title: Normative values of spino-pelvic sagittal alignment, balance, age, and health-related quality of life in a cohort of healthy adult subjects.
abstract: To elucidate the normative values of whole body sagittal alignment and balance of a healthy population in the standing position; and to clarify the relationship among the alignment, balance, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and age.
  
  
  
  Healthy Japanese adult volunteers [n = 126, mean age 39.4 years (20-69), M/F = 30/96] with no history of spinal disease were enrolled in a cross-sectional cohort study. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire was administered and subjects were scanned from the center of the acoustic meati (CAM) to the feet while standing on a force plate to determine the gravity line (GL), and the distance between CAM and GL (CAM-GL) was measured in the sagittal plane. Standard X-ray parameters were measured from the head to the lower extremities. ODI was compared among age groups stratified by decade. Correlations were investigated by simple linear regression analysis. Ideal lumbar lordosis was investigated using the least squares method.
  
  
  
  The present study yielded normative values for whole standing sagittal alignment including head and lower extremities in a cohort of 126 healthy adult volunteers, comparable to previous reports and thus a formula for ideal lumbar lordosis was deduced: LL = 32.9 + 0.60 × PI - 0.23 × age. There was a tendency of positive correlation between McGregor slope, thoracic kyphosis, PT, and age. SVA, T1 pelvic angle, sacrofemoral angle, knee flexion angle, and ankle flexion angle, but not CAM-GL, increased with age, suggesting that the spinopelvic alignment changes with age, but standing whole body alignment is compensated for to preserve a horizontal gaze. ODI tended to increase from the 40s in the domain of pain intensity, personal care, traveling, and total score. ODI weakly, but significantly positively correlated with age and PI-LL.
  
  
  
  Whole body standing alignment even in healthy subjects gradually deteriorates with age, but is compensated to preserve a horizontal gaze. HRQOL is also affected by aging and spinopelvic malalignment.
authors.affiliation: Niigata Spine Surgery Center, 2-5-22 Nishi-machi, Niigata, 950-0165, Japan. kazu3795jp@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6246-6960
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Niigata Spine Surgery Center, 2-5-22 Nishi-machi, Niigata, 950-0165, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Niigata Spine Surgery Center, 2-5-22 Nishi-machi, Niigata, 950-0165, Japan.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatsushikano
authors.affiliation: Niigata Spine Surgery Center, 2-5-22 Nishi-machi, Niigata, 950-0165, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimoda
authors.affiliation: Niigata Spine Surgery Center, 2-5-22 Nishi-machi, Niigata, 950-0165, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011859:Radiography; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HRQOL; ODI; Slot-scanning X-ray imager; Standing balance; Whole body sagittal alignment