title: Layered Double Hydroxide as a Vehicle to Increase Toxicity of Gallate Ions against Adenocarcinoma Cells.
abstract: The antineoplasic activity of gallic acid has been reported. This compound induces apoptosis and inhibits the growth of several neoplasic cells. However, this molecule is easily oxidized and degraded in the body. The aim of this work was to intercalate gallate ions into layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles under controlled conditions to reduce oxidation of gallate and to evaluate its toxicity against the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line. An isopropanol medium under nitrogen atmosphere was adequate to intercalate gallate ions with a lesser oxidation degree as detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Concentrations of the hybrid LDH-gallate nanoparticles between 0.39 and 25 µg/mL reduced the cell viability to 67%, while the value reached with the pure gallic acid and LDH was 90% and 78%, respectively, thus proving that the combination of gallate ions with the inorganic nanoparticles increases the toxicity potential within this dose range.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonal&#225;, Universidad de Guadalajara, Avenida Nuevo Perif&#233;rico 555, 48525 Tonal&#225;, Jalisco, Mexico. jenny.arratia@cutonala.udg.mx.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arratia-Quijada
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico. selma.rivas@iner.gob.mx.
authors.forename: Selma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rivas-Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Qu&#237;mica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino Garc&#237;a Barrag&#225;n 1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. karina_ps21@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Karina J Parra
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Saavedra
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacobiolog&#237;a, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino Garc&#237;a Barrag&#225;n 1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. amaciaslamas@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Adriana M Macías
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lamas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Qu&#237;mica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino Garc&#237;a Barrag&#225;n 1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. gregoriocarbajal@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Gregorio Guadalupe
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Carbajal Arízaga
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006878:Hydroxides; D007477:Ions; D005707:Gallic Acid
keywords: gallic; nanocarrier; nanomedicine; nanoparticle