title: Coverage of Adequately Iodized Salt Is Suboptimal and Rice Fortification Using Public Distribution Channels Could Reach Low-Income Households: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey of Anganwadi Center Catchment Areas in Telangana, India.
abstract: Food fortification is a cost-effective approach to prevent and control of micronutrient deficiencies in India. A cross-sectional survey of children 0-35 months of age residing in the catchment areas of anganwadi centers in the state of Telangana was conducted to assess the coverage of adequately iodized salt and the potential for rice fortification. Salt samples were collected and tested for iodine concentration using iodometric titration. Information on demographics, household rice consumption, and Telangana's rice sector was collected and interpreted. In households of selected children, 79% of salt samples were found to be adequately iodized. Salt brand and district were significant predictors of inadequately iodized salt. Daily rice consumption among children and women averaged 122 grams and 321 grams per day, respectively. Approximately 28% of households reported consuming rice produced themselves or purchased from a local farmer, 65% purchased rice from a market or shop, 6% got rice from a public distribution system site, and 2% obtained it from a rice mill. In the catchment areas of Telangana's anganwadi centers, there is significant variation in the coverage of adequately iodized salt by district. Future surveys in Telangana should measure the coverage of salt iodization in the general population using quantitative methods. Nonetheless, increasing the adequacy of iodization of smaller salt manufacturers would help achieve universal salt iodization in Telangana. Despite high consumption of rice, our findings suggest that large-scale market-based rice fortification is not feasible in Telangana due to a large proportion of households producing their own rice and highly fragmented rice distribution. Distributing fortified rice via Telangana's public distribution system may be a viable approach to target low-income households, but would only reach a small proportion of the population in Telangana.
authors.affiliation: GroundWork, Fläsch, Switzerland.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.affiliation: Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leyvraz
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Health Management Research, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: Prahlad R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Sodani
authors.affiliation: Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Grant J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Aaron
authors.affiliation: Indian Institute of Health Management Research, Jaipur, India.
authors.forename: Narottam D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: GroundWork, Fläsch, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Woodruff
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007455:Iodine; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine