title: Surgery and Anesthesia Exposure Is Not a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment After Major Noncardiac Surgery and Critical Illness.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether surgery and anesthesia exposure is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment after major noncardiac surgery associated with critical illness.
  
  
  
  Postoperative cognitive impairment is a prevalent individual and public health problem. Data are inconclusive as to whether this impairment is attributable to surgery and anesthesia exposure versus patients' baseline factors and hospital course.
  
  
  
  In a multicenter prospective cohort study, we enrolled ICU patients with major noncardiac surgery during hospital admission and with nonsurgical medical illness. At 3 and 12 months, we assessed survivors' global cognitive function with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status and executive function with the Trail Making Test, Part B. We performed multivariable linear regression to study the independent association of surgery/anesthesia exposure with cognitive outcomes, adjusting initially for baseline covariates and subsequently for in-hospital covariates.
  
  
  
  We enrolled 1040 patients, 402 (39%) with surgery/anesthesia exposure. Median global cognition scores were similar in patients with surgery/anesthesia exposure compared with those without exposure at 3 months (79 vs 80) and 12 months (82 vs 82). Median executive function scores were also similar at 3 months (41 vs 40) and 12 months (43 vs 42). Surgery/anesthesia exposure was not associated with worse global cognition or executive function at 3 or 12 months in models incorporating baseline or in-hospital covariates (P > 0.2). Higher baseline education level was associated with better global cognition at 3 and 12 months (P < 0.001), and longer in-hospital delirium duration was associated with worse global cognition (P < 0.02) and executive function (P < 0.01) at 3 and 12 months.
  
  
  
  Cognitive impairment after major noncardiac surgery and critical illness is not associated with the surgery and anesthesia exposure but is predicted by baseline education level and in-hospital delirium.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee †Section of Surgical Sciences, Departments of Surgery, Neurosurgery and Hearing and Speech Sciences, Division of Trauma and, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency General Surgery, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Research Service, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee §Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center Service, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee ¶Department of Surgery, Radiology, and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee ||Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee **Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee ††Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee ‡‡Section of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency General Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee §§Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah ¶¶George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Administration Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah ||||Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Division, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington ***Clinical Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands †††Departments of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Mayur B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Geevarghese
authors.forename: Brett C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Rameela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandrasekhar
authors.forename: Nathan E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Brummel
authors.forename: Addison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Elstad
authors.forename: Mitzi L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wasserstein
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Karel G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Moons
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dittus
authors.forename: E Wesley
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
authors.forename: Pratik P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pandharipande
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D016638:Critical Illness; D004522:Educational Status; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*