title: The implication of salience network abnormalities in young male adult smokers.
abstract: Studying the neural correlates of smoking behaviors in young adulthood is of great importance to improve treatment outcomes. In previous addiction studies, the important roles of the salience network (SN) in drug cue processing and cognitive control have been revealed. Unfortunately, few studies focused on the resting-state functional connectivity and structural integrity abnormalities of SN in young adult smokers, and less is known about its association with smoking behaviors and cognitive control deficits. Thirty-one young male adult smokers and 30 age-, education- and gender-matched nonsmokers participated in this study. The structural and functional connectivity differences of SN were investigated between young adult smokers and nonsmokers by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), which were then correlated with the smoking behavioral assessments (pack-years and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)) as well as impaired cognitive control measured by the Stroop task. Within SN, reduced RSFC and increased fractional anisotropy (FA) were found between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the right insula in young adult smokers relative to nonsmokers. The RSFC between the ACC and right insula was negatively correlated with the number of errors during the incongruent condition of the Stroop task in young adult smokers. Additionally, the right insula-ACC RSFC was negatively correlated with pack-years in young adult smokers. Our results revealed abnormal RSFC and structural integrity within the SN in young adult smokers, which shed new insights into the neural mechanism of nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yangding
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China. kyuan@xidian.edu.cn.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China. kyuan@xidian.edu.cn.|Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China. kyuan@xidian.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiadong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematics, Physics and Biological Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China. fmydh@imust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dahua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.|Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.|Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging; D056344:Executive Function; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D012146:Rest; D000068356:Self-Control; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000074285:Smokers / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D057190:Stroop Test; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diffusion tensor imaging; Resting-state functional connectivity; Salience network; Stroop task; Young adult smoker