title: Creation of reference DNA barcode library and authentication of medicinal plant raw drugs used in Ayurvedic medicine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India, and it is still in practice. Medicinal plants are the backbone of Ayurveda, which heavily relies on the plant-derived therapeutics. While Ayurveda is becoming more popular in several countries throughout the World, lack of authenticated medicinal plant raw drugs is a growing concern. Our aim was to DNA barcode the medicinal plants that are listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) to create a reference DNA barcode library, and to use the same to authenticate the raw drugs that are sold in markets.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have DNA barcoded 347 medicinal plants using rbcL marker, and curated rbcL DNA barcodes for 27 medicinal plants from public databases. These sequences were used to create Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India - Reference DNA Barcode Library (API-RDBL). This library was used to authenticate 100 medicinal plant raw drugs, which were in the form of powders (82) and seeds (18).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India - Reference DNA Barcode Library (API-RDBL) was created with high quality and authentic rbcL barcodes for 374 out of the 395 medicinal plants that are included in the API. The rbcL DNA barcode differentiated 319 species (85 %) with the pairwise divergence ranging between 0.2 and 29.9 %. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing success rate of rbcL marker was 100 % even for the poorly preserved medicinal plant raw drugs that were collected from local markets. DNA barcoding revealed that only 79 % raw drugs were authentic, and the remaining 21 % samples were adulterated. Further, adulteration was found to be much higher with powders (ca. 25 %) when compared to seeds (ca. 5 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated the utility of DNA barcoding in authenticating medicinal plant raw drugs, and found that approximately one fifth of the market samples were adulterated. Powdered raw drugs, which are very difficult to be identified by taxonomists as well as common people, seem to be the easy target for adulteration. Developing a quality control protocol for medicinal plant raw drugs by incorporating DNA barcoding as a component is essential to ensure safety to the consumers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Center for DNA Barcoding, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
authors.forename: Sophie Lorraine
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vassou
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Center for DNA Barcoding, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
authors.forename: Stalin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nithaniyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Center for DNA Barcoding, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, Center for DNA Barcoding, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, India. parani.m@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Madasamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parani
mesh_terms: D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic / Q000379:methods*; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D010802:Phylogeny; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D010936:Plant Extracts