title: Default mode network coherence in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder during electroconvulsive therapy.
abstract: Functional connectivity in the "default mode network" (DMN) is changed in depression, and evidence suggests depression also affects the DMN's spatial topography and might cause a dissociation between its anterior and posterior regions. As antidepressive treatment affects anterior and posterior regions of the network differently, how depression and treatment change DMN-organization is crucial for understanding their mechanisms. We present a novel way of assessing the coherence of a network's regions to the network as a whole, and apply this to investigate treatment-resistant depression and the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
  
  
  
  Resting-state functional MRI was collected from 16 patients with treatment-resistant depression before and after ECT and 16 healthy controls matched for age and sex. For each subject, the mean time series of the DMN was used as a regressor for each voxel within the DMN, creating a map of "network coherence" (NC). The obtained maps were compared across groups using permutation testing.
  
  
  
  NC was significantly decreased in depressed subjects in the precuneus and the angular gyrus. With ECT the NC normalized in responders (n=8), but not in non-responders (n=8).
  
  
  
  We present a novel method of investigating within-network coherence and apply this to show that in depression, a large area of the DMN shows a decrease in coherence to the network as a whole. Although tentative due to the small sample size, we find that this effect is not present after ECT in those improving clinically, but persists in patients not responding to ECT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: petercr.mulders@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Peter C R
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Mulders
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: philip.vaneijndhoven@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Philip F P
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: van Eijndhoven
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: joris_pluijmen@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pluijmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: aart.schene@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Aart H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Schene
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Huispost 961, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstraße 174, 45147 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: indira.tendolkar@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tendolkar
authors.affiliation: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.beckmann@fcdonders.ru.nl.
authors.forename: Christian F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Beckmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents
keywords: Connectivity; Default mode network; Depression; Electroconvulsive therapy; Resting-state; Treatment