title: Generation R birth cohort study shows that specific enamel defects were not associated with elevated serum transglutaminase type 2 antibodies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coeliac disease can induce specific enamel defects (SED), but little is known about the consequences of antitissue transglutaminase (TG2A) autoimmunity. We investigated whether TG2A positivity in children and their mothers was associated with SED in the primary dentition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal and child serum immunoglobulin A-TG2A levels were measured as part of the Generation R prospective cohort study. Clinical oral photographs of the primary dentition were taken, and SED and caries were recorded. We performed logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analysed data on 4775 mothers and 4233 children (median age of 6.2 ± 0.5 years). SED and caries were not associated with maternal TG2A levels. The 59 TG2A-positive children tended to have more SED, particularly the 31 in the strongly positive subgroup, with odds ratio of 1.72 and 2.29, respectively. A positive linear trend was observed between higher TG2A levels and paediatric SED (p = 0.04), but this became nonsignificant after adjusting for ethnic and socio-economic background. No difference in caries was found between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TG2A did not play an independent role on SED in the primary dentition during pregnancy and childhood, and the relationship may be explained by ethnic and socio-economic background.
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sytske A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Beth
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michelle A E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria E C
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Elfrink
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Global Public Health, Leiden University College, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kiefte-de Jong
authors.affiliation: The Dutch Cranofacial Centre, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sophia's Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eppo B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Wolvius
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Menno C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: van Zelm
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. h.a.moll@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Henriëtte A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications*; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins
keywords: Birth cohort study; Coeliac disease; Paediatric; Specific enamel defects; Transglutaminase type 2