title: Cross-Cultural Detection of Depression from Nonverbal Behaviour.
abstract: Millions of people worldwide suffer from depression. Do commonalities exist in their nonverbal behavior that would enable cross-culturally viable screening and assessment of severity? We investigated the generalisability of an approach to detect depression severity cross-culturally using video-recorded clinical interviews from Australia, the USA and Germany. The material varied in type of interview, subtypes of depression and inclusion healthy control subjects, cultural background, and recording environment. The analysis focussed on temporal features of participants' eye gaze and head pose. Several approaches to training and testing within and between datasets were evaluated. The strongest results were found for training across all datasets and testing across datasets using leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. In contrast, generalisability was attenuated when training on only one or two of the three datasets and testing on subjects from the dataset(s) not used in training. These findings highlight the importance of using training data exhibiting the expected range of variability.
authors.affiliation: Australian National University, Research School of Computer Science, Canberra, Australia; Ministry of Higher Education: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sharifa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alghowinem
authors.affiliation: University of Canberra, Human-Centred Computing Laboratory, Canberra, Australia; Australian National University, Research School of Computer Science, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goecke
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Carnegie Mellon University, Computer Science at the Robotics Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.affiliation: University of Canberra, Human-Centred Computing Laboratory, Canberra, Australia; Australian National University, Research School of Computer Science, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breakspear