title: Late postoperative massive bleeding in septorhinoplasty: A prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are various complications that can occur in septorhinoplasty, most of which are related to postoperative failure to achieve the desired aesthetic result. However, there are also many other complications, including postoperative bleeding, which is one of the most common nonaesthetic-related complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was a prospective analysis involving a total of 750 septorhinoplasty patients, and included individuals who experienced massive bleeding after postoperative day 8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of bleeding was 2% among all patients. One percent of cases with bleeding occurred between postoperative days 8 and 14. None of the patients exhibited an abnormality in preoperative or postoperative coagulation tests. Mean blood loss was approximately 1 unit. In all patients, clots in the nose were cleaned, bleeding was subsequently controlled by placement of a polyvinyl alcohol sponge tampon soaked in adrenalin and tranexamic acid, and intravenous administration of 250 mg tranexamic acid in isotonic saline solution. This treatment was sufficient for all cases. None of the patients expereinced recurrent bleeding nor did they require a blood transfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late bleeding in septorhinoplasty is rare. It may be prevented by completely filling the nasal cavity so that there is no dead space between the septal mucosal membranes and the drainage opening. If bleeding occurs, it can be treated by placement of a tampon soaked in adrenalin and tranexamic acid plus intravenous administration of 250 mg tranexamic acid.
authors.affiliation: SO-EP Aesthetic & Plastic Surgery Clinic, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Safvet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ors
authors.affiliation: SO-EP Aesthetic & Plastic Surgery Clinic, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozkose
keywords: Bleeding; Complications; Late bleeding; Reasons for bleeding; Septorhinoplasty