were subjected to comprehensive analysis and structural characterization. Results indicated that hydrothermal treatment had a significant influence on the composition and structure of the polysaccharides and lignin in the aqueous phase. The treatment could be adopted to obtain XOS-rich fraction with limited formation of by-products. In addition, the result was expected to further reveal the mechanisms of hydrothermal treatment on rapeseed straw and to facilitate the value-added applications of agricultural residues in the biorefinery industry.
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China ; Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Wen
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China ; Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Ming-Qiang
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Ming-Fei
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China.
authors.forename: Jun-Qi
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China.
authors.forename: Run-Cang
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sun
keywords: 2D NMR; Hydrothermal treatment; Monosaccharide; Oligosaccharide; Rapeseed straw