title: Voltage-gated sodium channel as a target for metastatic risk reduction with re-purposed drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the exact role of sodium channel proteins in migration, invasion and metastasis and understand the possible anti-invasion and anti-metastatic activity of repurposed drugs with voltage gated sodium channel blocking properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the published medical literature was performed searching for pharmaceuticals used in daily practice, with inhibitory activity on voltage gated sodium channels. For every drug found, the literature was reviewed in order to define if it may act against cancer cells as an anti-invasion and anti-metastatic agent and if it was tested with this purpose in the experimental and clinical settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following pharmaceuticals that fulfill the above mentioned effects, were found: phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, ranolazine, resveratrol, ropivacaine, lidocaine, mexiletine, flunarizine, and riluzole. Each of them are independently described and analyzed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The above mentioned pharmaceuticals have shown anti-metastatic and anti-invasion activity and many of them deserve to be tested in well-planned clinical trials as adjunct therapies for solid tumors and as anti-metastatic agents. Antiepileptic drugs like phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate and the vasodilator flunarizine emerged as particularly useful for anti-metastatic purposes.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento de la Obra Social del Personal de la Industria de la Alimentación, Talar, Buenos Aires, C1122AAL, Argentina.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koltai
keywords: Voltage-gated sodium channels; cancer; flunarizine; metastasis; phenytoin; repurposed drugs