title: The formation and function of tertiary lymphoid follicles in chronic pulmonary inflammation.
abstract: Tertiary lymphoid follicles (TLFs) can develop in the respiratory tract in response to infections or chronic inflammation. However, their functional relevance remains unclear because they are implicated in both protective and pathological responses. In contrast to homeostatic conditions, external antigens and damage to the lung tissue may drive TLF formation in inflamed lungs, and once established, the presence of pulmonary TLFs may signal the progression of chronic lung disease. This novel concept will be discussed in light of recent work in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and how changes in the pulmonary microbiota may drive and direct TLF formation and function. We will also discuss the cellularity of TLFs at the pulmonary mucosa, with emphasis on the potential roles of lymphoid tissue inducer cells, and B- and T-cell aggregates, and will examine the function of key chemokines and cytokines including CXCL13 and interleukin-17, in the formation and maintenance of pulmonary TLFs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. koshika@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Koshika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yadava
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bollyky
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lawson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D054382:Chemokine CXCL13 / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000276:immunology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000276:immunology*; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D000072717:Tertiary Lymphoid Structures / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D054382:Chemokine CXCL13; D020381:Interleukin-17
keywords: B cells; inflammation; lung; lymphoid follicles