title: Spatial Distribution, Sources Apportionment and Health Risk of Metals in Topsoil in Beijing, China.
abstract: In order to acquire the pollution feature and regularities of distribution of metals in the topsoil within the sixth ring road in Beijing, a total of 46 soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of twelve elements (Nickel, Ni, Lithium, Li, Vanadium, V, Cobalt, Co, Barium, Ba, Strontium, Sr, Chrome, Cr, Molybdenum, Mo, Copper, Cu, Cadmium, Cd, Zinc, Zn, Lead, Pb) were analyzed. Geostatistics and multivariate statistics were conducted to identify spatial distribution characteristics and sources. In addition, the health risk of the analyzed heavy metals to humans (adult) was evaluated by an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency health risk assessment model. The results indicate that these metals have notable variation in spatial scale. The concentration of Cr was high in the west and low in the east, while that of Mo was high in the north and low in the south. High concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb were found in the central part of the city. The average enrichment degree of Cd is 5.94, reaching the standard of significant enrichment. The accumulation of Cr, Mo, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb is influenced by anthropogenic activity, including vehicle exhaustion, coal burning, and industrial processes. Health risk assessment shows that both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of selected heavy metals are within the safety standard and the rank of the carcinogenic risk of the four heavy metals is Cr > Co > Ni > Cd.
authors.affiliation: Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling Laboratory, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. cysun0419@126.com.
authors.forename: Chunyuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling Laboratory, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. zhwenji1215@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenji
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling Laboratory, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. huoguozhujiu@163.com.
authors.forename: Qianzhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling Laboratory, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. yx150972@163.com.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling Laboratory, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China. zhengxx115@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. jiayin.zhao@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jiayin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Medical Engineering Department, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China. yxgcbj@163.com.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lv
mesh_terms: D000068476:Beijing; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc
keywords: health risk; metals; source analysis; spatial analysis; urban topsoil