title: Relative Contributions of Agricultural Drift, Para-Occupational, and Residential Use Exposure Pathways to House Dust Pesticide Concentrations: Meta-Regression of Published Data.
abstract: Increased pesticide concentrations in house dust in agricultural areas have been attributed to several exposure pathways, including agricultural drift, para-occupational, and residential use.
  
  
  
  To guide future exposure assessment efforts, we quantified relative contributions of these pathways using meta-regression models of published data on dust pesticide concentrations.
  
  
  
  From studies in North American agricultural areas published from 1995 to 2015, we abstracted dust pesticide concentrations reported as summary statistics [e.g., geometric means (GM)]. We analyzed these data using mixed-effects meta-regression models that weighted each summary statistic by its inverse variance. Dependent variables were either the log-transformed GM (drift) or the log-transformed ratio of GMs from two groups (para-occupational, residential use).
  
  
  
  For the drift pathway, predicted GMs decreased sharply and nonlinearly, with GMs 64% lower in homes 250 m versus 23 m from fields (interquartile range of published data) based on 52 statistics from seven studies. For the para-occupational pathway, GMs were 2.3 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5, 3.3; 15 statistics, five studies] in homes of farmers who applied pesticides more recently or frequently versus less recently or frequently. For the residential use pathway, GMs were 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.4) and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2, 1.9) times higher in treated versus untreated homes, when the probability that a pesticide was used for the pest treatment was 1-19% and ≥ 20%, respectively (88 statistics, five studies).
  
  
  
  Our quantification of the relative contributions of pesticide exposure pathways in agricultural populations could improve exposure assessments in epidemiologic studies. The meta-regression models can be updated when additional data become available. Citation: Deziel NC, Beane Freeman LE, Graubard BI, Jones RR, Hoppin JA, Thomas K, Hines CJ, Blair A, Sandler DP, Chen H, Lubin JH, Andreotti G, Alavanja MC, Friesen MC. 2017. Relative contributions of agricultural drift, para-occupational, and residential use exposure pathways to house dust pesticide concentrations: meta-regression of published data. Environ Health Perspect 125:296-305; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP426.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Human Health and Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Deziel
authors.forename: Laura E Beane
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
authors.forename: Rena R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoppin
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Dale P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Honglei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lubin
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andreotti
authors.forename: Michael C R
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alavanja
authors.forename: Melissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Friesen
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D010575:Pesticides