title: Exome sequencing of geographically diverse barley landraces and wild relatives gives insights into environmental adaptation.
abstract: After domestication, during a process of widespread range extension, barley adapted to a broad spectrum of agricultural environments. To explore how the barley genome responded to the environmental challenges it encountered, we sequenced the exomes of a collection of 267 georeferenced landraces and wild accessions. A combination of genome-wide analyses showed that patterns of variation have been strongly shaped by geography and that variant-by-environment associations for individual genes are prominent in our data set. We observed significant correlations of days to heading (flowering) and height with seasonal temperature and dryness variables in common garden experiments, suggesting that these traits were major drivers of environmental adaptation in the sampled germplasm. A detailed analysis of known flowering-associated genes showed that many contain extensive sequence variation and that patterns of single- and multiple-gene haplotypes exhibit strong geographical structuring. This variation appears to have substantially contributed to range-wide ecogeographical adaptation, but many factors key to regional success remain unidentified.
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany.|German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mascher
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kyriakidis
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calixto
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Biodiversity and Breeding Informatics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Micha
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0041-3115
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayer
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marshall-Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofstad
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany.|Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Himmelbach
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knauft
authors.affiliation: Bioversity International, Costa Rica Office, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Zonneveld
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.|Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: John W S
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Biodiversity and Breeding Informatics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany.|Bayer CropScience, Innovation Centre, BCS Breeding and Trait Development, Zwijnaarde (Gent), Belgium.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9145-6980
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kilian
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Muehlbauer
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3011-8731
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.|Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: Robbie
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1045-3065
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waugh
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D004777:Environment; D059472:Exome / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D001467:Hordeum; D010641:Phenotype