title: Locomotor deficits in recently concussed athletes and matched controls during single and dual-task turning gait: preliminary results.
abstract: There is growing evidence that mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) can affect locomotor characteristics for prolonged periods of time even when physical signs and symptoms are absent. While most locomotor deficits post-concussion have involved straight walking, turning gait has received little attention despite its pervasiveness in everyday locomotion and athletic competition.
  
  
  
  This study longitudinally examined kinematic characteristics during preplanned turning in a small sample of recently concussed athletes (n = 4) and healthy matched control athletes (n = 4) to examine potential deficits during single and dual-task turning gait over the initial 6 weeks post-injury, with a one-year follow-up. Turning path kinematics (curvature, obstacle clearance, path length), stride kinematics (stride length, stride width, stride time), and inclination angles were calculated from motion capture of participants walking around an obstacle.
  
  
  
  Concussed athletes had larger dual-task costs in turning speed and stride time compared to healthy controls. After controlling for speed and turn curvature, recently concussed athletes increased their inclination towards the inside of the turn over time and decreased their stride time compared to controls indicating a prolonged recovery. Kinematic differences between groups were estimated to recover to healthy levels between 100 and 300 days post-injury, suggesting future prospective longitudinal studies should span 6-12 months post-injury.
  
  
  
  Turning gait should be included in future studies of concussion and may be a clinically useful tool. Future longitudinal studies should consider examining gait changes for up to 6-12 months post-injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. fino@ohsu.edu.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA. fino@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8621-3706
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fino
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
authors.forename: Maury A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nussbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.|Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, USA.
authors.forename: Per Gunnar
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Brolinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Brain injury; Concussion; Dual-task; Gait; Turning; mTBI