title: Drying soil in North China drove the outbreak range expansion of meadow moth by facilitating long-distance migration.
abstract: Studies of the mechanism underlying the range expansion of organisms have mainly focused on environmental conditions at the edges of species' distributions, potentially ignoring other possible factors. Here, we demonstrated the outbreak range expansion of meadow moth from North China to Northeast China in the past three outbreak periods. We found that the negligible infestation in Northeast China in the 1950s could not be explained by local climatic conditions. However, the soil moisture in North China decreased distinctly from 1951 to 2011 and was significantly and positively correlated with the timing of the first adult peak on plateaus, meaning that the deterioration of habitat conditions could result in earlier peaks of adults in areas of high-elevation by stimulating the short-distance dispersal of adults from the plains to the plateaus. Adults peaking earlier have a stronger tendency to emigrate due to mismatched phenology. Hence, drying soil in North China caused the frequent long-distance migration of meadow moth after the 1970s and drove the outbreak range expansion. This study suggests that, for a migratory species, the deterioration of habitat conditions in overwintering areas might also influence the distribution of this species in breeding areas at high latitudes by facilitating migration activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China.
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Station of Kangbao, Kangbao 076650, China.
authors.forename: Aiguo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Baoping
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhai
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D002980:Climate; D055864:Droughts; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D009036:Moths; D011158:Population Growth; D012621:Seasons; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D012987:Soil