title: Barley Sprouts Extract Attenuates Alcoholic Fatty Liver Injury in Mice by Reducing Inflammatory Response.
abstract: It has been reported that barley leaves possess beneficial properties such as antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antidepressant, and antidiabetic. Interestingly, barley sprouts contain a high content of saponarin, which showed both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of barley sprouts on alcohol-induced liver injury mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. Raw barley sprouts were extracted, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of its components were performed. The mice were fed a liquid alcohol diet with or without barley sprouts for four weeks. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were used to study the effect of barley sprouts on inflammation. Alcohol intake for four weeks caused liver injury, evidenced by an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. The accumulation of lipid in the liver was also significantly induced, whereas the glutathione (GSH) level was reduced. Moreover, the inflammation-related gene expression was dramatically increased. All these alcohol-induced changes were effectively prevented by barley sprouts treatment. In particular, pretreatment with barley sprouts significantly blocked inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7. This study suggests that the protective effect of barley sprouts against alcohol-induced liver injury is potentially attributable to its inhibition of the inflammatory response induced by alcohol.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea. yunhee.lee@yonsei.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yun-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea. k9i1h@naver.com.
authors.forename: Joung-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea. hyunie9808@naver.com.
authors.forename: Sou Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea. pooh7282@naver.com.
authors.forename: Ji Youn
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Crop Foundation Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do 54875, Korea. swd@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Woo Duck
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd, Ochang, Cheongwon, Cheongju 28126, Korea. kkm3507@novarex.co.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung-Mi
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd, Ochang, Cheongwon, Cheongju 28126, Korea. jcjung@novarex.co.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea. youngjung@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047310:Apigenin / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005235:Fatty Liver, Alcoholic / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D036226:Seedlings / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D005960:Glucosides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C457771:saponarin; D047310:Apigenin
keywords: TNF-α; alcohol-induced liver injury; barley sprouts; glutathione; inflammation