title: Stress-Induced Premature Senescence of Endothelial and Endothelial Progenitor Cells.
abstract: This brief overview of premature senescence of dysfunctional endothelial and endothelial progenitor cells provides information on endothelial cell differentiation and specialization, their ontogeny, and controversies related to endothelial stem and progenitor cells. Stressors responsible for the dysfunction of endothelial and endothelial progenitor cells, as well as cellular mechanisms and consequences of endothelial cell dysfunction are presented. Metabolic signatures of dysfunctional endothelial cells and senescence pathways are described. Emerging strategies to rejuvenate endothelial and endothelial progenitor cells conclude the review.
authors.affiliation: New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, NY, United States; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: michael_goligorsky@nymc.edu.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Goligorsky
authors.affiliation: New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, NY, United States; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States. Electronic address: Karen.Hirschi@yale.edu.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirschi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D066026:Endothelial Progenitor Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Endothelial cell metabolism; Endothelial rejuvenation; Endothelial–mesenchymal transition; Microvascular endowment and rarefaction; Senescence-associated secretory products; Warburg metabolism