title: APOE genotype and stress response - a mini review.
abstract: The APOE gene is one of currently only two genes that have consistently been associated with longevity. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a plasma protein which plays an important role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. In humans, there are three major APOE isoforms, designated APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. Of these three isoforms, APOE3 is most common while APOE4 was shown to be associated with age-related diseases, including cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease, and therefore an increased mortality risk with advanced age. Evidence accumulates, showing that oxidative stress and, correspondingly, mitochondrial function is affected in an APOE isoform-dependent manner. Accordingly, several stress response pathways implicated in the aging process, including the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and immune function, appear to be influenced by the APOE genotype. The investigation and development of treatment strategies targeting APOE4 have not resolved any therapeutic yet that could be entirely recommended. This mini-review provides an overview on the state of research concerning the impact of the APOE genotype on stress response-related processes, emphasizing the strong interconnection between mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the immune response. Furthermore, this review addresses potential treatment strategies and associated pitfalls as well as lifestyle interventions that could benefit people with an at risk APOE4 genotype.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany. dose@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.|Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105, Kiel, Germany. dose@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
authors.forename: Janina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1145-509X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dose
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huebbe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Almut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nebel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rimbach
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D053329:Apolipoprotein E2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008136:Longevity; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D053329:Apolipoprotein E2; D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4
keywords: Apolipoprotein E isoform; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Immune function; Mitochondrial function; Oxidative stress; Therapeutic intervention