title: Magnesium and manganese interactively modulate parthenolide accumulation and the antioxidant defense system in the leaves of Tanacetum parthenium.
abstract: A balanced nutrient supply is a critical factor affecting accumulation of terpenoids in plants, yet data related to the interactive effects of two essential nutrients for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes are scarce. Here, the interactional effects between magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) on plant growth, oxidative status, parthenolide accumulation and expression of key genes involved in parthenolide biosynthesis including 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase (HDR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGR), germacrene A synthase (GAS), germacrene A oxidase (GAO), costunolide synthase (COS) and parthenolide synthase (PTS) in the leaves of feverfew plants grown at different Mn and Mn levels were assessed. Plant growth and leaf pigment concentrations were associated with the amount of applied Mg but could be modified by the Mn level. Deprivation and the addition of both Mg and Mn induce oxidative stress. Mg supply also alleviated the adverse effects of Mn excess on plant growth and oxidative status. In addition, parthenolide biosynthesis decreased under deprivation of Mg or Mn, but the addition of Mn up to 50μM under 2mM Mg supply considerably increased its accumulation. The parthenolide accumulation trend might reflect the up-regulation of terpenoid-related genes and enzyme activities as well as the oxidative status of feverfew leaves. Our data suggest a profound effect of the combined supply of Mg and Mn on parthenolide biosynthesis through the activation of terpene synthases, which concomitantly modulate by oxidative status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soudeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farzadfar
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: zarinkamar@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zarinkamar
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behmanesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hojati
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008345:Manganese / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020903:Tanacetum parthenium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C002669:parthenolide; D008345:Manganese; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D011392:Proline; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Feverfew; Magnesium; Manganese; Parthenolide