title: Current Standard and Future Perspectives in First- and Second-Line Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a median 5-year survival of <8%. At the time of diagnosis, a vast majority of pancreatic cancer patients were found to be with either metastatic spread of the disease or locally advanced tumors. Despite relatively low efficacy, gemcitabine administration was the first choice chemotherapeutic strategy in advanced PDAC for many years. In the last 5 years, however, our understanding of pancreatic carcinogenesis has improved dramatically and with this our therapeutic options have expanded significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the FOLFIRINOX protocol or the combination of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, 2 novel and more effective chemotherapeutic regimens have been introduced in clinical routine, which increased the overall survival by 4-5 months in the palliative situation. Most recently, we learned that both regimens can be modified and dosages can be adapted in older patients without significant loss of efficacy. Additionally, novel application strategies such as nanoparticle fused liposomal irinotecan along with 5-FU/LV provided convincing results in patients previously treated with gemcitabine. Current preclinical and clinical trials investigate efficacy and tolerability of novel drugs aiming at the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways, for example, JAK-STAT signaling, or the tumor surrounding desmoplasia. Prospectively, immunovaccination approaches or immune checkpoint inhibition appears as promising strategies in the near future, particularly when combined with epigenetic drugs in advanced PDAC patients. In this 'to-the-point' article, we review the current standard and summarize the most recent and encouraging advances in cytostatic PDAC treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) FOLFIRINOX and nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine as first-line treatment regime significantly increase survival in patients with advanced PDAC; (2) Selection of appropriate treatment regime depends on patient performance, comorbidity, and toxicity; (3) PDAC patients will benefit from second-line chemotherapy and selection of appropriate regimes depends on first line therapy and patient criteria; (4) Future therapeutic strategies in advanced PDAC will respect molecular tumor profiling and other biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ellenrieder
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seufferlein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000418:Albumins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000592:standards* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D000077146:Irinotecan; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: C520255:130-nm albumin-bound paclitaxel; D000418:Albumins; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000077146:Irinotecan; D017239:Paclitaxel; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil; D002166:Camptothecin; D000093542:Gemcitabine