title: Seasonal changes in partial, reverse diel vertical migrations of cisco Coregonus artedi.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to (1) document changes in partial, reverse diel vertical migrations (DVM) patterns of cisco Coregonus artedi in Ten Mile Lake, MN, U.S.A., throughout the year and (2) evaluate the mechanisms that may cause shifts in migration behaviour. Results indicated that C. artedi vertical distributions remained deep in the water column during the day and night of the spring and autumn, which was related to a low risk, low reward strategy. During summer, a partial migration occurred where a portion of the population remained deeper according to the low risk, low reward strategy, while the other portion performed a more extensive high risk, high reward reverse DVM. In winter, C. artedi did not migrate because there were only low risk, low reward conditions present at all depths. The extensive partial, reverse DVM during summer probably increased the growth potential of C. artedi, helping individuals survive in a lake with low zooplankton prey resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 207 Swenson Science Building, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, U.S.A.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ahrenstorff
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 207 Swenson Science Building, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, U.S.A.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hrabik
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D060106:Lakes; D008910:Minnesota; D017440:Photoperiod; D012487:Salmonidae / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D015048:Zooplankton
keywords: Ten Mile Lake; foraging; growth potential; predation; reward; risk