title: HbA1c levels are associated with severity of hypoxemia and not with apnea hypopnea index in patients with type 2 diabetes: Results from a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of untreated sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) on glycemic control, evaluated by HbA1c, in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample consisted of 100 consecutive adult (≥18 years) patients with T2D without a prior diagnosis of sleep apnea recruited from an outpatient diabetes clinic. All patients underwent an in-hospital cardiorespiratory study using a three-channel portable sleep diagnostic tool; 64 were found to have sleep apnea, 36 were not. Information on medical history, body weight, height, sleep apnea symptoms, Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, and HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for factors known to affect HbA1c (gender, age, diabetes duration, diabetes treatment, body mass index [BMI], and waist circumference), HbA1c was higher in patients with than without SAS (8.4 % vs 7.6 %, respectively; P = 0.04). A positive correlation was found between the presence of sleep apnea and HbA1c (r = 0.24; P = 0.02). After adjusting for confounding factors (including BMI), only mean and lowest O2saturation during sleep were significantly associated with HbA1c (β = -0.23 [P = 0.03] and β = -0.24 [P = 0.007], respectively). After further adjusting for waist circumference, only lowest O2saturation during recording remained independently associated with HbA1c (β = -0.21; P = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of sleep apnea is associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with T2D. In patients with sleep apnea and T2D, greater levels of oxygen desaturation are associated with poorer glycemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rusu
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Cornelia Gabriela
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Bala
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Anca-Elena
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Craciun
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: 2型糖尿病; glycemic control; oxygen saturation; sleep apnea syndrome; type 2 diabetes mellitus; 氧饱和度; 睡眠呼吸暂停综合征; 血糖控制