title: [Robert Schumann in the psychiatric hospital in Endenich near Bonn].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The composer Robert Schumann (1810-1856) spent the last two-and-a-half years of his life in the private psychiatric hospital in Endenich. His medical records emerged in 1991 and were published by Appel in 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily entries by the physicians were analyzed concerning psychopathology and organic signs as well as the illness-related correspondence of the people closest to Schumann.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The numerous entries reveal the treatment typical at that time for what was at first considered to be "melancholy with delusions": shielding from stimuli, physical procedures, and a dietary regimen. The feared, actual diagnosis, a "general (incomplete) paralysis," becomes a certainty in the course of the paranoid-hallucinatory symptoms with cerebro-organic characteristics and agitated states, differences in pupil size, and increasing speech disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the medicine of the time, syphilis is just emerging as the suspected cause, and the term "progressive paralysis" is coined as typical for the course. Proof of Treponema pallidum infection was not available until 1905. Nevertheless, the clinical signs strongly refer to the course of neurosyphilis. People close to Robert, in particular his wife Clara and the circle of friends around Brahms and Joachim, cared intensively for him and suffered under the therapeutic isolation. The medical records and disease-related letters contradict the theory that Schumann was disposed of by being put into the psychiatric hospital; they show the concern of all during the unfavorable illness course.
authors.affiliation: , Josef-Lutz-Weg 2, 81371, München, Deutschland. rsteinberg@t-online.de.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D005197:Famous Persons; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D016304:Hospitals, Private / Q000266:history*; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000266:history*; D009494:Neurosyphilis / Q000266:history*; D020335:Paraparesis / Q000266:history*
keywords: Clara Schumann; Neuropsychiatry; Neurosyphilis; Psychopathology; Treponema pallidum