title: Fluorescence Imaging in the Red and Far-Red Region during Growth of Sunflower Plantlets. Diagnosis of the Early Infection by the Parasite Orobanche cumana.
abstract: Broomrape, caused by the root holoparasite Orobanche cumana, is the main biotic constraint to sunflower oil production worldwide. By the time broomrape emerges, most of the metabolic imbalance has been produced by O. cumana to sunflower plants. UV-induced multicolor fluorescence imaging (MCFI) provides information on the fluorescence emitted by chlorophyll (Chl) a of plants in the spectral bands with peaks near 680 nm (red, F680) and 740 nm (far-red, F740). In this work MCFI was extensively applied to sunflowers, either healthy or parasitized plants, for the first time. The distribution of red and far-red fluorescence was analyzed in healthy sunflower grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. Fluorescence patterns were analyzed across the leaf surface and throughout the plant by comparing the first four leaf pairs (LPs) between the second and fifth week of growth. Similar fluorescence patterns, with a delay of 3 or 4 days between them, were obtained for LPs of healthy sunflower, showing that red and far-red fluorescence varied with the developmental stage of the leaf. The use of F680 and F740 as indicators of sunflower infection by O. cumana during underground development stages of the parasite was also evaluated under similar experimental conditions. Early increases in F680 and F740 as well as decreases in F680/F740 were detected upon infection by O. cumana. Significant differences between inoculated and control plants depended on the LP that was considered at any time. Measurements of Chl contents and final total Chl content supported the results of MCFI, but they were less sensitive in differentiating healthy from inoculated plants. Sunflower infection was confirmed by the presence of broomrape nodules in the roots at the end of the experiment. The potential of MCFI in the red and far-red region for an early detection of O. cumana infection in sunflower was revealed. This technique might have a particular interest for early phenotyping in sunflower breeding programs. To our knowledge, this is the first work where the effect of a parasitic plant in its host is analyzed by means of fluorescence imaging in the red and far-red spectral regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture - Spanish National Research Council Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Bustos
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pérez-Bueno
authors.affiliation: Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barón
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture - Spanish National Research Council Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Leire
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Molinero-Ruiz
keywords: Helianthus annuus L.; broomrape; chlorophyll content; leaf pair; pre-symptomatic detection