title: Conversion of poultry wastes into energy feedstocks.
abstract: In this study, conversion of wastes from poultry farming and industry into biochar and bio-oil via thermochemical processes was investigated. Fuel characteristics and chemical structure of biochars and bio-oils have been investigated using standard fuel analysis and spectroscopic methods. Biochars were produced from poultry litter through both hydrothermal carbonization (sub-critical water, 175-250°C) and pyrolysis over a temperature range between 250 and 500°C. In comparison to hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis at lower temperatures produced biochar with greater energy yield due to the higher mass yield. Biochars obtained by both processes were comparable to coal. Hydrothermal liquefaction of poultry meal at different temperatures (200-325°C) was conducted and compared to optimize its process conditions. Higher temperatures favored the formation of bio-crude oil, with a maximum yield of 35wt.% at 300°C. The higher heating values of bio-oils showed that bio-oil could be a potential source of synthetic fuels. However, elemental analysis demonstrated the high nitrogen content of bio-oils. Therefore, bio-oils obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of poultry meal should be upgraded for utilization as a transport and heating fuel.
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Ataturk Medical Technology Vocational Training School, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: ismail.cem.kantarli@ege.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Ismail Cem
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Kantarli
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabadayi
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir Vocational School, Chemistry Technology Program, 35160 Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ucar
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Jale
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yanik
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D018533:Biomass; D002606:Charcoal / Q000032:analysis*; D002645:Chickens; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D014421:Turkey; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D007220:Industrial Waste; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Bio-oil; Biochar; Hydrothermal conversion; Poultry waste; Pyrolysis