title: A review of the roles of keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in humans and dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysfunction of the physical and chemical barriers of the skin may play roles in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) by facilitating penetration of antigens through the skin and consequently evoking aberrant immune reactions. It is now emerging that keratinocytes are actively involved in cutaneous immune reactions by producing various soluble factors initiated by inflammatory stimuli, including mechanical injury or activation of Toll-like receptors and protease-activated receptors. Among the soluble factors, keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines skew Type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-dominant immune reactions, with the recruitment of Th2 cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the roles of keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of AD in humans and dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Keratinocyte-derived cytokines such as thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-33 are involved in the pathogenesis of human AD and possibly in canine AD. These cytokines and chemokines may possibly be used as subjective clinical markers and therapeutic targets for both human and canine AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asahina
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Sadatoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018925:Chemokines / Q000502:physiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines