title: Exploitation of Common Bean Flours with Low Antinutrient Content for Making Nutritionally Enhanced Biscuits.
abstract: Consumption of legumes is associated with a number of physiological and health benefits. Legume proteins complement very well those of cereals and are often used to produce gluten-free products. However, legume seeds often contain antinutritional compounds, such as phytate, galactooligosaccharides, phenolic compounds, lectins, enzyme inhibitors, whose presence could affect their nutritional value. Screening natural and induced biodiversity for useful traits, followed by breeding, is a way to remove undesirable components. We used the common bean cv. Lady Joy and the lpa1 mutant line, having different seed composition for absence/presence of lectins,α-amylase inhibitor, (α-AI) and phytic acid, to verify the advantage of their use to make biscuits with improved nutritional properties. We showed that use of unprocessed flour from normal beans (Taylor's Horticulture and Billò) must be avoided, since lectin activity is still present after baking, and demonstrated the advantage of using the cv. Lady Joy, lacking active lectins and having active α-AI. To assess the contribution of bean flour to biscuit quality traits, different formulations of composite flours (B12, B14, B22, B24, B29) were used in combinations with wheat (B14), maize (gluten-free B22 and B29), or with both (B12 and B24). These biscuits were nutritionally better than the control, having a better amino acid score, higher fiber amount, lower predicted glycemic index (pGI) and starch content. Replacement of cv. Lady Joy bean flour with that of lpa1, having a 90% reduction of phytic acid and devoid of α-AI, contributed to about a 50% reduction of phytic acid content. We also showed that baking did not fully inactivate α-AI, further contributing to lowering the pGI of the biscuits. Finally, data from a blind taste test using consumers indicated that the B14 biscuit was accepted by consumers and comparable in terms of liking to the control biscuit, although the acceptability of these products decreased with the increase of bean content. The B22 gluten-free biscuits, although received liking scores that were just above the middle point of the hedonic scale, might represent a good compromise between health benefits (absence of gluten and lower pGI), expectations of celiac consumers and likeness.
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sparvoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laureati
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pilu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pagliarini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toschi
authors.affiliation: Alimentari e Ambientali, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuberti
authors.affiliation: Alimentari e Ambientali, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fortunati
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Daminati
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cominelli
authors.affiliation: CNR, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bollini
keywords: amino acid score; biscuits; consumers test; lectins; nutritional enhancement; phytic acid; predicted glycemic index; α-amylase inhibitor