title: Executive and intellectual functioning in school-aged children with specific language impairment.
abstract: Earlier research and clinical practice show that specific language impairment (SLI) is often associated with nonverbal cognitive deficits and weakened skills in executive functions (EFs). Executive deficits may have a remarkable influence on a child's everyday activities in the home and school environments. However, research information is still limited on EFs in school-aged children with SLI, mostly conducted among English- and Dutch-speaking children.
  
  
  
  To study whether there are differences in EFs between Finnish-speaking children with SLI and typically developing (TD) peers at school age. EFs are compared between the groups with and without controlling for nonverbal intelligence.
  
  
  
  Parents and teachers of children with SLI (n = 22) and age- and gender-matched TD peers (n = 22) completed The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF). The mean age of the children was 8,2 years. BRIEF ratings of parents and teachers were compared between the children with SLI and with TD peers by paired analysis using conditional logistic regression models with and without controlling for nonverbal IQ. Intellectual functioning was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
  
  
  
  Children with SLI had weaker scores in all parent and teacher BRIEF scales compared with TD peers. Statistically significant differences between the groups were found in BRIEF scales Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize and Monitor. Differences between the groups were statistically significant also in intellectual functioning. On BRIEF scales some group differences remained statistically significant after controlling for nonverbal IQ.
  
  
  
  This study provides additional evidence that also Finnish-speaking school-aged children with SLI are at risk of having deficits in EFs in daily life. EFs have been proposed to have an impact on developmental outcomes later in life. In clinical practice it is important to pay attention to EFs in school-aged children with SLI when making diagnostic evaluations and planning interventions for them.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Marika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kuusisto
authors.affiliation: School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Psychology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Pirkko E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Nieminen
authors.affiliation: Science Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Helminen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Phoniatry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Leenamaija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kleemola
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012016:Reference Values
keywords: executive functions; intellectual functioning; school-aged children; specific language impairment