title: Parental Occupational Exposure to Heavy Metals and Welding Fumes and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in Offspring: A Registry-Based Case-Control Study.
abstract: Data are scarce on the association between prenatal/preconception environmental exposure and testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) in offspring. We examined parental occupational exposures to heavy metals and welding fumes in relation to TGCT in offspring in a registry-based case-control study (NORD-TEST Study).
  
  
  
  We identified TGCT cases diagnosed at ages 14-49 years in Finland (1988-2012), Norway (1978-2010), and Sweden (1979-2011) through nationwide cancer registries. These cases were individually matched by country and year of birth to controls selected from population registries. Information on parental occupations was retrieved from censuses. From this, we estimated prenatal/preconception exposures of chromium, iron, nickel, lead, and welding fumes (all three countries), and cadmium (Finland only) for each parent using job-exposure matrices specifying prevalence (P) and mean exposure level (L). Exposure indices were calculated as a product of P and L (P × L), and exposure categories were based on P × L or different combinations of P and L.
  
  
  
  The study comprised 8,112 cases and 26,264 controls. We observed no statistically significant TGCT risk associated with presence of heavy metals/welding fumes (P × L > 0) and no dose-response relationship (Ptrend≥ 0.32). A statistically significant elevated TGCT risk was found in paternal exposure category where both P and L of chromium were high (vs. no chromium; OR = 1.37, 95% confidence interval; 1.05-1.79).
  
  
  
  Our study provides little evidence of associations between parental exposures to heavy metals/welding fumes and TGCT in offspring with the potential exception of high paternal chromium exposure.
  
  
  
  Further research on paternal chromium exposure is warranted. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(10); 1426-34. ©2016 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. togawak@fellows.iarc.fr.
authors.forename: Kayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Togawa
authors.affiliation: Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Cancer and Environment Department, Centre Léon Bérard, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Cornet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feychting
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiological Cancer Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway. Department of Occupational Health Surveillance, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tynes
authors.affiliation: Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland. School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Johnni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oksbjerg Dalton
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Karl-Christian
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Nordby
authors.affiliation: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sanni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uuksulainen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Pernilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wiebert
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health Surveillance, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Torill
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woldbæk
authors.affiliation: Department of Growth & Reproduction and International Center for Research and Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Skakkebæk
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Environment Department, Centre Léon Bérard, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Béatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fervers
authors.affiliation: Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schüz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012042:Registries; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014896:Welding; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy