title: Prenatal diagnosis and assessment of congenital spinal anomalies: Review for prenatal counseling.
abstract: The last two decades have seen continuous advances in prenatal ultrasonography and in utero magnetic resonance imaging. These technologies have increasingly enabled the identification of various spinal pathologies during early stages of gestation. The purpose of this paper is to review the range of fetal spine anomalies and their management, with the goal of improving the clinician's ability to counsel expectant parents prenatally.
authors.affiliation: Vidyadhar V Upasani, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: Vidyadhar V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Upasani
authors.affiliation: Vidyadhar V Upasani, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: Pamela Deaver
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Ketwaroo
authors.affiliation: Vidyadhar V Upasani, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: Judy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Estroff
authors.affiliation: Vidyadhar V Upasani, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Warf
authors.affiliation: Vidyadhar V Upasani, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Emans
authors.affiliation: Vidyadhar V Upasani, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Glotzbecker
keywords: Congenital spinal anomalies; In utero magnetic resonance imaging; Prenatal counseling; Prenatal ultrasound