title: Ultrasound assessment of schistosomiasis.
abstract: In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued an ultrasound field protocol for assessing the morbidity due to Schistosoma (S.) haematobium and S. mansoni. The experience with this classification has recently been reviewed systematically. The WHO protocol was well accepted worldwide. Here we review the use of ultrasound to assess the morbidity due to schistosomiasis with emphasis on easy, quick, and reproducible ways that can be used in the field. Findings obtained with high-end ultrasound scanners in the hospital setting that might eventually have applications in the field are also described.
authors.affiliation: Tropenmedizinische Ambulanz, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: INSA National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Botelho
authors.affiliation: Tropenmedizinische Ambulanz, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Holtfreter
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Saint Jean de Dieu, Tangueta, Benin.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akpata
authors.affiliation: Tropenmedizinische Ambulanz, Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: El Scheich
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neumayr
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hatz
authors.affiliation: Innere Medizin 2, Caritas Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Innere Medizin 2, Caritas Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Germany.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*