title: Experiences in implementation and publication of operations research interventions: gaps and a way forward.
abstract: According to UNAIDS, the world currently has an adequate collection of proven HIV prevention, treatment and diagnostic tools, which, if scaled up, can lay the foundation for ending the AIDS epidemic. HIV operations research (OR) tests and promotes the use of interventions that can increase the demand for and supply of these tools. However, current publications of OR mainly focus on outcomes, leaving gaps in reporting of intervention characteristics, which are essential to address for the utilization of OR findings. This has prompted WHO and other international public health agencies to issue reporting requirements for OR studies. The objective of this commentary is to review experiences in HIV OR intervention design, implementation, process data collection and publication in order to identify gaps, contribute to the body of knowledge and propose a way forward to improve the focus on "implementation" in implementation research.
  
  
  
  Interventions in OR, like ordinary service delivery programmes, are subject to the programme cycle, which continually uses insights from implementation and the local context to modify service delivery modalities. Given that some of these modifications in the intervention may influence study outcomes, the documentation of process data becomes vital in OR. However, a key challenge is that study resources tend to be skewed towards documentation and the reporting of study outcomes to the detriment of process data, even though process data is vital for understanding factors influencing the outcomes.
  
  
  
  Interventions in OR should be viewed using the lens of programme evaluation, which includes formative assessment (to determine concept and design), followed by process evaluation (to monitor inputs and outputs) and effectiveness evaluation (to assess outcomes and effectiveness). Study resources should be equitably used between process evaluation and outcome measurement to facilitate inclusion of data about fidelity and dose in publications in order to enable explanation of the relationship between dosing and study outcomes for purposes of scaling up and further refinement through research.
authors.affiliation: HIVCore/Population Council, Washington, DC, USA; skalibala@popcouncil.org.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalibala
authors.affiliation: Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Godfrey B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Woelk
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gloyd
authors.affiliation: HIVCore/Population Council, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Nrupa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jani
authors.affiliation: Retrak Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Lynnette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.affiliation: HIVCore/Population Council, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Avina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarna
authors.affiliation: HIVCore/Population Council, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okal
authors.affiliation: HIVCore/Population Council, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Charity
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ndwiga
authors.affiliation: HIVCore/Population Council, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haberland
authors.affiliation: Palladium, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sinai
mesh_terms: D015658:HIV Infections / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009874:Operations Research; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011634:Public Health; D011643:Publishing
keywords: implementation research; intervention fidelity; intervention publication; operations research; process evaluation