title: Self-medication practices among female students of higher educational institutions in Selangor, Malaysia: A quantitative insight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  World Health Organization has defined self-medication as the selection and use of medications (including herbal and traditional product) by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms. The prevalence of self-medication is reported to be higher among female students.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the awareness and self-medication practices among female students of higher education institutions in Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in four higher education institutes of Selangor, Malaysia. Convenience sampling approach was used to collect data from a sample 475 students. A "pretested" questionnaire was used as a study instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 461 questionnaires were returned (response rate 97.05%). The prevalence of self-medication among female students in higher educational institutions was 57.2% (n = 262). The most common source of self-prescribed medicine was a pharmacy or clinics (n = 206; 45%). It was found that antipyretics were the most common medications used without doctor's consultation (n = 212; 89.1%). Analgesics and antipyretics (n = 79; 62.7%) were highly recommended by students to their family and friends. The common reason for self-medication was prior successful experience (n = 102, 81.0%). The majority of respondents (n = 280; 61.1%) reported that they believed over-the-counter medications were as effective as medications prescribed by a doctor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of self-medication practice among female students in the sample of the four higher education institutions was moderate. More studies are required to generalize these findings across Malaysia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, Pahang 25200, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shazia Qasim
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Jamshed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Cheras-56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Pei Se
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Cheras-56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Heng Chin
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Cheras-56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Gan Siaw
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Cheras-56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Umair
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras-56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Akram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
keywords: Females; Malaysia; self-medication; students