title: The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on nasal mucociliary clearance, mucus properties and inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess nasal mucociliary clearance, mucus properties and inflammation in smokers and subjects enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Program (referred to as quitters).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 33 subjects with a median (IQR) smoking history of 34 (20-58) pack years were examined for nasal mucociliary clearance using a saccharine transit test, mucus properties using contact angle and sneeze clearability tests, and quantification of inflammatory and epithelial cells, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in nasal lavage fluid. Twenty quitters (mean age: 51 years, 9 male) were assessed at baseline, 1 month, 3 months and 12 months after smoking cessation, and 13 smokers (mean age: 52 years, 6 male) were assessed at baseline and after 12 months. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02136550.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smokers and quitters showed similar demographic characteristics and morbidities. At baseline, all subjects showed impaired nasal mucociliary clearance (mean 17.6 min), although 63% and 85% of the quitters demonstrated significant nasal mucociliary clearance improvement at 1 month and 12 months, respectively. At 12 months, quitters also showed mucus sneeze clearability improvement (∼26%), an increased number of macrophages (2-fold) and no changes in mucus contact angle or cytokine concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that smoking cessation induced early improvements in nasal mucociliary clearance independent of mucus properties and inflammation. Changes in mucus properties were observed after only 12 months of smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, LIM-34, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.|Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Patologia, LIM-5, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Mitiyo Odagiri
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Utiyama
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, LIM-34, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.|Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Patologia, LIM-5, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Tieko
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Universidade Nove de Julho, Departamento de Fisioterapia, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danielle Miyuki
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, LIM-34, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.|Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Patologia, LIM-5, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tômas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Santana Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Heart Institute (InCor), Pulmonary Division, Smoking Cessation Group, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ubiratan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: de Paula Santos
authors.affiliation: Philipps University, Department of Pulmonology, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas Rembert
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Koczulla
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Patologia, LIM-5, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Hilário Nascimento
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Saldiva
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia Ocupacional, LIM-34, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.|Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Patologia, LIM-5, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Naomi Kondo
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002452:Cell Count; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance; D009093:Mucus / Q000737:chemistry*; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003367:Cotinine