title: Development and Validation of a Data-Based Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adults in Eastern Rural Area of Rwanda.
abstract: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for rural Rwandans. Since our FFQ was developed to assess malnutrition, it measured energy, protein, vitamin A, and iron intakes only. We collected 260 weighed food records (WFRs) from a total of 162 Rwandans. Based on the WFR data, we developed a tentative FFQ and examined the food list by percent contribution to energy and nutrient intakes. To assess the validity, nutrient intakes estimated from the FFQ were compared with those calculated from three-day WFRs by correlation coefficient and cross-classification for 17 adults. Cumulative contributions of the 18-item FFQ to the total intakes of energy and nutrients reached nearly 100%. Crude and energy-adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from -0.09 (vitamin A) to 0.58 (protein) and from -0.19 (vitamin A) to 0.68 (iron), respectively. About 50%-60% of the participants were classified into the same tertile. Our FFQ provided acceptable validity for energy and iron intakes and could rank Rwandan adults in eastern rural area correctly according to their energy and iron intakes.
authors.affiliation: The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.affiliation: Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.affiliation: The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amitani
authors.affiliation: The Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekiyama
authors.affiliation: World Vision Rwanda, Kacyiru South, Kigali, Rwanda.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mukamugema
authors.affiliation: World Vision Japan, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: World Vision Japan, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imanishi
authors.affiliation: World Vision Japan, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
keywords: Rwanda; dietary assessment; food frequency questionnaire; relative validity; weighed food record