title: Online and Offline Performance Gains Following Motor Imagery Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies.
abstract: There is now compelling evidence that motor imagery (MI) promotes motor learning. While MI has been shown to influence the early stages of the learning process, recent data revealed that sleep also contributes to the consolidation of the memory trace. How such "online" and "offline" processes take place and how they interact to impact the neural underpinnings of movements has received little attention. The aim of the present review is twofold: (i) providing an overview of recent applied and fundamental studies investigating the effects of MI practice (MIP) on motor learning; and (ii) detangling applied and fundamental findings in support of a sleep contribution to motor consolidation after MIP. We conclude with an integrative approach of online and offline learning resulting from intense MIP in healthy participants, and underline research avenues in the motor learning/clinical domains.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Rienzo
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire de Neurologie et d'Imagerie Cognitive, Université de GenèveGeneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Debarnot
authors.affiliation: INSERM U821, Département MEG, CERMEP Imagerie Du Vivant Bron, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daligault
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saruco
authors.affiliation: INSERM U821, Département MEG, CERMEP Imagerie Du Vivant Bron, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delpuech
authors.affiliation: Unité de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle, Département de Psychologie, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doyon
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Villeurbanne, France; Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France.
authors.forename: Aymeric
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guillot
keywords: cerebral plasticity; dynamic imagery; mental processes; motor consolidation; motor learning; movement imagery; sleep