title: Electrochemical Cathodic Polarization, a Simplified Method That Can Modified and Increase the Biological Activity of Titanium Surfaces: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cathodic polarization seems to be an electrochemical method capable of modifying and coat biomolecules on titanium surfaces, improving the surface activity and promoting better biological responses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the systematic review is to assess the scientific literature to evaluate the cellular response produced by treatment of titanium surfaces by applying the cathodic polarization technique.
  The literature search was performed in several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo and EBSCO Host, until June 2016, with no limits used. Eligibility criteria were used and quality assessment was performed following slightly modified ARRIVE and SYRCLE guidelines for cellular studies and animal research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen studies accomplished the inclusion criteria and were considered in the review. The quality of reporting studies in animal models was low and for the in vitro studies it was high. The in vitro and in vivo results reported that the use of cathodic polarization promoted hydride surfaces, effective deposition, and adhesion of the coated biomolecules. In the experimental groups that used the electrochemical method, cellular viability, proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, or bone growth were better or comparable with the control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the cathodic polarization method to modify titanium surfaces seems to be an interesting method that could produce active layers and consequently enhance cellular response, in vitro and in vivo animal model studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jose Carlos Bernedo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Alcazar
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Department of Dentistry, Science Faculty of Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mabel Miluska Suca
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Cristian Muniz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Alexandre
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Chisini
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Department of Public Health, Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Fernando
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Demarco
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra Beatriz Chaves
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Tarquinio
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Department of Material Science, Post-Graduate Program in Science and Material Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Neftali Lenin Villarreal
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-817X
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Carreño
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002477:Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D023421:Models, Animal; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D014025:Titanium