title: Effects of sediment-spiked lufenuron on benthic macroinvertebrates in outdoor microcosms and single-species toxicity tests.
abstract: Sediment ecotoxicity studies were conducted with lufenuron to (i) complement the results of a water-spiked mesocosm experiment with this lipophilic benzoylurea insecticide, (ii) to explore the predictive value of laboratory single-species tests for population and community-level responses of benthic macroinvertebrates, and (iii) to calibrate the tier-1 effect assessment procedure for sediment organisms. For this purpose the concentration-response relationships for macroinvertebrates between sediment-spiked microcosms and those of 28-d sediment-spiked single-species toxicity tests with Chironomus riparius, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus were compared. Lufenuron persisted in the sediment of the microcosms. On average, 87.7% of the initial lufenuron concentration could still be detected in the sediment after 12 weeks. Overall, benthic insects and crustaceans showed treatment-related declines and oligochaetes treatment-related increases. The lowest population-level NOEC in the microcosms was 0.79μg lufenuron/g organic carbon in dry sediment (μg a.s./g OC) for Tanytarsini, Chironomini and Dero sp. Multivariate analysis of the responses of benthic macroinvertebrates revealed a community-level NOEC of 0.79μg a.s./g OC. The treatment-related responses observed in the microcosms are in accordance with the results of the 28-d laboratory toxicity tests. These tests showed that the insect C. riparius and the crustacean H. azteca were approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the oligochaete L. variegatus. In our laboratory tests, using field-collected sediment, the lowest 28-d EC10 (0.49μg a.s./g OC) was observed for C. riparius (endpoint survival), while for the standard OECD test with this species, using artificial sediment, a NOEC of 2.35μg a.s./g OC (endpoint emergence) is reported. In this particular case, the sediment tier-1 effect assessment using the chronic EC10 (field-collected sediment) or chronic NOEC (artificial sediment) of C. riparius and an assessment factor of 10, seems to be protective for the treatment-related responses observed in the sediment-spiked microcosms.
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: theo.brock@wur.nl.
authors.forename: T C M
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bas
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J D M
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Belgers
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bibbe
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boerwinkel
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S J H
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Diepens
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H S
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kraak
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.affiliation: Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roessink
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C070364:fluphenacur; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Benzoylurea insecticide; Chironomus riparius; Hyalella azteca; Lumbriculus variegatus; Sediment ecotoxicology; Semi-field experiment