title: Expression of glutamine metabolism-related proteins in thyroid cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the expression of glutamine metabolism-related protein in tumor and stromal compartments among the histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GLS1 and GDH expression in tumor and stromal compartments were the highest in AC than in other subtypes. Tumoral ASCT2 expression was higher in MC but lower in FC (p < 0.001). In PTC, tumoral GLS1 and tumoral GDH expression was higher in the conventional type than in the follicular variant (p = 0.043 and 0.001, respectively), and in PTC with BRAF V600E mutation than in PTC without BRAF V600E mutation (p<0.001). Stromal GDH positivity was the independent factor associated with short overall survival (hazard ratio: 21.48, 95% confidence interval: 2.178-211.8, p = 0.009).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed tissue microarrays with 557 thyroid cancer cases (papillary thyroid carcinoma [PTC]: 344, follicular carcinoma [FC]: 112, medullary carcinoma [MC]: 70, poorly differentiated carcinoma [PDC]: 23, and anaplastic carcinoma [AC]: 8) and 152 follicular adenoma (FA) cases. We performed immunohistochemical staining of glutaminolysis-related proteins (glutaminase 1 [GLS1], glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH], and amino acid transporter-2 [ASCT-2]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glutamine metabolism-related protein expression differed among the histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ja Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Koo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D026962:Amino Acid Transport System ASC / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D005972:Glutaminase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013401:Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D026962:Amino Acid Transport System ASC; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; C420506:SLC1A5 protein, human; D005973:Glutamine; D013401:Sugar Alcohol Dehydrogenases; C095946:galactitol 2-dehydrogenase; C579480:GLS protein, human; D005972:Glutaminase
keywords: glutamine; metabolism; pathology; stroma; thyroid cancer