title: The occurrence of individual slow waves in sleep is predicted by heart rate.
abstract: The integration of near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography measures presents an ideal method to study the haemodynamics of sleep. While the cortical dynamics and neuro-modulating influences affecting the transition from wakefulness to sleep is well researched, the assumption has been that individual slow waves, the hallmark of deep sleep, are spontaneously occurring cortical events. By creating event-related potentials from the NIRS recording, time-locked to the onset of thousands of individual slow waves, we show the onset of slow waves is phase-locked to an ongoing oscillation in the NIRS recording. This oscillation stems from the moment to moment fluctuations of light absorption caused by arterial pulsations driven by the heart beat. The same oscillating signal can be detected if the electrocardiogram is time-locked to the onset of the slow wave. The ongoing NIRS oscillation suggests that individual slow wave initiation is dependent on that signal, and not the other way round. However, the precise causal links remain speculative. We propose several potential mechanisms: that the heart-beat or arterial pulsation acts as a stimulus which evokes a down-state; local fluctuations in energy supply may lead to a network effect of hyperpolarization; that the arterial pulsations lead to corresponding changes in the cerebral-spinal-fluid which evokes the slow wave; or that a third neural generator, regulating heart rate and slow waves may be involved.
authors.affiliation: Clinic Barmelweid, Aargau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mensen
authors.affiliation: Clinic Barmelweid, Aargau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Zhongxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Clinic Barmelweid, Aargau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Clinic Barmelweid, Aargau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khatami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult