title: Aqueous extract from Ipomoea asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) leaves and its phenolic compounds have anti-inflammatory activity in murine models of edema, peritonitis and air-pouch inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. and Schult.(Convolvulaceae), popularly known as salsa or salsa-brava, is a plant of which the decoction of leaves is used in folk medicine to treat various inflammatory disorders such of dermatitis, scabies, symptoms of syphilis, skin ulcers and external wounds. However, little is known about possible compounds and mechanisms of action of the plant to support the activities reported by popular use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to identify bioactive molecules present in the crude extract of I. asarifolia leaves and investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of this extract in different experimental in vivo models to improve the understanding on that activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous extract of I. asarifolia leaves was prepared by decoction (1:10 m/v) and its chromatographic profile was obtained by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography diode array detector coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS). The potential anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was assessed using the following in vivo models: xylene-induced ear edema (20, 30 and 40mg/kg), evaluating the degree of edema formation; carrageenan-induced peritonitis (10, 20 and 30mg/kg), evaluating leukocyte migration and cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α) at 4h; zymosan-induced air pouch inflammation (20, 30 and 40mg/kg), evaluating the kinetics of leukocyte migration by total and differential counts at 6, 24 and 48h. The same tests were conducted using pure compounds identified in the aqueous extract from I. asarifolia leaves in different doses for each experimental model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The compounds identified in the aqueous extract of I. asarifolia leaves by HPLC-DAD and LC-DAD-MS were rutin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The extract significantly reduced ear edema induced by xylene (81%, 85% and 86% for doses of 20, 30 and 40mg/kg, respectively, p<0.001), as well as cell migration in experimental models of peritonitis (70%, 78% and 83% for doses of 10, 20 and 30mg/kg, respectively, p<0.001) and air pouch inflammation (58%, 67% and 53% for doses of 20, 30 and 40mg/kg, respectively, p<0.001). In addition, the extract demonstrated the ability to significantly inhibit the production of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α (p<0.001). The secondary metabolites tested (rutin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid) also showed the ability to significantly (p<0.001) decrease the parameters analyzed above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to identify and confirm these phenolic compounds in I. asarifolia leaves extract and to suggest that these compounds contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, as reported by ethnomedicinal use of this plant. Through the different experimental models performed, we can conclude that the results obtained with the aqueous extract from I. asarifolia leaves support its popular use for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Allanny A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manoela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres-Rêgo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maíra C J S
authors.initials: MCJS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana A O
authors.initials: MAO
authors.lastname: Bitencourt
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréia Bergamo
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Estrela
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nayara
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Souza da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emerson Michell
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: da Silva Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tomaz
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Norberto Peporine
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arnóbio Antônio
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Silva-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zucolotto
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: mpedrosa@ufrnet.br.
authors.forename: Matheus F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fernandes-Pedrosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D027741:Ipomoea / Q000737:chemistry*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D013997:Time Factors; D014992:Xylenes; D015054:Zymosan
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014992:Xylenes; D002351:Carrageenan; D015054:Zymosan
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Convolvulaceae; In vivo models; Ipomoea asarifolia