title: Gender Differences in the relationship between carbonated sugar-sweetened beverage intake and the likelihood of hypertension according to obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between hypertension and carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) intake according to gender and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used data from 2007, 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. A total of 9869 subjects (men = 3845 and women = 6024) were included. SSB intakes were calculated from food frequency questionnaires. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for hypertension were assessed using survey logistic regression and multivariable adjusted models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14.5 % of individuals were classified as having hypertension. The likelihood of hypertension in the third, fourth and fifth quintiles for SSB intake increased to OR 1.00, 1.20 and 1.42 respectively, after adjusting for confounding factors. Compared to the participants in the lowest tertile for SSB intake, participants in the third tertile showed an increased likelihood of hypertension with ORs (CI) of 2.00 (1.21-3.31) and 1.75 (1.23-2.49) for obese women and non-obese men, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed gender differences in the relationship between carbonated SSB intake and the hypertension according to obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul,, Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Ji
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul,, Korea.
authors.forename: Yu Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Paek
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine Hallym University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Min Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Management, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Bong
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Korea. skysea1010@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hae-Jeung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D064427:Nutritive Sweeteners
keywords: Gender; Hypertension; Obesity; Sugar-sweetened beverage