title: Nutritional Deficiency in Patients with Heart Failure.
abstract: Heart failure (HF) is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Western countries. Although evidence-based treatments have substantially improved outcomes, prognosis remains poor with high costs for health care systems. In patients with HF, poor dietary behaviors are associated with unsatisfactory quality of life and adverse outcome. The HF guidelines have not recommended a specific nutritional strategy. Despite the role of micronutrient deficiency, it has been extensively studied, and data about the efficacy of supplementation therapy in HF are not supported by large randomized trials and there is limited evidence regarding the outcomes. The aim of the present review is to analyze the state-of-the-art of nutritional deficiencies in HF, focusing on the physiological role and the prognostic impact of micronutrient supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. edoardo.sc@tin.it.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sciatti
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. lombardi.carlo@alice.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. ravera.alice@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravera
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. enrico.vizzardi@tin.it.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vizzardi
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. ivano.bonadei@libero.it.
authors.forename: Ivano
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonadei
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. valentina.carubelli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carubelli
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. eliogorga@yahoo.it.
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gorga
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy. metramarco@libero.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metra
mesh_terms: D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: amino acids; cardiac cachexia; coenzyme Q10; heart failure; iron; metabolism; nutritional deficiency