title: A Theoretical Study of 8-Chloro-9-Hydroxy-Aflatoxin B₁, the Conversion Product of Aflatoxin B₁ by Neutral Electrolyzed Water.
abstract: Theoretical studies of 8-chloro-9-hydroxy-aflatoxin B₁ (2) were carried out by Density Functional Theory (DFT). This molecule is the reaction product of the treatment of aflatoxin B₁ (1) with hypochlorous acid, from neutral electrolyzed water. Determination of the structural, electronic and spectroscopic properties of the reaction product allowed its theoretical characterization. In order to elucidate the formation process of 2, two reaction pathways were evaluated-the first one considering only ionic species (Cl⁺ and OH(-)) and the second one taking into account the entire hypochlorous acid molecule (HOCl). Both pathways were studied theoretically in gas and solution phases. In the first suggested pathway, the reaction involves the addition of chlorenium ion to 1 forming a non-classic carbocation assisted by anchimeric effect of the nearest aromatic system, and then a nucleophilic attack to the intermediate by the hydroxide ion. In the second studied pathway, as a first step, the attack of the double bond from the furanic moiety of 1 to the hypochlorous acid is considered, accomplishing the same non-classical carbocation, and again in the second step, a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide ion. In order to validate both reaction pathways, the atomic charges, the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital were obtained for both substrate and product. The corresponding data imply that the C₉ atom is the more suitable site of the substrate to interact with the hydroxide ion. It was demonstrated by theoretical calculations that a vicinal and anti chlorohydrin is produced in the terminal furan ring. Data of the studied compound indicate an important reduction in the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the target molecule, as demonstrated previously by our research group using different in vitro assays.
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 1. Chemical Sciences Department, Cuautitlan Izcalli, C. P. 54740, Mexico. renegerardo.escobedo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Escobedo-González
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico. albores@unam.mx.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Méndez-Albores
authors.affiliation: Esteripharma SA de CV. Atlacomulco 50450, Mexico. tvillarreal@esteripharma.com.mx.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Villarreal-Barajas
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 1. Chemical Sciences Department, Cuautitlan Izcalli, C. P. 54740, Mexico. juanmanuel.is.acevesh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aceves-Hernández
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 1. Chemical Sciences Department, Cuautitlan Izcalli, C. P. 54740, Mexico. mirruv@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miranda-Ruvalcaba
authors.affiliation: UNAM-FESC. Campus 1. Chemical Sciences Department, Cuautitlan Izcalli, C. P. 54740, Mexico. nicovain@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nicolás-Vázquez
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D004572:Electrolysis; D005740:Gases; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012996:Solutions; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C580740:8-chloro-9-hydroxy aflatoxin B1; D000348:Aflatoxins; D005740:Gases; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid
keywords: 8-chloro-9-hydroxy-aflatoxin B1; B3LYP; Density Functional Theory (DFT); OSIRIS-Property-Explorer; aflatoxin B1; neutral electrolyzed water; quantum chemistry