title: Varenicline, the clinically effective smoking cessation agent, restores probabilistic response reversal performance during withdrawal from nicotine.
abstract: There is recognition that cognitive problems can contribute to renewed drug taking in former addicts. Our previous work has indicated that current smokers show reduced performance on a probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) task, relative to former smokers. To further explore PRL performance and its relevance to smoking, in addition to the role of nicotine, we developed a model of nicotine withdrawal-induced deficits in rodents. A second goal was to test varenicline, an α4β2 partial agonist, for its ability to restore any cognitive impairment. Acute effects of nicotine and varenicline on PRL performance in non-dependent animals were minimal and confined to speed of responding. When rats were made dependent on nicotine via osmotic minipumps implanted for 7 days (3.16 mg/kg/day), repeated tests at specified withdrawal time points revealed PRL disruption peaking at 12 and 24 hours following surgical removal of minipumps. Withdrawal was characterized by significant deficits in the number of reversals (P < 0.05), speed of responding (P < 0.01) and increases in omissions (P < 0.05). Nicotine (0.2 mg/kg SC) or varenicline (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg SC) administered 10-minute prior to PRL test sessions during withdrawal, relieved the performance deficits. At 24-hour withdrawal, nicotine and varenicline (1 mg/kg) prevented decrements in reversals, in addition to ameliorating slower speed of responding. The high dose of varenicline only reduced omissions. These results confirm the role of nicotine in withdrawal-induced disruption of PRL performance and suggest that the model may be useful for investigating efficacy of potential new treatments for smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, UK.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Yazead
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Buhidma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shoaib
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011337:Probability Learning; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D051381:Rats; D011930:Reaction Time; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder; D000068580:Varenicline / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; D000068580:Varenicline
keywords: Cognition; punishment; reward; smoking; withdrawal