title: [Autocapture(TM) and Capture Management(TM) Current concepts in pacing threshold and output management].
abstract: Pacing threshold is not a stable value during the pacemaker's life. It is affected by many physiological, pharmacological and pathophysiological factors. A pacing system able to confirm capture and automatically adjust its output to the actual pacing threshold is highly desirable for a prolonged battery life and maximal patient safety. The Autocapture(TM) of St. Jude Medical and the Capture Management(TM) of Medtronic are currently available on the market. The key feature is the measurement of the evoked response (ER) signal by the pacemaker for capture confirmation. In case of loss of capture, the Autocapture(TM) System delivers a back up safety pulse of 4.5 Volt and 0.49 ms and starts a new threshold search. The pacemaker adapts its output to 0.3V/0.25V above the newly measured threshold. This system needs bipolar leads with low polarization for the first generation in Microny® and Regency® pacemakers; in the second generation with Affinity® and Integrity® pacemakers various bipolar leads are suitable. The Capture Management(TM) System of Medtronic, available in the Kappa® DR 700 series, performs a two point automatic threshold search once every day during rest. The output is determined by the programmed safety margin (nominal 1.5×voltage threshold). A backup pulse is only delivered during the threshold search. No special electrodes are necessary.    These functions were shown to work safely and efficaciously in multicenter trials to decrease the current consumption with a prolongation of battery life up to 142%. The patients safety was increased by identifying changes of the capture threshold over time and adjusting the pacing stimulus. The conventional safety margins of 100% might not be safe for all patients. We also learned much about lead maturation and lead instability by the possibility of continuous follow-up of threshold changes in a larger group of leads in order to identify the risk group of about 10% of patients with late threshold increase and lead instability.
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anelli-Monti
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mächler
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oberwalder
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dacar
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Knez
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salaymeh
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Streinu
authors.affiliation: Klinische Abteilung für Herzchirurgie Universitätsklinik für Chirurgie Graz Auenbruggerplatz 19 8036 Graz, Austria Tel.: +43-316/385-2703 Fax: +43-316/385-2286 E-Mail: Michael.Anelli-Monti@Klinikum-Graz.at, Austria.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rigler
keywords: Key words Autocapture; capture management; lead instability; leads