title: Nationwide trends and predictors of inpatient mortality in 83884 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 15 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part of Health Cost and Utilization Project, we identified a discharge-weighted national estimate of 83884 TIPS procedures performed in the United States from 1998 to 2012 using international classification of diseases-9 procedural code 39.1. The demographic, hospital and co-morbility data were analyzed using a multivariant analysis. Using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis, we determined predictive factors related to increases in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity measures are in accordance to the Comorbidity Software designed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 12.3% of patients died during hospitalization with downward trend in-hospital mortality with the mean length of stay of 10.8 ± 13.1 d. Notable, African American patients (OR = 1.809 vs Caucasian patients, P < 0.001), transferred patients (OR = 1.347 vs non-transferred, P < 0.001), emergency admissions (OR = 3.032 vs elective cases, P < 0.001), patients in the Northeast region (OR = 1.449 vs West, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Number of diagnoses and number of procedures showed positive correlations with in-hospital death (OR = 1.249 per one increase in number of procedures). Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory failure (OR = 8.246), acute kidney failure (OR = 4.359), hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 2.217) and esophageal variceal bleeding (OR = 2.187) were at considerably higher odds of in-hospital death compared with ascites (OR = 0.136, P < 0.001). Comorbidity measures with the highest odds of in-hospital death were fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR = 2.823), coagulopathy (OR = 2.016), and lymphoma (OR = 1.842).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall mortality of the TIPS procedure is steadily decreasing, though the length of stay has remained relatively constant. Specific patient ethnicity, location, transfer status, primary diagnosis and comorbidities correlate with increased odds of TIPS in-hospital death.
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Edward Wolfgang
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuei
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Sammy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saab
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Busuttil
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Durazo
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Steven-Huy
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: El-Kabany
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McWilliams
authors.affiliation: Edward Wolfgang Lee, Andrew Kuei, Justin P McWilliams, Stephen T Kee, Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Ronald Reagan Medical Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kee
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D001201:Ascites / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004630:Emergencies; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000453:epidemiology; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Health Cost and Utilization Project; Inpatient; Mortality; National Inpatient Sample database; Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; United States