title: Radiologic indicators prior to renal cell cancer thrombectomy: Implications for vascular reconstruction and mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal cancer may invade the inferior vena cava (IVC) creating more complex surgical intervention. We investigate radiologic findings that may predict vascular reconstruction prior to surgery and future renal cancer-specific mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiologic findings included Mayo Clinic risk factors for vascular reconstruction: Right-sided tumor, anteroposterior diameter of the IVC at the ostium of the renal vein ≥24.0 mm, and radiologic identification of complete occlusion of the IVC. Additional factors included thrombus in the lumen of the hepatic veins and metastasis. Along with other demographic factors, analysis included Chi-squared analysis for vascular reconstruction and logistic regression for mortality. A Kaplan-Meier curve was created for the most significant radiologic factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-seven patients underwent IVC tumor thrombectomy at two institutions from April 2007 to February 2015. We found that Mayo risk factors of 0, 1, 2, and 3 and the proportions of vascular reconstruction of 0%, 0%, 12.5%, and 13.6%, respectively (P = 0.788). Hepatic vein involvement was the most significant determinate of renal cell carcinoma-specific mortality in multivariable analysis, controlling for the size of IVC at the hepatic veins, pulmonary metastasis, and Fuhrman grade (P = 0.02, Log-rank P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mayo risk factors did not predict vascular reconstruction in our small cohort of Level II-Level IV IVC thrombus undergoing IVC thrombectomy. Tumor thrombus traveling into the lumen of the hepatic veins was a significant risk factor for accelerated mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Overholser
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raheem
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zapata
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Dharam
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ithaar H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Derweesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liss
keywords: Inferior vena cava thrombectomy; radiographic predictors of mortality; renal cell carcinoma