title: Influences of 432 Hz Music on the Perception of Anxiety during Endodontic Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients undergoing endodontic therapy often have severe perioperative and intraoperative anxiety, which may lead to increased perceptions of pain and vital sign instability throughout treatment. The purpose of this study was to test the influences of music, as a nonpharmacologic adjuvant, in terms of significant changes for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) before, during, and after endodontic treatment in a population with different levels of anxiety assessed with the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 patients were recruited in the present study; before starting the endodontic treatment, the interviewer administered the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale to the participants to assess the baseline level of anxiety. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: the first one listened to the music and the second one did not. Before, during, and after the endodontic procedures, the vital signs (diastolic and systolic blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded. Results were collected and statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct contrasts between patients listening or not listening to music showed that all the measured vital signs decreased considering the overall period (during and after the canal therapy) in the group of patients listening to music (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows the effects of music therapy on vital values and on subjective perception of anxiety during endodontic therapy. Music and medicine always work together; the soothing effects of sounds and musical frequencies make this union an extraordinary tool of synergistic care. Music therapy is a valid nonpharmacologic adjuvant to anxiety perception in endodontic therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Nasso
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nizzardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pace
authors.affiliation: Department of Cranio-Mandibular Disorder, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Felicita
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pierleoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagavino
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. Electronic address: dr.v.giuliani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giuliani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; endodontic therapy; sedation