title: Evolutionary dynamics of Anolis sex chromosomes revealed by sequencing of flow sorting-derived microchromosome-specific DNA.
abstract: Squamate reptiles show a striking diversity in modes of sex determination, including both genetic (XY or ZW) and temperature-dependent sex determination systems. The genomes of only a handful of species have been sequenced, analyzed and assembled including the genome of Anolis carolinensis. Despite a high genome coverage, only macrochromosomes of A. carolinensis were assembled whereas the content of most microchromosomes remained unclear. Most of the Anolis species have homomorphic XY sex chromosome system. However, some species have large heteromorphic XY chromosomes (e.g., A. sagrei) and even multiple sex chromosomes systems (e.g. A. pogus), that were shown to be derived from fusions of the ancestral XY with microautosomes. We applied next generation sequencing of flow sorting-derived chromosome-specific DNA pools to characterize the content and composition of microchromosomes in A. carolinensis and A. sagrei. Comparative analysis of sequenced chromosome-specific DNA pools revealed that the A. sagrei XY sex chromosomes contain regions homologous to several microautosomes of A. carolinensis. We suggest that the sex chromosomes of A. sagrei are derived by fusions of the ancestral sex chromosome with three microautosomes and subsequent loss of some genetic content on the Y chromosome.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. kig@mcb.nsc.ru.
authors.forename: Ilya G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Kichigin
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannotti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Alex I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Makunin
authors.affiliation: Cytometry Core Facility, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Bee L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Marsel R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kabilov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexey E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tupikin
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.|Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine Sezione Pesca Marittima, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo Caputo
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Barucchi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Splendiani
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rens
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: Patricia C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: Malcolm A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferguson-Smith
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Graphodatsky
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Trifonov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004247:DNA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D042282:Microdissection; D012104:Reptiles / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Reptilia; Sex determining (SD) genes; Squamata; XY sex chromosomes