title: The effects of gamelike features and test location on cognitive test performance and participant enjoyment.
abstract: Computerised cognitive assessments are a vital tool in the behavioural sciences, but participants often view them as effortful and unengaging. One potential solution is to add gamelike elements to these tasks in order to make them more intrinsically enjoyable, and some researchers have posited that a more engaging task might produce higher quality data. This assumption, however, remains largely untested. We investigated the effects of gamelike features and test location on the data and enjoyment ratings from a simple cognitive task. We tested three gamified variants of the Go-No-Go task, delivered both in the laboratory and online. In the first version of the task participants were rewarded with points for performing optimally. The second version of the task was framed as a cowboy shootout. The third version was a standard Go-No-Go task, used as a control condition. We compared reaction time, accuracy and subjective measures of enjoyment and engagement between task variants and study location. We found points to be a highly suitable game mechanic for gamified cognitive testing because they did not disrupt the validity of the data collected but increased participant enjoyment. However, we found no evidence that gamelike features could increase engagement to the point where participant performance improved. We also found that while participants enjoyed the cowboy themed task, the difficulty of categorising the gamelike stimuli adversely affected participant performance, increasing No-Go error rates by 28% compared to the non-game control. Responses collected online vs. in the laboratory had slightly longer reaction times but were otherwise very similar, supporting other findings that online crowdsourcing is an acceptable method of data collection for this type of research.
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lumsden
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol , Bristol , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andy T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Natalia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munafò
keywords: Assessment; Cognition; Cognitive test; Engagement; Game; Gamification; Go-no-go; Internet-based testing; Mechanical Turk; Points