title: Chemical and Topographic Analysis of Eight commercially Available Dental Implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surface characterization of dental implants allows us to better understand the effects of the implant on the host biological response. In this study, we analyzed and compared these characteristics among implants commercially available in South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight implants from different manufacturers were chosen for analysis (Touareg, ICE, (R)Evolutions, Uniti, AnyRidge, MIS, Ivory-QSI, Southern), using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), interferometry, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to study the surface chemical composition and morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that variations in manufacturer processes result in implant surfaces that are distinctly different from one another. Most implants presented a moderately rough surface with sandblasted-only implant surfaces having a lower mean value of Sa when compared with sandblasted and acid-etched surfaces. Carbon contamination was detected on all the implants and that of aluminum on five implant surfaces. Ca and P were detected on the surface of Touareg implants, indicating the manufacturer's attempt to enhance osseointegration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surface of the implants showed a range of chemical, physical properties, and surface topographies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that implant surface treatment is not standardized. This may have clinical implications. Further clinical research is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, e-mail: mpeck@uwc.ac.za.
authors.forename: Mogammad T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, MalmS University, MalmS, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bruno R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Chrcanovic
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D045662:Dental Etching; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Chemical analysis; Implant surface; Roughness; Titanium.