title: Deep Learning Representation from Electroencephalography of Early-Stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Features for Differentiation from Rapidly Progressive Dementia.
abstract: A novel technique of quantitative EEG for differentiating patients with early-stage Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) from other forms of rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) is proposed. The discrimination is based on the extraction of suitable features from the time-frequency representation of the EEG signals through continuous wavelet transform (CWT). An average measure of complexity of the EEG signal obtained by permutation entropy (PE) is also included. The dimensionality of the feature space is reduced through a multilayer processing system based on the recently emerged deep learning (DL) concept. The DL processor includes a stacked auto-encoder, trained by unsupervised learning techniques, and a classifier whose parameters are determined in a supervised way by associating the known category labels to the reduced vector of high-level features generated by the previous processing blocks. The supervised learning step is carried out by using either support vector machines (SVM) or multilayer neural networks (MLP-NN). A subset of EEG from patients suffering from Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and healthy controls (HC) is considered for differentiating CJD patients. When fine-tuning the parameters of the global processing system by a supervised learning procedure, the proposed system is able to achieve an average accuracy of 89%, an average sensitivity of 92%, and an average specificity of 89% in differentiating CJD from RPD. Similar results are obtained for CJD versus AD and CJD versus HC.
authors.affiliation: * University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco Carlo
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.affiliation: * University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campolo
authors.affiliation: ∥ IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Via Palermo c/da Casazza, SS. 113, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mammone
authors.affiliation: * University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Versaci
authors.affiliation: † Neurologic Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Franceschetti
authors.affiliation: † Neurologic Institute "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tagliavini
authors.affiliation: ‡ Institute of Neurology, University of Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sofia
authors.affiliation: ‡ Institute of Neurology, University of Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fatuzzo
authors.affiliation: § Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gambardella
authors.affiliation: § Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labate
authors.affiliation: § Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mumoli
authors.affiliation: ¶ Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanbattista Gaspare
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Tripodi
authors.affiliation: § Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.|¶ Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.affiliation: ¶ Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cianci
authors.affiliation: ¶ Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sueri
authors.affiliation: § Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.|¶ Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferlazzo
authors.affiliation: § Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, Italy.|¶ Regional Epilepsy Centre, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Aguglia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007562:Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; CJD; EEG; SVM; classification; continuous wavelet transform; deep learning; dementia; subacute encephalopathies