title: Morbidity and Mortality Among Community-Based People Who Inject Drugs With a High Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Burden in Chennai, India.
abstract: Background.  There are limited data on clinical outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection from low- and middle-income countries. We characterize mortality and liver disease progression in a cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID) with high HCV burden. Methods.  In a cohort of PWID in Chennai, India, 851 persons were observed semiannually. Information on death was obtained through verbal autopsy and liver disease progression, which was defined as an incident liver stiffness measurement of ≥12.3 kPa if it was <12.3 at baseline. Poisson and Cox regression were used to identify factors associated with mortality and disease progression, respectively. Results.  At baseline, 36.9% of cases were infected with HCV, 16.7% were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 71.6% had no or mild stiffness, 14.9% had moderate stiffness, and 13.5% had severe stiffness or cirrhosis. Mortality was significantly higher among those with moderate (mortality rate ratio [MRR] = 2.31) and severe stiffness (MRR = 4.86) at baseline, those with ongoing substance use, those who were HIV monoinfected and not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (MRR = 6.59), and those who were HIV/HCV coinfected regardless of ART status (MRR for no ART = 5.34; MRR for ART = 4.51). Of those with no or mild stiffness, 25.9% and 6.4% had evidence of progression to moderate and severe stiffness or cirrhosis, respectively; 38.3% of those with moderate stiffness had evidence of progression to severe stiffness or cirrhosis. Factors associated with progression included age, alcohol use, body mass index, and chronic HCV infection. Conclusions.  We observed significant morbidity and mortality primarily driven by untreated HIV, HIV/HCV coinfection, and alcohol use. Even with improved access to HIV treatment, in the absence of HCV treatment, outcomes are unlikely to improve for HIV/HCV-coinfected persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Shruti H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McFall
authors.affiliation: YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: Aylur K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srikrishnan
authors.affiliation: YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: M Suresh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education , Chennai , India.
authors.forename: Paneerselvam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nandagopal
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cepeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sulkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sunil S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Solomon
keywords: HIV/AIDS; hepatitis C virus; liver stiffness; low- and middle-income settings; mortality