title: Comparison of Upper Limb Muscle Activity among Workers in Large-Herd U.S. and Small-Herd Italian Dairies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Commercial cow milking tasks, regardless of dairy size, have been documented in many regions of the world as strenuous work requiring high muscular effort, awkward positions, and task repetition. Large-herd dairies are common in the U.S., while Europe historically has mostly small-herd dairies. The objective of this study was to compare the upper limb muscle activity during milking tasks between workers at large-herd U.S. dairies and small-herd Italian dairies. This is the first international study directly comparing upper limb muscle activity among dairy workers from different countries using identical methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected at 6 large-herd dairies in the U.S. region of Colorado and at 21 small-herd Italian dairies in the Lombardy region. Surface electromyography (sEMG) from the trapezius, anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, wrist flexors, and wrist extensors muscles was recorded from all participating workers (N = 65). Electromyography data were normalized to functional maximum voluntary contractions. Anthropometric measurements were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Upper limb muscle activity was generally greater among workers in the large-herd U.S. dairies compared with small-herd Italian dairies. The amount of muscular rest as a percent of the work time was significantly greater among large-herd U.S. dairy workers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences revealed in sEMG and percent muscular rest among workers from the U.S. and Italy are likely due in part to differences in work processes adopted by fast-paced industrialized large-herd dairies compared with the slower, but sustained work processes performed at small-herd dairies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milano and the International Centre for Rural Health at San Paolo University Hospital , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Masci
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mixco
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA.
authors.forename: Colleen Annika
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brents
authors.affiliation: Department of Agraria, University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy.
authors.forename: Lelia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murgia
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milano and the International Centre for Rural Health at San Paolo University Hospital , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colosio
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosecrance
keywords: dairy work; ergonomic; milking; musculoskeletal disorders; surface electromyography