title: Changes in insulin and insulin signaling in Alzheimer's disease: cause or consequence?
abstract: Individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the causal relationship remains poorly understood. Alterations in insulin signaling (IS) are reported in the AD brain. Moreover, oligomers/fibrils of amyloid-β (Aβ) can lead to neuronal insulin resistance and intranasal insulin is being explored as a potential therapy for AD. Conversely, elevated insulin levels (ins) are found in AD patients and high insulin has been reported to increase Aβ levels and tau phosphorylation, which could exacerbate AD pathology. Herein, we explore whether changes in ins and IS are a cause or consequence of AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Macauley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO holtzman@neuro.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3400-0856
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Holtzman
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D007328:Insulin; D016875:tau Proteins