title: Changes in body composition of Indian lactating women: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lactation places enormous demands on maternal bone mineral homeostasis. Indian middle class women (MSC) consume energy dense food supplements to meet these demands post-partum (PP) along with restricted physical activity (PA). Effects of these changes on body composition (BC) of PP women have not been studied. To examine longitudinal changes in: a) bone mineral density (BMD) at total body (TB), AP-spine (APS) and dual femur neck regions (DF) b) BC by body weight, lean mass, fat mass using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline, 6-months and 1-year in urban MSC women.
  
  
  METHODS
  76-primi-parous (28±3.2 yrs) randomly selected PP women (<7-days) were studied; 70 reassessed at 6- months and 42 1-yr PP. Data on anthropometry, BC, BMD at TB, APS and DF by DXA collected (baseline, 6- months, 1-yr PP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weight, waist and body mass index (BMI) decreased both at 6-month and 1-yr PP with respect to baseline (p<0.05). BC changes showed increase in android fat % at 1-yr by 10% over baseline (p<0.05). BMD with initial decline at 6-months (-2.8%, -2.3% and -2.3% respectively) recovered partially by 1-yr (+2.5% +1.2% and +4.8% respectively) at DF and TB with complete recovery at APS (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These urban relatively sedentary MSC women consumed fat rich food PP with higher android fat retention and partial recovery of BMD at DF and TB at 1-year. Modifications in activity and dietary nutrient intakes may be necessary to prevent cardiovascular and bone health related risks.
authors.affiliation: Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Neha A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kajale
authors.affiliation: Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Vaman V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Zulf
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mughal
authors.affiliation: Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Shashi A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chiplonkar
authors.affiliation: Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India. Email: anuradhavkhadilkar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anuradha V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D015519:Bone Density; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats