title: The association between Diabetes mellitus and Depression.
abstract: Depression occurrence is two to three times higher in people with diabetes mellitus, the majority of the cases remaining under-diagnosed. The purpose of this review was to show the links between depression and diabetes, point out the importance of identifying depression in diabetic patients and identify the possible ways to address both diseases. Possible common pathophysiological mechanisms as stress and inflammation were explained, while emphasis was made on screening for depression in diabetic patients. An important aspect for the diabetic specialist would be the understanding of the common origins of diabetes and depression and the awareness of this quite common comorbidity, in order to improve the outcomes of both diseases.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  DALYS = disability adjusted life years, DSM-5 = American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DM1 = Type 1 diabetes mellitus, DM2 = Type 2 diabetes mellitus, HPA-axis = hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis, SNS = sympathetic nervous system, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, CES-D = Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology & Fundamental Neuroscience, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Bădescu
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Emergency Eye Hospital Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tătaru
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology & Fundamental Neuroscience, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kobylinska
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology & Fundamental Neuroscience, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Georgescu
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology & Fundamental Neuroscience, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zahiu
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology & Fundamental Neuroscience, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zăgrean
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology & Fundamental Neuroscience, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zăgrean
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis
keywords: comorbidity; depression; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology