title: Detecting Preperimetric Glaucoma with Standard Automated Perimetry Using a Deep Learning Classifier.
abstract: To differentiate the visual fields (VFs) of preperimetric open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients from the VFs of healthy eyes using a deep learning (DL) method.
  
  
  
  Cohort study.
  
  
  
  One hundred seventy-one preperimetric glaucoma VFs (PPGVFs) from 53 eyes in 51 OAG patients and 108 healthy eyes of 87 healthy participants.
  
  
  
  Preperimetric glaucoma VFs were defined as all VFs before a first diagnosis of manifest glaucoma (Anderson-Patella's criteria). In total, 171 PPGVFs from 53 eyes in 51 OAG patients and 108 VFs from 108 healthy eyes in 87 healthy participants were analyzed (all VFs were tested using the Humphrey Field Analyzer 30-2 program; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). The 52 total deviation, mean deviation, and pattern standard deviation values were used as predictors in the DL classifier: a deep feed-forward neural network (FNN), along with other machine learning (ML) methods, including random forests (RF), gradient boosting, support vector machine, and neural network (NN). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of discrimination for each method.
  
  
  
  The AUCs obtained with each classifier method.
  
  
  
  A significantly larger AUC of 92.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.8%-95.4%) was obtained using the deep FNN classifier compared with all other ML methods: 79.0% (95% CI, 73.5%-84.5%) with RF, 77.6% (95% CI, 71.7%-83.5%) with gradient boosting, 71.2% (95% CI, 65.0%-77.5%), and 66.7% (95% CI, 60.1%-73.3%) with NN.
  
  
  
  Preperimetric glaucoma VFs can be distinguished from healthy VFs with very high accuracy using a deep FNN classifier.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: rasaoka-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asaoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Tajimi Iwase Eye Clinic, Tajimi, Japan.
authors.forename: Aiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwase
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Araie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*