title: Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of teeth subjected to orthodontic forces released by aligners.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 healthy, adult patients were selected to participate in this split-mouth study. The treatment plan was designed to obtain only one movement with the first aligner: distalization of a second molar. GCF samples were obtained from pressure and tension sites of the test tooth and from the mesiobuccal and distobuccal sites of the control tooth. The GCF sample volumes were measured using a Periotron 8000. Levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, RANKL, OPG, and OPN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1β showed a significant increase at the pressure sites after 1 week and 3 weeks with respect to baseline (P < .05) compared with control sites. The kinetics of TGF-1β and OPN were characterized by a significant increase at the tension sites of the test teeth (P < .05) after 3 weeks from the application of orthodontic force. The RANKL level was significantly increased at pressure and tension sites after 1 hour and after 1 week from the application of the orthodontic forces (P = .023 and P = .043, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased concentration of bone modeling and remodeling mediators at the pressure sites (IL-1β, RANKL) and tension sites (TGF-1β, OPN) was observed. These scenarios are compatible with previous in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the biological effects of orthodontic tooth movement.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Castroflorio
authors.forename: Eugenio F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Gamerro
authors.forename: Gian Paolo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Caviglia
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deregibus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000378:metabolism; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011446:Prospective Studies; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C506895:SPP1 protein, human; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053495:Osteopontin
keywords: Aligners; Gingival crevicular fluid; Interleukin 1β; Invisalign; RANKL