title: The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake.
abstract: Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; email: mattes@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Alicia L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carreiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; email: mattes@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Jaapna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; email: mattes@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; email: mattes@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Ashley G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
authors.forename: Breanna M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; email: mattes@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Benjamin W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Redan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; email: mattes@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
authors.forename: Leigh R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; email: mattes@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mattes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000166:cytology / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D055099:Neuroendocrine Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: carbohydrate; diet; energy balance; fat; food; protein