title: Oral Decontamination of Orthodontic Patients Using Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Blue-Light Irradiation and Curcumin Associated with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using the association of curcumin with the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for oral decontamination in orthodontic patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The installation of the orthodontic appliances promotes an increase in the retentive area that is available for microbial aggregation and makes difficult the oral health promotion. However, aPDT is one possible approach that is used for the reduction of oral microbial load.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients (n = 24) were randomly distributed into four groups: Light group: which was treated only with the blue light, no drug; PDT group, which was treated with curcumin and blue light; PDT + S group, which was treated with curcumin plus surfactant and irradiated with blue light; and Chlorhex group, which was treated with chlorhexidine. The photosensitizer agent was prepared by adding 0.1% of SDS to a curcumin solution of 1 g/L. Two distinct LED devices emitting blue light (450 ± 10 nm) were used as follows: extra-oral irradiation (200 mW, 80 mW/cm(2), 36 J and 14 J/cm(2)) and intra-oral irradiation (1200 mW, 472 mW/cm(2), 216 J and 85 J/cm(2)).The collection of nonstimulated saliva (n = 3; 3 mL/collection) was performed at the following steps: (1) immediately before swishing (curcumin, chlorhexidine, or water); (2) after swishing; and (3) after performing aPDT treatments. The colony-forming units (CFU) were counted visually, and the values were adjusted to CFU/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant Log reduction for PDT (from 6.33 ± 0.92 to 5.78 ± 0.96, p < 0.05), PDT + S (from 5.44 ± 0.94 to 3.83 ± 0.71, p < 0.01), and Chlorhex (from 5.89 ± 0.97 to 2.55 ± 1.80, p < 0.01) groups. The survival rate was significantly reduced in both PDT + S and Chlorhex groups compared with all situations (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between PDT + S and Chlorhex groups (p ≥ 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that when associated with the surfactant SDS, the aPDT can be used as an adjutant and a convenient agent to promote the oral decontamination in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: 1 Optics Group from São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos, Brazil .|2 Biotechnology Program, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos, Brazil .
authors.forename: Vitor Hugo
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Panhóca
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Fernando Luis
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Esteban Florez
authors.affiliation: 1 Optics Group from São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos, Brazil .|2 Biotechnology Program, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos, Brazil .
authors.forename: Thaila Quatrini
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.affiliation: 1 Optics Group from São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos, Brazil .
authors.forename: Fernanda Rossi
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Paolillo
authors.affiliation: 2 Biotechnology Program, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) , São Carlos, Brazil .
authors.forename: Clovis Wesley Oliveira
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: 1 Optics Group from São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP) , São Carlos, Brazil .
authors.forename: Vanderlei Salvador
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Bagnato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003474:Curcumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000382:microbiology*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; D003474:Curcumin; D002710:Chlorhexidine