title: Can private management compensate the ineffective marine reserves in China?
abstract: Marine reserves (MRs) have emerged as a preferred method to protect coral reefs from overfishing and human disturbance. However, due to ineffective enforcement by governments, many MRs have been reduced to mere "paper parks" which fail to achieve conservation goals. This is especially true in countries such as China where compliance is low and resources dedicated to enforcement may be scarce. Privately managed marine reserves (PMMRs) may be effective in areas where government enforcement is lacking. To determine if PMMRs are a viable alternative strategy to protect coral reefs, we surveyed and compared fish assemblages and coral coverage in national MRs in Sanya, China to areas of reef privately leased to and managed by dive operators and hospitality industries. We found higher fish abundances and fish sizes in PMMR sites than in MR sites. However, while PMMRs are protected from fishing, other human impacts such as marine debris and illegal coral collection were evident in most tourist sites. Despite protection, long-term monitoring data of PMMRs revealed that in recent years, fish abundances have slightly recovered but species richness has not, indicating the need for a more comprehensive coral reef management plan. We strongly recommend coupling PMMRs with expertise supported regulations as an alternative coral reef management strategy in China.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. colinwen@gmail.com.|Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan. colinwen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Colin Kuo-Chang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7684-8820
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiubao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jainshen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Taiwan Environmental Information Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kah-Leng
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cherh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D002681:China; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D057894:Coral Reefs; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005399:Fishes / Q000254:growth & development; D008386:Marine Biology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017149:Private Sector
keywords: Coral Reefs; Marine protected areas; Privately managed reserves; South China Sea