title: The development of malaria diagnostic techniques: a review of the approaches with focus on dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic methods.
abstract: The large number of deaths caused by malaria each year has increased interest in the development of effective malaria diagnoses. At the early-stage of infection, patients show non-specific symptoms or are asymptomatic, which makes it difficult for clinical diagnosis, especially in non-endemic areas. Alternative diagnostic methods that are timely and effective are required to identify infections, particularly in field settings. This article reviews conventional malaria diagnostic methods together with recently developed techniques for both malaria detection and infected erythrocyte separation. Although many alternative techniques have recently been proposed and studied, dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic approaches are among the promising new techniques due to their high specificity for malaria parasite-infected red blood cells. The two approaches are discussed in detail, including their principles, types, applications and limitations. In addition, other recently developed techniques, such as cell deformability and morphology, are also overviewed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Surasak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasetsirikul
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jirayut
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buranapong
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Werayut
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Srituravanich
authors.affiliation: Animal Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, The Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Morakot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaewthamasorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. alongkorn.p@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: Alongkorn
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4397-3948
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pimpin
mesh_terms: D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Cell deformability; Cell morphology; Detection; Dielectrophoresis; Magnetophoresis; Malaria; Separation