title: The association between individual counselling and health behaviour change: the See Kidney Disease (SeeKD) targeted screening programme for chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Health behaviour change is an important component of management for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the optimal method to promote health behaviour change for self-management of CKD is unknown. The See Kidney Disease (SeeKD) targeted screening programme screened Canadians at risk for CKD and promoted health behaviour change through individual counselling and goal setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study are to determine the effectiveness of individual counselling sessions for eliciting behaviour change and to describe participant characteristics associated with behaviour change.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study setting is the National SeeKD targeted screening programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants are all 'at risk' patients who were screened for CKD and returned a follow-up health behaviour survey (n = 1129).
  
  
  METHODS
  Health behaviour change was defined as a self-reported change in lifestyle, including dietary changes or medication adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  An individual counselling session was provided to participants by allied healthcare professionals to promote health behaviour change. A survey was mailed to all participants at risk of CKD within 2-4 weeks following the screening event to determine if behaviour changes had been initiated. Descriptive statistics were used to describe respondent characteristics and self-reported behaviour change following screening events. Results were stratified by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (< 60 and ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Log binomial regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of behaviour change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1129 respondents, the majority (89.8 %) reported making a health behaviour change after the screening event. Respondents who were overweight (body mass index [BMI] 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) or obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m(2)) were more likely to report a behaviour change (prevalence rate ratio (PRR) 0.66, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.99 and PRR 0.49, 95 % CI 0.30-0.80, respectively). Further, participants with a prior intent to change their behaviour were more likely to make a behaviour change (PRR 0.58, 95 % CI 0.35-0.96). Results did not vary by eGFR category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We are unable to determine the effectiveness of the behaviour change intervention given the lack of a control group. Potential response bias and social desirability bias must also be considered when interpreting the study findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual counselling and goal setting provided at screening events may stimulate behaviour change amongst individuals at risk for CKD. However, further research is required to determine if this behaviour change is sustained and the impact on CKD progression and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HSC G239, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HSC G239, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada ; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hemmelgarn
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HSC G239, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada ; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Braden
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kappel
authors.affiliation: Kidney Foundation of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Valk
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, HSC G239, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ronksley
keywords: Behaviour change intervention; Chronic kidney disease; Counselling