title: Timosaponin B-II ameliorates scopolamine-induced cognition deficits by attenuating acetylcholinesterase activity and brain oxidative damage in mice.
abstract: Timosaponin B-II (TB-II) is a main active saponin isolated from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge., which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the effect of TB-II on learning and memory was investigated in a scopolamine-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The results of behavioral tests indicated that TB-II significantly increased the spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test, and reversed the shortening of step-through latency induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance test, showing protective effects on short-term and working memory. In the Morris water maze test, TB-II reduced the escape latency time in the training trial, and increased the swimming time in the target quadrant in the probe trial. Biochemical data demonstrated that TB-II significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. Moreover, TB-II markably attenuated the reduction in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which are key biomarkers of brain oxidative stress. These results indicated that TB-II offers protection against scopolamine-induced deficits in learning and memory, possibly by inhibiting AChE and preventing oxidative stress damage. The findings suggested that TB-II has a potential therapeutic effect on cognitive and behavioral impairment.
authors.affiliation: School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Huanghe North Street 146, Shenyang, 110034, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
authors.forename: Kaishun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China. jiayingsyphu@126.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D031403:Anemarrhena; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018517:Plant Roots; D012503:Saponins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D013256:Steroids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D013256:Steroids; C523027:timosaponin B-II; D012601:Scopolamine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer’s disease; Learning and memory; Oxidative stress; Timosaponin B-II