title: Safety Considerations in the Use of Ketorolac for Postoperative Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketorolac use has significantly expanded for postoperative pain management since it first became available in the United States, primarily due to well established effects on patient pain scores and its ability to reduce perioperative opioid requirements. As an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, ketorolac use has raised clinical concern including particular controversy regarding its potential effects on bone healing, postoperative kidney function and perioperative bleeding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the supporting data from clinical studies addressing the safety of ketorolac use for postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review highlights the most up-to-date research from clinical trials as well as from retrospective studies and meta-analyses regarding the effects of perioperative use of ketorolac on bone healing, kidney function and blood loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the most up-to-date literature, ketorolac in normal doses has been demonstrated to be safe with respect to bone healing. In patients with normal kidney function, numerous studies have established the safety of Ketorolac; however other studies have raised safety concerns in patients with comorbid kidney, heart and liver disease. While there is evidence that ketorolac may cause prolonged bleeding time and may be associated with increased postoperative blood loss after tonsillectomy, large scale prospective randomized controlled trials and subsequent meta-analyses have failed to establish an association of ketorolac use and perioperative blood loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative administration of ketorolac has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in healthy patients and is particularly beneficial as an opioid-sparing agent in vulnerable patient groups. However, in certain surgical and medical contexts, proper patient selection based on the multidisciplinary collaboration between perioperative clinician specialists will optimize patient safety and pain management outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine - Anesthesiology, New Haven, CT,. United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maslin
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipana
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Gopal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kodumudi
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020910:Ketorolac
keywords: Ketorolac; non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug; postoperative pain; toradol