title: Sea ice and millennial-scale climate variability in the Nordic seas 90 kyr ago to present.
abstract: In the light of rapidly diminishing sea ice cover in the Arctic during the present atmospheric warming, it is imperative to study the distribution of sea ice in the past in relation to rapid climate change. Here we focus on glacial millennial-scale climatic events (Dansgaard/Oeschger events) using the sea ice proxy IP25 in combination with phytoplankton proxy data and quantification of diatom species in a record from the southeast Norwegian Sea. We demonstrate that expansion and retreat of sea ice varies consistently in pace with the rapid climate changes 90 kyr ago to present. Sea ice retreats abruptly at the start of warm interstadials, but spreads rapidly during cooling phases of the interstadials and becomes near perennial and perennial during cold stadials and Heinrich events, respectively. Low-salinity surface water and the sea ice edge spreads to the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, and during the largest Heinrich events, probably far into the Atlantic Ocean.
authors.affiliation: CAGE-Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.affiliation: CAGE-Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Tine L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.|Department of Geosciences (FB5), Klagenfurter Strasse 4, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ruediger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: CAGE-Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.|Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9475-0974
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ezat
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fahl