title: The Psychometric Properties of PHQ-4 Depression and Anxiety Screening Scale Among College Students.
abstract: Depression and anxiety are some of the most common causes of morbidity, social dysfunction, and reduced academic performance in college students. The combination of improved surveillance and access to care would result in better outreach. Brief screening tools can help reach larger populations of college students efficiently. However, reliability and validity of brief screeners for anxiety and depression have not been assessed in college students. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess in a sample of college students the psychometric properties of PHQ-4, a brief screening tool for depression and anxiety. Undergraduate students were recruited from general education classes at a Midwestern university. Students were given a questionnaire that asked them whether they had been diagnosed by a doctor or health professional with anxiety or depression. Next, they were asked to respond to the items on the PHQ-4 scale. A total of 934 students responded to the survey (response rate=72%). Majority of the participants were females (63%) and Whites (80%). The internal reliability of PHQ-4 was found to be high (α=0.81). Those who were diagnosed with depression or anxiety had statistically significantly higher scores on PHQ-4 (p<0.01). Corrected item total correlations for PHQ-4 were between r=0.66 and r=0.80. PHQ-4 operating characteristics were estimated and area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.835 and 0.787, respectively for anxiety and depression. The PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid tool that can serve as a mass screener for depression and anxiety in young adults. Widespread implementation of this screening tool should be explored across college campuses.
authors.affiliation: Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Electronic address: jkhubchandan@bsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jagdish
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Khubchandani
authors.affiliation: Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brey
authors.affiliation: Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotecki
authors.affiliation: Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
authors.forename: JoAnn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleinfelder
authors.affiliation: Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult