title: Assessment of the prevalence and risk factors of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients in a large national diabetes registry cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited data on the epidemiology and risk factors of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence and important risk factors related to ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an observational registry-based study using the Saudi National Diabetes Registry (SNDR) database to select diabetic patients regardless of their diabetes type. A total of 64,351 Saudi diabetic patients aged more than 18 years and registered in SNDR between January 2000 and December 2010 were analyzed to identify ophthalmoplegic cases. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were studied and STROBE guidelines were used to design and report the results of this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of ophthalmoplegia cases was 0.32 %, further distributed into: 53.11 %, 36.36 %, and 2.8 % for cranial nerves VI, III, IV palsies respectively. Ophthalmoplegic cases were predominantly type 2 diabetic males with older age and longer diabetes duration. The most important and significant risk factors were age ≥ 45 years, diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, male gender and presence of retinopathy and nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ophthalmoplegia is a rare entity associated mainly with type 2 diabetes. Clinicians have to consider its risk factors when screening or planning for prevention of this condition.
authors.affiliation: King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Eman S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Al Kahtani
authors.affiliation: King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khandekar
authors.affiliation: Strategic Centre for Diabetes Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. krubeaan@dsrcenter.org.|University Diabetes Centre, King Saud University, P.O. Box 18397, Riyadh, 11415, Saudi Arabia. krubeaan@dsrcenter.org.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Rubeaan
authors.affiliation: Strategic Centre for Diabetes Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Amira M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.affiliation: Strategic Centre for Diabetes Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Heba M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Strategic Centre for Diabetes Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Al-Sharqawi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009886:Ophthalmoplegia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; III cranial nerve palsy; IV cranial nerve palsy; Ophthalmoplegia; VI cranial nerve palsy