title: Evaluation of locoregional invasiveness of small-sized non-small cell lung cancers by enhanced dual-energy computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the correlation between iodine-related attenuation of dual-energy computed tomography (DE-CT) and the histopathological invasiveness of surgically resected primary non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) ≤ 3 cm in diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 63 consecutive NSCLC lesions from 60 patients (32 males, 28 females; age range, 39-85 years; mean age, 68 years). After injection of iodinated contrast media, arterial phases were scanned using 140-kVp and 80-kVp tube voltages. Three-dimensional iodine-related attenuation (3D-IRA) of primary tumors at the arterial phase was computed using "lung nodule" application software. The corrected 3D-IRA normalized to the patient's body weight and contrast medium concentration was then calculated. Single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison among tumor differentiation grade groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used for the correlation between locoregional invasive tumor and clinical factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resected tumors were histopathologically classified into well-differentiated (G1; n = 24), moderately-differentiated (G2; n = 28), and poorly-differentiated (G3; n = 11) groups by degree of tumor differentiation. The mean ± standard deviation of the 3D-IRA was 56.1 ± 22.6 HU in G1 tumours, 48.5 ± 23.9 HU in G2 tumours, and 28.4 ± 15.8 HU in G3 tumours; significant differences were observed between groups by ANOVA. (p = 0.005). Univariate logistic analysis showed that the 3D-IRA and corrected 3D-IRAs were significantly correlated with locoregional invasive tumors (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that only the corrected 3D-IRA was significantly correlated with tumor invasiveness (p = 0.003), while gender, clinical size, and solid/subsolid type were not (p = 0.950, p = 0.057 and p = 0.456, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3D-IRA of small-sized NSCLCs was significantly associated with and invasiveness. Low 3D-IRA tumors tended to have greater invasiveness than high 3D-IRA tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan. iwano45@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3256-0390
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwano
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Umakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naganawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Contrast enhancement; Dual-energy CT; Functional imaging; Iodine quantification; Non-small cell lung cancer