title: Coffee consumption and mortality in three Eastern European countries: results from the HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study.
abstract: To test the association between coffee consumption and risk of all-cause, CVD and cancer death in a European cohort.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort study. Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for potential confounders to estimate multivariable hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI were used.
  
  
  
  Czech Republic, Russia and Poland.
  
  
  
  A total of 28561 individuals followed for 6·1 years.
  
  
  
  A total of 2121 deaths (43·1 % CVD and 35·7 % cancer mortality) occurred during the follow-up. Consumption of 3-4 cups coffee/d was associated with lower mortality risk in men (HR=0·83; 95 % CI 0·71, 0·99) and women (HR=0·63; 95 % CI 0·47, 0·84), while further intake showed non-significant reduced risk estimates (HR=0·71; 95 % CI 0·49, 1·04 and HR=0·51; 95 % CI 0·24, 1·10 in men and women, respectively). Decreased risk of CVD mortality was also found in men (HR=0·71; 95 % CI 0·54, 0·93) for consumption of 3-4 cups coffee/d. Stratified analysis revealed that consumption of a similar amount of coffee was associated with decreased risk of all-cause (HR=0·61; 95 % CI 0·43, 0·87) and cancer mortality (HR=0·59; 95 % CI 0·35, 0·99) in non-smoking women and decreased risk of all-cause mortality for >4 cups coffee/d in men with no/moderate alcohol intake.
  
  
  
  Coffee consumption was associated with decreased risk of mortality. The protective effect was even stronger when stratification by smoking status and alcohol intake was performed.
authors.affiliation: 1Integrated Cancer Registry of Catania-Messina-Siracusa-Enna,Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele,Via S. Sofia 85,95123 Catania,Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies,Jagiellonian University Medical College,Krakow,Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stepaniak
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies,Jagiellonian University Medical College,Krakow,Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micek
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College London,London,UK.
authors.forename: Denes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stefler
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College London,London,UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bobak
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies,Jagiellonian University Medical College,Krakow,Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003069:Coffee; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: Coffee; Cohort; Europe; Mortality; Prospective