title: APOE polymorphisms influence longitudinal lipid trends preceding intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine whether APOE genotype influences a previously observed decline in serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels preceding primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), as a potential demonstration of nonamyloid mechanisms of APOE in ICH risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a single-center retrospective longitudinal analysis using patients with known APOE genotype drawn from an ongoing cohort study of ICH. Serum lipid measurements for TC, triglycerides (TGs), LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) collected within 2 years before and after index ICH were extracted from electronic medical records. Piecewise linear mixed-effects models were used to compare APOE allele-specific effects on temporal serum lipid trends in ICH. Demographics, medical history, medications, and health maintenance data were included as fixed effects. Inter- and intraindividual variations in lipid levels were modeled as random effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 124 ICH cases were analyzed. APOE ε4 carriers had greater rates of decline in serum TC and LDL within 6 months preceding ICH (TC: -7.30 mg/dL/mo, p = 0.0035; LDL: -8.44 mg/dL/mo, p = 0.0001). Conversely, serum TC and LDL levels in APOE ε2 carriers were unchanged within the same time period. APOE genotype had no associations with serum HDL or TG trends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APOE allele status predicts serum TC and LDL changes preceding acute ICH. Our results have implications for ongoing efforts in dissecting the role of dyslipidemia in cerebrovascular disease risk. APOE genotype-specific influence on lipid trends provides a clue for one mechanism by which APOE may influence risk of ICH. Further characterization of the metabolic roles of APOE is needed to improve the understanding of APOE biology in cerebrovascular disease risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Chia-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Phuah
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Miriam R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Raffeld
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: M Edip
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gurol
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biffi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology (C.-L.P., J.R., C.D.A.), Center for Human Genetic Research (C.-L.P., M.R.R., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), The J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Group (A.M.A., M.E.G., A.V., S.M.G., J.R., C.D.A.), Division of Behavioral Neurology (A.B.), Division of Psychiatry (A.B.), Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Program in Medical and Population Genetics (C.-L.P., A.B., J.R., C.D.A.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Anderson