title: New insights into wheat toxicity: Breeding did not seem to contribute to a prevalence of potential celiac disease's immunostimulatory epitopes.
abstract: Gluten proteins, namely gliadins, are the primary trigger of the abnormal immune response in celiac disease. It has been hypothesised that modern wheat breeding practices may have contributed to the increase in celiac disease prevalence during the latter half of the 20th century. Our results do not support this hypothesis as Triticum aestivum spp. vulgare landraces, which were not subjected to breeding practices, presented higher amounts of potential celiac disease's immunostimulatory epitopes when compared to modern varieties. Furthermore, high variation between wheat varieties concerning the toxic epitopes amount was observed. We carried out quantitative analysis of gliadin types by RP-HPLC to verify its correlation with the amount of toxic epitopes: ω-type gliadins content explain about 40% of the variation of toxic epitopes in tetraploid wheat varieties. This research provides new insights regarding wheat toxicity and into the controversial idea that human practices may have conducted to an increased exposure to toxic epitopes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Genética y Mejora de plantas Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Quijano
authors.affiliation: CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Genética y Mejora de plantas Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique GDEC/UBP, UMR 1095, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Branlard
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal. Electronic address: gigrejas@utad.pt.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Igrejas
mesh_terms: D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005524:Food Technology; D005903:Gliadin / Q000737:chemistry*; D005983:Glutens / Q000276:immunology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D000069600:Plant Breeding; D015995:Prevalence; D057891:Tetraploidy; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D005983:Glutens; D005903:Gliadin
keywords: Celiac disease; Gliadins; Gluten; RP-HPLC; Toxic epitopes