title: Catastrophic health expenditure according to employment status in South Korea: a population-based panel study.
abstract: Catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) means that the medical spending of a household exceeds a certain level of capacity to pay. Previous studies of CHE have focused on benefits supported by the public sector or high medical cost incurred by treating diseases in South Korea. This study examines variance of CHE in these households according to changes in employment status. We also determine whether a relationship exists according to income level.
  
  
  
  A longitudinal study.
  
  
  
  We used the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) conducted by the Korea Institute.
  
  
  
  The data came from 5335 households during 2009-2012.
  
  
  
  CHE, defined as health expenditures that were 40% greater than the ability of the household to pay.
  
  
  
  Households with people who experienced changes in job status from employed to unemployed (OR 2.79, 95% CI 2.06 to 3.78) or were unemployed with no status change (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.92) were more likely to incur CHE than those containing people who were consistently employed. In addition, low-income families with members who had either lost a job (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.44 to 5.10) or were already unemployed (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.16) were more likely to incur CHE than those with family members with a consistent job.
  
  
  
  Given the insecure employment status of people with low income, they are more likely to face barriers in obtaining needed health services. Meeting their healthcare needs is an important consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Hospital Administration, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hyun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung In
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Suk Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Rim
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Cheol
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000191:economics*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Catastrophic Health Expenditure; Changes in Employment Status; Income Level