title: Accurate in vivo dielectric properties of liver from 500 MHz to 40 GHz and their correlation to ex vivo measurements.
abstract: In this article, we report on the characterization of the dielectric properties of in vivo rat liver at 36.4°C from 500 MHz up to 40 GHz with less than 5% uncertainty. The measured data were fitted to a Cole-Cole model and dielectric parameters are presented together with their respective 95% confidence interval. The root mean square error is 0.42. Moreover, ex vivo measurements were conducted in situ at 1, 2, 4 and 6 min after animal death and are compared to in vivo measurements. The results show that immediate changes in [Formula: see text]and [Formula: see text] are within experimental uncertainty, and therefore changes between in vivo and published ex vivo dielectric properties can be attributed to tissue hydration.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physics, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farrugia
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anatomy , University of Malta , Msida , Malta.
authors.forename: P Schembri
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wismayer
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physics, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: L Zammit
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Mangion
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physics, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Sammut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017097:Electric Impedance; D008099:Liver; D051381:Rats; D035501:Uncertainty
keywords: Cole–Cole equation; Complex permittivity; ex vivo; in situ; in vivo; liver