title: Corrosion Damage and Wear Mechanisms in Long-Term Retrieved CoCr Femoral Components for Total Knee Arthroplasty.
abstract: Metal debris and ion release has raised concerns in joint arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to characterize the sources of metallic ions and particulate debris released from long-term (in vivo >15 years) total knee arthroplasty femoral components.
  
  
  
  A total of 52 CoCr femoral condyles were identified as having been implanted for more than 15 years. The femoral components were examined for incidence of 5 types of damage (metal-on-metal wear due to historical polyethylene insert failure, mechanically assisted crevice corrosion at taper interfaces, cement interface corrosion, third-body abrasive wear, and inflammatory cell-induced corrosion [ICIC]). Third-body abrasive wear was evaluated using the Hood method for polyethylene components and a similar method quantifying surface damage of the femoral condyle was used. The total area damaged by ICIC was quantified using digital photogrammetry.
  
  
  
  Surface damage associated with corrosion and/or CoCr debris release was identified in 51 (98%) CoCr femoral components. Five types of damage were identified: 98% of femoral components exhibited third-body abrasive wear (mostly observed as scratching, n = 51/52), 29% of femoral components exhibited ICIC damage (n = 15/52), 41% exhibited cement interface damage (n = 11/27), 17% exhibited metal-on-metal wear after wear-through of the polyethylene insert (n = 9/52), and 50% of the modular femoral components exhibited mechanically assisted crevice corrosion taper damage (n = 2/4). The total ICIC-damaged area was an average of 0.11 ± 0.12 mm2(range: 0.01-0.46 mm2).
  
  
  
  Although implant damage in total knee arthroplasty is typically reported with regard to the polyethylene insert, the results of this study demonstrate that abrasive and corrosive damage occurs on the CoCr femoral condyle in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Implant Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Arnholt
authors.affiliation: Implant Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.affiliation: Jewish Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Malkani
authors.affiliation: Hartzband Center for Hip and Knee Replacement, Paramus, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Gregg R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Center for the Evaluation of Implant Performance, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Clare M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rimnac
authors.affiliation: Implant Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Biomedical Engineering, Exponent, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.affiliation: Implant Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sevi B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kocagoz
authors.affiliation: Syracuse Biomaterials Institute and Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
authors.forename: Jeremy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D003343:Corrosion; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D007720:Knee Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020959:Polyethylene; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D020959:Polyethylene
keywords: CoCr femoral component TKA; ICIC damage; fretting corrosion; revision TKA; third-body wear