title: Monoaxial external fixation of the calcaneus: An anatomical study assessing the safety of monoaxial pin insertion.
abstract: The use of external fixation for intra-articular calcaneal fractures is increasing in popularity. Studies have shown fine wire and monoaxial external fixation to be a viable surgical alternative to more invasive methods of open reduction and internal fixation of the calcaneus. However, there is an absence of literature that quantifies the risk of pin insertion for monoaxial fixation. This study aimed to determine the safety of inserting monoaxial pins within the calcaneus to house the Orthofix Calcaneal Mini-Fixator. Five formalin embalmed cadaveric ankle and lower leg specimens were inserted with six monoaxial pins. Careful dissection then revealed the presence of the tendons of peroneus longus and brevis, the sural nerve and the small saphenous vein in relation to these pins. Measurements from each pin to each of these structures were made as the structures transected lines drawn from each pin to two palpable bony landmarks: the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus and the posterosuperior calcaneus. In doing this, the risk posed by each pin could be evaluated. We found that two particular pins, those used to hold the articular surface of the subtalar joint in a reduced position, posed a larger risk of injury to surrounding structures than the remaining pins. These findings therefore suggest that monoaxial fixation of the calcaneus using a six pin approach is a relatively safe method of rectifying calcaneal fractures and thus may serve as a welcome alternative to other methods of calcaneal fixation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Thomson Building, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Univeristy of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Callum M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Thomson Building, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Univeristy of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esparon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Anatomy, Thomson Building, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Univeristy of Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: Paul.Rea@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jamal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001858:Bone Nails; D001864:Bone Wires; D002102:Cadaver; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016267:External Fixators; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: Calcaneus; External fixation; Heel fractures; Monoaxial; Safe-Zone; Surgical procedures