title: Transporter effects on cell permeability in drug delivery.
abstract: The role of drug transporters as one of the determinants of cellular drug permeability has become increasingly evident. Despite the lipophilicity of a drug molecule as rate-limiting factor for passive diffusion across biological membranes, carrier-mediated and active transport have gained attention over the years. A better understanding of the effects and roles of these influx transporters towards transmembrane permeability of a drug molecule need to be delineated for drug development and delivery. Areas covered: This review focuses on findings relative to role of transporters in drug absorption and bioavailability. Particularly the areas demanding further research have been emphasized. This review will also highlight various transporters expressed on vital organs and their effects on drug pharmacokinetics. Expert opinion: Significant efforts have been devoted to understand the role of transporters, their iterative interplay with metabolizing enzymes through molecular enzymology, binding and structure-activity relationship studies. A few assays such as parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) have been developed to analyze drug transport across phospholipid membranes. Although large web-accessible databases on tissue selective expression profiles at transcriptomic as well as proteomic are available, there is a need to collocate the scattered literature on the role of transporters in drug development and delivery.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Abhirup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.affiliation: a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Vibhuti
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Agrahari
authors.affiliation: b R&D , INSYS Therapeutics Inc , Chandler , AZ , USA.
authors.forename: Varun
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.affiliation: a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Dhananjay
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: c UMKC School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Ashim K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mitra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001692:Biological Transport; D004058:Diffusion; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D040901:Proteomics; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: BCRP; BDDCS; MRP; P-gp; Pathways; cancer; efflux; gene; influx; ocular tissues