title: Clonal Transmission of Gram-Negative Bacteria with Carbapenemases NDM-1, VIM-1, and OXA-23/72 in a Bulgarian Hospital.
abstract: We characterized 72 isolates with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems (50 Acinetobacter spp., 13 Proteus mirabilis, five Escherichia coli, one Morganella morganii, one Enterobacter cloacae, one Providencia rettgeri, and one Pseudomonas aeruginosa) from a hospital in Sofia, Bulgaria. Different β-lactamase genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Bacterial strain typing was performed by enzymatic macrorestriction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing as well as multilocus sequence typing for selected isolates. The majority of Acinetobacter baumannii (46/50) and one Acinetobacter pittii isolate harbored carbapenemase genes blaOXA-23or blaOXA-72; two A. baumannii contained both genes. PFGE typing of all A. baumannii showed the presence of nine different clones belonging to eight sequence types ST350, ST208, ST436, ST437, ST449, ST231, ST502, and ST579. Molecular characterization of the remaining isolates confirmed the presence of one NDM-1-producing E. coli-ST101 clone (five isolates) and one P. mirabilis clone (13 isolates) with VIM-1 and CMY-99. Furthermore, NDM-1 was identified in P. rettgeri and M. morganii and VIM-2 in the P. aeruginosa isolate. The permanent introduction of OXA-23/72 carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii clones into the hospital and the repeated occurrence of one VIM-1-producing P. mirabilis and one NDM-1-producing E. coli-ST101 clone over a period of more than 1 year is of concern and requires intensified investigations.
authors.affiliation: 1 Robert Koch Institute , FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany .
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.affiliation: 2 Military Medical Academy , Sofia, Bulgaria .
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trifonova
authors.affiliation: 1 Robert Koch Institute , FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany .
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pietsch
authors.affiliation: 1 Robert Koch Institute , FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany .
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.affiliation: 2 Military Medical Academy , Sofia, Bulgaria .
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Todorova
authors.affiliation: 2 Military Medical Academy , Sofia, Bulgaria .
authors.forename: Ivanka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gergova
authors.affiliation: 3 Robert Koch Institute , P2 Acinetobacter baumannii, Wernigerode, Germany .
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilharm
authors.affiliation: 1 Robert Koch Institute , FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany .
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: 2 Military Medical Academy , Sofia, Bulgaria .
authors.forename: Encho
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savov
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D002031:Bulgaria; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing / Q000379:methods; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; C417264:VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase; C466679:beta-lactamase OXA-23; C000596363:OXA-72 carbapenemase, Acinetobacter baumannii; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C552864:beta-lactamase NDM-1; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii; E. coli; ESBL; Enterobacteriaceae; MLST; multidrug-resistance