title: iPhone-Assisted Augmented Reality Localization of Basal Ganglia Hypertensive Hematoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A low-cost, time-efficient technique that could localize hypertensive hematomas in the basal ganglia would be beneficial for minimally invasive hematoma evacuation surgery. We used an iPhone to achieve this goal and evaluated its accuracy and feasibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  We located basal ganglia hematomas in 26 patients and depicted the boundaries of the hematomas on the skin. To verify the accuracy of the drawn boundaries, computed tomography (CT) markers surrounding the depicted boundaries were attached to 10 patients. The deviation between the CT markers and the actual hematoma boundaries was then measured. In the other 16 patients, minimally invasive endoscopic hematoma evacuation surgery was performed according to the depicted hematoma boundary. The deflection angle of the actual trajectory and deviation in the hematoma center were measured according to the preoperative and postoperative CT data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 40 CT markers placed on 10 patients. The mean deviation of these markers was 3.1 mm ± 2.4. In the 16 patients who received surgery, the deflection angle of the actual trajectory was 4.3° ± 2.1. The deviation in the hematoma center was 5.2 mm ± 2.6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new method can locate basal ganglia hematomas with a sufficient level of accuracy and is helpful for minimally invasive endoscopic hematoma evacuation surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, China.
authors.forename: YuanZheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: LiChao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: RuYuan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: chxlei@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: XiaoLei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006407:Hematoma, Epidural, Cranial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D020299:Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D063731:Mobile Applications; D015588:Observer Variation; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D000068997:Smartphone; D013382:Subtraction Technique; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Hypertensive hematoma; Image-guided surgery; Smartphone