title: Oral pathology in inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) - Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) - has been increasing on a global scale, and progressively, more gastroenterologists will be included in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD. Although IBD primarily affects the intestinal tract, extraintestinal manifestations of the disease are often apparent, including in the oral cavity, especially in CD. Specific oral manifestations in patients with CD are as follows: indurate mucosal tags, cobblestoning and mucogingivitis, deep linear ulcerations and lip swelling with vertical fissures. The most common non-specific manifestations, such as aphthous stomatitis and angular cheilitis, occur in both diseases, while pyostomatitis vegetans is more pronounced in patients with UC. Non-specific lesions in the oral cavity can also be the result of malnutrition and drugs. Malnutrition, followed by anemia and mineral and vitamin deficiency, affects the oral cavity and teeth. Furthermore, all of the drug classes that are applied to the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases can lead to alterations in the oral cavity due to the direct toxic effects of the drugs on oral tissues, as well as indirect immunosuppressive effects with a risk of developing opportunistic infections or bone marrow suppression. There is a higher occurrence of malignant diseases in patients with IBD, which is related to the disease itself and to the IBD-related therapy with a possible oral pathology. Treatment of oral lesions includes treatment of the alterations in the oral cavity according to the etiology together with treatment of the primary intestinal disease, which requires adequate knowledge and a strong cooperation between gastroenterologists and specialists in oral medicine.
authors.affiliation: Miranda Muhvić-Urek, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muhvić-Urek
authors.affiliation: Miranda Muhvić-Urek, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomac-Stojmenović
authors.affiliation: Miranda Muhvić-Urek, Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
authors.forename: Brankica
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mijandrušić-Sinčić
mesh_terms: D002613:Cheilitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D008047:Lip Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019226:Oral Ulcer / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013280:Stomatitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013281:Stomatitis, Aphthous / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
keywords: Crohn’s disease; Drug-related side effects and adverse reactions; Extraintestinal manifestations; Inflammatory bowel disease; Malnutrition; Ulcerative colitis