title: Association by Spatial Interpolation between Ozone Levels and Lung Function of Residents at an Industrial Complex in South Korea.
abstract: Spatial interpolation is employed to improve exposure estimates and to assess adverse health effects associated with environmental risk factors. Since various studies have reported that high ozone (O₃) concentrations can give rise to adverse effects on respiratory symptoms and lung function, we investigated the association between O₃ levels and lung function using a variety of spatial interpolation techniques and evaluated how different methods for estimating exposure may influence health results for a cohort from an industrial complex (Gwangyang Bay) in South Korea in 2009. To estimate daily concentrations of O₃ in each subject, four different methods were used, which include simple averaging, nearest neighbor, inverse distance weighting, and kriging. Also, to compare the association between O₃ levels and lung function by age-groups, we explored ozone's impacts on three age-related groups: children (9-14 years), adults (15-64 years), and the elderly (≥65 years). The overall change of effect size on lung function in each age group tended to show similar patterns for lag and methods for estimating exposure. A significant negative association was only observed between O₃ levels and FVC and FEV₁ for most of the lag and methods in children. The largest effect of O₃ levels was found at the average for the lung function test day and last 2 days (0-2 days). In conclusions, the spatial interpolation methods may benefit in providing individual-level exposure with appropriate temporal resolution from ambient monitors. However, time-activity patterns of residents, monitoring site locations, methodological choices, and other factors should be considered to minimize exposure misclassification.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environment Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Incheon 22689, Korea. melon777@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Soon-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Occupational Epidemiology, Samsung Health Research Institute, Samsung Electronics, Giheung City 17113, Korea. khlee3789@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kyoungho
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Research Development and Education Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, 90, Gajeonbuk-ro, Daejeon 34111, Korea. yscho72@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Yong-Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Science, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-si 336-745, Korea. jhchoi@sch.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ji-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, 13-13, Hayang-ro, Daegu 38430, Korea. whyang@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Wonho
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environment Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Incheon 22689, Korea. lm8080@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Tack-Shin
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environment Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Incheon 22689, Korea. whoispch@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Choonghee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environment Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Incheon 22689, Korea. mykgb@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Geun-Bae
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environment Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Incheon 22689, Korea. sdyu@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Seung-Do
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Science, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-si 336-745, Korea. sonbss@sch.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Bu-Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone
keywords: kriging; lung function; ozone; spatial interpolation