title: Mechanisms of immune evasion and current status of checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: In the past several years, immunotherapy has emerged as a viable treatment option for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without actionable driver mutations that have progressed on standard chemotherapy. We are also beginning to understand the methods of immune evasion employed by NSCLC which likely contribute to the 20% response rate to immunotherapy. It is also yet unclear what tumor or patient factors predict response to immunotherapy. The objectives of this review are (1) review the immunogenicity of NSCLC (2) describe the mechanisms of immune evasion (3) summarize efforts to target the anti-program death-1 (PD-1) and anti-program death-ligand 1(PD-L1) pathway (4) outline determinants of response to PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and (5) discuss potential future areas for research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. qina@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.|Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.|Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Edus H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Nithya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramnath
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000187:drug effects*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: Determinants of response; PD-1; PD-L1; immune evasion; non-small cell lung cancer