title: Spatiotemporal dynamic transformations of soil lead and children's blood lead ten years after Hurricane Katrina: New grounds for primary prevention.
abstract: The contribution of lead contaminated soil to blood lead, especially as it is a large reservoir of lead dust, has been underestimated relative to lead-based paint. On 29 August 2005 Hurricane Katrina flooded and disrupted habitation in New Orleans. Soil and blood lead were mapped prior to Katrina. This unique study addresses soil and blood lead conditions pre- and ten years post-Katrina and considers the effectiveness of low lead soil for lead exposure intervention.
  
  
  
  Comparison of soil and blood lead levels pre- and ten years post-Katrina to evaluate and assess the impact of flooding on soil and blood lead at the scale of the city of New Orleans.
  
  
  
  Post-Katrina soil and blood lead data were stratified by the same census tracts (n=176) as pre-Katrina data. This unique city scale data-set includes soil lead (n=3314 and 3320, pre- vs. post-Katrina), blood lead (n=39,620 and 17,739, pre- vs. post-Katrina), distance, and changes in percent pre-1940 housing. Statistical analysis entailed permutation procedures and Fisher's Exact Tests.
  
  
  
  Pre- vs. ten years post-Katrina soil lead median decreased from 280 mg/kg to 132 mg/kg, median blood lead decreased from 5μg/dL to 1.8μg/dL, respectively. Percent pre-1940 housing did not change significantly (P-value=0.674). Soil and blood lead decrease with distance from the center of New Orleans. Except for age-of-housing results, P-values were extremely small (<10(-12)).
  
  
  
  Ten years after Katrina, profound changes in soil lead and children's blood lead occurred in New Orleans. Decreasing the lead on soil surfaces reduces children's interaction with lead dust, thus underscoring soil as a major of source of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: hmielke@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Howard W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Lead Lab Inc., Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Mielke
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D055867:Cyclonic Storms; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D055820:New Orleans; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: City scale mapping; Cochrane Collaboration; Lead exposure; Primary lead prevention; Soil lead intervention