title: α-Phellandrene, a cyclic monoterpene, attenuates inflammatory response through neutrophil migration inhibition and mast cell degranulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the modulating effect of α-phellandrene on neutrophil migration and mast cell degranulation processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats or Swiss mice were treated p.o. with vehicle (3% Tween 80, p.o.), α-phellandrene (50, 100, or 200mg/kg, p.o.), or dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg, p.o.) 1h before carrageenan injection. Then, the neutrophil migration in 6-day-old air pouches or peritoneal cavities. The leukocyte rolling and adhesion were measured in real time and assessed by intravital microscopy. ELISA was used to detect TNF-α and IL-6 in peritoneal lavage. Compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation was assessed in mesenteric rat tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the tested doses, α-phellandrene prevented carrageenan-induced neutrophil accumulation (P<0.05). As detected by intravital microscopy, α-phellandrene also inhibited leukocyte rolling and adhesion, as well as significantly inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, the degranulation of compound 48/80-induced mast cells was also inhibited by α-phellandrene (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that α-phellandrene plays an important role as an anti-inflammatory agent through neutrophil migration modulation and mast cell stabilization.
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, (unnumbered), 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Halmisson D'Arley S
authors.initials: HDS
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, (unnumbered), 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Benedito S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Paraíba, Jardim Universitário, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Damião P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, (unnumbered), 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, (unnumbered), 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francilene Vieira
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, (unnumbered), 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Electronic address: orfeuyeuridice@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Francisco V M
authors.initials: FVM
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Paraíba, Jardim Universitário, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos W S
authors.initials: CWS
authors.lastname: Wanderley
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Paraíba, Jardim Universitário, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Paraíba, Jardim Universitário, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: André G F
authors.initials: AGF
authors.lastname: Cândido
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Paraíba, Jardim Universitário, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Deysi V T
authors.initials: DVT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Paraíba, Jardim Universitário, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronaldo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Federal University of Paraíba, Jardim Universitário, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto C P
authors.initials: RCP
authors.lastname: Lima-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, (unnumbered), 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Medicine Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, 60430-270 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; C005403:alpha phellandrene
keywords: Air-pouch; Inflammation; Mast cell; Neutrophil; Peritonitis; α-Phellandrene