title: Insights Into Nephrolithiasis From the Nurses' Health Studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the contributions of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) I and NHS II to understanding the role of dietary factors, beverages, body size, and urinary factors in the development of kidney stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a review of kidney stone-related publications of NHS I and NHS II between 1976 and 2016.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies using NHS I and NHS II data have demonstrated the importance of many factors in kidney stone formation and were the first to report that higher dietary calcium was associated with a lower risk of incident kidney stones in women. Data from these cohorts were instrumental in emphasizing that nephrolithiasis is a systemic disease and suggesting that a kidney stone or shared risk factors may lead to hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from the NHSs have changed the scientific understanding and the clinical practice of stone prevention and have been incorporated into widely consulted textbooks and the American Urological Association Medical Management of Kidney Stones guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Megan L. Prochaska, Eric N. Taylor, and Gary C. Curhan are with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Megan L. Prochaska and Gary C. Curhan are also with Harvard Medical School, Boston. Eric N. Taylor is also with the Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME.
authors.forename: Megan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Prochaska
authors.affiliation: Megan L. Prochaska, Eric N. Taylor, and Gary C. Curhan are with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Megan L. Prochaska and Gary C. Curhan are also with Harvard Medical School, Boston. Eric N. Taylor is also with the Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME.
authors.forename: Eric N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Megan L. Prochaska, Eric N. Taylor, and Gary C. Curhan are with the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Megan L. Prochaska and Gary C. Curhan are also with Harvard Medical School, Boston. Eric N. Taylor is also with the Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME.
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Curhan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D049628:Body Size; D004032:Diet; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009726:Nurses; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D016387:Women's Health