title: Study methodology and diabetes control in patients from the non-English diabetes management project (NEDMP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To describe the clinical characteristics of non-English speaking patients from the Diabetes Management Project (NEDMP), and compare their diabetes management and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) with the English-speaking DMP sample (EDMP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted on non-English speaking adults with diabetes who attended the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  136 (90.1%) non-English speaking adults were assessed, with a mean age of 72.2 years (range: 50-88 years); 74 (54.4%) were male.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed interviewer-administered questionnaires and underwent visual acuity, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, biochemistry and anthropometric measurements. The EDMP assessed 609 patients in 2009 using a similar protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type and duration of diabetes, diabetes control and diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 127 (93.4%) and 8 (5.9%) participants reported having type 2 and type 1 diabetes, respectively, with a median (IQR) duration of 17 (14) years. The proportion of patients with poor diabetes control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) in the NEDMP was similar to the EDMP (64.0% and 68.2%, respectively; P = 0.411). A significantly higher proportion of patients with DR in the NEDMP were found to have poor diabetes control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) compared to those without DR (80.9% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.003). Almost two-thirds of NEDMP patients (74/118) had DR and 23% (27/115) had diabetic macular edema. The prevalence of DR was similar between the NEDMP and EDMP studies, ranging from 25-30% and 28-29%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical characteristics, diabetes control, and DR severity of English and non-English-speaking patients were similar. The high proportion of poor diabetes management in non-English speaking patients with DR suggests educational and behavioural interventions to improve glycaemic control are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dirani
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Trung M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sivashanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gnanasekaran
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Theona
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Gwyneth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fenwick
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.|Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.|Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ecosse L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: diabetes; diabetic retinopathy; non-english; ophthalmology publication