title: Energy-filtered environmental transmission electron microscopy for the assessment of solid-gas reactions at elevated temperature: NiO/YSZ-H2 as a case study.
abstract: A novel approach, which is based on the analysis of sequences of images recorded using energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy and can be used to assess the reaction of a solid with a gas at elevated temperature, is illustrated for the reduction of a NiO/ceramic solid oxide fuel cell anode in 1.3mbar of H2. Three-window elemental maps and jump-ratio images of the O K edge and total inelastic mean free path images are recorded as a function of temperature and used to provide local and quantitative information about the reaction kinetics and the volume changes that result from the reaction. Under certain assumptions, the speed of progression of the reaction front in all three dimensions is obtained, thereby providing a three-dimensional understanding of the reaction.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Photovoltaics and Thin Film Electronics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jeangros
authors.affiliation: Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dunin-Borkowski
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: Fuelmat Group, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Herle
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Photovoltaics and Thin Film Electronics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hessler-Wyser
keywords: Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy; Environmental transmission electron microscopy; Reaction mechanisms; Reduction; Solid oxide fuel cells