title: Is Migraine Headache Associated With Concussion in Athletes? A Case-Control Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between migraine headache and concussion in athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-associated combined sports neurology and orthopedic sports medicine clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 221 male (n = 140) and female (n = 81) athletes aged 12 to 24 years, including 115 concussion cases (52%) and 106 orthopedic controls (48%), were included in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a one-page questionnaire that recorded their age, sex, reason for visit (concussion vs any other injury), concussion history, and self/immediate family member migraine headache history.
  
  
  METHODS
  The odds of having a previous history of migraine headache were compared in the concussion group versus orthopedic controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for between-group differences in age and sex, there was a significant positive association between concussion group status and history of migraine headache [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-3.50. P = 0.039]. However, when including a previous concussion history in the statistical model, this relationship failed to reach significance [adjusted OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.89-3.16. P = 0.107].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that there is an association between migraine headache and concussion in athletes, but the cause-effect nature of this relationship cannot be determined. Migraine headache should be considered a modifying factor when caring for concussed athletes.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; †Michigan NeuroSport, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ‡Department of Neurology, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky; §Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and ¶Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. A. Pescovitz is now with Department of General Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; M. Zeiger is now with Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and J. S. Kutcher is now with The Sports Neurology Clinic, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Eckner
authors.forename: Tad
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pescovitz
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeiger
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kutcher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult