title: Immune Enhancing Activity of β-(1,3)-Glucan Isolated from Genus Agrobacterium in Bone-Marrow Derived Macrophages and Mice Splenocytes.
abstract: An effective method for activating macrophages and deriving a Th1 immune response could be used to improve the defenses of hosts. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulation effect and the related signaling mechanism of [Formula: see text]-(1,3)-glucan, isolated from the Agrobacterium species. Here, we found that [Formula: see text]-(1,3)-glucan predominantly induced the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text], interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], IL-6, IL-12p70, and nitric oxide, which was dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-[Formula: see text]B signaling. Additionally, [Formula: see text]-(1,3)-glucan treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and also significantly increased the expression of iNOS and Dectin-1, which is a transmembrane protein that binds [Formula: see text]-glucan and associates with macrophage activation. Importantly, the splenic T cells co-cultured with [Formula: see text]-(1,3)-glucan-treated macrophages produced the a Th1 cytokine profile that includes high levels of IFN-[Formula: see text], but not IL-4 (Th2 cytokine), indicating that [Formula: see text]-(1,3)-glucan contributes to Th1 polarization of the immune response. Taken together, our results suggest that [Formula: see text]-(1,3)-glucan isolated from Agrobacterium species can induce macrophage activation through the MAPK and NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathway, as well as Th1 polarization.
authors.affiliation: * Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea.|† Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eui-Baek
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: * Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea.|† Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Beom-Su
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: ‡ Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan 340-800, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eui-Hong
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: ‡ Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan 340-800, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nak-Yun
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D060054:Agrobacterium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005936:Glucans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Agrobacterium Species β-glucan; Bone-Marrow Derived Macrophages; Co-Stimulatory Molecules; Dectin-1; Splenic T Cells; Th1 Immune Responses