title: Postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: intraperitoneal sodium bicarbonate versus normal saline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sodium bicarbonate irrigation versus normal saline irrigation in patients undergoing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most common complaint, especially in the abdomen, back, and shoulder region.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double blind randomized clinical trial, 150 patients were assigned to the three groups (50 patients in each group). Group A received intraperitoneal irrigation normal saline (NS). Groups B and C received irrigation sodium bicarbonate and none irrigation, respectively. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) for 6, 18 and 24 hours postoperatively, as well as one week after the surgery. Data analysis was performed using SPSS ver18 and chi-square, Fisher's Exact Test, on-way ANOVA and repeated measure ANOVA tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in groups showed no significant difference in terms of age, gender, past medical history and smoking history (p>0.05). Left shoulder tip pain was significantly lower only between the sodium bicarbonate group and non-washing group at 6, 18, and 24 hours postoperatively (P=0.04, P=0.02 and P=0.009 respectively). There was no significant difference between the three treatment groups in right shoulder tip pain, back pain and port site incisional pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, peritoneal irrigation with sodium bicarbonate may reduce the intensity of postoperative shoulder tip pain and is an effective method for improving the quality of life within the early recovery period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saadati
authors.affiliation: Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Daryoush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nazemi Salman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Kowsar Hospital, Semnan University of Medical sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrzad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Izadi
keywords: Intraperitoneal irrigation; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Postoperative pain; Sodium bicarbonate