title: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in combination with immunoablative protocol in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis--A 10-year follow-up of the first transplanted patient.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that affects young individuals and leads to severe disability. High dose immunoablation followed by autologous hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) has been considered in the last 15 years as potentialy effective therapeutic approach for aggressive MS. The most recent long-time follow-up results suggest that AHSCT is not only effective for highly-aggressive MS, but for relapsing-remitting MS as well, providing long-term remission, or maybe even cure. We presented a 10-year follow-up of the first MS patient being treated by immunoablation therapy and AHSCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 27-year-old male experienced the first symptoms--intermitent numbness and paresthesia of arms and legs of what was treated for two years by psychiatrist as anxiety disorder. After he developed severe paraparesis he was admitted to the Neurology Clinic and diagnosed with MS. Our patient developed aggressive MS with frequent relapses, rapid disability progression and transition to secondary progressive form 6 years after MS onset[the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 7.0 Ambulation Index (AI) 7]. AHSCT was performed, cyclophosphamide was used for hemopoietic stem cell mobilization and the BEAM protocol was used as conditionig regimen. No major adverse events followed the AHSCT. Neurological impairment improved, EDSS 6.5, AI 6 and during a 10-year follow-up remained unchanged. Brain MRI follow-up showed the absence of gadolinium enhancing lesions and a mild progression of brain atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patient with rapidly evolving, aggressive, noninflammatory MS initialy improved and remained stable, without disability progression for 10 years, after AHSCT. This kind of treatment should be considered in aggressive MS, or in disease modifying treatment nonresponsive MS patients, since appropriately timed AHSCT treatment may not only prevent disability progression but reduce the achieved level of disability, as well.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Obradović
authors.forename: Ljiljana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tukić
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radovinović-Tasić
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petrović
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elez
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ostojić
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balint
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization / Q000379:methods*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome