title: Diabetes mellitus and the skin.
abstract: Diabetes is a debilitating, life-threatening disease accounting in 2015 for the death of 5 million people worldwide. According to new estimations, 415 million adults currently suffer from the disease, and this number is expected to rise to 642 million by 2040. High glucose blood levels also affect the skin among systemic organs, and skin disorders can often predict the onset of this metabolic disorder. In this review, we address the pathomechanistic effects of diabetes on the skin and give an overview on the most common skin diseases associated with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Life Science Building N27, James-Franck Ring/Meyerhofstrasse 11c, 89081, Ulm, Germany. evgenia.makrantonaki@uni-ulm.de.|Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Dessau, Germany. evgenia.makrantonaki@uni-ulm.de.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Makrantonaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Life Science Building N27, James-Franck Ring/Meyerhofstrasse 11c, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Dessau, Germany.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hossini
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Dessau, Germany.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nikolakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Life Science Building N27, James-Franck Ring/Meyerhofstrasse 11c, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wlaschek
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Life Science Building N27, James-Franck Ring/Meyerhofstrasse 11c, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scharffetter-Kochanek
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Dessau, Germany.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Zouboulis
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D006801:Humans; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs); Antidiabetics; Diabetes; Diabetic foot syndrome; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Insulin; Mesenchymal stem cells; Skin