title: Metabolomic Fingerprinting of Romaneschi Globe Artichokes by NMR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Fiori) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC) are sources of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To apply a NMR metabolomic fingerprinting approach to Cynara cardunculus heads to obtain simultaneous identification and quantitation of the major classes of organic compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  The edible part of 14 Globe artichoke populations, belonging to the Romaneschi varietal group, were extracted to obtain apolar and polar organic extracts. The analysis was also extended to one species of cultivated cardoon for comparison. The (1) H-NMR of the extracts allowed simultaneous identification of the bioactive metabolites whose quantitation have been obtained by spectral integration followed by principal component analysis (PCA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apolar organic extracts were mainly based on highly unsaturated long chain lipids. Polar organic extracts contained organic acids, amino acids, sugars (mainly inulin), caffeoyl derivatives (mainly cynarin), flavonoids, and terpenes. The level of nutraceuticals was found to be highest in the Italian landraces Bianco di Pertosa zia E and Natalina while cardoon showed the lowest content of all metabolites thus confirming the genetic distance between artichokes and cardoon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolomic approach coupling NMR spectroscopy with multivariate data analysis allowed for a detailed metabolite profile of artichoke and cardoon varieties to be obtained. Relevant differences in the relative content of the metabolites were observed for the species analysed. This work is the first application of (1) H-NMR with multivariate statistics to provide a metabolomic fingerprinting of Cynara scolymus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, I-80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Falco
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, I-80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Incerti
authors.affiliation: CRA ORT, Pontecagnano, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pepe
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100, Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, I-80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lanzotti
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D055432:Metabolomics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002241:Carbohydrates; D005419:Flavonoids; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: 1H-NMR metabolomics; Cynara cardunculus; caffeoyl derivatives; flavonoids; inulin