title: A Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Evaluation of Emotion Regulation and Distress Tolerance: Links to Emotional and Behavioral Concerns.
abstract: Distress tolerance and emotion regulation deficits are associated with many emotional and behavioral concerns and may be important deficit areas for college students especially during the transition to college. However, little is known about how distress tolerance and emotion regulation relate to each other or what typical profiles of these deficit areas might be. We took a variable-centered (i.e., exploratory factor analysis) and a person-centered approach (i.e., latent profile analysis) to identify the overlap and distinctiveness of distress tolerance and emotion regulation deficits and then evaluated how the profiles related to several emotional and behavioral concerns. Participants were undergraduates (N = 627; age M = 20.23, SD = 1.40; 60 % female; 47 % European-American) who completed an online assessment. The exploratory factor analysis of distress tolerance and emotion regulation subscales demonstrated three factors with one factor corresponding to distress tolerance and two factors defined by emotion regulation. Subscales demonstrated significant multidimensionality across the factors. The latent profile analysis with distress tolerance and emotion regulation subscales produced three profiles corresponding to "Functional", "At Risk", and "Challenged" levels of distress tolerance and emotion regulation abilities. Internalizing symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidal ideation) had significantly higher symptom severity in the "At Risk", and "Challenged" profiles than in the "Functional" profile. ADHD symptoms and hostility showed a similar pattern. Conduct problems and substance use were much less related to the deficit profiles. Implications for the etiology of mental health, for prevention and treatment of college students are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. vaneck.k@gmail.com.|Division of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. vaneck.k@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5051-2651
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Eck
authors.affiliation: William Jennings Bryan Dorn Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mental Health Service Line, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flory
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014495:Universities
keywords: College students; Distress tolerance; Emotion regulation; Exploratory factor analysis; Externalizing symptoms; Internalizing symptoms; Latent profile analyses; Substance use