title: An Improved FFR Design with a Ventilation Fan: CFD Simulation and Validation.
abstract: This article presents an improved Filtering Facepiece Respirator (FFR) designed to increase the comfort of wearers during low-moderate work. The improved FFR aims to lower the deadspace temperature and CO2 level by an active ventilation fan. The reversing modeling is used to build the 3D geometric model of this FFR; the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is then introduced to investigate the flow field. Based on the simulation result, the ventilation fan of the improved FFR can fit the flow field well when placed in the proper blowing orientation; streamlines from this fan show a cup-shape distribution and are perfectly matched to the shape of the FFR and human face when the fan blowing inward. In the deadspace of the improved FFR, the CO2 volume fraction is controlled by the optimized flow field. In addition, an experimental prototype of the improved FFR has been tested to validate the simulation. A wireless temperature sensor is used to detect the temperature variation inside the prototype FFR, deadspace temperature is lowered by 2 K compared to the normal FFR without a fan. An infrared camera (IRC) method is used to elucidate the temperature distribution on the prototype FFR's outside surface and the wearer's face, surface temperature is lowered notably. Both inside and outside temperature results from the simulation are in agreement with experimental results. Therefore, adding an inward-blowing fan on the outer surface of an N95 FFR is a feasible approach to reducing the deadspace CO2 concentration and improve temperature comfort.
authors.affiliation: School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xiaotie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Shengnan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D013696:Temperature; D014691:Ventilation