title: Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Raisins (Vitis vinifera L.) in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells: A Comparative Study.
abstract: Raisins (Vitis vinifera L.) are dried grapes largely consumed as important source of nutrients and polyphenols. Several studies report health benefits of raisins, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity at gastric level of the hydro-alcoholic extracts, which are mostly used for food supplements preparation, was not reported until now. The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of five raisin extracts focusing on Interleukin (IL)-8 and Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB pathway. Raisin extracts were characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis and screened for their ability to inhibit Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced IL-8 release and promoter activity in human gastric epithelial cells. Turkish variety significantly inhibited TNFα-induced IL-8 release, and the effect was due to the impairment of the corresponding promoter activity. Macroscopic evaluation showed the presence of seeds, absent in the other varieties; thus, hydro-alcoholic extracts from fruits and seeds were individually tested on IL-8 and NF-κB pathway. Seed extract inhibited IL-8 and NF-κB pathway, showing higher potency with respect to the fruit. Although the main effect was due to the presence of seeds, the fruit showed significant activity as well. Our data suggest that consumption of selected varieties of raisins could confer a beneficial effect against gastric inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. chiara.dilorenzo@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. enrico.sangiovanni@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sangiovanni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. marco.fumagalli3@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. elisa.colombo1@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. gianfranco.frigerio@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frigerio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. francesca.colombo1@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politecnico de Beja, Beja 7800-295, Portugal. luis.peres@ipbeja.pt.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peres de Sousa
authors.affiliation: Fakulty of Agriculture, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey. altindisli@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altindişli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. patrizia.restani@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Restani
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy. mario.dellagli@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dell'Agli
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016209:Interleukin-8; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: HPLC-DAD; IL-8; NF-κB; gastric inflammation; polyphenols; raisins