title: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Abundance and Hemlock Canopy Health Numerous Years After Imidacloprid Basal Drench Treatments: Implications for Management Programs.
abstract: Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae [Annand]), an invasive insect in the eastern United States, has caused widespread decline of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriére. Imidacloprid basal drench treatments were assessed 4-7 yr after a single treatment to determine hemlock woolly adelgid population suppression and effects on hemlock canopy health. The effects of sampling site, years post-treatment, and hemlock diameter at breast height (DBH) size classes were evaluated relative to imidacloprid treatment on hemlock woolly adelgid populations and hemlock canopy health characteristics. The influence of hemlock woolly adelgid populations on canopy health characteristics was also assessed. Imidacloprid treatments resulted in low-level hemlock woolly adelgid populations 7 yr post-treatment. Hemlock woolly adelgid was present on more hemlocks 7 yr compared with 4-6 yr post-treatment. Smaller hemlocks, dosed with 0.7 g active ingredient (AI)/2.5 cm DBH, had higher populations of hemlock woolly adelgid than the largest size class, which were treated at twice that dosage. Concentrations of imidacloprid and its olefin metabolite below the LC50were sufficient for suppression of hemlock woolly adelgid populations, which suggests an additive effect of imidacloprid and olefin that compounds hemlock woolly adelgid mortality over many generations. Hemlock woolly adelgid populations observed in this study were too low to have an observable effect on hemlock canopy health, indicating that application intervals of up to 7 yr may be adequate to protect hemlocks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 370 Plant Biotechnology Bldg., the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 (ebenton@uga.edu; jgrant@utk.edu; Carla.I.Coots@aphis.usda.gov) University of Georgia-Tifton, 2360 Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA 31793 (becky_nichols@nps.gov) ebenton@uga.edu.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Benton
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 370 Plant Biotechnology Bldg., the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 (ebenton@uga.edu; jgrant@utk.edu; Carla.I.Coots@aphis.usda.gov).
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 107 Park Headquarters Rd., Gatlinburg, TN 37738 (jesse_webster@nps.gov, becky_nichols@nps.gov).
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 153 Cook Hill Rd., Windsor, CT 06095 (Richard.Cowles@ct.gov).
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cowles
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085-1699 (anthony.lagalante@villanova.edu).
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lagalante
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, 232 Brehm Animal Science Bldg., Knoxville, TN 37996 (asaxton@utk.edu).
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saxton
authors.affiliation: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 107 Park Headquarters Rd., Gatlinburg, TN 37738 (jesse_webster@nps.gov, becky_nichols@nps.gov).
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 370 Plant Biotechnology Bldg., the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 (ebenton@uga.edu; jgrant@utk.edu; Carla.I.Coots@aphis.usda.gov).
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Coots
keywords: eastern hemlock, hemlock health; hemlock woolly adelgid; imidacloprid; olefin