title: Diagnostic Accuracy of Intraoperative Techniques for Margin Assessment in Breast Cancer Surgery: A Meta-analysis.
abstract: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative breast margin assessment (IMA) techniques against which the performance of emerging IMA technologies may be compared.
  
  
  
  IMA techniques have failed to penetrate routine practice due to limitations, including slow reporting times, technical demands, and logistics. Emerging IMA technologies are being developed to reduce positive margin and re-excision rates and will be compared with the diagnostic accuracy of existing techniques.
  
  
  
  Studies were identified using electronic bibliographic searches up to January 2016. MESH terms and all-field search terms included "Breast Cancer" AND "Intraoperative" AND "Margin." Only clinical studies with raw diagnostic accuracy data as compared with final permanent section histopathology were included. A bivariate model for diagnostic meta-analysis was used to attain overall pooled sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  
  Eight hundred thirty-eight unique studies revealed 35 studies for meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity (Sens), specificity (Spec), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values were calculated per group (Sens, Spec, AUROC): frozen section = 86%, 96%, 0.96 (n = 9); cytology = 91%, 95%, 0.98 (n = 11); intraoperative ultrasound = 59%, 81%, 0.78 (n = 4); specimen radiography = 53%, 84%, 0.73 (n = 9); optical spectroscopy = 85%, 87%, 0.88 (n = 3).
  
  
  
  Pooled data suggest that frozen section and cytology have the greatest diagnostic accuracy. However, these methods are resource intensive and turnaround times for results have prevented widespread international adoption. Emerging technologies need to compete with the diagnostic accuracy of existing techniques while offering advantages in terms of speed, cost, and reliability.
authors.affiliation: *Department of BioSurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London, London, UK †Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK ‡Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK §Breast Unit, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Edward Robert
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: St John
authors.forename: Rashed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Khudairi
authors.forename: Hutan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ashrafian
authors.forename: Thanos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Takats
authors.forename: Dimitri John
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hadjiminas
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.forename: Daniel Richard
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Leff
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D000072662:Margins of Excision; D008408:Mastectomy; D015233:Models, Statistical