title: Conservation of Distinct Genetically-Mediated Human Cortical Pattern.
abstract: The many subcomponents of the human cortex are known to follow an anatomical pattern and functional relationship that appears to be highly conserved between individuals. This suggests that this pattern and the relationship among cortical regions are important for cortical function and likely shaped by genetic factors, although the degree to which genetic factors contribute to this pattern is unknown. We assessed the genetic relationships among 12 cortical surface areas using brain images and genotype information on 2,364 unrelated individuals, brain images on 466 twin pairs, and transcriptome data on 6 postmortem brains in order to determine whether a consistent and biologically meaningful pattern could be identified from these very different data sets. We find that the patterns revealed by each data set are highly consistent (p<10-3), and are biologically meaningful on several fronts. For example, close genetic relationships are seen in cortical regions within the same lobes and, the frontal lobe, a region showing great evolutionary expansion and functional complexity, has the most distant genetic relationship with other lobes. The frontal lobe also exhibits the most distinct expression pattern relative to the other regions, implicating a number of genes with known functions mediating immune and related processes. Our analyses reflect one of the first attempts to provide an assessment of the biological consistency of a genetic phenomenon involving the brain that leverages very different types of data, and therefore is not just statistical replication which purposefully use very similar data sets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schork
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Min-Tzu
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Panizzon
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Lars T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Westlye
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kremen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Jernigan
authors.affiliation: Dr. E. Martens Research Group of Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Hellard
authors.affiliation: Dr. E. Martens Research Group of Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Vidar M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Espeseth
authors.affiliation: Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huentelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway.|Department of Medical Imaging, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Asta K
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9007-1202
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Håberg
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Agartz
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.|Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Srdjan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Djurovic
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Center for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.|Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anders M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schork
authors.affiliation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chi-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002102:Cadaver; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging; D010641:Phenotype; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics