title: Assessment of the antibacterial, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of the phenolic-rich hydroalcoholic extract from Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne leaves.
abstract: Copaifera trapezifolia Hayne occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest, which is considered one of the most important and endangered tropical forests on the planet. Although literature works have described many Copaifera spp., their biological activities remain little known. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate (1) the potential of the hydroalcoholic extract from C. trapezifolia leaves (CTE) to act against the causative agents of tooth decay and apical periodontitis and (2) the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of CTE to ensure that it is safe for subsequent application. Concerning the tested bacteria, the MIC and the minimum bactericidal concentration of CTE varied between 100 and 400 µg ml-1. The time-kill assay conducted at a CTE concentration of 100 µg ml-1 evidenced bactericidal activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and Peptostreptococcus micros (clinical isolate) within 72 h. CTE at 200 µg ml-1 inhibited Porphyromonas gingivalis and Peptostreptococcus micros biofilm formation by at least 50 %. A combination of CTE with chlorhexidine dichlorohydrate did not prompt any synergistic effects. The colony-forming assay conducted on V79 cells showed that CTE was cytotoxic at concentrations above 156 µg ml-1. CTE exerted mutagenic effect on V79 cells, but the micronucleus test conducted on Swiss mice and the Ames test did not reveal any mutagenicity. Therefore, the use of standardized and safe extracts could be an important strategy to develop novel oral care products with antibacterial action. These extracts could also serve as a source of compounds for the discovery of new promising biomolecules.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Leandro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaís da Silva
authors.initials: TDS
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pollyanna Francielli
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jacqueline Morais
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Marques
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Senedese
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Saulo Duarte
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ozelin
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara, 14801-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia Aparecida
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Resende
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara, 14801-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rone Aparecido
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: De Grandis
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of São Paulo, Araraquara, 14801-902 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliana Aparecida
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Varanda
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jairo Kenupp
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mutagenesis, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Crispim
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Research in Applied Microbiology, University of Franca - UNIFRAN, Franca, 14404-600 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Henrique Gomes
authors.initials: CHG
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D001688:Biological Products / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D010936:Plant Extracts