title: Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effect of Pachygone ovata leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Miers ex Hook. F. et Thoms (Menispermaceae) is a rich source of bioactive bisbenzylisoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential of Pachygone ovata leaves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipoxygenase (LOX) assay for anti-inflammatory activity was conducted using MeOH, EA, H and Aq extracts; followed by alkaloid isolation. The anti-inflammatory potential was determined using carrageenan-induced paw oedema and formalin tests for evaluation of Pachygone ovata analgesic effect. Different doses (100, 300 and 400 μg/kg) were administered orally to Wistar rats for a period of one week, once daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MeOH and EA extract efficiently inhibited LOX (IC501.43 and 2.15 μg/mL, respectively). MeOH extract had better inhibiting capacity (57%) than indomethacin (51%) in carrageenan induced rats. MeOH extract (300 μg/kg) significantly reduced the increased levels of nitric oxide (8 ± 0.57 M), total leukocyte count (4.5 ± 0.05 cells 103/cells) and C-reactive protein (55 ± 0.45 mg/mL). There was a decrease in various serum biochemical markers (ALT, AST). Histopathological studies revealed reduction in oedema and decreased cellular infiltration on supplementation with MeOH extract. Furthermore, MeOH extract (300 μg/kg) and alkaloid fraction (400 μg/kg) effected both phases (neurogenic and inflammatory) of formalin injected models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inflammatory mediators play a key role in inflammation; therefore, keeping it in control is of utmost importance. The usefulness of Pachygone ovata leaves on pain and inflammation has been described, probably due to its effect on inflammatory mediators and high alkaloid content.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biotechnology , University of Mysore, Manasagangotri , Mysore , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Shirin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marahel
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biotechnology , University of Mysore, Manasagangotri , Mysore , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Sharanaiah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umesha
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D029583:Menispermaceae; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Carrageenan; biochemical markers; histopathological studies; toxicity