title: Comorbid anxiety increases cognitive control activation in Major Depressive Disorder.
abstract: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders often co-occur, with poorer treatment response and long-term outcomes. However, little is known about the shared and distinct neural mechanisms of comorbid MDD and anxiety (MDD+Anx). This study examined how MDD and MDD+Anx differentially impact cognitive control.
  
  
  
  Eighteen MDD, 29 MDD+Anx, and 54 healthy controls (HC) completed the Parametric Go/No-Go (PGNG) during fMRI, including Target, Commission, and Rejection trials.
  
  
  
  MDD+Anx had more activation in the anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and caudate during Rejections, and inferior parietal lobule during correct Targets than MDD and HC. During Rejections HC had greater activation in a number of cognitive control regions compared to MDD; in the posterior cingulate compared to MDD+Anx; and in the fusiform gyrus compared to all MDD. During Commissions HC had greater activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus than all MDD. MDD had more activation in the mid-cingulate, inferior parietal lobule, and superior temporal gyrus than MDD+Anx during Commissions.
  
  
  
  Despite similar performance, MDD and MDD+Anx showed distinct differences in neural mechanisms of cognitive control in relation to each other, as well as some shared differences in relation to HC. The results were consistent with our hypothesis of hypervigilance in MDD+Anx within the cognitive control network, but inconsistent with our hypothesis that there would be greater engagement of salience and emotion network regions. Comorbidity of depression and anxiety may cause increased heterogeneity in study samples, requiring further specificity in detection and measurement of intermediate phenotypes and treatment Targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Natania A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Lisanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Kortni K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Weldon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Division of Psychology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Heide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klumpp
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Jesse Brown VA Chicago Health Care System, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: K Luan
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Jon-Kar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zubieta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. slangenecker@psych.uic.edu.|Department of Psychiatry, MBNI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. slangenecker@psych.uic.edu.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Langenecker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
keywords: Major Depressive Disorder; anxiety; cognitive control; fMRI; inferior parietal lobule