title: Hydrogeochemical investigations in a drained lake area: the case of Xynias basin (Central Greece).
abstract: In Xynias drained Lake Basin's area, central Greece, a hydrogeochemical research took place including groundwater sampling from 30 sampling sites, chemical analysis, and statistical analysis. Groundwaters present Ca-Mg-HCO3 as the dominant hydrochemical type, while their majority is mixed waters with non-dominant ion. They are classified as moderately hard to hard and are characterized by oxidizing conditions. They are undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, siderite, and magnesite and oversaturated in respect to calcite, aragonite, and dolomite. Nitrate concentration ranges from 4.4 to 107.4 mg/L, meanwhile 13.3 % of the samples exceed the European Community (E.C.) drinking water permissible limit. The trace elements Fe, Ni, Cr, and Cd present values of 30, 80, 57, and 50 %, respectively, above the maximum permissible limit set by E.C. Accordingly, the majority of the groundwaters are considered unsuitable for drinking water needs. Sodium adsorption ratio values (0.04-3.98) and the electrical conductivity (227-1200 μS/cm) classify groundwaters as suitable for irrigation uses, presenting low risk and medium soil alkalization risk. Factor analysis shows that geogenic processes associated with the former lacustrine environment and anthropogenic influences with the use of fertilizers are the major factors that characterized the chemical composition of the groundwaters.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Minearology-Geology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece. nchariz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1451-0576
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Charizopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, Laboratory of Hydrogeology, University of Patras, 26110, Rio-, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zagana
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Minearology-Geology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stamatis
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006115:Greece; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D009566:Nitrates; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D008274:Magnesium; C028042:calcium magnesium carbonate
keywords: Central Greece; Factor analysis; Groundwater hydrogeochemistry; Lacustrine deposits; Xynias drained lake