title: Human-model hybrid Korean air quality forecasting system.
abstract: The Korean national air quality forecasting system, consisting of the Weather Research and Forecasting, the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions, and the Community Modeling and Analysis (CMAQ), commenced from August 31, 2013 with target pollutants of particulate matters (PM) and ozone. Factors contributing to PM forecasting accuracy include CMAQ inputs of meteorological field and emissions, forecasters' capacity, and inherent CMAQ limit. Four numerical experiments were conducted including two global meteorological inputs from the Global Forecast System (GFS) and the Unified Model (UM), two emissions from the Model Intercomparison Study Asia (MICS-Asia) and the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) for the Northeast Asia with Clear Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) for South Korea, and data assimilation of the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC). Significant PM underpredictions by using both emissions were found for PM mass and major components (sulfate and organic carbon). CMAQ predicts PM2.5 much better than PM10 (NMB of PM2.5: -20~-25%, PM10: -43~-47%). Forecasters' error usually occurred at the next day of high PM event. Once CMAQ fails to predict high PM event the day before, forecasters are likely to dismiss the model predictions on the next day which turns out to be true. The best combination of CMAQ inputs is the set of UM global meteorological field, MICS-Asia and CAPSS 2010 emissions with the NMB of -12.3%, the RMSE of 16.6μ/m(3) and the R(2) of 0.68. By using MACC data as an initial and boundary condition, the performance skill of CMAQ would be improved, especially in the case of undefined coarse emission. A variety of methods such as ensemble and data assimilation are considered to improve further the accuracy of air quality forecasting, especially for high PM events to be comparable to for all cases.
  
  
  
  The growing utilization of the air quality forecast induced the public strongly to demand that the accuracy of the national forecasting be improved. In this study, we investigated the problems in the current forecasting as well as various alternatives to solve the problems. Such efforts to improve the accuracy of the forecast are expected to contribute to the protection of public health by increasing the availability of the forecast system.
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Lim-Seok
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Kipyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Deokrae
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyoung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: a National Institute of Environmental Research , Incheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Keun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010126:Ozone