title: Alternate Light Source Findings of Common Topical Products.
abstract: One of the important roles of a forensic clinician is to perform examinations of patients who are victims and suspects of crime. Alternate light source (ALS) is a tool that can improve evidence collection and enhance visualization of injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine if commonly used topical products fluoresce or absorb when examined with an ALS. Second, we aimed to identify patient and examination variables that may impact findings.
  
  
  
  A convenience sample of 81 subjects was used. After the application of 14 over-the-counter products, researchers observed the participants' skin with an ALS under 18 combinations of wavelengths and colored filters.
  
  
  
  Of the 14 products viewed (n = 1458 observations per product), six were found to fluoresce under alternate light in more than 40% of observations, five fluoresced in 1%-10% of observations, and three fluoresced less than 1% of the time. One product (a makeup product) absorbed ALS light consistently (81%), and a second (a sunscreen product) absorbed in 7%, whereas the remaining 12 products produced absorption findings in less than 1% of observations. In generalized mixed linear models, absorption findings were more commonly identified in participants with light or medium skin tones when compared with those with dark skin tones.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that the presence of topical products may impact ALS findings. A thorough forensic clinical assessment should include a documented history, including assessment of potential sources of findings, to aid in interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Author Affiliations: 1Mercy Medical Center; 2Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing; 3George Mason University College of Health and Human Sciences; and 4College of Nursing, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center.
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Pollitt
authors.forename: Jocelyn C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Katherine N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Scafide
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Glynis
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Silva
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sheridan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D003879:Dermatologic Agents