title: Th-1, Th-2 Cytokines Profile among Madurella mycetomatis Eumycetoma Patients.
abstract: Eumycetoma is a progressive and destructive chronic granulomatous subcutaneous inflammatory disease caused by certain fungi, the most common being Madurella mycetomatis. The host defence mechanisms against fungi usually range from an early non-specific immune response to activation and induction of specific adaptive immune responses by the production of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of Th-1 and Th-2 cytokines in patients infected with Madurella mycetomatis, and the association between their levels and disease prognosis. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan, where 70 patients with confirmed M. mycetomatis eumycetoma were enrolled; 35 with, and 35 without surgical excision. 70 healthy individuals from mycetoma endemic areas were selected as controls. The levels of serum cytokines were determined by cytometric bead array technique. Significantly higher levels of the Th-1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-2) were recorded in patients treated with surgical excision, compared to those treated without surgical excision. In contrast, the Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10) were significantly lower in patients treated with surgical excision compared to those treated without surgical excision. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that cell-mediated immunity can have a role to play in the pathogenesis of eumycetoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, National Guard Health Affairs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Amre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, National Guard Health Affairs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abushouk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Protocol, King Abdulaziz Medical City - Riyadh, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Anhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamza
authors.affiliation: Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siddig
authors.affiliation: Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Fahal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2; D020461:Madurella / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008271:Mycetoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013397:Sudan; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007376:Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10