title: Comparison of sodium ion levels between an arterial blood gas analyzer and an autoanalyzer in preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: a retrospective study.
abstract: The difference in sodium ion levels determined with direct and indirect methods often exceeds the permissible limit clinically. Additionally, no previous study has assessed the difference in the sodium ion levels between direct and indirect methods in premature infants. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare sodium ion levels obtained using an arterial blood gas analyzer (ABGA; direct method) and an autoanalyzer (indirect method) to determine whether they are equivalent in premature infants.
  
  
  
  The present retrospective study included 450 preterm infants (weight, <2500 g) who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of our hospital between March 2012 and April 2014. We compared sodium ion levels in 1041 samples analyzed using an ABGA (Stat Profile® CCX Series, Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA) and an autoanalyzer (ADVIA® 2400 Clinical Chemistry System, Siemens, Tarrytown, NY). The data were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis, Bland-Altman plot, Deming regression analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  
  The mean sodium ion levels were 134.6 ± 3.5 mmol/L using the ABGA and 138.8 ± 4.7 mmol/L using the autoanalyzer (P < 0.001). Among the 1041 samples, 957 (91.9 %) showed lower sodium ion levels with the ABGA than with the autoanalyzer and 74 (7.1 %) showed lower sodium ion levels with the autoanalyzer than with the ABGA. The incidence of hyponatremia identified using the ABGA was 51.9 % (541/1041), while the incidence of hyponatremia identified using the autoanalyzer was only 14.0 % (146/1041). The Deming regression analysis of the sodium ion levels between the ABGA and the autoanalyzer yielded the following formula: autoanalyzer Na (mmol/L) = 20.7 + (0.9 × ABGA Na [mmol/L]). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, low plasma protein level (<4.3 g/dL) was found to be an independent risk factor for a sodium ion level difference of >4 mmol/L between the two methods (odds ratio = 2.870, P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  The sodium ion levels determined using the ABGA and the autoanalyzer might not be equivalent in premature infants admitted to the NICU. Therefore, clinicians should be careful when diagnosing sodium ion imbalance in premature infants and providing treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Hospital, 20, Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54907, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Hospital, 20, Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54907, South Korea. kyunim99@gmail.com.|Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea. kyunim99@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jin Kyu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3502-7604
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Hospital, 20, Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54907, South Korea.|Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Blood gas analysis; Hyponatremia; Preterm infant; Protein; Sodium