title: Stimuli-Responsive Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy.
abstract: An emerging concept is that cancers strongly depend on both internal and external signals for growth and invasion. In this review, we will discuss pathological and physical changes in the tumor microenvironment and how these changes can be exploited to design gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy. These intrinsic changes include extracellular and intracellular pH, extracellular matrix enzymes, and glutathione concentration. External stimuli include the application of laser, ultrasound and X-ray. The biology behind these changes and the chemistry behind the responding mechanisms to these changes are reviewed. Examples of recent in vitro and in vivo studies are also presented, and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. LTian2@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. john.yang.qiao@gmail.com.|Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA. john.yang.qiao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Linfeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ferandre@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. sr56@rice.edu.|Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA. sr56@rice.edu.
authors.forename: Saisree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Ferandre
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Salatan
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA. mmelancon@mdanderson.org.|Graduate School for Biomedical Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6767 Bertner Ave., Houston, TX 77030, USA. mmelancon@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Marites P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Melancon
keywords: cancer; extracellular matrix; extracellular pH; gold nanoparticle; redox; stimuli-responsiveness; tumor