title: Performance of Eleven Simplified Methods for the Identification of Elevated Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.
abstract: The identification of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents relies on complex percentile tables. The present study compares the performance of 11 simplified methods for assessing elevated or high BP in children and adolescents using individual-level data from 7 countries. Data on BP were available for a total of 58 899 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years from 7 national surveys in China, India, Iran, Korea, Poland, Tunisia, and the United States. Performance of the simplified methods for screening elevated or high BP was assessed with receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. When pooling individual data from the 7 countries, all 11 simplified methods performed well in screening high BP, with high area under the curve values (0.84-0.98), high sensitivity (0.69-1.00), high specificity (0.87-1.00), and high negative predictive values (≥0.98). However, positive predictive value was low for most simplified methods, but reached ≈0.90 for each of the 3 methods, including sex- and age-specific BP references (at the 95th percentile of height), the formula for BP references (at the 95th percentile of height), and the simplified method relying on a child's absolute height. These findings were found independently of sex, age, and geographical location. Similar results were found for simplified methods for screening elevated BP. In conclusion, all 11 simplified methods performed well for identifying high or elevated BP in children and adolescents, but 3 methods performed best and may be most useful for screening purposes.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Chuanwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kelishadi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bovet
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nawarycz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzywińska-Wiewiorowska
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Hajer
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aounallah-Skhiri
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Xin'nan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Mohammad Esmaeil
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Motlagh
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Hae Soon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Vaman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krzyżaniak
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Habiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ben Romdhane
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heshmat
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Shashi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiplonkar
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stawińska-Witoszyńska
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Jalila
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: El Ati
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qorbani
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kajale
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Traissac
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ostrowska-Nawarycz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Gelayol
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ardalan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Lavanya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.).
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (C.M., B.X.); Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.K., G.A.); Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Y.M.H., H.S.K.); Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.B.); Growth and Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, India (A. Khadilkar, V.K., S.C., N.K., L.P.); Department of Biophysics, Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland (T.N., L.O.-N.); Department of Epidemiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (M.K.-W., A. Krzyżaniak, B.S.-W.); National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Tunis, Tunisia (H.A.-S.); Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China (X.Z.); Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran (M.E.M.); Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia (H.B.R.); Department of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (R.H.); Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit (SURVEN), National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia (J.E.A.); Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran (M.Q.); Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR NUTRIPASS IRD-UM-SupAgro, Montpellier, France (P.T.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (M.Z.). xibo2007@126.com xibo2010@sdu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D000067576:Child Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: adolescents; children; epidemiology; high blood pressure; hypertension; methodology