title: Removal of benzoylecgonine from water matrices through UV254/H2O2 process: Reaction kinetic modeling, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment.
abstract: Benzoylecgonine (BE), the main cocaine metabolite, has been detected in numerous surface water and treatment plants effluents in Europe and there is urgent need for effective treatment methods. In this study, the removal of BE by the UV254/H2O2 process from different water matrices was investigated. By means of competition kinetics method, the kinetic constant of reaction between BE and the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals (OH) was estimated resulting in kOH/BE=5.13×10(9)M(-1)s(-1). By-products and water matrices scavengers effects were estimated by numerical modeling of the reaction kinetics for the UV254/H2O2 process and validated in an innovative microcapillary film (MCF) array photoreactor and in a conventional batch photoreactor. The ecotoxicity of the water before and after treatment was evaluated with four organisms Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Vicia faba. The results provided evidence that BE and its transformation by-products do not have significant adverse effects on R. subcapitata, while D. magna underwent an increase of lipid droplets. C. elegans was the most sensitive to BE and its by-products. Furthermore, a genotoxicity assay, using V. faba, showed cytogenic damages during the cell mitosis of primary roots.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy. Electronic address: danilo.spasiano@poliba.it.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spasiano
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siciliano
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marotta
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guida
authors.affiliation: Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK. Electronic address: g.lipuma@lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li Puma
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreozzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010944:Plants; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C005618:benzoylecgonine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: AOP; Benzoylecgonine; Ecotoxicological assessment; Illicit drugs; Kinetic modeling