title: Mortality Trends of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the United States from 1999 to 2013.
abstract: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute hypoxemic respiratory failure seen in critically ill patients after an inciting injury. The burden of ARDS mortality in the United States in recent years is not well characterized.
  
  
  
  In this study, we aimed to describe trends in the annual incidence of ARDS mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2013. We also describe demographic characteristics, geographic and seasonal trends, and other associated underlying causes of death in this population.
  
  
  
  Data on all deceased U.S. residents are available through the Multiple Cause of Death (MCOD) database of the National Center for Health Statistics. ARDS-related deaths were identified in the MCOD database using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision.
  
  
  
  Aggregate annual crude and age-adjusted mortality rates and mortality rate ratios were used to compare various demographic subpopulations. Over the 15-year period, the national ARDS-related age-adjusted mortality rate demonstrated an annual seasonal variation, peaking in winter. The annual rate decreased in a nonlinear fashion, with a plateau from 2010 to 2013. The ARDS-related age-adjusted mortality rate was 5.01 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval, 4.92-5.09) in 1999 and 2.82 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval, 2.76-2.88) in 2013. Males had a higher average ARDS-related mortality rate than did females. Asian/Pacific Islanders had the lowest average age-adjusted ARDS-related mortality rate, and black/African-American individuals, the highest.
  
  
  
  National age-adjusted ARDS-related mortality rates decreased between 1999 and 2013 in the United States, yet still show relative racial and sex disparities. However, death certificates largely underestimate the overall mortality burden from ARDS when compared with studies of clinically ascertained cases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Emory School of Medicine and.
authors.forename: Shea E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cochi
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Jordan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kempker
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and.
authors.forename: Srinadh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Annangi
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Greg S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000401:mortality*; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: acute lung injury; acute respiratory distress syndrome; critical care; critical illness; epidemiology