title: A tool for mass-screening of paragonimiasis: an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with urine samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paragonimiasis is one of the foodborn trematodiases and number of the patients was estimated to be about 23 million around the world. To obtain good compliance of people for the surveillance of paragonimiasis, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis with unconcentrated urine samples was developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Paragonimus westermani antigen specific IgG and IgG4 were detected in urine samples from paragonimiasis patients and the levels correlated well with those detected in the paired serum samples. Cross-reactions observed among other trematodiasis and a tuberculosis patient with the antigen specific IgG were much reduced by detecting the antigen specific IgG4; 9.2 % to 2.3 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ELISA with urine samples, which are collected safely and easily, will be a useful tool for a mass-screening of paragonimiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195 Japan.
authors.forename: Xu Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521 Japan.
authors.forename: Fukumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nakamura-Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 20004 Thailand.
authors.forename: Yukifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195 Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6558-5191
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
keywords: Diagnosis; ELISA; Mass-screening; Paragonimiasis; Urine