title: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of the Scutia buxifolia Reissek stem barks extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scutia buxifolia (Rhamnaceae) has been extensively studied for its phenolics groups, which are able to capture free radicals; being therefore, considered promising as an antioxidant in preventing diseases resulting from oxidative stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Scutia buxifolia extract (SBE) presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  SBE (400-800mg/kg) was tested in different pain models to investigate its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory action.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was carried out the abdominal writhing test, capsaicin test, thermal hyperalgesia and incisional pain. The inflamed tissue by carrageenan was used for the analysis of interleukins (IL), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), c-reactive protein (CRP), nitrite and nitrate (NOx) determination and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Furthermore, we evaluate the possible action mechanism of SBE using naloxone in capsaicin test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SBE prevented the nociception caused by acetic acid, formalin and capsaicin test. However, neither the SBE prevented the thermal hyperalgesia in hot-plate test, nor the naloxone reversed the SBE antinociceptive effect in capsaicin test. Furthermore, the administration of SBE prevented significantly the increase of MPO activity, the NOx content, and the levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ and CRP and was able to increase the IL-10 levels after the inflammation induced by carrageenan in mice. In addition, SBE prevented mechanical hyperalgesia in a postoperative pain model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SBE presents great antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity in mice but this effect not seem to have its action mechanism like opioids. It is possible that its antinociceptive effects are associated with levels decrease of inflammatory mediators.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laís da Rosa
authors.initials: Lda R
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Evelyne da Silva
authors.initials: Eda S
authors.lastname: Brum
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andreia Regina Haas
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mayara Lutchemeyer
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Taiane Piccini
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Augusti
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Photochemistry Research Laboratory, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Margareth Linde
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Athayde
authors.affiliation: Biogenetic Laboratory, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta Maria Medeiros Frescura
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sara Marchesan
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: ricardo_br79@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brandão
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D027823:Rhamnaceae / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antinociception; Inflammation; Pain; Rhamnaceae; Scutia buxifolia