title: Assessment of the in vitro dermal irritation potential of cerium, silver, and titanium nanoparticles in a human skin equivalent model.
abstract: Metal nanoparticles can potentially contact human skin during their manufacture and use in commercial products. This study examined the potential of metal nanoparticles to elicit irritant contact dermatitis in a human skin equivalent model (HSEM) derived from keratinocytes. Ag (10-100 nm), TiO2(22-214 nm), and CeO2(15-40 nm) nanoparticles were studied. The Ag particles were either coated/shelled with silica or capped with citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone and were in water. The TiO2and CeO2particles were suspended in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The particles (1 mg/ml) were applied to the epidermal surface of the HSEM. Positive (5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) and negative controls (saline or media) were included. After 1-h exposure at 37 °C, the HSEM was washed with saline to remove the nanoparticles. Following a 42-h incubation (37 °C), HSEM viability was assessed using the MTT assay. A test substance is considered a dermal irritant if the HSEM viability is < 50%. The mean viability for the SDS-treated HSEM was 7.8%. The viabilities of the nanoparticle-treated HSEM were 91% or greater. The Ag, TiO2, and CeO2nanoparticles examined were not dermal irritants under the conditions used in this study. The stratum corneum of the HSEM may limit penetration of metal nanoparticles to induce toxicity.
authors.affiliation: a Student Services Contractor , Morrisville , NC , USA and.
authors.forename: Vivek A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Miyani
authors.affiliation: b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002563:Cerium / Q000633:toxicity*; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant / Q000209:etiology*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants; D002563:Cerium; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Inorganic; irritation; metals; nanoparticles; skin