title: Modifiers and Readers of DNA Modifications and Their Impact on Genome Structure, Expression, and Stability in Disease.
abstract: Cytosine base modifications in mammals underwent a recent expansion with the addition of several naturally occurring further modifications of methylcytosine in the last years. This expansion was accompanied by the identification of the respective enzymes and proteins reading and translating the different modifications into chromatin higher order organization as well as genome activity and stability, leading to the hypothesis of a cytosine code. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art on DNA modifications, the enzyme families setting the cytosine modifications and the protein families reading and translating the different modifications with emphasis on the mouse protein homologs. Throughout this review, we focus on functional and mechanistic studies performed on mammalian cells, corresponding mouse models and associated human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt Germany.
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt Germany.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt Germany.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cardoso
keywords: Dnmt; MBD; Tet; cytosine modifications; epigenetics; hydroxymethylcytosine; methylcytosine; mouse models