title: Diaphragm assessment by two dimensional speckle tracking imaging in normal subjects.
abstract: Conventionally, ultrasonographic assessment of diaphragm contractility has involved measuring respiratory changes in diaphragm thickness (thickening fraction) using B-mode or caudal displacement with M-mode. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking has been increasingly used to assess muscle deformation ('strain') in echocardiography. We sought to determine in a pilot study if this technology could be utilized to analyze diaphragmatic contraction.
  
  
  
  Fifty healthy adult volunteers with normal exercise capacity underwent ultrasound imaging. A linear array transducer was used for the assessment of diaphragm thickness, thickening fraction (TF), and strain in the right anterior axillary line at approximately the ninth intercostal space. A phased array transducer was applied subcostally for the assessment of diaphragm displacement on the right mid-clavicular line. Diaphragmatic images were recorded from the end of expiration through the end of inspiration at 60 % maximal inspiratory capacity. Diaphragm strain was analyzed off-line by speckle tracking imaging. Blinded inter- and intra-rater variability was tested in 10 cases.
  
  
  
  Mean right diaphragm thickness at end-expiration (±SD: standard deviation) was 0.24 cm (±0.1), with TF of 45.1 % (±12) at 60 % peak inspiratory effort. Mean right diaphragm caudal displacement was 4.9 cm (±1). Mean right diaphragm strain was -40.3 % (±9). A moderate correlation was seen between longitudinal strain and TF (R(2) 0.44, p < 0.0001). A weak correlation was seen between strain and caudal displacement (R(2) 0.14, p < 0.01), and an even weaker correlation was seen between caudal displacement and TF (R(2) 0.1, p = 0.04). Age, gender, and body mass index were not significantly associated with right diaphragm strain or TF. Although inter- and intra-rater variability was overall good for TF, caudal displacement, and strain (inter-rater R(2); 0.8, 0.9, and 0.7, respectively [p < 0.01], intra-rater R(2); 0.9, 0.7, and 0.9, respectively [p < 0.01]), strain values did have a slightly lower inter-rater repeatability.
  
  
  
  Diaphragmatic strain estimated by speckle tracking imaging was associated with conventional ultrasound measures of diaphragmatic function (TF and caudal displacement). Further clinical studies are warranted to investigate its clinical utility.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Intensive Care, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Sam R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Orde
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation/Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Firth
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Hector R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Villarraga
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. sekiguchi.hiroshi@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diaphragm; Speckle tracking; Ultrasound