title: Synthesis and cyto-genotoxicity evaluation of graphene on mice spermatogonial stem cells.
abstract: The present study analyzed the dose-dependent cyto- and genotoxicity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) for the first time. The results showed that graphene oxide significantly increased oxidative stress at concentrations of 100 and 400μg/ml, while low concentrations did not have a significant effect. In addition, according to the MTT assay, the cell number decreased in high-concentration (100 and 400μg/ml) graphene oxide-treated samples compared to untreated cells. However, a reduced graphene-treated sample demonstrated a significant increase in cell number. Moreover, microscopic analysis found high concentrations of graphene nanosheets in cell culture medium that reduced the number of colonies and colony forming cells. We conclude that a high concentration of graphene can be toxic to SSCs. However, such toxicity can be reduced by the surface modification of graphene nanomaterials.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Transgenic Mouse, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran; Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 14588-89694, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Transgenic Mouse, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran; Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shamsara
authors.affiliation: Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: daliri@nrcgeb.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daliri
authors.affiliation: Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dashtizad
authors.affiliation: Departments of Chemistry Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Electronic address: a.farmany@usa.com.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farmany
mesh_terms: D000072956:Adult Germline Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006108:Graphite
keywords: Cytotoxicity genotoxicity; Graphene; Oxidative stress; Spermatogonial stem cells