title: Identification and Regulation of Genes for Cobalamin Transport in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002.
abstract: The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 is a cobalamin auxotroph and utilizes this coenzyme solely for the synthesis of l-methionine by methionine synthase (MetH). Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 is unable to synthesize cobalamin de novo, and because of the large size of this tetrapyrrole, an active-transport system must exist for cobalamin uptake. Surprisingly, no cobalamin transport system was identified in the initial annotation of the genome of this organism. With more sophisticated in silico prediction tools, a btuB-cpdA-btuC-btuF operon encoding components putatively required for a B12 uptake (btu) system was identified. The expression of these genes was predicted to be controlled by a cobalamin riboswitch. Global transcriptional profiling by high-throughput RNA sequencing of a cobalamin-independent form of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 grown in the absence or presence of cobalamin confirmed regulation of the btu operon by cobalamin. Pérez et al. (A. A. Pérez, Z. Liu, D. A. Rodionov, Z. Li, and D. A. Bryant, J Bacteriol 198:2743-2752, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00475-16) developed a cobalamin-dependent yellow fluorescent protein reporter system in a Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 variant that had been genetically modified to allow cobalamin-independent growth. This reporter system was exploited to validate components of the btu uptake system by assessing the ability of targeted mutants to transport cobalamin. The btuB promoter and a variant counterpart mutated in an essential element of the predicted cobalamin riboswitch were fused to a yfp reporter. The combined data indicate that the btuB-cpdA-btuF-btuC operon in this cyanobacterium is transcriptionally regulated by a cobalamin riboswitch.
  
  
  
  With a cobalamin-regulated reporter system for expression of yellow fluorescent protein, genes previously misidentified as encoding subunits of a siderophore transporter were shown to encode components of cobalamin uptake in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. This study demonstrates the importance of experimental validation of in silico predictions and provides a general scheme for in vivo verification of similar cobalamin transport systems. A putative cobalamin riboswitch was identified in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. This riboswitch acts as a potential transcriptional attenuator of the btu operon that encodes the components of the cobalamin active-transport system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitry A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rodionov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA dab14@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bryant
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D046940:Synechococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D059467:Transcriptome; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D014805:Vitamin B 12