title: The many shades of enhancement: timing of post-gadolinium images strongly influences the scoring of juvenile idiopathic arthritis wrist involvement on MRI.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Potential long-term side effects of treatment for juvenile idiopathic arthritis are concerning. This has necessitated accurate tools, such as MRI, to monitor treatment response and allow for personalized therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which timing of post-contrast MR images influences the scoring of inflammatory change in the wrist in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied two sets of post-contrast 3-D gradient echo MRI series of the wrist in 34 children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. These images were obtained immediately after administration of intravenous contrast material and again after approximately 10 min. The dataset was drawn from a prospective multicenter project conducted 2006-2010. We assessed five wrist locations for synovial enhancement, effusion and overall inflammation. Examinations were scored by one radiologist in two sessions - the first was based on the early post-contrast images, and the later session, for which the previous findings were masked, was based on the later post-contrast images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-two of the 170 locations (30.6%) received a higher synovial enhancement score based on the late post-contrast images as compared to the early images. Sixty of the 170 (35%) locations received a higher total inflammation score. The mean scores of synovial enhancement and total inflammation were significantly higher when based on the late post-contrast images as compared to the early post-contrast images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An MRI-based scoring system for the presence and degree of synovitis should be based on a standardized MR-protocol with a fixed interval between intravenous contrast injection and post-contrast images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jasper F M M
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rieter
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura Tanturri
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: de Horatio
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nusman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lil-Sofie Ording
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hemke
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Derk F M
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Avenarius
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marion A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Rossum
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malattia
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Pb 1400, 5021, Bergen, Norway. karen.rosendahl@helse-bergen.no.|Department of Clinical Medicine, K1, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. karen.rosendahl@helse-bergen.no.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosendahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008536:Meglumine; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013585:Synovitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D008536:Meglumine; C072417:gadoterate meglumine
keywords: Children; Gadolinium-based contrast medium; Imaging protocol; Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Severity scoring; Synovitis