title: Genomics, Telomere Length, Epigenetics, and Metabolomics in the Nurses' Health Studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the contribution of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II to genomics, epigenetics, and metabolomics research.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a narrative review of the publications of the NHS and NHS II between 1990 and 2016 based on biospecimens, including blood and tumor tissue, collected from participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NHS has contributed to the discovery of genetic loci influencing more than 45 complex human phenotypes, including cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, reproductive characteristics, and anthropometric traits. The combination of genomewide genotype data with extensive exposure and lifestyle data has enabled the evaluation of gene-environment interactions. Furthermore, data suggest that longer telomere length increases risk of cancers not related to smoking, and that modifiable factors (e.g., diet) may have an impact on telomere length. "Omics" research in the NHS continues to expand, with epigenetics and metabolomics becoming greater areas of focus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of prospective biomarker data and broad exposure information has enabled the NHS to participate in a variety of "omics" research, contributing to understanding of the epidemiology and biology of multiple complex diseases.
authors.affiliation: Mary K. Townsend is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hugues Aschard and Peter Kraft are with the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Immaculata De Vivo is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Karin B. Michels is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine in the Department of Medicine and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Mary K. Townsend is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hugues Aschard and Peter Kraft are with the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Immaculata De Vivo is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Karin B. Michels is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine in the Department of Medicine and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aschard
authors.affiliation: Mary K. Townsend is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hugues Aschard and Peter Kraft are with the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Immaculata De Vivo is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Karin B. Michels is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine in the Department of Medicine and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Immaculata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Vivo
authors.affiliation: Mary K. Townsend is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hugues Aschard and Peter Kraft are with the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Immaculata De Vivo is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Karin B. Michels is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine in the Department of Medicine and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Karin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.affiliation: Mary K. Townsend is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Hugues Aschard and Peter Kraft are with the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. Immaculata De Vivo is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Karin B. Michels is with the Channing Division of Network Medicine in the Department of Medicine and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D057890:Epigenomics; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D010641:Phenotype; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016615:Telomere; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers