title: Early Biomarkers of Renal Damage in Relation to Arterial Stiffness and Inflammation in Male Coronary Artery Disease Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) have emerged as promising biomarkers for both acute and chronic kidney injury that also provide prognostic value for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to evaluate their relationships with arterial stiffness and inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and in clinically healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 52 patients with CAD (age 63.2 ± 9.2 years) and 41 healthy controls (age 60.1 ± 7.2 years). Urinary L-FABP and KIM-1 as well as serum NGAL, adiponectin and resistin levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The technique of applanation tonometry was used for non-invasive pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary L-FABP and KIM-1 were independent determinants of cf-PWV for the CAD patients (R2=0.584, P<0.001) but not for the controls. Adiponectin correlated with log-KIM-1 (r=0.31, P=0.028) only for the patients, while NGAL correlated with WBC count (rho=0.29, P=0.038; r=0.35, P=0.029) and resistin (rho=0.60, P<0.001; r=0.57, P<0.001) for both the CAD and control groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that urinary L-FABP and KIM-1 may be independently associated with aortic stiffness in individuals with CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Kaido
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paapstel
authors.forename: Mihkel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zilmer
authors.forename: Jaan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eha
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tootsi
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piir
authors.forename: Jaak
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kals
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C493319:FABP1 protein, human; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1