title: Suicide risk and prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) among individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype C versus B in Southern Brazil.
abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders associated with HIV infection; however, its risks and neurobiologic correlates in diverse cultures are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the frequency of MDD among HIV+ participants in southern Brazil. We hypothesized that the frequency and severity of MDD would be higher among individuals with HIV+ compared with HIV- and higher in HIV subtype B compared with C. Individuals with HIV (n = 39) as well as seronegative controls (n = 22) were enrolled in a cross-sectional, prospective, observational study. Current and lifetime history of MDD was diagnosed by MINI-Plus; symptom severity was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Current and past episodes of MDD were significantly more frequent in the HIV+ versus HIV- group: current MDD, 15 (38.5 %) vs. 0 (0 %), p = 0.0004; past MDD, 24 (61.5 %) vs. 3 (13.6 %), p = 0.0004. The median BDI-II score in the HIV+ group was significantly higher than that in the HIV- (13 (8-27.5) vs. 2.5 (1-5.5); p < 0.0001). Current suicide risk, defined as during the last month, was found in 18 % of participants in the HIV-positive and none in the HIV-negative group. Neither current MDD frequency (8 (57.1 %) vs. 6 (40 %), p = 0.47) nor BDI-II score differed across subtypes B and C. HIV+ group may be more likely to experience current MDD than HIV-. This was the first study to compare the frequency and severity of MDD in HIV subtypes B and C; we found no difference between HIV subtypes B and C.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. sergio.ma@ufpr.br.|Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. sergio.ma@ufpr.br.|Hospital de Clínicas, UFPR, Seção de Virologia, Setor Análises Clínicas, Rua Padre Camargo, 280, Curitiba, PR, 80060-240, Brasil. sergio.ma@ufpr.br.
authors.forename: Sergio Monteiro
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Jaime
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Rujvi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: de Pereira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sonia Mara
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Raboni
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.|Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná; Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Indianara
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rotta
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clea Elisa
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cherner
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph Hampton
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058889:Molecular Typing; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Efavirenz; HIV-1; HIV-1 subtype B; HIV-1 subtype C; HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND); MDD