title: Resistance of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer to Nonsurgical Treatments. Part II: Photodynamic Therapy, Vismodegib, Cetuximab, Intralesional Methotrexate, and Radiotherapy.
abstract: A wide range of treatments is now available for nonmelanoma skin cancer, including 5-fluorouracil, ingenol mebutate, imiquimod, diclofenac, photodynamic therapy, methotrexate, cetuximab, vismodegib, and radiotherapy. All are associated with high clinical and histologic response rates. However, some tumors do not respond due to resistance, which may be primary or acquired. Study of the resistance processes is a broad area of research that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of each tumor and the biologic features that make it resistant, as well as to facilitate the design of new therapies directed against these tumors. In this second article, having covered the topical treatments of nonmelanoma skin cancer, we review resistance to other nonsurgical treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies against basal and squamous cell carcinomas, intralesional chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital de Barbastro, Barbastro, Huesca, España; Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, España. Electronic address: tamgracaz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gracia-Cazaña
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamarrón
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mascaraque
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lucena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Á
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Juarranz
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy; D000068818:Cetuximab / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D007636:Keratoacanthoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000532:radiotherapy
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C538724:HhAntag691; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C000606236:PTCH1 protein, human; D000072081:Patched-1 Receptor; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D011725:Pyridines; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000068818:Cetuximab; D008727:Methotrexate
keywords: Cetuximab; Cáncer cutáneo; Drug resistance; Methotrexate; Metotrexato; Photodynamic therapy; Radioterapia; Radiotherapy; Resistencia a fármacos; Skin cancer; Terapia fotodinámica; Vismodegib