title: The Riemerella anatipestifer AS87_01735 Gene Encodes Nicotinamidase PncA, an Important Virulence Factor.
abstract: Riemerella anatipestifer is a major bacterial pathogen that causes septicemic and exudative diseases in domestic ducks. In our previous study, we found that deletion of the AS87_01735 gene significantly decreased the bacterial virulence of R. anatipestifer strain Yb2 (mutant RA625). The AS87_01735 gene was predicted to encode a nicotinamidase (PncA), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which is an important reaction in the NAD(+) salvage pathway. In this study, the AS87_01735 gene was expressed and identified as the PncA-encoding gene, using an enzymatic assay. Western blot analysis demonstrated that R. anatipestifer PncA was localized to the cytoplasm. The mutant strain RA625 (named Yb2ΔpncA in this study) showed a similar growth rate but decreased NAD(+) quantities in both the exponential and stationary phases in tryptic soy broth culture, compared with the wild-type strain Yb2. In addition, Yb2ΔpncA-infected ducks showed much lower bacterial loads in their blood, and no visible histological changes were observed in the heart, liver, and spleen. Furthermore, Yb2ΔpncA immunization of ducks conferred effective protection against challenge with the virulent wild-type strain Yb2. Our results suggest that the R. anatipestifer AS87_01735 gene encodes PncA, which is an important virulence factor, and that the Yb2ΔpncA mutant can be used as a novel live vaccine candidate.
  
  
  
  Riemerella anatipestifer is reported worldwide as a cause of septicemic and exudative diseases of domestic ducks. The pncA gene encodes a nicotinamidase (PncA), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which is an important reaction in the NAD(+) salvage pathway. In this study, we identified and characterized the pncA-homologous gene AS87_01735 in R. anatipestifer strain Yb2. R. anatipestifer PncA is a cytoplasmic protein that possesses similar PncA activity, compared with other organisms. Generation of the pncA mutant Yb2ΔpncA led to a decrease in the NAD(+) content, which was associated with decreased capacity for invasion and attenuated virulence in ducks. Furthermore, Yb2ΔpncA immunization of ducks conferred effective protection against challenge with the virulent wild-type strain Yb2. Altogether, these results suggest that PncA contributes to the virulence of R. anatipestifer and that the Yb2ΔpncA mutant can be used as a novel live vaccine candidate.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaolan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yafeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongjie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shaohui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China yus@shvri.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Shengqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D004372:Ducks; D045826:Flavobacteriaceae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007114:Immunization / Q000662:veterinary; D009535:Nicotinamidase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D060494:Riemerella / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D037521:Virulence Factors; D009535:Nicotinamidase