title: The effects of video modeling in teaching functional living skills to persons with ASD: A meta-analysis of single-case studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show deficits in functional living skills, leading to low independence, limited community involvement, and poor quality of life. With development of mobile devices, utilizing video modeling has become more feasible for educators to promote functional living skills of individuals with ASD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article aims to review the single-case experimental literature and aggregate results across studies involving the use of video modeling to improve functional living skills of individuals with ASD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors extracted data from single-case experimental studies and evaluated them using the Tau-U effect size measure. Effects were also differentiated by categories of potential moderators and other variables, including age of participants, concomitant diagnoses, types of video modeling, and outcome measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicate that video modeling interventions are overall moderately effective with this population and dependent measures. While significant differences were not found between categories of moderators and other variables, effects were found to be at least moderate for most of them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is apparent that more single-case experiments are needed in this area, particularly with preschool and secondary-school aged participants, participants with ASD-only and those with high-functioning ASD, and for video modeling interventions addressing community access skills.
authors.affiliation: University of Tsukuba, Japan. Electronic address: irehong@human.tsukuba.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ee Rea
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ganz
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, United States.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, United States.
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, United States.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, United States. Electronic address: jenno4@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ninci
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at San Antonio, United States.
authors.forename: Leslie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Neely
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, United States.
authors.forename: Margot B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Boles
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, United States.
authors.forename: Whitney D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gilliland
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000193:education*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Effect sizes; Functional living skills; Meta-analytic review; Single-case research; Video modeling