title: A modular robust control framework for control of movement elicited by multi-electrode intraspinal microstimulation.
abstract: An important issue in restoring motor function through intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) is the motor control. To provide a physiologically plausible motor control using ISMS, it should be able to control the individual motor unit which is the lowest functional unit of motor control. By focal stimulation only a small group of motor neurons (MNs) within a motor pool can be activated. Different groups of MNs within a motor pool can potentially be activated without involving adjacent motor pools by local stimulation of different parts of a motor pool via microelectrode array implanted into a motor pool. However, since the system has multiple inputs with single output during multi-electrode ISMS, it poses a challenge to movement control. In this paper, we proposed a modular robust control strategy for movement control, whereas multi-electrode array is implanted into each motor activation pool of a muscle.
  
  
  
  The controller was based on the combination of proportional-integral-derivative and adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control. The global stability of the controller was guaranteed.
  
  
  
  The results of the experiments on rat models showed that the multi-electrode control can provide a more robust control and accurate tracking performance than a single-electrode control. The control output can be pulse amplitude (pulse amplitude modulation, PAM) or pulse width (pulse width modulation, PWM) of the stimulation signal. The results demonstrated that the controller with PAM provided faster convergence rate and better tracking performance than the controller with PWM.
  
  
  
  This work represents a promising control approach to the restoring motor functions using ISMS. The proposed controller requires no prior knowledge about the dynamics of the system to be controlled and no offline learning phase. The proposed control design is modular in the sense that each motor pool has an independent controller and each controller is able to control ISMS through an array of microelectrodes.
authors.affiliation: Iran Neural Technology Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roshani
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erfanian
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D007596:Joints / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*