title: The Link Between Everyday Discrimination, Healthcare Utilization, and Health Status Among a National Sample of Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research has not adequately examined the potential negative effects of perceiving routine discrimination on general healthcare utilization or health status, especially among reproductive-aged women. We sought to evaluate the association between everyday discrimination, health service use, and perceived health among a national sample of women in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the Women's Healthcare Experiences and Preferences survey, a randomly selected, national probability sample of 1078 U.S. women aged 18-55 years. We examined associations between everyday discrimination (via a standardized scale) on frequency of health service utilization and perceived general health status using chi-square and multivariable logistic regression modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with women who reported healthcare visits every 3 years or less (reference group), each one-point increase in discrimination score was associated with higher odds of having healthcare visits annually or more often (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36, confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.01-1.83). Additionally, each one-point increase in discrimination score was significantly associated with lower odds of having excellent/very good perceived health (OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.54-0.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perceived discrimination was associated with increased exposure to the healthcare setting among this national sample of women. Perceived discrimination was also inversely associated with excellent/very good perceived health status.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, Michigan.|2 Department of Graduate Medical Education, St. John Providence Hospital , Southfield, Michigan.
authors.forename: Soudabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fazeli Dehkordy
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia .
authors.forename: Kelli S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, Michigan.|5 University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Vanessa K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, Michigan.|5 University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation , Ann Arbor, Michigan.|6 University of Michigan Program for Imaging Comparative Effectiveness and Health Services Research , Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Carlos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011287:Prejudice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: everyday discrimination; health status; healthcare