title: Variation in Venoms of Polybia Paulista Von Ihering and Polybia Occidentalis Olivier (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Assessed by the FTIR-PAS Technique.
abstract: Wasps are able to synthesize toxic compounds known as venoms, which form a part of a mechanism to overcome prey and also to defend their colonies. Study of the compounds that constitute these substances is essential in order to understand how this defense mechanism evolved, since there is evidence that the venoms can vary both intra- and interspecifically. Some studies have used liquid and gas chromatography as a reliable technique to analyze these compounds. However, the use of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) to analyze the variations in venom's chemical profile has been proposed recently. This study evaluated whether the FTIR-PAS technique is effective for assessing the role of environmental factors on intra- and interspecific differences in the venom of the wasps Polybia paulista Von Ihering and Polybia occidentalis Olivier by FTIR-PAS. The colonies were collected in three municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in different types of environments. The results showed that the venoms of P. paulista and P. occidentalis differed significantly in profile. In addition, the intraspecific differences in the venom's chemical profile of P. paulista are related to the type of environment where they nested, regardless of the geographical distance between the nests. The FTIR-PAS technique proved to be reliable and effective to evaluate the variations in the venom's chemical profile in social wasps.
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brasil. angel_bio1@yahoo.com.br.|Lab de Ecologia Comportamental, Univ Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brasil. angel_bio1@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brasil.|Lab de Ecologia Comportamental, Univ Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Espectroscopia Óptica e Fototérmica, Univ Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
authors.forename: L H C
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Espectroscopia Óptica e Fototérmica, Univ Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Univ Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brasil.|Lab de Ecologia Comportamental, Univ Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brasil.
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Antonialli-Junior
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014688:Venoms / Q000737:chemistry*; D014863:Wasps
chemical_list: D014688:Venoms
keywords: Epiponini; exogenous components; interspecific variation; intraspecific variation; middle infrared