title: Ex Vivo Model of Human Penile Transplantation and Rejection: Implications for Erectile Tissue Physiology.
abstract: Penile transplantation is a potential treatment option for severe penile tissue loss. Models of human penile rejection are lacking.
  
  
  
  Evaluate effects of rejection and immunosuppression on cavernous tissue using a novel ex vivo mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) model.
  
  
  
  Cavernous tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 patients undergoing penile prosthesis operations and PBMCs from a healthy volunteer were obtained. Ex vivo MLRs were prepared by culturing cavernous tissue for 48h in media alone, in media with autologous PBMCs, or in media with allogenic PBMCs to simulate control, autotransplant, and allogenic transplant conditions with or without 1μM cyclosporine A (CsA) or 20nM tacrolimus (FK506) treatment.
  
  
  
  Rejection was characterized by PBMC flow cytometry and gene expression transplant array. Cavernous tissues were evaluated by histomorphology and myography to assess contraction and relaxation. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and unpaired Student t test.
  
  
  
  Flow cytometry and tissue array demonstrated allogenic PBMC activation consistent with rejection. Rejection impaired cavernous tissue physiology and was associated with cellular infiltration and apoptosis. CsA prevented rejection but did not improve tissue relaxation. CsA treatment impaired relaxation in tissues cultured without PBMCs compared with media and FK506. Study limitations included the use of penile tissue with erectile dysfunction and lack of cross-matching data.
  
  
  
  This model could be used to investigate the effects of penile rejection and immunosuppression. Additional studies are needed to optimize immunosuppression to prevent rejection and maximize corporal tissue physiology.
  
  
  
  This report describes a novel ex vivo model of human penile transplantation rejection. Tissue rejection impaired erectile tissue physiology. This report suggests that cyclosporin A might hinder corporal physiology and that other immunosuppressant agents, such as FK506, might be better suited to penile transplantation.
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: nas@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Nikolai A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sopko
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Doai Memorial Hospital and The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Denver M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lough
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kates
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Xiaopu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Billups
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Redett
authors.affiliation: The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Arthur L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brandacher
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Trinity J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Bivalacqua
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009213:Myography; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D000093667:Penile Transplantation
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D016559:Tacrolimus
keywords: Erectile dysfunction; Penile transplantation; Tissue myography