title: Policy dialogues - the "bolts and joints" of policy-making: experiences from Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali.
abstract: Policy processes that yield good outcomes are inherently complex, requiring interactions of stakeholders in problem identification, generation of political will and selection of practical solutions. To make policy processes rational, policy dialogues are increasingly being used as a policy-making tool. Despite their increasing use for policy-making in Africa, evidence is limited on how they have evolved and are being used on the continent or in low and middle income countries elsewhere.
  
  
  
  This was an exploratory study using qualitative methods. It utilised data related to policy dialogues for three specific policies and strategies to understand the interplay between policy dialogue and policy-making in Cabo Verde, Chad and Mali. The specific methods used to gather data were key informant interviews and document review. Data were analysed inductively and deductively using thematic content analysis.
  
  
  
  Participation in the policy dialogues was inclusive, and in some instances bottom-up participatory approaches were used. The respondents felt that the execution of the policy dialogues had been seamless, and the few divergent views expressed often were resolved in a unanimous manner. The policies and strategies developed were seen by all stakeholders as relating to priority issues. Other specific process factors that contributed to the success of the dialogues included the use of innovative approaches, good facilitation, availability of resources for the dialogues, good communication, and consideration of the different opinions. Among the barriers were contextual issues, delays in decision-making and conflicting coordination roles and mandates.
  
  
  
  Policy dialogues have proved to be an effective tool in health sector management and could be a crucial component of the governance dynamics of the sector. The policy dialogue process needs to be institutionalised for continuity and maintenance of institutional intelligence. Other essential influencing factors include building capacity for coordination and facilitation of policy dialogues, provision of sustainable financing for execution of the dialogues, use of inclusive and bottom-up approaches, and timely provision of reliable evidence. Ensuring continued participation of all the actors necessitates innovation to allow dialogue outside the formal frameworks and spaces that should feed into the formal dialogue processes.
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, BP 06, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. dovlod@who.int.
authors.forename: Delanyo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dovlo
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, BP 06, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nabyonga-Orem
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services, World Health Organization Cabo Verde Country Office, PO Box 266, Praia, Cabo Verde.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Estrelli
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Cite de Djoue, BP 06, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
authors.forename: Aziza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mwisongo
mesh_terms: D055726:Cabo Verde; D057191:Capacity Building / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D002596:Chad; D003657:Decision Making; D005378:Financial Support; D006077:Government Agencies / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006078:Government Programs / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006288:Health Planning Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D008302:Mali; D011050:Policy Making
keywords: Health policy dialogue; Policies; Policy processes; Policy-making; Strategies