title: The performance of hybrid titania/silica-derived xerogels as active antifouling/fouling-release surfaces against the marine alga Ulva linza: in situ generation of hypohalous acids.
abstract: Mixed titania/silica xerogels were prepared using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and tetraethoxy orthosilicate (TEOS). Xerogel properties were modified by incorporating n-octyltriethoxysilane (C8). The xerogels catalyze the oxidation of bromide and chloride with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce hypohalous acids at pH 7 and pH 8. The antifouling/ fouling-release performance of a TTIP/C8/TEOS xerogel in the presence and absence of H2O2 was evaluated for the settlement of zoospores of the marine alga Ulva linza and for the removal of sporelings (young plants). In the absence of H2O2, differences in the settlement of zoospores and removal of sporelings were not significant relative to a titanium-free C8/TEOS xerogel. Addition of H2O2 gave a significant reduction in zoospore settlement and sporeling removal relative to the C8/TEOS xerogel and relative to peroxide-free conditions. The impact of TTIP on xerogel characteristics was evaluated by comprehensive contact angle analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Corey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Damon
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Caitlyn M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gatley
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Beres
authors.affiliation: b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.affiliation: b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK.
authors.forename: Sofia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK.
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Detty
mesh_terms: D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002384:Catalysis; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D054879:Halogenation; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D044445:Ulva / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D012821:Silanes; C040733:tetraethoxysilane; C102815:titanium isopropoxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C514699:octyltriethoxysilane
keywords: Marine biofouling; Ulva linza; antifouling; hydrogen peroxide; titanium oxide; xerogels