title: Framework and guidance for implementing patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice: evidence, challenges and opportunities.
abstract: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are reports of the status of a patient's health condition that come directly from the patient. While PRO measures are a well-developed technology with robust standards in research, their use for informing healthcare decisions is still poorly understood. We review relevant examples of their application in the provision of healthcare and examine the challenges associated with implementing PROs in clinical settings. We evaluate evidence for their use and examine barriers to their uptake, and present an evidence-based framework for the successful implementation of PROs in clinical practice. We discuss current and future developments for the use of PROs in clinical practice, such as individualized measurement and computer-adaptive testing.
authors.affiliation: Health Services & Policy Research Group, Exeter Collaboration for Academic Primary Care (APEx) (Person centerd Care), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gonçalves-Bradley
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ricci-Cabello
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Unit, Cambridge Center for Health Services Research, University of Cambridge, UK.|The Psychometrics Centre, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Health Services & Policy Research Group, Exeter Collaboration for Academic Primary Care (APEx) (Person centerd Care), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Jaheeda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gangannagaripalli
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services Research & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: School of Sociology & Social Policy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.affiliation: Health Services & Policy Research Group, Exeter Collaboration for Academic Primary Care (APEx) (Person centerd Care), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Valderas
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D006801:Humans; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: feedback; patient care management; patient-reported outcome; quality of life