title: Effects of Inonotus hispidus Extracts and Compounds on Human Immunocompetent Cells.
abstract: Inonotus hispidusis used as a traditional medicine in China. Previous investigations revealed promising immunomodulatory activity of fruit body extracts ofI. hispidus. Bioactivity-guided fractionation showed that hispolon and hispidin were active substances.In this study, we analysed the effects ofI. hispidusextract and selected constituents on different types of human immune cells and investigated the potential ofI. hispidusextract as a medicinal mushroom. The influence ofI. hispidusextract on activity and maturation of human T cells, purified natural killer cells, and dendritic cells was analysed using cytometric-based surface marker expression. The cell division characteristics of the activated T cells were assessed by membrane permeable dye, and the function of natural killer cells was investigated by a degranulation CD107a assay. Apoptosis induction was assessed by surface staining of phosphatidylserine, and camptothecin and cyclosporine A were used individually as controls. Phytochemical analysis, using TLC chromatograms and HPLC analysis, was conducted to characterise theI. hispidusextract.I. hispidusextract increased the activation and diminished the proliferation of activated human T cells in the presence of apoptosis. Natural killer cell activity and function were dose-dependently increased. Surface marker expression of dendritic cells demonstrated thatI. hispidusextract has the potential to induce maturation. TLC and HPLC analyses showed that the extract contained hispidin and hispolon. Investigations using hispidin and hispolon demonstrated similar, albeit noncongruent, results with extracts on measured parameters.The results indicate that extracts fromI. hispidusand their constituents, hispidin and hispolon, interfere with the function of multiple immune cells, thus providing a rationale for their potential as a medicinal mushroom.
authors.affiliation: Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gründemann
authors.affiliation: Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnhold
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bäcker
authors.affiliation: Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-Käufer
authors.affiliation: Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grunewald
authors.affiliation: Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steinborn
authors.affiliation: Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Amy Marisa
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Klemd
authors.affiliation: ABNOBA GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Radim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.affiliation: Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lindequist
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000737:chemistry*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D002396:Catechols; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011753:Pyrones; C103442:hispolon; C007946:hispidin