title: Assessment of the Postural Stability of Female and Male Athletes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postural stability is often affected by sport-related injuries and subsequently evaluated during postinjury examinations. Intrinsic factors, however, may also affect postural control. We sought to compare the postural control of female and male athletes as measured simultaneously by (1) the modified balance error scoring system (mBESS) and (2) a video-force plate system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports injury prevention center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric, adolescent, and young adult athletes who performed mBESS during an injury prevention evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the postural control of female and male athletes. We also accounted for independent variables associated with postural stability, including age, body mass index, and history of ankle injury, concussion, and migraine headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total errors committed during the mBESS and measurements derived from integrated kinematic and kinetic data obtained by a video-force plate system. Differences between males and females were tested using analysis of covariance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants (n = 409) ranged in age from 10 to 29 years (mean = 14.6 ± 2.8); 60% were female. No significant differences on mBESS were detected between females and males; however, female athletes demonstrated significantly better postural stability on the video-force plate analysis during double-leg (P = 0.03, d = 0.28), single-leg (P < 0.001, d = 0.62), and tandem stances (P < 0.001, d = 0.53) when compared with males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uninjured female athletes demonstrate better postural stability on video-force plate analysis than their uninjured male counterparts. These findings provide an important information assistive to clinicians during interpretation of postinjury balance tests.
authors.affiliation: *The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts; †Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ‡Brain Injury Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Departments of §Orthopaedic Surgery; and ¶Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stracciolini
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Meehan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010808:Physical Examination; D004856:Postural Balance; D012737:Sex Factors; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation; D055815:Young Adult