title: The cardiovascular risk management for people living with HIV in Europe: how well are we doing?
abstract: HIV has become a chronic condition associated with comorbidities. We investigated cardiovascular risk and risk modification in a European HIV cohort.
  
  
  
  EuroSIDA patients (from 1 January 2000) for whom cardiovascular risk could be calculated (DAD risk equation) were included in the analysis. Moderate-to-high risk was defined as 5-year cardiovascular risk more than 5% and risk modification as two measurements meeting the European AIDS Clinical Society guidelines. Factors associated with risk development and modifications were investigated using Poisson regression.
  
  
  
  Of 8762 individuals, 32.1% were hypertensive, 45.0% had high cholesterol, 47.4% were current smokers, and 27.1% were overweight. A total of 1504 (17.2%) had a 5-year cardiovascular risk of more than 5%. Of 7258 individuals with a 5-year risk less than 5%, 1905 (26.2%) developed cardiovascular risk more than 5% (6.53/100 person-years). These patients were more likely to be older, men, living in East Europe, with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. MSM with longer exposure to antiretroviral therapy, low CD4 nadir, higher current CD4 and prior AIDs events were more likely to develop cardiovascular risk. Those on antihypertensive treatment and living in central Europe were less likely to develop cardiovascular risk. Of those clinically indicated for risk modification, 1205 of 2077 (58.0%) successfully modified BP; 1283 of 3919 (32.8%) stopped smoking; 277 of 1394 (19.9%) modified cholesterol and 543 of 2163 (25.1%) reduced their BMI. There was variation in modification of individual risk factors, by sex, age, HIV-related factors and region of follow-up. Risk modification for BP and smoking improved over time (P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Cardiovascular risk was common. More than half modified their cardiovascular risk, and this improved over time.
authors.affiliation: aResearch Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom bCHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark cUniversita Modena, Modena, Italy dOdense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark eSaint-Pierre Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium fLuhansk State Medical University; Luhansk, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahmanesh
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schultze
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mussini
authors.forename: Court
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Wit
authors.forename: Galyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kutsyna
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mocroft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods*