title: Cytokine gene polymorphisms are not associated with anti-PvDBP, anti-PvAMA-1 or anti-PvMSP-119 IgG antibody levels in a malaria-endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon.
abstract: The immune response against Plasmodium vivax immunogenic epitopes is regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that determine antibody levels and class switching. Cytokine gene polymorphisms may be responsible for changes in the humoral immune response against malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether polymorphisms in the TNFA, IFNG and IL10 genes would alter the levels of anti-PvAMA1, PvDBP and -PvMSP-119 IgG antibodies in patients with vivax malaria.
  
  
  
  Samples from 90 vivax malaria-infected and 51 uninfected subjects from an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to identify polymorphisms of the genes TNFA (-1031T > C, -308G > A, -238G > A), IFNG (+874T > A) and IL10 (-819C > T, -592C > A). The levels of total IgG against PvAMA1, PvDBP and PvMSP-119 were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Associations between the polymorphisms and the antibody response were assessed by means of logistic regression models.
  
  
  
  No significant differences were found in the levels of IgG antibodies against the PvAMA-1, PvDBP or PvMSP-119 proteins in relation to the studied polymorphisms.
  
  
  
  Although no associations were found among the evaluated genotypes and alleles and anti-merozoite IgG class P. vivax antibody levels, this study helps elucidate the immunogenic profile involved in the humoral immune response in malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. adriana.cruz.furini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adriana A C
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Furini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Capobianco
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Storti-Melo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará-UFPA), Belém, State of Pará (PA), Brazil.
authors.forename: Maristela G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cassiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, São José do Rio Preto Medical School, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.|Laboratory of Basic Research in Malaria, Section of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Luiz D
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology*; D001938:Brazil; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000276:immunology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016207:Cytokines; C066001:Duffy antigen binding protein, Plasmodium; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C090077:apical membrane antigen I, Plasmodium
keywords: IFNG; IL10; IgG antibody; Plasmodium vivax; TNF