title: Effects of Surface Conditions of Titanium Dental Implants on Bacterial Adhesion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study is to evaluate the effect of surface roughness of titanium implants on bacterial adhesion and then to investigate the efficacy of the three cleaning treatments for bacterial removal in titanium surfaces.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although surface debridement is the basic element for treatment of peri-implantitis to reduce bacterial adhesion, adjunctive therapies such as antiseptics and laser debridement have been proposed to improve the nonsurgical treatment options of the peri-implant infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium specimens were divided into five groups: No. 1200 grit sandpaper polishing (Grit), 50 μm (SB50), 100 μm (SB100), and 250 μm Al2O3 sandblasting (SB250), and sandblasting, large-grit, and acid-etching (SLA). Surface roughness (Ra), contact angle, and surface morphology were examined. The subsequent adhesion of Escherichia coli on the different substrates was assayed. After 8 h of bacterial culture, three different cleaning treatments, including plastic curettage, air-powder abrasive system, and Er:YAG laser debridement, were applied on the specimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Ra value changed from the lower value of 0.2 μm for the Grit group to the significantly higher value of 2.7 μm for the SB250 group, indicating a significant difference from the SLA group (2.0 μm). The average contact angle of SLA (101°) was significantly higher than the other groups. No significant difference in E. coli bacterial adhesion was found among the all roughened groups, except the SB50 and SB250 groups at 12 h of culture. The use of three cleaning treatments did not induce significant surface alterations. However, the E. coli adhesion was significantly reduced in the air-powder abrasive system and laser debridement in comparison with that treated with the plastic curettage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laser debridement could be a useful cleaning method for peri-implantitis therapy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chun-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung City, Taiwan .|2 School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Shinn-Jyh
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung City, Taiwan .|3 Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chun-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D020906:Air Abrasion, Dental; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D003646:Debridement; D015921:Dental Implants; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000628:therapy; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium