title: Risk and Severity of Hospital-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients Taking Proton Pump Inhibitors.
abstract: To compare the rates and severity of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among patients taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) versus those not taking PPIs.
  
  
  
  Retrospective, single-center, cohort study.
  
  
  
  Tertiary community hospital with a teaching service.
  
  
  
  A total of 41,663 patients with CDI who were hospitalized between January 2013 and May 2014; of those, 17,471 patients (41.9%) had received at least one dose of a PPI (PPI group), and 24,192 patients (58.1%) had no PPI exposure (control group).
  
  
  
  A total of 348 patients had CDI during the study period, with 269 cases present on admission. Hospital-acquired CDI was defined as CDI diagnosis occurring on or after the third calendar day of admission. After excluding those patients with CDI on admission, 65 (0.38%) of 17,302 patients later developed CDI in the hospital in the PPI group compared with only 14 (0.058%) of 24,092 patients in the control group. Of these patients, 36 patients (0.21%) in the PPI group met the definition of severe CDI compared with 8 (0.03%) in the control group. This demonstrated an unadjusted relative risk (RR) of 6.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.63-11.51, p<0.0001) of developing hospital-acquired CDI and an unadjusted RR of 6.27 (95% CI 2.91-13.48, p<0.0001) of developing severe CDI while taking a PPI. When evaluating only patients who developed severe-complicated CDI, there were 22 cases in the PPI group and 2 cases in the control group, demonstrating an unadjusted RR of 15.3 (95% CI 3.6-65.13, p=0.0002) of developing severe-complicated CDI. Confounding variables were similar between groups.
  
  
  
  PPI use was associated with an increase in both the rate and severity of hospital-acquired CDI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee. plewis16@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paul O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, East Tennessee State University James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Litchfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tharp
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pourmorteza
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, East Tennessee State University James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Chakradhar M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000209:etiology*; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
keywords: Clostridium difficile; gastroenterology; hospital-acquired infection; infectious disease; proton pump inhibitors