title: Focused ultrasound-mediated sonochemical internalization: an alternative to light-based therapies.
abstract: Activation of sonosensitizers via focused ultrasound (FUS), i.e., sonodynamic therapy has been proposed as an extension to light-activated photodynamic therapy for the treatment of brain as well as other tumors. The use of FUS, as opposed to light, allows treatment to tumor sites buried deep within tissues as well as through the intact skull. We have examined ultrasonic activation of sonosensitizers together with the anticancer agent bleomycin (BLM), i.e., sonochemical internalization (SCI). SCI is a technique that utilizes FUS for the enhanced delivery of endo-lysosomal trapped macromolecules into the cell cytoplasm in a similar manner to light-based photochemical internalization. The released agent can, therefore, exert its full biological activity, in contrast to being degraded by lysosomal hydrolases. Our results indicate that, compared to drug or FUS treatment alone, FUS activation of the sonosensitizer AlPcS2a together with BLM significantly inhibits the ability of treated glioma cells to grow as three-dimensional tumor spheroids in vitro.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States.
authors.forename: Rohit Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: University of Nevada, Department of Health Physics, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 453037, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States.
authors.forename: Steen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krasieva
authors.affiliation: University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United StatesbUniversity of Nevada, Department of Health Physics, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 453037, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirschberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D005910:Glioma / Q000628:therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D001761:Bleomycin