title: Psychotic Experiences and Risk of Violence Perpetration and Arrest in the General Population: A Prospective Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cross-sectional, general population studies, psychotic experiences have been associated with an increased risk of physical violence perpetration and arrest. However, longitudinal research on this topic is lacking. Moreover, it remains unclear whether subjects with psychotic experiences are also at risk of displaying psychological violence. The present study aims to investigate these associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The longitudinal association between baseline psychotic experiences and six-year incidence of violence perpetration and three-year incidence of arrest was studied in a prospective cohort of 6646 general population adults. Logistic regression analyses with varying levels of adjustment were performed in the complete sample and in subsamples stratified by presence or absence of baseline mental disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of psychotic experiences at baseline increased the risk of physical violence, psychological violence and arrest at follow-up. However, adjustment for dimensional measures of psychopathology and contextual confounders reduced all associations considerably. After adjustment, both clinically validated (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.09-11.81) and self-reported hallucinations (OR = 2.83, 95% CI 1.05 7.65) remained significantly associated with physical violence perpetration. Self-reported (OR = 3.06, 95% CI 1.55-6.03) and clinically validated delusions (OR = 3.24, 95% CI 1.47-7.13) were associated with an increased risk of arrest. There was no significant association between psychotic experiences and incident psychological violence in the fully adjusted model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific psychotic experiences may differentially predict physical violence perpetration and arrest, even after adjustment for demographics, dimensional measures of psychopathology and contextual confounders. However, more longitudinal research with larger sample sizes is required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-9737
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honings
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drukker
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ten Have
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Dorsselaer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult