title: You Only Die Once: Accounting for Multi-Attributable Mortality Risks in Multi-Disease Models for Health-Economic Analyses.
abstract: Mortality rates in Markov models, as used in health economic studies, are often estimated from summary statistics that allow limited adjustment for confounders. If interventions are targeted at multiple diseases and/or risk factors, these mortality rates need to be combined in a single model. This requires them to be mutually adjusted to avoid 'double counting' of mortality. We present a mathematical modeling approach to describe the joint effect of mutually dependent risk factors and chronic diseases on mortality in a consistent manner. Most importantly, this approach explicitly allows the use of readily available external data sources. An additional advantage is that existing models can be smoothly expanded to encompass more diseases/risk factors. To illustrate the usefulness of this method and how it should be implemented, we present a health economic model that links risk factors for diseases to mortality from these diseases, and describe the causal chain running from these risk factors (e.g., obesity) through to the occurrence of disease (e.g., diabetes, CVD) and death. Our results suggest that these adjustment procedures may have a large impact on estimated mortality rates. An improper adjustment of the mortality rates could result in an underestimation of disease prevalence and, therefore, disease costs.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Expertise Center for Methodology and Information Services, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (RTH, HCB, PME).
authors.forename: Rudolf T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Hoogenveen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Expertise Center for Methodology and Information Services, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (RTH, HCB, PME).
authors.forename: Hendriek C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Boshuizen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Expertise Center for Methodology and Information Services, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (RTH, HCB, PME).
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Engelfriet
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Rotterdam, institute of Health Policy & Management, Rotterdam, Netherlands (PHMV).
authors.forename: Pieter H M
authors.initials: PHM
authors.lastname: van Baal
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000076322:Multimorbidity; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Markov model; chronic diseases; competing risks; multi-morbidity