title: DBS for Obesity.
abstract: Obesity is a chronic, progressive and prevalent disorder. Morbid obesity, in particular, is associated with numerous comorbidities and early mortality. In patients with morbid obesity, pharmacological and behavioral approaches often have limited results. Bariatric surgery is quite effective but is associated with operative failures and a non-negligible incidence of side effects. In the last decades, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been investigated as a neurosurgical modality to treat various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this article we review the rationale for selecting different brain targets, surgical results and future perspectives for the use of DBS in medically refractory obesity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil. franco.ruth@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional Neurosurgery of Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 01060-970, Brazil. erich.fonoff@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Erich T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Fonoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 01060-970, Brazil. pedrodealvarenga@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 01060-970, Brazil. antonioclopesmd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 01060-970, Brazil. ecmiguel7@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Euripides C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional Neurosurgery of Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 01060-970, Brazil. manoeljacobsen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manoel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil. durvald@iconet.com.br.
authors.forename: Durval
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Damiani
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional Neurosurgery of Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology, University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo 01060-970, Brazil. Clement.Hamani@camh.ca.|Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada. Clement.Hamani@camh.ca.|Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada. Clement.Hamani@camh.ca.
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamani
keywords: deep brain stimulation; hypothalamus; nucleus accumbens; obesity