title: Analytical pyrolysis and stable isotope analyses reveal past environmental changes in coralloid speleothems from Easter Island (Chile).
abstract: This study comprises an innovative approach based on the combination of chromatography (analytical pyrolysis and pyrolysis compound-specific isotope analysis (Py-CSIA)), light stable isotopes, microscopy and mineralogy analyses to characterize the internal layering of coralloid speleothems from the Ana Heva lava tube in Easter Island (Chile). This multidisciplinary proxy showed that the speleothems consist of banded siliceous materials of low crystallinity with different mineralogical compositions and a significant contribution of organic carbon. Opal-A constitutes the outermost grey layer of the coralloids, whereas calcite and amorphous Mg hydrate silicate are the major components of the inner whitish and honey-brown layers, respectively. The differences found in the mineralogical, elemental, molecular and isotopic composition of these distinct coloured layers are related to environmental changes during speleothem development. Stable isotopes and analytical pyrolysis suggested alterations in the water regime, pointing to wetter conditions during the formation of the Ca-rich layer and a possible increase in the amount of water dripping into the cave. The trend observed for δ(15)N values suggested an increase in the average temperature over time, which is consistent with the so-called climate warming during the Holocene. The pyrolysis compound-specific isotope analysis of each speleothem layer showed a similar trend with the bulk δ(13)C values pointing to the appropriateness of direct Py-CSIA in paleoenvironmental studies. The δ(13)C values for n-alkanes reinforced the occurrence of a drastic environmental change, indicating that the outermost Opal layer was developed under drier and more arid environmental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain. Electronic address: jmrosa@irnase.csic.es.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: De la Rosa
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Nicasio T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Morillo
authors.affiliation: CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuel F C
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: González-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Geology. University of Almeria, La Cañada de San Urbano 04120 Almeria, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Calaforra
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Cesareo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saiz-Jimenez
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D002677:Chile; D057231:Climate Change / Q000266:history*; D003889:Desert Climate; D004777:Environment; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D049690:History, Ancient; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D011114:Polynesia; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D007554:Isotopes; D014867:Water; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: Analytical pyrolysis; Easter Island; Environmental changes; Lava tubes; Speleothems