title: Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review.
abstract: Nicotine dependence accounts for significant mortality, morbidity, and socio-economic burdens. It remains a significant public health concern since it is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide and of preventable deaths in developed countries. Despite the availability of approved medications to treat nicotine dependence, along with cognitive behavioral therapy, only 6% of the total number of smokers who report wanting to quit each year are successful in doing so for more than a month mostly with poor abstinence rates. Urgent therapeutic alternatives are therefore needed such as neurostimulation techniques. The purpose of this review is to describe studies that have evaluated the safety and efficacy of these techniques for the treatment of nicotine dependence.
  
  
  
  The electronic literature on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, theta-burst stimulation, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, cranial electro-stimulation, and deep brain stimulation in the treatment of nicotine addiction were reviewed.
  
  
  
  Most of these studies found that some of these neurostimulation techniques are safe and potentially effective in the reduction of craving to nicotine as well as in the reduction of cigarette consumption.
  
  
  
  Given the promising results of some of the studies particularly with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, theta-burst stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and, possibly, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation, future controlled studies with larger samples, and optimal stimulus parameters should be designed to confirm these findings. (Am J Addict 2016;25:436-451).
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fady
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rachid
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods