title: Proton pump inhibitors and risk of dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most commonly prescribed medications. Recent studies have raised a concern over increased risk of dementia among PPIs users but the results of those studies were inconsistent. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize all available data.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE database from inception to April 2016. Observational studies that reported risk of dementia among PPIs users compared with non-users were included. Point estimates were extracted from individual studies and pooled risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies were included in the analysis. Pooled RR of dementia among PPIs users compared with non-users was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.82-1.43). Sensitivity analysis including only cohort studies demonstrated a higher risk with pooled RR of 1.44 (95% CI, 1.36-1.52).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated an increased risk of dementia among PPIs users. Whether this association is causal requires further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY, USA ;
authors.forename: Karn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wijarnpreecha
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY, USA ;
authors.forename: Charat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thongprayoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ;
authors.forename: Panadeekarn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panjawatanan
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA;; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Patompong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ungprasert
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs); dementia; meta-analysis; systematic review