title: Comparative effects of acute hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia on pro-atherothrombotic biomarkers and endothelial function in non-diabetic humans.
abstract: The comparative effects of acute moderate hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia on in vivo endothelial function together with pro-inflammatory and pro-atherothrombotic responses in healthy individuals have not been determined.
  
  
  
  To investigate this question, 45 healthy subjects were compared during glucose clamp studies consisting of euinsulinemic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemic hyperglycemia (plasma glucose 11.1mmol/L, both with pancreatic clamps) and hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (plasma glucose 5.1 and 2.9mmol/L, respectively). Two-dimensional Doppler ultrasound was used to determine brachial artery endothelial function.
  
  
  
  Insulin levels during euinsulinemia hyperglycemia were 194±23 and (850±49-988±114) pmol/L during all hyperinsulinemic protocols. Responses of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, PAI-1, and IL-6 were increased (p<0.05-0.0001) during euinsulinemic hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia as compared to hyperinsulinemic euglycemia or hyperinsulinemic hyperglycemia. PAI-1 was increased (p<0.04) during hypoglycemia as compared to euinsulinemic hyperglycemia, and TNF-α responses were also increased during hypoglycemia as compared to hyperinsulinemic euglycemia or hyperinsulinemic hyperglycemia (p<0.05). In vivo endothelial function was similarly blunted by acute moderate hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
  
  
  
  In summary, acute moderate hypoglycemia and euinsulinemic hyperglycemia can result in similar endothelial dysfunction and pro-atherothrombotic responses. Fibrinolytic balance was reduced by a greater extent by hypoglycemia as compared to moderate hyperglycemia. Acutely, hyperinsulinemia can prevent the acute pro-atherothrombotic and pro-inflammatory effects of moderate hyperglycemia but not hypoglycemia.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Nino G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Maia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikeladze
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Younk
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Donna B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Tate
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: sdavis@medicine.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D004727:Endothelium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007328:Insulin; D008297:Male; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Endothelial function; Hyperglycemia; Hyperinsulinemia; Hypoglycemia; Inflammation