title: The Relationship between Allostatic Load and Psychosocial Characteristics among Women Veterans.
abstract: Allostatic load (AL) is a novel perspective for examining the damaging effects of stress on health and disease. Women veterans represent an understudied yet vulnerable subgroup of women with increased reports of traumatic stressors across their lifespan. AL has not been examined in this group. This study hypothesized that reports of sexual assault in childhood, civilian life, or in the military by women veterans was associated with AL and selected psychosocial measures. We also hypothesized that AL scores are positively associated with psychosocial characteristics.
  
  
  
  Using a cross-sectional design, psychosocial and physiological data were obtained from women veterans (n = 81; 24-70 years old).
  
  
  
  The AL score was 3.03 ± 2.36 and positively associated with age (p = .001). There was a trend for higher pain scores for women with an AL score of 2 or greater compared with those with an AL score of less than 2. There were significant differences in the Somatic Subscale of the Center for Epidemiological Depression Scale among the sexual assault categories with increasing scores among women reporting sexual assault in childhood, military, and civilian life (p = .049). The scores of the Profile of Mood States Depression/Dejection Subscale (p = .015), the Post-Traumatic Checklist- Military (p = .002), and the Pain Outcome Questionnaire (p = .001) were associated with sexual assault categories in a dose-response fashion.
  
  
  
  AL was associated positively with age, and sexual assault categories were associated with increased somatization, depressed mood, posttraumatic symptoms and pain. Assessing both AL and sexual trauma are critical for preventing and managing the subsequent negative health consequences among women veterans.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida. Electronic address: tbeckie@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Beckie
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Allyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Nursing, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Maureen W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Groer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D052636:Allostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*