title: Comparative phylogeography of the ocean planet.
abstract: Understanding how geography, oceanography, and climate have ultimately shaped marine biodiversity requires aligning the distributions of genetic diversity across multiple taxa. Here, we examine phylogeographic partitions in the sea against a backdrop of biogeographic provinces defined by taxonomy, endemism, and species composition. The taxonomic identities used to define biogeographic provinces are routinely accompanied by diagnostic genetic differences between sister species, indicating interspecific concordance between biogeography and phylogeography. In cases where individual species are distributed across two or more biogeographic provinces, shifts in genotype frequencies often align with biogeographic boundaries, providing intraspecific concordance between biogeography and phylogeography. Here, we provide examples of comparative phylogeography from (i) tropical seas that host the highest marine biodiversity, (ii) temperate seas with high productivity but volatile coastlines, (iii) migratory marine fauna, and (iv) plankton that are the most abundant eukaryotes on earth. Tropical and temperate zones both show impacts of glacial cycles, the former primarily through changing sea levels, and the latter through coastal habitat disruption. The general concordance between biogeography and phylogeography indicates that the population-level genetic divergences observed between provinces are a starting point for macroevolutionary divergences between species. However, isolation between provinces does not account for all marine biodiversity; the remainder arises through alternative pathways, such as ecological speciation and parapatric (semiisolated) divergences within provinces and biodiversity hotspots.
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI 96744; bbowen@hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gaither
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: DiBattista
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI 96744; Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822;
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iacchei
authors.affiliation: Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844;
authors.forename: Kimberly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: Commercial Fisheries Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK 99518;
authors.forename: W Stewart
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kaneohe, HI 96744;
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Toonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Briggs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000145:classification; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D058974:Phylogeography
keywords: biogeography; coral reefs; evolution; marine biodiversity; speciation