title: The Danish Neck Disability Index: New Insights into Factor Structure, Generalizability, and Responsiveness.
abstract: To (1) translate and culturally adapt and (2) determine the clinimetric properties of the Danish 8-item Neck Disability Index (NDI-8) in primary sector patients (PSPs) and secondary sector patients (SSPs).
  
  
  
  Analyses included 326 patients with neck pain. Validity and reliability were assessed using a cross-validation factor analytical design, hypothesis testing, internal consistency, measurement error, the smallest detectable change (SDC), and a generalizability study. Criterion and construct responsiveness, minimal important change (MIC), and floor and ceiling effects were determined.
  
  
  
  The original Danish version of the NDI was not unidimensional. Omitting 2 items (pain, headache) revealed a 1-factor structure (NDI-8). Construct validity correctly predicted 88% of the hypotheses. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) ranged between 0.88 and 0.89, and generalizability was high (Φ = 0.90). The SDC was 6.8 in PSPs and 5.9 in SSPs. Criterion responsiveness revealed poor areas under the curve for SSPs (0.58 to 0.64), and construct responsiveness was poor for PSPs (43% correctly predicted hypothesis). A floor effect of 26.5% was found in PSPs, with a change of 4 points representing the MIC.
  
  
  
  The modified Danish 8-item NDI was unidimensional, had construct validity, and was reproducible with a large but acceptable measurement error. However, responsiveness was poor and a significant floor effect was found in PSPs. A change score representing the MIC is proposed for PSPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik H
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5198-5215
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lauridsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Education, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.|Nordic Institute for Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kongsted
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.|Nordic Institute for Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hartvigsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: cross-cultural adaptation; disability evaluation; measurement properties; neck disability index; neck pain; validation