title: Analysis of Swainsonine and Swainsonine N-Oxide as Trimethylsilyl Derivatives by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Their Relative Occurrence in Plants Toxic to Livestock.
abstract: There are limited data concerning the occurrence of swainsonine N-oxide in plants known to contain swainsonine and its relative impact on toxicity of the plant material. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method based on a solvent partitioning extraction procedure followed by trimethylsilylation and analysis using reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the analysis of swainsonine and its N-oxide. The concentrations of each were measured in several swainsonine-containing taxa as well as two endophytic isolates that produce swainsonine. In vegetative samples the relative percent of N-oxide to free base ranged from 0.9 to 18%. In seed samples the N-oxide to free base ratio ranged from 0 to 10%. The measured concentrations of swainsonine N-oxide relative to swainsonine only slightly increases the actual toxicity of the various plant samples in a combined assay of both compounds.
authors.affiliation: Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, Utah 84341, United States.
authors.forename: Dale R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.affiliation: Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, Utah 84341, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D027883:Astragalus Plant / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D027741:Ipomoea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D058751:Livestock; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D033021:Oxytropis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D017026:Swainsonine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds; C034218:swainsonine N-oxide; D017026:Swainsonine
keywords: HPLC-MS; locoweeds; swainsonine; swainsonine N-oxide; trimethylsilyl derivative