title: Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and Plasmodium falciparum parasites in asymptomatic school children living in southern Ghana.
abstract: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked genetic disorder that results in impaired enzyme activity. Although G6PD deficiency is globally distributed it is more prevalent in malaria-endemic countries. Several mutations have been identified in the G6PD gene, which alter enzyme activity. The G6PD genotype predominantly found in sub-Saharan Africa is the G6PDB (G6PD376A) with (G6PD376G) and G6PDA- (G6PD376G/202A, G6PD376G/542T, G6PD376G/680T and G6PD376G/968C) occurring at lower frequencies.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriage in children living in southern Ghana and determine whether G6PD deficiency influences asymptomatic carriage of P. falciparum parasites.
  
  
  
  Blood samples were obtained once a month from 170 healthy Ghanaian school children aged between 5 and 12 years from Basic schools in two communities Obom and Abura with similar rainfall patterns and malaria peak seasons. G6PD enzyme activity was assessed using the qualitative G6PD RDT kit (AccessBIO). G6PD genotyping and asymptomatic parasite carriage was determined by PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of DNA extracted from dried blood spots.
  
  
  
  The only sub-Saharan G6PD A- allele detected was the A376G/G202A found in 12.4 % (21/170), of the children and distributed as 4.1 % (7/170) A-, 1.8 % (3/170) A-/A- homozygous deficient males and females and 6.5 % (11/170) A/A- and B/A- heterozygous deficient females. Phenotypically, 10.6 % (15/142) of the children were G6PD deficient. The asymptomatic carriage of P. falciparum by PCR was 50, 29.4, 38.2 and 38.8 % over the months of February through May 2015, respectively, and 28.8, 22.4, 25.9 and 5.9 % by microscopy during the same periods.
  
  
  
  G6PD deficiency was significantly associated with a lowered risk of PCR-estimated asymptomatic P. falciparum carriage in children during the off peak malaria season in Southern Ghana.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. lamoah@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Linda Eva
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Amoah
authors.affiliation: Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Akua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opong
authors.affiliation: Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.|Ghana Health Service, Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayanful-Torgby
authors.affiliation: Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abankwa
authors.affiliation: Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Festus K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Acquah
mesh_terms: D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005955:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students
chemical_list: D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase
keywords: ELISA; G6PD; Genotyping; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum; Primaquine; RFLP