title: Socioeconomic constraints on the technological choices in rural sewage treatment.
abstract: Technological innovation is one of the potential engines to mitigate environmental pollution. However, the implementation of new technologies sometimes fails owing to socioeconomic constraints from different stakeholders. Thus, it is essential to analyze constraints of environmental technologies in order to build a pathway for their implementation. In this study, taking three technologies on rural sewage treatment in Hangzhou, China as a case study, i.e., wastewater treatment plant (WTP), constructed wetland (CW), and biogas system, we analyzed how socioeconomic constraints affect the technological choices. Results showed that socioeconomic constraints play a key role through changing the relative opportunity cost of inputs from government as compared to that of residents to deliver the public good-sewage treatment-under different economic levels. Economic level determines the technological choice, and the preferred sewage treatment technologies change from biogas system to CW and further to WTP along with the increase of economic level. Mismatch of technological choice and economic level results in failures of rural sewage treatment, e.g., the CW only work well in moderately developed regions in Hangzhou. This finding expands the environmental Kuznets law by introducing the coproduction theory into analysis (i.e., inputs from both government and residents are essential for the delivery of public goods and services such as good environmental quality). A match between technology and socioeconomic conditions is essential to the environmental governance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.|Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Baojing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Guanghua Law School, Zhejiang University, 51 Zhijiang Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China. fanlc@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liangcong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: College of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zechun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.affiliation: Hangzhou Environmental Protection Bureau, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingshan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: College of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Steffanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D012424:Rural Population; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Coproduction theory; Economic development; Environmental governance; Opportunity cost; Polycentric governance; Rural pollution