title: Numerical observer for atherosclerotic plaque classification in spectral computed tomography.
abstract: Spectral computed tomography (SCT) generates better image quality than conventional computed tomography (CT). It has overcome several limitations for imaging atherosclerotic plaque. However, the literature evaluating the performance of SCT based on objective image assessment is very limited for the task of discriminating plaques. We developed a numerical-observer method and used it to assess performance on discrimination vulnerable-plaque features and compared the performance among multienergy CT (MECT), dual-energy CT (DECT), and conventional CT methods. Our numerical observer was designed to incorporate all spectral information and comprised two-processing stages. First, each energy-window domain was preprocessed by a set of localized channelized Hotelling observers (CHO). In this step, the spectral image in each energy bin was decorrelated using localized prewhitening and matched filtering with a set of Laguerre-Gaussian channel functions. Second, the series of the intermediate scores computed from all the CHOs were integrated by a Hotelling observer with an additional prewhitening and matched filter. The overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were obtained, yielding an overall discrimination performance metric. The performance of our new observer was evaluated for the particular binary classification task of differentiating between alternative plaque characterizations in carotid arteries. A clinically realistic model of signal variability was also included in our simulation of the discrimination tasks. The inclusion of signal variation is a key to applying the proposed observer method to spectral CT data. Hence, the task-based approaches based on the signal-known-exactly/background-known-exactly (SKE/BKE) framework and the clinical-relevant signal-known-statistically/background-known-exactly (SKS/BKE) framework were applied for analytical computation of figures of merit (FOM). Simulated data of a carotid-atherosclerosis patient were used to validate our methods. We used an extended cardiac-torso anthropomorphic digital phantom and three simulated plaque types (i.e., calcified plaque, fatty-mixed plaque, and iodine-mixed blood). The images were reconstructed using a standard filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm for all the acquisition methods and were applied to perform two different discrimination tasks of: (1) calcified plaque versus fatty-mixed plaque and (2) calcified plaque versus iodine-mixed blood. MECT outperformed DECT and conventional CT systems for all cases of the SKE/BKE and SKS/BKE tasks (all [Formula: see text]). On average of signal variability, MECT yielded the SNR improvements over other acquisition methods in the range of 46.8% to 65.3% (all [Formula: see text]) for FBP-Ramp images and 53.2% to 67.7% (all [Formula: see text]) for FBP-Hanning images for both identification tasks. This proposed numerical observer combined with our signal variability framework is promising for assessing material characterization obtained through the additional energy-dependent attenuation information of SCT. These methods can be further extended to other clinical tasks such as kidney or urinary stone identification applications.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, 55 Fruit Street, White 427, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States; Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States.
authors.forename: Auranuch
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorsakul
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, 55 Fruit Street, White 427, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Georges El
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fakhri
authors.affiliation: PhotoDiagnostic System Inc. , 85 Swanson Road, Boxborough, Massachusetts 01719, United States.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Worstell
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, 55 Fruit Street, White 427, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, 55 Fruit Street, White 427, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States; Chulalongkorn University, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Yothin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rakvongthai
authors.affiliation: Columbia University , Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, New York 10027, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, 55 Fruit Street, White 427, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States; Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Quanzheng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: channelized Hotelling observer; classification task; image quality assessment; numerical observer; plaque imaging; spectral computed tomography