title: Development of West-European PM2.5and NO2land use regression models incorporating satellite-derived and chemical transport modelling data.
abstract: Satellite-derived (SAT) and chemical transport model (CTM) estimates of PM2.5and NO2are increasingly used in combination with Land Use Regression (LUR) models. We aimed to compare the contribution of SAT and CTM data to the performance of LUR PM2.5and NO2models for Europe. Four sets of models, all including local traffic and land use variables, were compared (LUR without SAT or CTM, with SAT only, with CTM only, and with both SAT and CTM). LUR models were developed using two monitoring data sets: PM2.5and NO2ground level measurements from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) and from the European AIRBASE network. LUR PM2.5models including SAT and SAT+CTM explained ~60% of spatial variation in measured PM2.5concentrations, substantially more than the LUR model without SAT and CTM (adjR2: 0.33-0.38). For NO2CTM improved prediction modestly (adjR2: 0.58) compared to models without SAT and CTM (adjR2: 0.47-0.51). Both monitoring networks are capable of producing models explaining the spatial variance over a large study area. SAT and CTM estimates of PM2.5and NO2significantly improved the performance of high spatial resolution LUR models at the European scale for use in large epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: c.dehoogh@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Hoogh
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.gulliver@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John
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authors.lastname: Gulliver
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Rd., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2. Electronic address: kelaar@Dal.Ca.
authors.forename: Aaron van
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authors.lastname: Donkelaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Rd., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: Randall.Martin@Dal.Ca.
authors.forename: Randall V
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authors.affiliation: John R. Kiely Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Wilcox 268, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: julian@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Julian D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: John R. Kiely Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Wilcox 268, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: bechl002@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew J
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo, 112-00147 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: g.cesaroni@deplazio.it.
authors.forename: Giulia
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mcirach@creal.cat.
authors.forename: Marta Cirach
authors.initials: MC
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authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas, K. Donelaicio 58, Kaunas 44248, Lithuania. Electronic address: a.dedele@gmf.vdu.lt.
authors.forename: Audrius
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authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Marloes.eeftens@unibas.ch.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden. Electronic address: bertil.forsberg@envmed.umu.se.
authors.forename: Bertil
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authors.affiliation: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital and Centre for Cancer Prevention, Corso Bramante, 88, 10126 Turin, Italy. Electronic address: claudia.galassi@cpo.it.
authors.forename: Claudia
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authors.affiliation: Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital, Munich Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ziemssenstr. 1, d-80336 Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, d-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: heinrich@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Joachim
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authors.affiliation: IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Du¨sseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Du¨sseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Electronic address: Barbara.Hoffmann@IUF-Duesseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Barbara
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authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1168, VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, 16, Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif, France; Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, 2 Avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France; Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, 08002 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: benedicte.jacquemin@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Bénédicte
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authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece; Department of Primary Care & Public Health Sciences and Environmental Research Group, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: kkatsouy@med.uoa.gr.
authors.forename: Klea
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authors.forename: Michal
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authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Nino.kuenzli@unibas.ch.
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authors.forename: Frederik
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5 Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mnieuwenhuijsen@creal.cat.
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authors.forename: Wenche
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authors.forename: Ole
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authors.forename: Annette
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authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: m.tsai@unibas.ch.
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authors.forename: Tarja
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authors.affiliation: IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Du¨sseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Du¨sseldorf, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: gudrun.weinmayr@uni-ulm.de.
authors.forename: Gudrun
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: B.Brunekreef@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Bert
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authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: Danielle.vienneau@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Danielle
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mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005060:Europe; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017215:Satellite Communications
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Air pollution; Exposure; Fine particulate matter; Nitrogen dioxide; Spatial modelling