title: Germ Cell Testicular Cancer Incidence, Latitude and Sunlight Associations in the United States and Australia.
abstract: International patterns suggest germ cell testicular cancer (GCTC) incidence may be lower in lower latitudes. To investigate this possibility, we examined GCTC incidence by latitude (population centroid in 2000) for men ≥15 years within two reasonably homogeneous countries, the United States and Australia. In the United States, we examined age-adjusted incidence/latitude trends using data from states (2001-2010) and local-area registries (1980-2011). In Australia, we evaluated incidence/latitude trends in 61 Statistical Divisions (2000-2009). In U.S. White men (68 566 cases), state incidences increased by latitude, rising 5.74% (4.45-7.05%) per 5°North latitude increment. Similar trends were found for seminoma and nonseminoma subtypes (P < 0.001). In U.S. Black men (2256 cases), the association was also seen (4.9%; 0.2-9.7%). In local U.S. data, similar increases in incidence with latitude were present in each of the last three decades. In Australia (6042 cases), the incidence increased by 4.43% (95% CI: 1.54-7.39%) per 5°South, and trends for subtypes were similar. Thus, we found that incidence of GCTC in both White and Black men increased significantly with distance from the equator, approximately 1% per degree within the range of latitudes studied.
authors.affiliation: AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biotechnical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. rjbiggar@gmail.com.|School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. rjbiggar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Biggar
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Baade
authors.affiliation: AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biotechnical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Jiandong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biotechnical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.|School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Lindsay E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Brandon
authors.affiliation: Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. mkimlin@usc.edu.au.|University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld, Australia. mkimlin@usc.edu.au.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People