title: Electrical stimulation ventilatory feedback facilitates maintenance of a prolonged expiration pattern during exercise: A proof-of-concept study in healthy adults.
abstract: This study aimed at verifying the safety and effects of electrical stimulation ventilatory feedback (ESVF) to provide feedback during expiration, which may assist with breathing control in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because this is a new therapy, we examined the feasibility of the therapy in healthy adults. The 23 healthy adult participants were randomized into two groups: a stimulation group that received ESVF and a placebo group with the ESVF device attached, but not activated. Sensory stimulation was provided at a frequency of 20 Hz and pulse duration of 200 μs. During breathing training, participants practiced a prolonged expiration pattern and were instructed to maintain the breathing pattern during exercise. A variety of parameters such as respiratory time from the gas analyzer monitor and quantitative load were measured during lower-extremity cycle ergometer exercise. The primary outcome was the expiratory to inspiratory time ratio, which was significantly higher in the stimulation group than in the placebo group, both during and after exercise. No side effects were reported during the use of electrical stimulation. Therefore, ESVF is safe and facilitates maintenance of a prolonged expiration pattern during and after exercise.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Rehabilitation , National Hospital Organization, Osaka Minami Medical Center , Kawachi-Nagao-City, Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamahara
authors.affiliation: b Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino-City, Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: b Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino-City, Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nonaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling; D001945:Breathing Exercises / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D045853:Exhalation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D007564:Japan; D008168:Lung / Q000294:innervation*; D008297:Male; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breathing patterns; electrical stimulation; feedback