title: Swedish Farmers' Opinions about Biosecurity and Their Intention to Make Professionals Use Clean Protective Clothing When Entering the Stable.
abstract: The study was part of a series of studies aiming to increase knowledge about spread and prevention of livestock diseases in Sweden. A specific biosecurity behavior, i.e., making professionals (e.g., veterinarian, repairman, livestock transporter) wear clean protective clothing when entering the stables was investigated through focus groups and a questionnaire survey. This behavior was seen as a proxy for other biosecurity behaviors. As part of questionnaire development, three focus group discussions with a total of 11 participating livestock farmers were held. The questionnaire was based on the model of Theory of Planned Behavior. Response was received from 2,081 farmers. In the focus groups, farmers expressed a willingness to provide visitors with clean protective clothing. However, some had experienced difficulties in making veterinarians use protective clothing, and mentioned a reluctance to correct their veterinarians. The participants mostly focused on diseases regulated by control programs, especially Salmonella. In parts, participants were well informed but some showed a lack of knowledge concerning routes of disease spread. They also mentioned external factors that made them deviate from biosecurity recommendations. Farmers called for biosecurity advice with focus on cost-benefit return. Among survey respondents, the intention to make visitors wear protective clothing was moderate. Analysis of underlying elements showed that a majority of farmers (88%) had a neutral attitude, i.e., they were neither in favor nor against this behavior. Measures of subjective norm indicated a varying degree of social pressure among respondents. However, the majority (63%) indicated a strong behavioral control, thus suggesting that they could make visitors use protective clothing if they wanted to. Although most farmers (84%) indicated a strong willingness to comply with the opinion of their veterinarians in biosecurity matters, 30% replied that their farm veterinarian is indifferent or negative toward making visitors use protective clothing. Demographic factors were significantly associated with the intention, and farmers with pigs, larger herds, and female farmers had a stronger intention. Regional differences were also found. The findings provide new insights into why farmers apply, or do not apply, biosecurity routines, and will be useful in the on-going work to improve farm biosecurity in Sweden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nöremark
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sternberg Lewerin
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ernholm
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skara, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frössling
keywords: biosecurity; disease prevention; focus group; livestock; theory of planned behavior