title: The feeder system of the Toba supervolcano from the slab to the shallow reservoir.
abstract: The Toba Caldera has been the site of several large explosive eruptions in the recent geological past, including the world's largest Pleistocene eruption 74,000 years ago. The major cause of this particular behaviour may be the subduction of the fluid-rich Investigator Fracture Zone directly beneath the continental crust of Sumatra and possible tear of the slab. Here we show a new seismic tomography model, which clearly reveals a complex multilevel plumbing system beneath Toba. Large amounts of volatiles originate in the subducting slab at a depth of ∼150 km, migrate upward and cause active melting in the mantle wedge. The volatile-rich basic magmas accumulate at the base of the crust in a ∼50,000 km(3) reservoir. The overheated volatiles continue ascending through the crust and cause melting of the upper crust rocks. This leads to the formation of a shallow crustal reservoir that is directly responsible for the supereruptions.
authors.affiliation: Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SB RAS, Prospekt Koptyuga, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0327-4416
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koulakov
authors.affiliation: Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SB RAS, Prospekt Koptyuga, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kasatkina
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS (UMR 7154), 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris, Cedex 5, France.|Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, FEB RAS, 9 Piip Boulevard, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 693006 Kamchatsky Region, Russia.
authors.forename: Nikolai M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS (UMR 7154), 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris, Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jaupart
authors.affiliation: Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SB RAS, Prospekt Koptyuga, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasilevsky
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.|National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, NRIAG, 11421, Helwan, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El Khrepy
authors.affiliation: King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nassir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Arifi
authors.affiliation: Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Prospekt Koptyuga, 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.|Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smirnov