title: Changes in Income at Macro Level Predict Sex Ratio at Birth in OECD Countries.
abstract: The human sex ratio at birth (SRB) is approximately 107 boys for every 100 girls. SRB was rising until the World War II and has been declining slightly after the 1950s in several industrial countries. Recent studies have shown that SRB varies according to exposure to disasters and socioeconomic conditions. However, it remains unknown whether changes in SRB can be explained by observable macro-level socioeconomic variables across multiple years and countries. Here we show that changes in disposable income at the macro level positively predict SRB in OECD countries. A one standard deviation increase in the change of disposable income is associated with an increase of 1.03 male births per 1000 female births. The relationship is possibly nonlinear and driven by extreme changes. The association varies from country to country being particular strong in Estonia. This is the first evidence to show that economic and social conditions are connected to SRB across countries at the macro level. This calls for further research on the effects of societal conditions on general characteristics at birth.
authors.affiliation: Labour Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ohto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kanninen
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Aleksi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-7084
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karhula
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D018803:Models, Economic; D066150:Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development / Q000191:economics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012744:Sex Ratio; D013997:Time Factors