title: Taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationship of tits based on mitogenomes and nuclear segments.
abstract: The phylogeny of tits has been studied using various molecular markers, but their phylogenetic relationships remain controversial. To further investigate their taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships, the entire mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) and five nuclear segments were sequenced from 10 species of tits and two outgroups (Sylviparus modestus and Remiz consobrinus), followed by the comparison of mitogenomic characteristics and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationship based on the different datasets. The results revealed the following: the mitogenomes of 10 ingroup tits, each 16,758-16,799bp in length, displayed typical mitogenome organization and the gene order found in most previously determined Passeriformes mitogenomes; close relationships existed between Parus major and P. monticolus, between P. montanus and P. palustris, and between P. ater and P. venustulus; and Pseudopodoces humilis was a sister group to P. spilonotus, P. cyanus, or the clade containing P. major and P. monticolus.
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
authors.forename: Xuejuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
authors.forename: Liliang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
authors.forename: Ruirui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions' Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China. Electronic address: yuanh@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: leifm@ioz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Fumin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D012335:RNA, Ribosomal; D004247:DNA; D012343:RNA, Transfer
keywords: Comparative genomics; Mitogenome; Nuclear segment; Phylogeny; Tits