title: Current State of Antimicrobial Stewardship at Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Centers in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE To assess the extent of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) at solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) centers in the United States. DESIGN An 18-item voluntary survey was developed to gauge current antimicrobial stewardship practices in transplant patients, examine the availability and perceived usefulness of novel diagnostics and azole levels to guide therapy, and identify challenges for implementation of ASPs at these centers. PARTICIPANTS The survey was distributed electronically to infectious disease physicians and pharmacists at adult and pediatric SOT and HCT centers during May 1-22, 2015. Facilities were deidentified. RESULTS After duplicate removal, 71 (56%) of 127 unique transplant centers in 32 states were analyzed. Forty-four sites (62%) performed at least 100 SOT annually, and 40 (56%) performed at least 100 HCT annually. Top 5 stewardship activities encompassing transplant patients were formulary restriction, guideline development, prospective audit and feedback, education, and dose optimization. Respiratory viral panels (66/66 [100%]), azole levels (64/66 [97%]), and serum/bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan (58/66 [88%]) were perceived as most useful to guide therapy. Apparent challenges to antimicrobial stewardship included undefined duration for certain infections (53/59 [90%]), diagnostic uncertainty (47/59 [80%]), the perception that antibiotic-resistant infections required escalation (42/59 [71%]), prescriber opposition (41/59 [69%]), and costly drugs (37/59 [63%]). CONCLUSIONS ASP activities were performed at many adult and pediatric SOT and HCT centers in the United States. Diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty in transplant patients is challenging for ASPs. Collaborative research should examine the impact of antimicrobial stewardship practices in SOT and HCT. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1-6.
authors.affiliation: 1Infectious Disease Service,Department of Medicine,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,New York,New York.
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Biostatistics,Biostatistics Collaboration and Consulting Core,Department of Public Health Sciences,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine,Miami,Florida.
authors.forename: Kaming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: 3Division of Infectious Diseases,Department of Medicine,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine,Miami,Florida.
authors.forename: Lilian M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Abbo
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000073602:Antimicrobial Stewardship / Q000379:methods*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents