title: Enzymatic Activity of Glutathione S-Transferase and Dental Fluorosis Among Children Receiving Two Different Levels of Naturally Fluoridated Water.
abstract: This study was conducted to measure the activity of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in saliva and to compare the activity of this enzyme in children with and without dental fluorosis in communities with different concentrations of naturally fluoridated water. A total of 141 schoolchildren participated in this cross-sectional study. Children were selected from two communities: one with a low (0.4 ppm) and the other with a high (1.8 ppm) water fluoride concentration. Dental fluorosis was evaluated by applying the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) criteria. Stimulated saliva was obtained, and fluoride concentration and GST activity were measured. The GST activity was compared among children with different levels of dental fluorosis using multinomial logistic regression models and odds ratios (OR). The mean age of the children was 10.6 (±1.03) years. Approximately half of the children showed dental fluorosis (52.5 %). The average GST activity was 0.5678 (±0.1959) nmol/min/μg. A higher concentration of fluoride in the saliva was detected in children with a higher GST activity (p = 0.039). A multinomial logistic regression model used to evaluate the GST activity and the dental fluorosis score identified a strong association between TFI = 2-3 (OR = 15.44, p = 0.007) and TFI ≥ 4 (OR = 55.40, p = 0.026) and the GST activity level, compared with children showing TFI = 0-1, adjusted for age and sex. Schoolchildren with higher levels of dental fluorosis and a higher fluoride concentration in the saliva showed greater GST activity. The increased GST activity most likely was the result of the body's need to inactivate free radicals produced by exposure to fluoride.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Irvin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonola-Gallardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico. meirigo@correo.xoc.uam.mx.
authors.forename: María Esther
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Irigoyen-Camacho
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vera-Robles
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campero
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez-Quiroz
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005457:Fluoridation; D005459:Fluorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; C000606290:SOD1 protein, human; D002374:Catalase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Dental fluorosis; Fluorides; Glutathione S-transferase; Oxidative stress; Saliva