title: Liposome-Mediated Herpes Simplex Virus Uptake Is Glycoprotein-D Receptor-Independent but Requires Heparan Sulfate.
abstract: Cationic liposomes are widely used to facilitate introduction of genetic material into target cells during transfection. This study describes a non-receptor mediated herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) entry into the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells that naturally lack glycoprotein D (gD)-receptors using a commercially available cationic liposome: lipofectamine. Presence of cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) increased the levels of viral entry indicating a potential role of HS in this mode of entry. Loss of viral entry in the presence of actin de-polymerizing or lysosomotropic agents suggests that this mode of entry results in the endocytosis of the lipofectamine-virus mixture. Enhancement of HSV-1 entry by liposomes was also demonstrated in vivo using a zebrafish embryo model that showed stronger infection in the eyes and other tissues. Our study provides novel insights into gD receptor independent viral entry pathways and can guide new strategies to enhance the delivery of viral gene therapy vectors or oncolytic viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lorrie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Burnham
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Bioengineering and Microbiology/Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jaishankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Howard University Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Bioengineering and Microbiology/Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University Downers Grove, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tiwari
keywords: heparan sulfate; viral entry; virus-cell interactions