title: Alterations of Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinergic and antioxidant enzymes activity by protocatechuic acid in cadmium-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Wistar rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study assessed the possible protective mechanisms of protocatechuic acid (PCA) against cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male wistar strain rats weighing between 150-160g were purchased and acclimatized for two weeks. The rats were divided into seven groups of seven each; NC group received normal saline, CAD group received 6mg/kg of Cd-solution, CAD+PSG group received Cd-solution and prostigmine (5mg/kg), CAD+PCA-10 and CAD+PCA-20 groups received Cd-solution and PCA (10mg/kg and 20mg/kg) respectively, PCA-10 and PCA-20 groups received 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg PCA each. Animals were administered normal saline, Cd and PCA daily by oral gavage for 21days. After which the animals were sacrificed, the brain excised, homogenized and centrifuged. The activities of enzymes (Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinesterases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and levels of oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione) linked to neurodegeneration were subsequently assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant (p<0.05) alterations in the enzyme activities and levels of oxidative stress markers were observed in CAD group when compared to the NC group. However, the activities of the enzymes were reversed in CAD+PSG and CAD+PCA groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCA may protect against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity by altering the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria P.M.B., 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: saadefegha@futa.edu.ng.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adefegha
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria P.M.B., 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ganiyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oboh
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria P.M.B., 704, Akure 340001, Nigeria; Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-mokin P.M.B., 002, Ondo State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olasunkanmi S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Omojokun
authors.affiliation: Dept of Animal Health and Production, Federal College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 623, Akure, Ondo, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Omowunmi M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Adefegha
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D009498:Neurotoxins; D002104:Cadmium; C009091:protocatechuic acid; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D005978:Glutathione; D002794:Choline
keywords: Antioxidant; Cadmium; Cholinesterases; Enzymes; Na(+)/K(+) ATPase; Protocatechuic acid