title: Investigating the characteristic strength of flocs formed from crude and purified Hibiscus extracts in water treatment.
abstract: The growth, breakage and re-growth of flocs formed using crude and purified seed extracts of Okra (OK), Sabdariffa (SB) and Kenaf (KE) as coagulants and coagulant aids was assessed. The results showed floc size increased from 300 μm when aluminium sulphate (AS) was used as a coagulant to between 696 μm and 722 μm with the addition of 50 mg/l of OK, KE and SB crude samples as coagulant aids. Similarly, an increase in floc size was observed when each of the purified proteins was used as coagulant aid at doses of between 0.123 and 0.74 mg/l. The largest floc sizes of 741 μm, 460 μm and 571 μm were obtained with a 0.123 mg/l dose of purified Okra protein (POP), purified Sabdariffa (PSP) and purified Kenaf (PKP) respectively. Further coagulant aid addition from 0.123 to 0.74 mg/l resulted in a decrease in floc size and strength in POP and PSP. However, an increase in floc strength and reduced d50 size was observed in PKP at a dose of 0.74 mg/l. Flocs produced when using purified and crude extract samples as coagulant aids exhibited high recovery factors and strength. However, flocs exhibited greater recovery post-breakage when the extracts were used as a primary coagulant. It was observed that the combination of purified proteins and AS improved floc size, strength and recovery factors. Therefore, the applications of Hibiscus seeds in either crude or purified form increases floc growth, strength, recoverability and can also reduce the cost associated with the import of AS in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jna516@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alfred Ndahi
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.bridgeman@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bridgeman
mesh_terms: D005427:Flocculation; D031584:Hibiscus; D018508:Water Purification
keywords: Coagulants; Floc strength; Hibiscus extracts; Purified proteins; Water treatment