title: Ongoing impairments following transient ischaemic attack: retrospective cohort study.
abstract: Clinical management after transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is focused on stroke prevention; however, a number of small studies suggest that patients may experience ongoing residual impairments.
  
  
  
  This was a retrospective matched-cohort study using anonymized electronic primary care records from The Health Improvement Network database, which covers approximately 6% of the UK population. Adults (≥ 18 years old) who experienced a first TIA between 2009 and 2013 were matched in a ratio of 1:5 to controls by age, sex and general practice. The time to first consultation for fatigue, psychological impairment or cognitive impairment was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survivor functions and adjusted hazard ratios.
  
  
  
  A total of 9419 TIA patients and 46 511 controls were included. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that TIA patients were more likely than controls to consult for all three impairments (P < 0.0001). Within 7.1 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 6.2-8.2), 25% of TIA patients consulted for psychological impairment compared with 23.5 months (95% CI, 22.5-24.6) for controls. Hazard ratios for TIA patients were 1.43 (95% CI, 1.33-1.54) for consulting for fatigue, 1.26 (95% CI, 1.20-1.31) for psychological impairment and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.28-1.65) for cognitive impairment.
  
  
  
  Transient ischaemic attack is associated with significantly increased subsequent consultation for fatigue, psychological impairment and cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that impairments exist after initial symptoms of TIA have resolved, which should be considered by clinicians when treating TIA patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. g.turner.1@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Feltham
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*
keywords: UK; anxiety; cognitive impairment; depression; fatigue; primary care database; transient ischemic attack