title: Magnesium and calcium-enriched deep-sea water promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by AMPK-activated signals pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
abstract: Recent studies showed that deficiencies of essential minerals including Mg, Ca, and K, and trace minerals including Se, Zn, and V, have implications for the development, prevention, and treatment of several chronic diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Our previous studies revealed that balanced deep-sea water (BDSW), which is composed of desalinated water enriched with Mg and Ca, has potential as a treatment for diabetes and obesity. In this study, to determine whether BDSW regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function, we investigated its effects on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial enzyme activity, expression of key transcription factors and mitochondria-specific genes, phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial function in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. BDSW increased mitochondrial biogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that BDSW enhances expression of PGC1-α, NRF1, and TFAM genes. Upregulation of these genes was supported by increased mitochondria staining, CytC oxidase activity, and AMPK phosphorylation. The stimulatory effect of BDSW on mitochondrial biogenesis and function suggests a novel mechanism for BDSW-induced anti-diabetic and anti-obesity action.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Geun
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Seawater Utilization Plant Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Goseong, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Deok-Soo
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Seawater Utilization Plant Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Goseong, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea. Electronic address: yhshon@hmail.knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yun Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shon
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001678:Organelle Biogenesis; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: AMPK; Calcium; Magnesium; Mineral deficiency; Mitochondrial biogenesis