title: Resting blood pressure differentially predicts time course in a tonic pain experiment.
abstract: Resting blood pressure (BP) shows a negative relationship with pain sensitivity (BP-related hypoalgesia). In chronic pain conditions, this relationship is inverted. The precise mechanisms responsible for the inversion are unknown. Using a tonic pain protocol, we report findings closely resembling this inversion in healthy participants. Resting BP and state measures of anxiety and mood were assessed from 33 participants (21 female). Participants then immersed their dominant hand in painfully hot water (47 °C) for five trials of 1-min duration, with 30-s intertrial intervals. Throughout the trials, participants continually registered their pain. After a 35-min intermission, the trial sequence was repeated. A disassociation of the negative relationship of resting systolic BP (as per Trial 1) was found using hierarchical linear modeling (p < .001, R(2)  = .07). The disassociation unfolds over each consecutive trial, with an increasingly positive relationship. In Sequence 2, the initially negative relationship is almost completely absent. Furthermore, the association of BP and pain was found to be moderated by anxiety, such that only persons with low anxiety exhibited BP hypoalgesia. Our findings expand the existing literature by incorporating anxiety as a moderator of BP hypoalgesia. Furthermore, the protocol emulates the changing relationship between BP and pain observed in chronic pain patients. The protocol has potential as a model for chronic pain; however, future research should determine if similar physiological systems are involved. The finding holds potential diagnostic or prognostic relevance for certain clinical pain conditions, especially those involving dysfunction of the descending modulation of pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA. bhoring@clemson.edu.
authors.forename: Bjoern
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5018-8537
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horing
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCubbin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Dewayne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Muth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Heat pain, Tonic pain, Time course, Resting blood pressure, Blood pressure-related hypoalgesia