title: Discontinued cardiovascular drugs in 2015.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 10,000 compounds will be tested for an individual drug to eventually reach the market. It might be helpful recapitulating previous failures and identifying the main factors of the disappointments.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, the author(s) detailed the 7 cardiovascular compounds discontinued after reaching animal studies or Phase I-III clinical trials during 2015. Meanwhile, the reasons for these discontinuations were reported. Among these drugs, most discontinuations (6 drugs) were attributed to lack of efficacy. In general, failures due to lack of efficacy and safety demonstrate the need for the development of more predictive animal models. However, recent related studies showed that the absence of toxicity in animals provided little or virtually no evidential weight that adverse drug reactions would also be absent in humans. In this case, microdosing and collaborating more closely with biotech companies may be the better choices to improve the success ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future researches may benefit from the seven developments and investigators conducting similar studies may learn from these failures.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Instrumental Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Hong-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a Center for Instrumental Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: a Center for Instrumental Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Bing-Ren
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D015507:Drugs, Investigational
keywords: CI-201; PF-05285401; TAK-272; beraprost sodium; ciclosporin; evacetrapib; icatibant acetate