title: GUT MICROBIOTA, PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, AND SYNBIOTICS IN MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND PREDIABETES: REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the roles of microbiota, pre-, pro- and synbiotics in metabolic conditions (obesity, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus type 2 [DM2]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary literature was reviewed on the topics including RCTs of pre-, pro- and synbiotics use for metabolic disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gut bacteria (microbiota) benefit digestion and have multiple other functions. Microbiota could increase harvesting of energy from the food and cause subclinical inflammation seen in metabolic disorders. Diet-related interventions including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics (combining pre-and probiotics) may benefit metabolic conditions. Prebiotics are complex carbohydrates (i.e., dietary fiber). Results of RCTs of prebiotics suggested a neutral effect on body weight, decreased fasting and postprandial glucose, and improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Some inflammation markers were reduced, sometimes substantially (20-30%). RCTs for probiotics demonstrated significant but small effects on body weight (<3%) and metabolic parameters. The effect was seen mostly with fermented milk or yogurt compared to capsule form, consumption for at least 8 weeks, and use of multiple rather than a single bacterial strain. Changes in microbiota were seen at times with both pre- and probiotics. Pickled and fermented foods, particularly vegetables and beans, could serve as a dietary source of pre-, pro-, and synbiotics. These foods showed possible benefits for morbidity and mortality in prospective cohort studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-, pro-, and synbiotics could prove useful, but further research is needed to clarify their clinical relevance for the prevention and management of metabolic disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A1c = glycohemoglobin A1c CI = confidence interval CVD = cardiovascular disease GMB = gut (large bowel) microbiota DM2 = diabetes mellitus type 2 HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance LDL = low-density lipoprotein LPS = lipopolysaccharide NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease RCT = randomized controlled trial SMD = standardized mean difference TG = triglycerides.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barengolts
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D058616:Synbiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D056692:Prebiotics