title: Modulation of B-cell receptor and microenvironment signaling by a guanine exchange factor in B-cell malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells over-express a guanine exchange factor (GEF), Rasgrf-1. This GEF increases active Ras as it catalyzes the removal of GDP from Ras so that GTP can bind and activate Ras. This study aims to study the mechanism of action of Rasgrf-1 in B-cell malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  N-terminus truncated Rasgrf-1 variants have a higher GEF activity as compared to the full-length transcript therefore a MCL cell line with stable over-expression of truncated Rasgrf-1 was established. The B-cell receptor (BCR) and chemokine signaling pathways were compared in the Rasgrf-1 over-expressing and a control transfected cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cells over-expressing truncated form of Rasgrf-1 have a higher proliferative rate as compared to control transfected cells. BCR was activated by lower concentrations of anti-IgM antibody in Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells as compared to control cells indicating that these cells are more sensitive to BCR signaling. BCR signaling also phosphorylates Rasgrf-1 that further increases its GEF function and amplifies BCR signaling. This activation of Rasgrf-1 in over-expressing cells resulted in a higher expression of phospho-ERK, AKT, BTK and PKC-alpha as compared to control cells. Besides BCR, Rasgrf-1 over-expressing cells were also more sensitive to microenvironment stimuli as determined by resistance to apoptosis, chemotaxis and ERK pathway activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This GEF protein sensitizes B-cells to BCR and chemokine mediated signaling and also upregulates a number of other signaling pathways which promotes growth and survival of these cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
keywords: B-cell malignancies; B-cell receptor; ERK pathway; Rasgrf-1; chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); guanine exchange factor; mantle cell lymphoma