title: Cardiac Sarcoidosis.
abstract: Clinically manifest cardiac involvement occurs in perhaps 5% of patients with sarcoidosis. The 3 principal manifestations of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) are conduction abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure. An estimated 20% to 25% of patients with pulmonary/systemic sarcoidosis have asymptomatic cardiac involvement (clinically silent disease). In 2014, the first international guideline for the diagnosis and management of CS was published. In patients with clinically manifest CS, the extent of left ventricular dysfunction seems to be the most important predictor of prognosis. There is controversy in published reports as to the outcome of patients with clinically silent CS. Despite a paucity of data, immunosuppression therapy (primarily with corticosteroids) has been advocated for the treatment of clinically manifest CS. Device therapy, primarily with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, is often recommended for patients with clinically manifest disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: dbirnie@ottawaheart.ca.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Birnie
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Pablo B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.affiliation: Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rob S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Beanlands
mesh_terms: D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011379:Prognosis; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: atrioventricular block; clinically manifest; clinically silent; heart failure; sudden cardiac death; ventricular arrhythmias