title: Sickness Behavior in Honey Bees.
abstract: During an infection, animals suffer several changes in their normal physiology and behavior which may include lethargy, appetite loss, and reduction in grooming and general movements. This set of alterations is known as sickness behavior and although it has been extensively believed to be orchestrated primarily by the immune system, a relevant role for the central nervous system has also been established. The aim of the present work is to develop a simple animal model to allow studying how the immune and the nervous systems interact coordinately during an infection. We administered a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the thorax of honey bees to mimic a bacterial infection, and then we evaluated a set of stereotyped behaviors of the animals that might be indicative of sickness behavior. First, we show that this immune challenge reduces the locomotor activity of the animals in a narrow time window after LPS injection. Furthermore, bees exhibit a loss of appetite 60 and 90 min after injection, but not 15 h later. We also demonstrate that LPS injection reduces spontaneous antennal movements in harnessed animals, which suggests a reduction in the motivational state of the bees. Finally, we show that the LPS injection diminishes the interaction between animals, a crucial behavior in social insects. To our knowledge these results represent the first systematic description of sickness behavior in honey bees and provide important groundwork for the study of the interaction between the immune and the neural systems in an insect model.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, University of Buenos Aires-CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kazlauskas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, University of Buenos Aires-CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klappenbach
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, University of Buenos Aires-CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Amaicha M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Depino
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, University of Buenos Aires-CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernando F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Locatelli
keywords: feeding; honey bees; lipopolysaccharide; locomotion; sickness behavior; social interaction