title: Air embolism following removal of hemodialysis catheter.
abstract: Air embolism (AE) is a rare, but serious complication that can occur in the practice of hemodialysis. In contrast to careful techniques and meticulous care during insertions and manipulations of the central catheters, awareness of the risk of AE following catheter removal is less. We aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of the all case reports with AE after catheter removal and summarize the mechanisms, clinical consequences, treatment and prevention of AE.
  
  
  
  In addition to our case, MEDLINE database was searched for all case reports with AE following catheter removal, and the clinical, diagnostic and outcome data were analyzed.
  
  
  
  A total of 10 patients (including our case) (M/F 6/4; median age 50.5 years) were found for the analysis. Procedures for prevention of AE were reported in a few patients (Trendelenburg position 2, airtight dressing 1). The time that elapsed between catheter removals and onset of AEs was ranged from seconds to 6 hours. The most common findings were dyspnea (90%), hypoxemia (70%), and cerebral dysfunction (70%). The most common sites where air could be detected were the left ventricle (40%), pulmonary artery (30%) and right ventricle (30%). Mortality was reported in 4 (40%) cases and the remaining 6 patients had complete recovery. Blocking of air portal was not reported in any of the fatal cases.
  
  
  
  AE following catheter removal carries a major risk of mortality. Great awareness and attention to preventive procedures and appropriate care after development of AE seem mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tuncay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sahutoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaci
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nuri Baris
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Hasbal
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ekrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elbis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ahbap
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sevinc
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yener
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koc
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Taner
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Basturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Yedikule Teaching Hospital for Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sahutoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Abdulkadir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unsal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Air embolism; catheter removal; central venous catheter; hemodialysis catheter