title: CAIPIRINHA-accelerated T1w 3D-FLASH for small-bowel MR imaging in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease: assessment of image quality and diagnostic performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The "Controlled Aliasing In Parallel Imaging Results In Higher Acceleration" (CAPIRINHA) technique greatly accelerates T1w 3D fast low angle shot (FLASH) scans while maintaining high image quality. We studied image quality and conspicuity of inflammatory lesions on CAIPIRINHA-accelerated imaging for pediatric small-bowel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four consecutive patients (mean 14±3 years, 18 girls) underwent small-bowel MRI (MR enterography, MRE) at 1.5 T including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), contrast-enhanced CAIPIRINHA 3D-FLASH and standard 2D-FLASH imaging. Crohn's disease (CD) was confirmed in 26 patients, 18 patients served as control. Independent blinded readings were performed for grading of image quality and conspicuity of CD lesions on CAIPIRINHA FLASH and standard FLASH images in comparison to a reference standard comprising imaging and endoscopic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CAIPIRINHA FLASH yielded significantly higher image quality with good inter-observer agreement (κ=0.68) and showed better visual delineation in 40% of the assessed bowel lesions, as compared to standard FLASH. There was full agreement for identification of CD patients between CAIPIRINHA and standard FLASH. CAIPIRINHA FLASH detected two small-bowel lesions that were not seen on standard FLASH. DWI revealed additional inflammatory lesions inconspicuous on contrast-enhanced imaging. MRE showed an overall diagnostic accuracy of 93%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present first evidence that CAIPIRINHA greatly accelerates T1w imaging in paediatric MRE without trade-off in image quality or lesion conspicuity and is thus preferable to standard FLASH imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mengxia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany. neubauer_h@ukw.de.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hassold
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bley
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köstler
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neubauer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011786:Quality Control; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: CAIPIRINHA; Crohn’s disease; FLASH; pediatrics; small-bowel MRI