title: Pharmacogenomics in type 2 diabetes: oral antidiabetic drugs.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a fast progressing disease reaching pandemic proportions. T2DM is specifically harmful because of its severe secondary complications. In the course of the disease, most patients require treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), for which a relatively large number of different options are available. The growing number of individuals affected by T2DM as well as marked interindividual differences in the response to treatment call for individualized therapeutic regimens that can maximize treatment efficacy and thus reduce side effects and costs. A large number of genetic polymorphisms have been described affecting the response to treatment with OADs; in this review, we summarize the most recent advances in this area of research. Extensive evidence exists for polymorphisms affecting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of biguanides and sulfonylureas. Data on incretin-based medications as well as the new class of sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are just starting to emerge. With diabetes being a known comorbidity of several psychiatric disorders, we also review genetic polymorphisms possibly responsible for a common treatment response in both conditions. For all drug classes reviewed here, large prospective trials are necessary in order to consolidate the existing evidence and derive treatment schemes based on individual genetic traits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charite-University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic III, Universitätsklinikum 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.|Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Willmes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic III, Universitätsklinikum 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.|Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.|Competence Center for Metabolic Vascular Medicine Prof. Hanefeld, GWT-TUD GmbH, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pistrosch
authors.affiliation: Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.|Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mingrone
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic III, Universitätsklinikum 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.|Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.|Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bornstein
authors.affiliation: Medical Clinic III, Universitätsklinikum 'Carl Gustav Carus', Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.|Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.|German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.|Competence Center for Metabolic Vascular Medicine Prof. Hanefeld, GWT-TUD GmbH, Dresden, Germany.|Section of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Birkenfeld
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D054795:Incretins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D000071184:Pharmacogenomic Variants; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins