title: Genetic Diversity and Demographic History of Wild and Cultivated/Naturalised Plant Populations: Evidence from Dalmatian Sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae).
abstract: Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is a well-known aromatic and medicinal Mediterranean plant that is native in coastal regions of the western Balkan and southern Apennine Peninsulas and is commonly cultivated worldwide. It is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Knowledge of its genetic diversity and spatiotemporal patterns is important for plant breeding programmes and conservation. We used eight microsatellite markers to investigate evolutionary history of indigenous populations as well as genetic diversity and structure within and among indigenous and cultivated/naturalised populations distributed across the Balkan Peninsula. The results showed a clear separation between the indigenous and cultivated/naturalised groups, with the cultivated material originating from one restricted geographical area. Most of the genetic diversity in both groups was attributable to differences among individuals within populations, although spatial genetic analysis of indigenous populations indicated the existence of isolation by distance. Geographical structuring of indigenous populations was found using clustering analysis, with three sub-clusters of indigenous populations. The highest level of gene diversity and the greatest number of private alleles were found in the central part of the eastern Adriatic coast, while decreases in gene diversity and number of private alleles were evident towards the northwestern Adriatic coast and southern and eastern regions of the Balkan Peninsula. The results of Ecological Niche Modelling during Last Glacial Maximum and Approximate Bayesian Computation suggested two plausible evolutionary trajectories: 1) the species survived in the glacial refugium in southern Adriatic coastal region with subsequent colonization events towards northern, eastern and southern Balkan Peninsula; 2) species survived in several refugia exhibiting concurrent divergence into three genetic groups. The insight into genetic diversity and structure also provide the baseline data for conservation of S. officinalis genetic resources valuable for future breeding programmes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rešetnik
authors.affiliation: Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Dea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baričevič
authors.affiliation: Suceava Genebank, Suceava, Romania.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Batîr Rusu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Klaudija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Carović-Stanko
authors.affiliation: Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Paschalina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chatzopoulou
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Zora
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dajić-Stevanović
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics and Plant Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Chişinău, Moldova.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonceariuc
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grdiša
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greguraš
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Alban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ibraliu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jug-Dujaković
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Pristina, Prishtinë, Kosovo.
authors.forename: Elez
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krasniqi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Zlatko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liber
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Senad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murtić
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pećanac
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Radosavljević
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia.
authors.forename: Gjoshe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stefkov
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stešević
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Šoštarić
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Zlatko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Šatović
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D063368:Balkan Peninsula; D017753:Ecosystem; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D011157:Population Dynamics; D027543:Salvia officinalis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*