title: Augmented reality based real-time subcutaneous vein imaging system.
abstract: A novel 3D reconstruction and fast imaging system for subcutaneous veins by augmented reality is presented. The study was performed to reduce the failure rate and time required in intravenous injection by providing augmented vein structures that back-project superimposed veins on the skin surface of the hand. Images of the subcutaneous vein are captured by two industrial cameras with extra reflective near-infrared lights. The veins are then segmented by a multiple-feature clustering method. Vein structures captured by the two cameras are matched and reconstructed based on the epipolar constraint and homographic property. The skin surface is reconstructed by active structured light with spatial encoding values and fusion displayed with the reconstructed vein. The vein and skin surface are both reconstructed in the 3D space. Results show that the structures can be precisely back-projected to the back of the hand for further augmented display and visualization. The overall system performance is evaluated in terms of vein segmentation, accuracy of vein matching, feature points distance error, duration times, accuracy of skin reconstruction, and augmented display. All experiments are validated with sets of real vein data. The imaging and augmented system produces good imaging and augmented reality results with high speed.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Danni
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Jingfan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Yitian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Xianzheng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Beijing Laboratory of Intelligent Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Jianbing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Yongtian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: (100.0100) Image processing; (100.3010) Image reconstruction techniques; (110.0110) Imaging systems; (110.3080) Infrared imaging; (170.0110) Imaging systems