title: Decoration Increases the Conspicuousness of Raptor Nests.
abstract: Avian nests are frequently concealed or camouflaged, but a number of species builds noticeable nests or use conspicuous materials for nest decoration. In most cases, nest decoration has a role in mate choice or provides thermoregulatory or antiparasitic benefits. In territorial species however, decorations may serve additional or complementary functions, such as extended phenotypic signaling of nest-site occupancy and social status to potential intruders. The latter may benefit both signaler and receiver by minimizing the risk of aggressive interactions, especially in organisms with dangerous weaponry. Support for this hypothesis was recently found in a population of black kites (Milvus migrans), a territorial raptor that decorates its nest with white artificial materials. However, the crucial assumption that nest decorations increased nest-site visibility to conspecifics was not assessed, a key aspect given that black kite nests may be well concealed within the canopy. Here, we used an unmanned aircraft system to take pictures of black kite nests, with and without an experimentally placed decoration, from different altitudes and distances simulating the perspective of a flying and approaching, prospecting intruder. The pictures were shown to human volunteers through a standardized routine to determine whether detection rates varied according the nest decoration status and distance. Decorated nests consistently showed a higher detection frequency and a lower detection-latency, compared to undecorated versions of the same nests. Our results confirm that nest decoration in this species may act as a signaling medium that enhances nest visibility for aerial receivers, even at large distances. This finding complements previous work on this communication system, which showed that nest decoration was a threat informing trespassing conspecifics on the social dominance, territory quality and fighting capabilities of the signaler.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station - CSIC, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Canal
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station - CSIC, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.|Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, San Cayetano Alto, Loja, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mulero-Pázmány
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station - CSIC, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Biology, Doñana Biological Station - CSIC, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sergio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D020304:Raptors