title: A delta-opioid receptor genetic variant is associated with abstinence prior to and during cocaine dependence treatment.
abstract: An intronic polymorphism in the delta-opioid receptor gene (OPRD1) was previously associated with cocaine dependence in African-Americans. However, it is not known if the polymorphism (rs678849) is associated with dependence-related phenotypes within the cocaine dependent population.
  
  
  
  Cocaine and alcohol dependent subjects were randomized to either topiramate or placebo. Abstinence from cocaine use was confirmed by urine drug screens for benzoylecgonine three times per week. Cocaine withdrawal and craving were assessed at randomization using the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA) and Minnesota Cocaine Craving Scale (MCCS), respectively. Subjects were also interviewed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Genotype at rs678849 was determined for 105 African-American subjects and compared to cocaine abstinence, as well as scores for CSSA, MCCS, and ASI.
  
  
  
  African-American patients with the C/T or T/T genotypes (n=40) were more likely to be abstinent at the first urine drug screen and more likely to be abstinent for the week prior to randomization compared to patients with the C/C genotype (n=65). Subjects carrying the T allele were also more likely to have abstinent weeks over the course of the trial compared to those with the C/C genotype (RR=1.88, 95% CI=1.59-2.22, p=0.0035). No effects of rs678849 genotype on withdrawal, craving, or addiction severity were observed.
  
  
  
  A polymorphism in OPRD1 appears to be associated with both cocaine dependence and cocaine use during treatment in African-Americans. Follow-up studies to confirm the effect on cocaine use are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. Electronic address: crist@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Crist
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Treatment Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kampman
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Berrettini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000235:genetics* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000483:Alleles; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000235:genetics*; D013695:Temperance; D000077236:Topiramate
chemical_list: C529706:OPRD1 protein, human; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose
keywords: Addiction; Cocaine; Delta-opioid receptor; Dependence; Genetics