title: Effects of Corroded and Non-Corroded Biodegradable Mg and Mg Alloys on Viability, Morphology and Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells Elicited by Direct Cell/Material Interaction.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of biodegradable Mg and Mg alloys on selected properties of MC3T3-E1 cells elicited by direct cell/material interaction. The chemical composition and morphology of the surface of Mg and Mg based alloys (Mg2Ag and Mg10Gd) were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX, following corrosion in cell culture medium for 1, 2, 3 and 8 days. The most pronounced difference in surface morphology, namely crystal formation, was observed when Pure Mg and Mg2Ag were immersed in cell medium for 8 days, and was associated with an increase in atomic % of oxygen and a decrease of surface calcium and phosphorous. Crystal formation on the surface of Mg10Gd was, in contrast, negligible at all time points. Time-dependent changes in oxygen, calcium and phosphorous surface content were furthermore not observed for Mg10Gd. MC3T3-E1 cell viability was reduced by culture on the surfaces of corroded Mg, Mg2Ag and Mg10Gd in a corrosion time-independent manner. Cells did not survive when cultured on 3 day pre-corroded Pure Mg and Mg2Ag, indicating crystal formation to be particular detrimental in this regard. Cell viability was not affected when cells were cultured on non-corroded Mg and Mg alloys for up to 12 days. These results suggest that corrosion associated changes in surface morphology and chemical composition significantly hamper cell viability and, thus, that non-corroded surfaces are more conducive to cell survival. An analysis of the differentiation potential of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on non-corroded samples based on measurement of Collagen I and Runx2 expression, revealed a down-regulation of these markers within the first 6 days following cell seeding on all samples, despite persistent survival and proliferation. Cells cultured on Mg10Gd, however, exhibited a pronounced upregulation of collagen I and Runx2 between days 8 and 12, indicating an enhancement of osteointegration by this alloy that could be valuable for in vivo orthopedic applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Sepideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mostofi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonyadi Rad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Helmar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiltsche
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fasching
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Szakacs
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials Science and Welding; Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramskogler
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Sriveena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivasaiah
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Muammer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueçal
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willumeit
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Annelie-Martina
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000497:Alloys / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D003343:Corrosion; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; C493716:Runx2 protein, mouse; D012834:Silver; D003094:Collagen; D005682:Gadolinium; D008274:Magnesium