title: Transcutaneous pneumatic injection of glucose solution: a morphometric evaluation of in vivo micropig skin and tissue-mimicking phantom.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Needle-free, transcutaneous pneumatic injection systems can be used to deliver therapeutic solutions to targeted layers of skin in a minimally invasive manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate jet infiltration patterns and tissue reactions, 5% isotonic and 20% hypertonic glucose solutions were pneumatically injected into in vivo micropig skin. Gelatin TM phantom was additionally prepared to analyze penetration and dispersion patterns for different experimental settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As immediate tissue reactions in the in vivo micropig skin, distinct pneumatic injection injury zones (PIIZs) in the dermis, extending from the papillary dermis deep into the dermo-subcutaneous junction, were generated with the 5% and 20% glucose solutions and with pneumatic pressures of 4.64 and 5.7 bars, respectively. PIIZs markedly decreased in appearance at 1 day after treatment, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration, and disappeared at 7 days post-treatment with increased collagen and elastin production. In TM phantom study, the PIIZs created by 20% glucose mainly comprised a single, homogenous, round to oval zone, whereas those created by 5% glucose were irregular and multi-lobular.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggests that transcutaneous pneumatic injection therapy may exert mechanical stimulatory effects, immediate tissue shrinkage via hypertonic solutions, and late tissue regeneration effects during wound healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.|Kangskin Sillim Dermatology Clinic, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.|Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: B J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2320-7621
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007277:Injections, Jet / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: hyperglycemic solution; in vivo micropig; tissue-mimicking phantom; transcutaneous pneumatic injection