title: Human high intelligence is involved in spectral redshift of biophotonic activities in the brain.
abstract: Human beings hold higher intelligence than other animals on Earth; however, it is still unclear which brain properties might explain the underlying mechanisms. The brain is a major energy-consuming organ compared with other organs. Neural signal communications and information processing in neural circuits play an important role in the realization of various neural functions, whereas improvement in cognitive function is driven by the need for more effective communication that requires less energy. Combining the ultraweak biophoton imaging system (UBIS) with the biophoton spectral analysis device (BSAD), we found that glutamate-induced biophotonic activities and transmission in the brain, which has recently been demonstrated as a novel neural signal communication mechanism, present a spectral redshift from animals (in order of bullfrog, mouse, chicken, pig, and monkey) to humans, even up to a near-infrared wavelength (∼865 nm) in the human brain. This brain property may be a key biophysical basis for explaining high intelligence in humans because biophoton spectral redshift could be a more economical and effective measure of biophotonic signal communications and information processing in the human brain.
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Neurobiology, The College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9997-3109
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Neurobiology, The College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
authors.forename: Niting
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Neurobiology, The College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China;
authors.forename: Zehua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; Chinese Brain Bank Center, Wuhan 430074, China.
authors.forename: Fangyan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Neurobiology, The College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China; Chinese Brain Bank Center, Wuhan 430074, China jdai@mail.scuec.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jiapei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000882:Haplorhini; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D051379:Mice; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017785:Photons; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid
keywords: biophoton imaging; brain slices; glutamate; intelligence; ultraweak photon emissions