title: Nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis from male urethritis in Japan.
abstract: Genital chlamydial infection is a principal sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Chlamydia trachomatis can cause male urethritis, acute epididymitis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease as sexually transmitted infections. Fortunately, homotypic resistant C. trachomatis strains have not been isolated to date; however, several studies have reported the isolation of heterotypic resistant strains from patients. In this surveillance study, clinical urethral discharge specimens were collected from patients with urethritis in 51 hospitals and clinics in 2009 and 38 in 2012. Based on serial cultures, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) could be determined for 19 isolates in 2009 and 39 in 2012. In 2009 and 2012, the MICs (MIC90) of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, tosufloxacin, sitafloxacin, doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin were 2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml, 0.5 μg/ml and 0.5 μg/ml, 0.125 μg/ml and 0.125 μg/ml, 0.063 μg/ml and 0.063 μg/ml, 0.125 μg/ml and 0.125 μg/ml, 0.125 μg/ml and 0.125 μg/ml, 0.016 μg/ml and 0.016 μg/ml, and 0.063 μg/ml and 0.063 μg/ml, respectively. In summary, this surveillance project did not identify any resistant strain against fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, or macrolide agents in Japan.
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: stakahas@sapmed.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamasuna
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyohito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan; Blood Purification Center, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayami
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: The Urogenital Sub-committee and the Surveillance Committee of Japanese Society of Chemotherapy (JSC), The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases (JAID) and The Japanese Society for Clinical Microbiology (JSCM), Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minamitani
authors.affiliation: The Surveillance Committee of JSC, JAID and JSCM, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kadota
authors.affiliation: The Surveillance Committee of JSC, JAID and JSCM, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.affiliation: The Surveillance Committee of JSC, JAID and JSCM, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaku
authors.affiliation: The Surveillance Committee of JSC, JAID and JSCM, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: The Surveillance Committee of JSC, JAID and JSCM, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Infection Control Research Center, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Masumori
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyota
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Egawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumon
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.affiliation: University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tatsugami
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
authors.affiliation: Ito Urology Clinic, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Hosobe Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hosobe
authors.affiliation: Hirayama Urology Clinic, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.affiliation: Narita Clinic, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Harunori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.affiliation: Yamaguchi Dermatology and Urology Clinic, Munakata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: iClinic, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Sumii Clinic, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sumii
authors.affiliation: Kawai Urology Clinic, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Kanokogi Clinic, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Mototsugu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanokogi
authors.affiliation: Kawano Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawano
authors.affiliation: Chokyu Tenma Clinic, Himeji, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chokyu
authors.affiliation: Hirajima Clinic, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uno
authors.affiliation: Araki Urological Clinic, Kurashiki, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Monden
authors.affiliation: Kaji Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaji
authors.affiliation: Kawahara Urology Clinic, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Takayama Hospital, Chikushino, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: Gifu Urological Clinic, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Yoshioka Urology Clinic, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
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authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kano Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Motonori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kano Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takatoshi
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authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.affiliation: Kadena Urological Clinic, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kadena
authors.affiliation: Nishi Urology and Dermatology Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.affiliation: Nishimura Urology Clinic, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Yamauchi Urological Clinic, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamine
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authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Daiyukai Daiichi Hospital, Ichinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.affiliation: Ihara Clinic, Kobe, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideari
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ihara
authors.affiliation: Matsumura Urology Clinic, Kato, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Shirane Urology Clinic, Aki-gun, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirane
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Hakodate National Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeyama
authors.affiliation: Akiyama Urology Clinic, Nishinomiya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kikuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Fukuoka Shin Mizumaki Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Uenohara Clinic, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikuyama
authors.affiliation: Munakata Suikokai General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inatomi
authors.affiliation: Yoh Urology and Dermatology Clinic, Inazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Mutsumasa
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authors.lastname: Yoh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D062486:Public Health Surveillance; D014526:Urethritis / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones
keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Chlamydia trachomatis; Surveillance