title: Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruit Extract Containing Anthocyanins Improves Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity via Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Diabetic C57BL/Ksj-db/db Mice.
abstract: The effect of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit extract (MFE) on hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in an animal model of type 2 diabetes was evaluated. C57BL/Ksj-diabetic db/db mice were divided into three groups: diabetic control, rosiglitazone, and MFE groups. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and intraperitoneal glucose were measured, and an insulin tolerance test was performed after MFE supplementation in db/db mice. In addition, the protein levels of various targets of insulin signaling were measured by western blotting. The blood levels of glucose and HbA1c were significantly lower in the MFE-supplemented group than in the diabetic control group. Moreover, glucose and insulin tolerance tests showed that MFE treatment increased insulin sensitivity. The homeostatic index of insulin resistance significantly decreased in the MFE-supplemented group relative to the diabetic control group. MFE supplementation significantly stimulated the levels of phosphorylated (p)-AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) and p-Akt substrate of 160 kDa (pAS160) and enhanced the level of plasma membrane-glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscles. Further, dietary MFE significantly increased pAMPK and decreased the levels of glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the liver. MFE may improve hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via activation of AMPK and AS160 in skeletal muscles and inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University , Busan, Korea.|2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Ecology for the Elderly, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Ha
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Ecology for the Elderly, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University , Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Hwa
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and Research Institute of Ecology for the Elderly, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000872:Anthocyanins; D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: AMPK-AS160-GLUT4 pathway; hyperglycemia; insulin sensitivity; mulberry fruit extract