title: The profile of social functioning in children with Down syndrome.
abstract: Practitioners and researchers have asserted for decades that social functioning is a strength in children with Down syndrome (DS). Nevertheless, some studies have concluded that children with DS may be at greater risk of impaired social functioning compared to typically developing controls. This cross-sectional study explores the profile of social functioning (social capabilities and social problems) in six-year-old children with DS, compares it with that of typically developing children and reveals possible differences in predictors between groups.
  
  
  
  Parental reports and clinical tests were utilized.
  
  
  
  The children with DS had generally weaker social capabilities compared to nonverbal mental age-matched controls, but no significant differences were found for social interactive play, community functioning and prosocial behaviour. No significant differences in predictors for social capabilities between the groups were found. The children with DS had more social problems than the typically developing controls with a similar chronological age and those with a similar nonverbal mental age, but no significant differences in emotional symptoms were found between the children with DS and either comparison group. Vocabulary was a more important predictor of social problems in the children with DS than in the typically developing control groups.
  
  
  
  Interventions for children with DS should strongly focus on integrating vocabulary skills and social functioning starting at an early age. Implications for Rehabilitation Children with Down syndrome need help and support in social functioning. Systematic training to optimize social capabilities and to prevent social problems should be prioritized. Structured and explicit learning of words important for social interaction with peers and for conflict solutions should be emphasized. Integrated interventions focusing on social functioning and vocabulary should begin in preschool to prepare children for participation in mainstream education.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Special Needs Education , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Kari-Anne B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Næss
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Egil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nygaard
authors.affiliation: c Department of Research and Dissemination , the National Library of Norway , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostad
authors.affiliation: d Department of Education and Social Work , Lillehammer University College , Lillehammer , Norway.
authors.forename: Anne-Stine
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Dolva
authors.affiliation: a Department of Special Needs Education , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Solveig-Alma Halaas
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lyster
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010290:Parents; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014825:Vocabulary
keywords: Group matching; language; social capabilities; social problems; typically developing controls; vocabulary