title: Improvements in Attention and Decision-Making Following Combined Behavioral Training and Brain Stimulation.
abstract: In recent years there has been a significant commercial interest in 'brain training' - massed or spaced practice on a small set of tasks to boost cognitive performance. Recently, researchers have combined cognitive training regimes with brain stimulation to try and maximize training benefits, leading to task-specific cognitive enhancement. It remains unclear, however, whether the performance gains afforded by such regimes can transfer to untrained tasks, or how training and stimulation affect the brain's latent information processing dynamics. To examine these issues, we applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the prefrontal cortex while participants undertook decision-making training over several days. Anodal, relative to cathodal/sham tDCS, increased performance gains from training. Critically, these gains were reliable for both trained and untrained tasks. The benefit of anodal tDCS occurred for left, but not right, prefrontal stimulation, and was absent for stimulation delivered without concurrent training. Modeling revealed left anodal stimulation combined with training caused an increase in the brain's rate of evidence accumulation for both tasks. Thus tDCS applied during training has the potential to modulate training gains and give rise to transferable performance benefits for distinct cognitive operations through an increase in the rate at which the brain acquires information.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Hannah L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Filmer
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guy E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia.|Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mattingley
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Dux
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013663:Teaching; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Decision-making; Evidence Accumulation; Training; Transfer; tDCS