title: Sulfur Dust Bag: A Novel Technique for Ectoparasite Control in Poultry Systems.
abstract: Animal welfare-driven legislation and consumer demand are changing how laying chickens are housed, thus creating challenges for ectoparasite control. Hens housed in suspended wire cages (battery cages) are usually treated with high-pressure pesticides. This application type is difficult in enriched-cage or cage-free production. Alternatives to pesticide sprays are needed in enriched-cage or cage-free systems. In this study, we tested the efficacy of sulfur dust deployed in "dust bags" for control against the northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum), which causes host stress, decreased egg production, and reduced feed conversion efficiency. Dust bags were hung from the tops of cages or were clipped to the inside front of cages. We also tested permethrin-impregnated plastic strips, marketed for ectoparasite control in caged or cage-free commercial and backyard flocks. Previous work has shown sulfur to be very active against poultry ectoparasites; however, we found that the placement of bags was important for mite control. Sulfur in hanging bags reduced mites on treatment birds by 95 or 97% (depending on trial) within one week of being deployed, and mite counts on these birds were zero after 2 wk. Clipped sulfur bags acted more slowly and did not significantly reduce mites in one trial, but reduced mite counts to zero after 4 wk in trial 2. Permethrin strips had no effect on mite populations. This may have been due to mite resistance, even though this mite population had not been exposed to pyrethroids for several years. Sulfur bags should be effective in caged or cage-free systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (alock001@ucr.edu; bradley.mullens@ucr.edu) alock001@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Murillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 (alock001@ucr.edu; bradley.mullens@ucr.edu).
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mullens
keywords: Gallus gallus domesticus; Ornithonyssus sylviarum; control; northern fowl mite; sulfur