title: Physical and chemical characterization of cerium(IV) oxide nanoparticles.
abstract: Chemical composition, size and structure of the nanoparticle are required to describe nanoceria. Nanoparticles of similar size and Ce(III) content might exhibit different chemical behaviour due to their differences in structure. A simple and direct procedure based on affordable techniques for all the laboratories is presented in this paper. The combination of Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy and particle impact coulometry (PIC) allows the characterization of nanoceria of small size from 4 to 65 nm at a concentration from micromolar to nanomolar, a concentration range suitable for the analysis of lab-prepared or commercial nanoparticle suspensions, but too high for most analytical purposes aimed at nanoparticle monitoring. While the PIC limits of size detection are too high to observe small nanoparticles unless catalytic amplification is used, the method provides a simple means to study aggregation of nanoparticles in the media they are needed to be dispersed for each application. Raman spectroscopy provided information about structure of the nanoparticle, and UV-vis about their chemical behaviour against some common reducing and oxidizing agents. Graphical Abstract To characterize nanoceria it is necessary to provide information about the shape, size and structure of the nanoparticles as well as the chemical composition.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group (GEAS), Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, C/Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. gcepria@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cepriá
authors.affiliation: Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group (GEAS), Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, C/Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Walvin R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Córdova
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Céspedes
authors.affiliation: Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group (GEAS), Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, C/Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sánchez-García
authors.affiliation: Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gianolio
authors.affiliation: Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors Group (GEAS), Environmental Sciences Institute (IUCA), Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Zaragoza, C/Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Castillo
keywords: Chemical behaviour; Nanoceria; Particle impact coulometry; Raman; XAS