title: Modulation of macrophage functionality induced in vitro by chlorpyrifos and carbendazim pesticides.
abstract: The immune response is the first defense against pathogens; however, it is very sensitive and can be impacted on by agrochemicals such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides widely present in the environment. To understand how pesticides can affect immune cell function in vitro, this study investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and carbendazim (CBZ), the most commonly used pesticides worldwide, on murine immune cell (i.e. macrophage) functions, including lysosomal enzyme activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and nitric oxide (NO) production by isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. This study showed for the first time that CPF and CBZ dose-relatedly reduced macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-induced production of IL-1β, TNFα and NO. In general, the effects caused by CPF appeared more pronounced than those by CBZ. Collectively, these results demonstrated that CPF and CBZ exhibited marked immunomodulatory effects and could act as potent immunosuppressive factors in vitro. This inhibition of macrophage pro-inflammatory function may be an integral part of the underlying mode of action related to pesticide-induced immunosuppression.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Imen
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Helali
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Saiida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferchichi
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maaouia
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mahjoub
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aouni
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Hedi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harizi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010575:Pesticides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C006698:carbendazim; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Carbendazim; chlorpyrifos; cytokines; immunosuppression; immunotoxicity; mice; nitric oxide; pesticides