title: [Molecular serological characteristics of weak D antigen types of the Rhesus system].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to estimate the spread of weak D antigen types of the Rhesus system in the citizens of the Russian Federation and a possibility of serologically identifying these types.
  
  
  METHODS
  The red blood cells and DNA of people with weakened expression of D antigen were investigated using erythrocyte agglutination reaction in salt medium (2 methods); agglutination reaction in the gel columns containing IgM + IgG anti-D antibodies, indirect antiglobulin test with IgG anti-D antibodies (2 methods); polymerase chain reaction to establish the type of weak D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A rhesus phenotype was determined in 5100 people in 2014-2015. The weakened agglutinable properties of red blood cells were detected in 102 (2%) examinees. 63 examinees underwent genotyping to identify the variants of the weak D antigen, which identified 6 weak D types. There were the most common weak D types 3 (n=31 (49.2%)) and weak D type 1 (n=18 (28.6%)), including weak D type 1.1 in one (1.6%) case. The other 4 weak D antigen types were as follows: weak D type 2 (14.3% (n=9)), weak D type 15 (4.8% (n=3)), weak D type 4.2 (DAR) (1.6% (n=1)) and weak D type 6 (1.6% (n=1)). The antiglobulin test in the gel column containing antiglobulin serum was the most sensitive serological assay to identify the weak D antigen. Only a molecular test could establish weak D type 15 in 2 samples of red blood cells with Ccdee and ccdEe phenotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The weak D antigen could be serologically identified in 96.8% of cases. When testing for weak D, particular attention should be given to people with the D-negative phenotype who had the C or E antigens. Our investigations conducted for the first time in Russia will be able to improve the immunological safety of red blood cell-containing medium transfusions for patients.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Golovkina
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Stremoukhova
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Pushkina
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kalandarov
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Atroshchenko
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Vasilyeva
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Surin
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Salomashkina
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: O S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Pshenichnikova
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: G Yu
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Miterev
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Parovichnikova
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Savchenko
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; C026410:Rho(D) antigen