title: Systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are at risk of malnutrition due to malabsorption, pain and/or alcohol consumption. This can cause vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency, which is associated with osteoporosis and increased risks of fractures. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in CP patients. Furthermore, we compared these results with healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the literature by searching PubMed and EMBASE (January 2000-December 2015) on CP and vitamin D. Primary outcome was prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (<75 nmoL/L) and deficiency (<50 nmoL/L) in CP patients. When available, data of CP patients were compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies were included in our meta-analysis, reporting on the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in 465 patients (mean age 41 years (range 18-60), 81% male) and in 378 controls (mean age 40 years (range 18-67), 76% male). Pooled prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in CP patients was 83% and 65%, respectively. Calculated odds ratio (OR) of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency between CP patients and controls was 1.34 (0.54-3.29) and 1.14 (0.70-1.85), respectively (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in CP patients. Nevertheless, there is no significant difference in prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency compared to healthy controls. Further research should indicate the clinical relevance and consequences of these findings for clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Netherlands.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hoogenboom
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Netherlands.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lekkerkerker
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fockens
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boermeester
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Netherlands. Electronic address: j.e.vanhooft@amc.nl.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: van Hooft
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Chronic pancreatitis; Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; Prevalence; Systematic review; Vitamin D deficiency