title: Polypharmacy, Opioid Use, and Fibromyalgia: A Secondary Analysis of Clinical Trial Data.
abstract: The major therapeutic approach for treating fibromyalgia (FM), a chronic widespread pain syndrome, is pharmacotherapy-centered symptom management. Complexity of treatment often leads to multiple medication prescriptions. While there is no current alternative to the probable need for polypharmacy in this patient population, there remains concern related to potential side effects and adverse drug events. In this secondary analysis of data on medications taken collected from two parent studies, all medications were broken down into the following categories: opioid, nonopioid, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and benzodiazepine. The impact on pain severity and pain interference of these medication categories as well as perceived stress, fatigue, and depression scores was assessed. Baseline pain severity ( p = .0106) and pain interference ( p = .0002) were significantly correlated with opioid use as compared to nonopioid use. A multivariate regression with backward elimination resulted in a model for pain severity with one significant predictor variable, fatigue ( p < .0001); pain interference had three significant predictor variables: opioid use ( p = .04), fatigue ( p < .0001), and depression ( p = .04). While future studies should further address the utility of opioids and examine the role of polypharmacy as part of symptom management strategies for individuals with FM, study findings suggest that, for those who suffer chronic widespread pain as the predominant symptom experience, a challenge equally as perplexing for nurses and nursing research alike as managing the pain lies in addressing the fatigue and depression in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Menzies
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Leroy R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Thacker
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Sallie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: 4 University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Shelby
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: 5 Mission Hospitals, Asheville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barstow
keywords: depression; fatigue; fibromyalgia; opioids; pain; polypharmacy