title: Impact of South Asian Ethnicity on Long-Term Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery: A Large Population-Based Propensity Matched Study.
abstract: Ethnicity is an important predictor of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) outcomes. South Asians (SA), one of the largest ethnic groups with a high burden of cardiovascular disease, are hypothesized to have inferior outcomes after CABG compared to other ethnic groups. Given the paucity and controversy of literature in this area, the objective of this study was to examine the impact of SA versus the general population (GP) on long-term outcomes following CABG.
  
  
  
  Using administrative databases and a surname algorithm, 83 850 patients (SA: 2653, GP: 81 197) who underwent isolated CABG in Ontario, Canada from 1996 to 2007 were identified; mean follow-up was 9.1±3.9 years. SA were younger (SA: 61.7±9.4, GP: 64.1±10.0 years, standardized difference=0.25) with more cardiac risk factors, including diabetes (SA: 54.1%, GP: 34.9%, standardized difference =0.40). Propensity-score matching resulted in 2473 matched pairs between SA and GP with all baseline covariates being balanced (standardized difference <0.1). Being a SA compared to the GP was protective against freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, defined by all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or coronary reintervention: Adjusted Cox-proportional hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI (0.83-0.99), adjusted-P=0.04; this was also true for freedom from all-cause mortality: hazard ratio 0.81, 95% CI (0.72-0.91), adjusted P=0.0004. The adjusted proportion of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events was lower in the SA (SA: 34.7%, GP: 37.8%, McNemar P=0.03), driven largely by all-cause mortality (SA: 20.4%, GA: 24.3%, McNemar P=0.001).
  
  
  
  Contrary to existing notions, our study finds that being a SA is protective with respect to freedom from long-term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and mortality after CABG. More studies are required to corroborate and explore causal factors of these findings.
authors.affiliation: Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Saswata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deb
authors.affiliation: Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dennis T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mazer
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada stephen.fremes@sunnybrook.ca.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fremes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000208:ethnology; D002423:Cause of Death; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000601:surgery*; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009390:Nepal / Q000208:ethnology; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010154:Pakistan / Q000208:ethnology; D057216:Propensity Score; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000208:ethnology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People
keywords: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; ethnicity; morbidity/mortality; outcomes research; population studies; propensity score