title: Chromatographic Characterization and GC-MS Evaluation of the Bioactive Constituents with Antimicrobial Potential from the Pigmented Ink of Loligo duvauceli.
abstract: Chromatographic characterization and the GC-MS evaluation of the black pigmented ink of Loligo duvauceli in the present study have yielded an array of bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial property. Facing an alarm of antimicrobial resistance globally, a need for elucidating antimicrobial agents from natural sources will be the need for the hour. In this view, this study is aimed at characterizing the black pigmented ink of the Indian squid L. duvauceli. The squid ink was subjected to crude solvent extraction and was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. TLC and HPTLC profiles were recorded. Antimicrobial bioassay of the squid ink fractions was done by agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial fraction was then characterized using GC-MS analysis. The results showed that the n-hexane extract upon column fractionation yielded a total of 8 fractions with the mobile phase of Hex/EtOAc in different gradients. TLC and HPTLC profiles showed a single spot with a retention factor of 0.76. Fraction 1 showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus and a promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The antimicrobial fraction upon GC-MS analysis of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) possesses the highest percentage of area normalisation (91%) with other few minor constituents. The study is concluded by stating that the antimicrobial efficacy of the squid ink might be due to the synergistic effects of the phthalate derivative and the other minor volatile compounds analysed in the squid ink.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Meenakshi University, Madhuravoyal, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 095, India.
authors.forename: Smiline
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girija
authors.affiliation: Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 34, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi University, Madhuravoyal, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 095, India.
authors.forename: Pandi Suba
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kuppusamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Government Thoothukudi Medical College, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, India.
authors.forename: Hariprasad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gajendran
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi University, Madhuravoyal, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 095, India.
authors.forename: Raghuraman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajagopal