title: Five-Year Safety and Performance Results from the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System Clinical Trial.
abstract: The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (Second Sight Medical Products, Inc, Sylmar, CA) was developed to restore some vision to patients blind as a result of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or outer retinal degeneration. A clinical trial was initiated in 2006 to study the long-term safety and efficacy of the Argus II System in patients with bare or no light perception resulting from end-stage RP.
  
  
  
  Prospective, multicenter, single-arm clinical trial. Within-patient controls included the nonimplanted fellow eye and patients' native residual vision compared with their vision with the Argus II.
  
  
  
  Thirty participants in 10 centers in the United States and Europe.
  
  
  
  The worse-seeing eye of blind patients was implanted with the Argus II. Patients wore glasses mounted with a small camera and a video processor that converted images into stimulation patterns sent to the electrode array on the retina.
  
  
  
  The primary outcome measures were safety (the number, seriousness, and relatedness of adverse events) and visual function, as measured by 3 computer-based, objective tests. Secondary measures included functional vision performance on objectively scored real-world tasks.
  
  
  
  Twenty-four of 30 patients remained implanted with functioning Argus II Systems at 5 years after implantation. Only 1 additional serious adverse event was experienced after the 3-year time point. Patients performed significantly better with the Argus II on than off on all visual function tests and functional vision tasks.
  
  
  
  The 5-year results of the Argus II trial support the long-term safety profile and benefit of the Argus II System for patients blind as a result of RP. The Argus II is the first and only retinal implant to have market approval in the European Economic Area, the United States, and Canada.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom and Department of Brain Science, University College London (UCL).
authors.forename: Lyndon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.affiliation: Second Sight Medical Products, Inc, Sylmar, California. Electronic address: jdorn@secondsight.com.
authors.forename: Jessy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dorn
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Humayun
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Gislin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dagnelie
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Handa
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Olivier
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Barale
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universities-UPMC Paris-6, and Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Rothschild Ophthalmology Foundation, Paris, France.
authors.forename: José-Alain
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sahel
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester Vision Regeneration (MVR) Laboratory at NIHR/Wellcome Trust Manchester CRF, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Research, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paulo E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Stanga
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; ELZA Institute, Zurich, Switzerland; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hafezi
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universities-UPMC Paris-6, and Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Avinoam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Safran
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salzmann
authors.affiliation: Centro de Retina Medica y Quirúrgica, SC, and Tecnologico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.affiliation: Texas Retina Associates, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Rand
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Artur V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Cideciyan
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Juan
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Jacque L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eliott
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Amani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fawzi
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Olmos de Koo
authors.affiliation: Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Allen C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Regillo
authors.affiliation: Columbia University, New York, and Storm Eye Institute, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Lucian V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Del Priore
authors.affiliation: Lighthouse Guild, New York, and Visibility Metrics, LLC, Chappaqua, New York.
authors.forename: Aries
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arditi
authors.affiliation: Second Sight Medical Products, Inc, Sylmar, California.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity; D057488:Visual Prosthesis; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*