title: Primary Stroke Center Hospitalization for Elderly Patients With Stroke: Implications for Case Fatality and Travel Times.
abstract: Physicians often must decide whether to treat patients with acute stroke locally or refer them to a more distant Primary Stroke Center (PSC). There is little evidence on how much the increased risk of prolonged travel time offsets benefits of a specialized PSC care.
  
  
  
  To examine the association of case fatality with receiving care in PSCs vs other hospitals for patients with stroke and to identify whether prolonged travel time offsets the effect of PSCs.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries with stroke admitted to a hospital between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2013. Drive times were calculated based on zip code centroids and street-level road network data. We used an instrumental variable analysis based on the differential travel time to PSCs to control for unmeasured confounding. The setting was a 100% sample of Medicare fee-for-service claims.
  
  
  
  Admission to a PSC.
  
  
  
  Seven-day and 30-day postadmission case-fatality rates.
  
  
  
  Among 865 184 elderly patients with stroke (mean age, 78.9 years; 55.5% female), 53.9% were treated in PSCs. We found that admission to PSCs was associated with 1.8% (95% CI, -2.1% to -1.4%) lower 7-day and 1.8% (95% CI, -2.3% to -1.4%) lower 30-day case fatality. Fifty-six patients with stroke needed to be treated in PSCs to save one life at 30 days. Receiving treatment in PSCs was associated with a 30-day survival benefit for patients traveling less than 90 minutes, but traveling at least 90 minutes offset any benefit of PSC care.
  
  
  
  Hospitalization of patients with stroke in PSCs was associated with decreased 7-day and 30-day case fatality compared with noncertified hospitals. Traveling at least 90 minutes to receive care offset the 30-day survival benefit of PSC admission.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire2The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Kimon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bekelis
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Marth
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, New Hampshire3Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Kendrew
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Birkmeyer
authors.affiliation: The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, New Hampshire4Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006760:Hospitalization; D006782:Hospitals, Special; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010360:Patient Transfer; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator