title: Alternative to the transvenous approach in pediatric pacing - long-term experiences with bipolar epicardial pacing leads.
abstract: Cardiovascular anatomy and limited venous access may preclude the implantation of endocardial pacing systems in children as well as adults with congenital heart disease. Thus, the implantation of myo/epicardial pacing leads is required in these patients. The less favorable long-term results experienced in the past with myocardial screw-in leads are often used to justify the transvenous approach whenever possible, even in infants. However, encouraging preliminary results were reported from modern bipolar steroid eluting epicardial pacing leads. Further follow-up data are now warranted to obtain arguments for the dispute regarding the preferable or optimal pacing approach in infants and small children. Methods From January 1994 to November 2000 a total of 64 bipolar steroid-eluting epicardial pacing leads (Medtronic CapSure Epi 10366 and 4968, Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA) were implanted in 52 children at our institutions (52 electrodes in ventricular and 12 in atrial position). The median age of the children was 25.5 months (range 0.03 to 193 months). As part of a prospective multicenter study these leads were continuously followed in combination with AutoCapture devices since December 1996. Results Telemetry data demonstrated at discharge low pacing thresholds both for the ventricular (0.8±0.37Volt @ 0.5ms) and the atrial leads (0.8±0.4Volt @ 0.5ms) as well as excellent sensing signals (P wave 2.9±1.4mV and R wave 10.6±5.5mV) without significant changes during follow-up up to 24 months. AutoCapture controlled pacing could be applied in 46/52 (88%) children rendering a calculated battery service life of 14.8±2.9 years with a VVIR device (Regency SR 5130, St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, CA, USA) and 10.8±1.1 years with a dual chamber device (Affinity DR 5330, St. Jude Medical, Sylmar, CA, USA). Apart from the necessity to reposition three leads in the immediate postoperative period no late lead related complications have been experienced during follow-up. Conclusions The new steroid-eluting bipolar epicardial pacing lead demonstrates a high reliability and consistent extraordinary pacing as well as sensing thresholds. AutoCapture controlled pacing is feasible in most patients and may result in marked battery service life extension. Hence epicardial pacing can now be highly recommended as the first choice for permanent pacing in infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology University Children's Hospital Steinwiesstr. 75 8032 Zürich, Switzerland E-Mail: bauersfe@kispi.unizh.ch, Switzerland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bauersfeld
authors.affiliation: II. Medical Clinic Johannes-Gutenberg-University Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz, Germany, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Przibille
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology University Children's Hospital Steinwiesstr. 75 8032 Zürich, Switzerland E-Mail: bauersfe@kispi.unizh.ch, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gajic
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery University Hospital 22185 Lund, Sweden, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fåhraeus
authors.affiliation: II. Medical Clinic Johannes-Gutenberg-University Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz, Germany, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kampmann
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology University Children's Hospital Steinwiesstr. 75 8032 Zürich, Switzerland E-Mail: bauersfe@kispi.unizh.ch, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahn-Schönbeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery University Hospital 22185 Lund, Sweden, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schüller
keywords: AutoCapture; Key words Epicardial electrodes; congenital heart disease; pediatric pacing