title: Immunotherapy for non-responders among patients of spinal tuberculosis.
abstract: Combined chemo- and immunotherapy are the major advancement in the treatment of tuberculosis. Immunotherapy supposedly increases cure rate while reducing the duration of treatment and tissue damage. Non-responders are those patients of tuberculosis who do not respond to anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) in the desired manner despite the mycobacteria showing sensitivity to the given drugs. The role of immunotherapy in the treatment of this particular subset of patients has been investigated scarcely.
  
  
  
  The present study included a retrospective review of prospectively collected clinico-radiological data of 14 non-responder patients who were taking ATT for spinal tuberculosis for a mean duration of 10.3 months. An immunotherapeutic regime comprising of single intramuscular injection of vitamin D 600,000IU, 3 days course of oral albendazole 200mg daily, salmonella vaccine 0.5ml intramuscular and influenza vaccine 0.5ml intramuscular were added to ATT. The vaccines and the course of oral albendazole were repeated after a month.
  
  
  
  Before immunotherapy, seven patients were partially dependent while other seven were completely dependent on others for activities of daily living. All except one patient after treatment became independent till last follow-up (p value <0.01). Post immunotherapy, ATT was continued for mean duration of 4.9 months with mean follow-up of 22.4 months. All patients showed good clinical response within 2-6 weeks after the initiation of immunotherapy.
  
  
  
  The crux to success of the immunotherapy regime is its potential to restore the existing Th1 Th2 imbalance and to provide substitute to the anergic and dysfunctional immune cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India.
authors.forename: Ayush
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India. Electronic address: drajaygupta@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India.
authors.forename: Awkash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated L.N. Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015766:Albendazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014399:Tuberculosis, Spinal / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014815:Vitamins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D015766:Albendazole
keywords: Cellular immunity; Influenza; Mycobacteria; Salmonella; Vaccine