title: Improved drug-use patterns at 6 months post-discharge from inpatient substance use disorder treatment: results from compulsorily and voluntarily admitted patients.
abstract: Treatment services to patients with substance use disorders (SUDs), including those mandated to treatment, needs to be evaluated and evidence based. The Norwegian Municipal Health Care Act calls for mandated treatment for persons with "severe and life-threatening substance use disorder" if these individuals are not otherwise willing to be voluntarily treated and consequently risk their lives over drug use. This study aims to examine substance use-related outcomes at 6 months following inpatient treatment and to analyse factors associated with improved outcomes and abstinence.
  
  
  
  This prospective study followed 202 hospitalized patients with SUD who were admitted voluntarily (VA; n = 137) or compulsorily (CA; n = 65). The European Addiction Severity Index was used at baseline and at follow-up to assess socio-demographic and substance use variables. Regression analysis was conducted to investigate factors associated with abstinence at 6 months of follow-up.
  
  
  
  The frequency of use of a preferred substance showed marked improvement for both VA and CA patients (61 and 37 %, respectively) at follow-up. Seventy-five percent of VA patients using amphetamine reported improvement compared to 53 % of CA patients. At follow-up, the CA group continued to have a higher rate of injection use. The CA group had experienced higher rates of overdose in the past 6 months and lower abstinence rates (24 % versus 50 %) at follow-up. A lower severity of drug use at intake (non-injection drug use), voluntary treatment modality, and higher treatment involvement during follow-up all were significant factors associated with abstinence at 6 months after treatment.
  
  
  
  Voluntary treatment for SUD generally yielded better outcomes; nevertheless, we also found improved outcomes for CA patients. It is important to keep in mind that in reality, the alternative to CA treatment is no treatment at all and instead a continuation of life-threatening drug use behaviours. Our observed outcomes for CA patients support the continuation of CA treatment.
authors.affiliation: Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Po. box 416, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway. adrian.razvan.pasareanu@sshf.no.|Norwegian Center for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. adrian.razvan.pasareanu@sshf.no.
authors.forename: Adrian R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pasareanu
authors.affiliation: Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Po. box 416, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: John-Kåre
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Vederhus
authors.affiliation: Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Po. box 416, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.|University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opsal
authors.affiliation: Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Po. box 416, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: Øistein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.affiliation: Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Po. box 416, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.|Norwegian Center for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Clausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D037141:Mandatory Programs; D055118:Medication Adherence; D009664:Norway; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Compulsory treatment; Substance use disorder; Treatment outcome