title: Nutritional Strategies for the Individualized Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Based on the Nutrient-Induced Insulin Output Ratio (NIOR).
abstract: Nutrients play a fundamental role as regulators of the activity of enzymes involved in liver metabolism. In the general population, the action of nutrients may be affected by gene polymorphisms. Therefore, individualization of a diet for individuals with fatty liver seems to be a fundamental step in nutritional strategies. In this study, we tested the nutrient-induced insulin output ratio (NIOR), which is used to identify the correlation between the variants of genes and insulin resistance. We enrolled 171 patients, Caucasian men (n = 104) and women (n = 67), diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). From the pool of genes sensitive to nutrient content, we selected genes characterized by a strong response to the NIOR. The polymorphisms included Adrenergic receptor (b3AR), Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), Apolipoprotein C (Apo C III). Uncoupling Protein type I (UCP-1), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ2 (PPAR-2) and Apolipoprotein E (APOEs). We performed three dietary interventions: a diet consistent with the results of genotyping (NIOR (+)); typical dietary recommendations for NAFLD (Cust (+)), and a diet opposite to the genotyping results (NIOR (-) and Cust (-)). We administered the diet for six months. The most beneficial changes were observed among fat-sensitive patients who were treated with the NIOR (+) diet. These changes included improvements in body mass and insulin sensitivity and normalization of blood lipids. In people sensitive to fat, the NIOR seems to be a useful tool for determining specific strategies for the treatment of NAFLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. ewa.stachowska@pum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stachowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. ryterska.karina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ryterska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. domi.maciejka@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maciejewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. banaszczak.marcin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banaszczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-111, Poland. p.milkiewicz@wp.pl.|Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland. p.milkiewicz@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 70-111, Poland. milkiewm@pum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. izagut@poczta.onet.pl.
authors.forename: Izabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gutowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. zbizcz@pum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ossowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. szpital@szpital-zdroje.szczecin.pl.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaczorowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. dominikajamiol@interia.pl.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jamioł-Milc
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 71-460, Poland. kldiab@pum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabinicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetology and Internal Diseases Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin 72-010, Poland. malnap@sci.pum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Napierała
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn 10-718, Poland. lidia.wadolowska@wum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wądołowska
authors.affiliation: Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery of the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland. jorasz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raszeja-Wyszomirska
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D004032:Diet; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy*; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: NAFLD; NAFLD diet; NIOR; fat reduction; insulin sensitivity; liver fat; reduction of body mass