title: Omega-3 fatty acids and mortality in patients referred for coronary angiography. The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: There is an ongoing debate whether omega-3-fatty acids protect from cardiovascular disease mortality. We examined the associations of erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids with mortality in patients referred for coronary angiography.
  
  
  
  Erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid proportions were measured at baseline in 3259 participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study (LURIC) using the HS-Omega-3 Index method. Associations of omega-3 fatty acid proportions with mortality were investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  
  During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 975 patients (29.9%) died, 614 patients (18.8%) from cardiovascular causes. Proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were inversely associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in models adjusted for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. The strongest association was observed for EPA with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.89 (0.83-0.96) per increase of one standard deviation. Furthermore, we obtained evidence for a non-linear relation between EPA and mortality.
  
  
  
  EPA and DHA were associated with reduced mortality in LURIC, independent of other risk factors, with the association of EPA with mortality being non-linear.
authors.affiliation: Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: marcus.kleber@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Marcus E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kleber
authors.affiliation: Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Graciela E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lorkowski
authors.affiliation: Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.affiliation: Omegametrix GmbH, Martinsried, Germany; Department of Preventive Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Schacky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: Alpha-linolenic acid; Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Mortality; Omega-3 fatty acids