title: Danzhi Qing'e (DZQE) activates AMPK pathway and regulates lipid metabolism in a rat model of perimenopausal hyperlipidaemia.
abstract: What is the central question of this study? Does Danzhi Qing'e (DZQE) regulate lipid metabolism and improve ovarian function in a rat model of perimenopausal hyperlipidaemia, and could this effect be mediated through the AMPK pathway? What is the main finding and its importance? We revealed that DZQE is a pharmacotherapy that could activate the AMPK pathway to improve ovarian function and lipid metabolism during perimenopause complicated with hyperlipidaemia syndrome in an animal model. Thus, this study provides a novel therapeutic option for treating perimenopausal syndrome and highlights the therapeutic potential of DZQE in perimenopausal rats. Menopause is an important event in a woman's life. During perimenopause, accompanied by development of osteoporosis and dyslipidaemia, ovarian function gradually declines. Dyslipidaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, cerebrovascular disease and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. All of these contribute to impairment of liver function, particularly fatty liver disease, because liver dysfunction is associated with ovarian dysfunction and hyperlipidaemia. The aim of this study was to define a therapeutic approach to improve ovarian function and attenuate lipid accumulation in order to prevent perimenopause-induced ovarian dysfunction and hyperlipidaemia. Four-week-old female Wistar rats were injected i.p. with 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (4-VCD) and fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to serve as a model of perimenopause complicated with hyperlipidaemia. The 4-VCD induces perimenopause, while the HFD causes hyperlipidaemia. Five days after administration of 4-VCD, the 4-VCD + HFD-treated rats were assessed daily for oestrous cycle stage by vaginal cytology. Rats were then assigned into groups, in which 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 g kg-1Danzhi Qing'e (DZQE) or estradiol valerate was administered intragastrically for 8 weeks. Expression levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oestrogen and testosterone measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay served as biomarkers for perimenopause and ovarian dysfunction. The expression levels of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the liver were determined with Western blotting, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were analysed using an automated biochemical analyser to examine liver function. The DZQE improved ovarian function by upregulating oestrogen and testosterone concentrations in serum and downregulating FSH and LH serum concentrations. Moreover, DZQE reduced serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein in a dose-dependent manner to regulate lipid levels during perimenopause. Furthermore, DZQE increased AMPK at both the transcriptional and translational levels and decreased the expression of SREBP-1c gene as well as its downstream target gene, fatty acid synthase. Danzhi Qing'e improved dyslipidaemia during menopause and also had an effect on liver function. Danzhi Qing'e is an effective Chinese herbal compound, which improves ovarian function and lipid metabolism in perimenopause complicated with hyperlipidaemia at least in part through the AMPK pathway.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoxue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Patrick Fordjour
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Asare
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Lingyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Erwei
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China. gaoxiumei@tjutcm.edu.cn.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China. gaoxiumei@tjutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China. fgw1005@hotmail.com.|Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China. fgw1005@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Guanwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; D004958:Estradiol; C012606:4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D000263:Adenylate Kinase; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase