title: Safety and Efficacy of Adjunctive Θ Burst Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Right Inferior Parietal Lobule in Schizophrenia Patients With First-Rank Symptoms: A Pilot, Exploratory Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  First-rank symptoms (FRS) in schizophrenia have been found to be associated with various cognitive and biological markers. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to modulate such factors. We hypothesized that rTMS adjunctive to antipsychotics will be safe and effective in treatment of FRS in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schizophrenia patients with FRS randomly received either active or sham-magnetic resonance imaging navigated continuous Θ burst stimulation (cTBS)-rTMS to right inferior parietal lobule for 2 weeks; assessments were repeated. While primary outcome variables were safety profile, FRS and overall psychopathology; secondary outcomes were γ oscillatory activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and self-monitoring function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant adverse events were reported in either group. None of the outcome measures showed sufficient power on the time by group analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study fails to demonstrate whether or not adjunctive cTBS to right inferior parietal lobule could significantly alleviate FRS. We also fail to provide evidence for whether this protocol has any effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, self-monitoring function, and right hemispheric γ oscillations.
authors.affiliation: From the KS Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences & Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: Sai Krishna
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Tikka
authors.forename: S Haque
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Nizamie
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Venkatesh Babu
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Archana Kumari
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Nishant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goyal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013826:Theta Rhythm; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor