title: Turning waste medicines to cost savings: A pilot study on the feasibility of medication recycling as a solution to drug wastage.
abstract: Unused medicines represent a major source of wastage in healthcare systems around the world. Previous studies have suggested the potential cost savings from recycling the waste medicines. However, issues of product safety and integrity often deter healthcare institutions from recycling donated medications.
  
  
  
  To evaluate the feasibility of medication recycling and to assess the actual cost savings from recycling waste medicines and whether reusability of waste medicines differed among various drug classes and donor sources.
  
  
  
  Donated medications from hospitals, private medical clinics and patients were collected and assessed using a medication recycling protocol in a hospice care setting from November 2013 through January 2014. Costs were calculated using a reference pricing list from a public hospital.
  
  
  
  A total of 244 donations, amounting to 20,759 dosage units, were collected during the study period. Most donations (90.8%) were reusable, providing a total of S$5266 in cost savings. Less than 2 h daily was spent by a single pharmacy technician on the sorting and distributing processes. Medications donated by health facilities were thrice more likely to be reusable than those by patients (odds ratio = 3.614, 95% confidence interval = 3.127, 4.176). Medications belonging to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical class G (0.0%), H (8.2%) and L (30.0%) were the least reusable.
  
  
  
  Most donated medications were reusable. The current protocol can be further streamlined to focus on the more reusable donor sources and drug classes and validated in other settings. Overall, we opine that it is feasible to practise medication recycling on a larger scale to reduce medication wastage.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ming Ren
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Toh
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.|2 Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lita
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chew
mesh_terms: D017046:Cost Savings / Q000191:economics*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010865:Pilot Projects; D059027:Recycling
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Cost savings; healthcare costs; medication recycling; waste medicines