title: Treatment of pediatric cerebral radiation necrosis: a systematic review.
abstract: Cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) is a toxicity of radiation therapy that can result in significant, potentially life-threatening neurologic deficits. Treatment for CRN has included surgical resection, corticosteroids, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), and bevacizumab, but no consensus approach has been identified. We reviewed the available literature to evaluate efficacy of treatment approaches. Using methods specified in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines when possible, we conducted searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Pubmed to identify studies reporting on outcomes for children (≤21 years old) with CRN. Eligible studies from 1990 to 2014 describing central nervous system (CNS) radiation necrosis with details of both treatment and outcomes were included. Eleven studies meeting criteria were identified. Of the nine studies with total patient denominators, 37 of 806 patients developed CRN (incidence = 4.6 %). Patients received treatment courses of steroids alone (n = 13), steroids with bevacizumab (n = 11) or HBOT (n = 12). Patients who failed to respond to steroids were more likely to be older than steroid-responsive patients (p = 0.009). With the exception of steroid-related adverse events, there was only one report of an adverse event (brainstem stroke) potentially attributable to intervention (bevacizumab). Those who received proton beam RT were both younger (p = 0.001) and had a shorter time to development of CRN (p = 0.079). The most common treatment following steroid initiation was addition of bevacizumab or HBOT, with good success and minimal toxicity. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to establish a definitive treatment algorithm that can be applied to children affected by CRN.
authors.affiliation: Brain Tumor Institute and Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Drezner
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurosciences and Behavioral Medicine, Neuropsychology Division, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vezina
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Brain Tumor Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.affiliation: Brain Tumor Institute and Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA. ehwang@childrensnational.org.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000068258:Bevacizumab / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids; D000068258:Bevacizumab
keywords: Brain; Late effects; Necrosis; Pediatric; Radiation