title: Patients' resilience and distress over time: Is resilience a prognostic indicator of treatment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resilience is a positive adaptation or the ability to maintain mental health despite experiencing difficulty. Many researchers are linking resilience with many aspects of life, most often with better mental health. Resilience can affect health status and symptoms, but conversely, it can also be affected by health status or symptoms. From the literature it appears that resilience can even be a predictor of psychiatric symptoms. Resilience can predict severity of symptoms, but the question is whether symptoms can also affect resilience over time when previous levels of resilience are controlled for. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of resilience scores and the expression of distress in the context of treatment over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five patients diagnosed with affective and anxiety disorders from a clinical sample treated psychotherapeutically with (N=81) or without (N=14) a pharmacological treatment at a psychotherapy day center participated in the study. All the participants were assessed three times: at the beginning of the treatment, after treatment (after 6weeks), and after a follow-up interval of 6months after the end of therapy. The Resilience Scale for Adults and the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure were used in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All distress indicators were expressed more before the treatment compared to right after the treatment or half a year after the treatment. Distress indicators were more stable from Time 1 to Time 2, while from Time 2 to Time 3 they were less stable. In this study, resilience increased during the treatment and stayed stable after the treatment. Looking at bidirectional relationships between distress indicators and resilience over time, the results of this study suggest that levels of resilience have a prognostic value for the reduction of symptoms over the course of treatment. However, decrease in distress does not predict increase in resilience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levels of resilience measured by RSA scores seem to have a certain prognostic value for the reduction of symptoms over the course of treatment. Perception of self was the strongest predictor of lower levels of distress over time when distress and perception of self-stability are controlled for. Results suggest that decreased distress indicators are not directly related to increasing resilience over six weeks or over six months. Considering that resilience is rather stable over time and indicators are less stable, it is possible that resilience could be increased by personal or environmental factors, and a decrease in distress is not a contributing factor. In this study distress decreased over time, while resilience characteristics increased for the whole sample. Patients in this study underwent treatment, and decreases in global distress were a result of treatment. An increase in resilience over time supports the effectiveness of treatment. However, there were no significant differences between treatment types while evaluating models. Results suggest that treatments (psychotherapy or psychopharmacological with psychotherapy) were equally effective for the chosen patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Vilnius University, Lithuania. Electronic address: vilmante.pakalniskiene@fsf.vu.lt.
authors.forename: Vilmantė
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pakalniškienė
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viliūnienė
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hilbig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003631:Day Care, Medical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs