title: Assessment of bacterial demineralization around composite restorations using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).
abstract: To observe the bacterial demineralization of the enamel and dentin around composite restorations bonded with one-step and two-step self-etch adhesive systems using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).
  
  
  
  Forty class V cavities (2.5-mm surface diameter, 2.0-mm maximum depth) were prepared on cervical areas of 20 human molars. The specimens were either treated with one-step adhesive (Clearfil Tri-S Bond ND Quick; TS) or two-step adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond; SE), restored with a flowable resin composite (Estelite Flow Quick). Specimens in the demineralized group were incubated for 2 weeks after Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, while specimens in the control group were incubated for 2 weeks without biofilms. After SS-OCT observation, specimens were cut and examined under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The lesion depth (LD), interfacial gap depth (GD) and gap length (GL) obtained from SS-OCT and CLSM were analyzed by Pearson's correlation, LD by Independent-samples t-test, GD and GL by Welch t-test, the frequency of specimens with or without gap by Fisher's exact test at the 95% significant level.
  
  
  
  Specimens with interfacial gaps in the demineralized group showed significantly higher frequency than that in the control group (p<0.05). There was a significant correlation between SS-OCT and CLSM values of LD, GD and GL (p<0.05). SE showed significantly larger LD of dentin, but less GD and GL of enamel than TS (p<0.05).
  
  
  
  SS-OCT nondestructively detected demineralization around composite restorations and interfacial gaps created by S. mutans biofilm in this in vitro model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. Electronic address: shimada.ope@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Endowed Department of International Oral Health Science (affiliated with Department of Translational Research), School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Khairul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matin
authors.affiliation: Biomimetics Biomaterials Biophotonics & Technology Laboratory, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357456, Seattle, WA 98195-7456, USA.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadr
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Dental Surgery, Department for Advanced Dental Research, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 36-3, Gengo, Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D003188:Composite Resins; D003731:Dental Caries; D003743:Dental Enamel; D003804:Dentin; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D019279:Resin Cements; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D017001:Tooth Demineralization
chemical_list: C515604:Clearfil Tri-S Bond; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D019279:Resin Cements
keywords: Adhesive; Bacterial demineralization; Biofilm; Gap; Resin composite; SS-OCT; Secondary caries; Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)