title: Chemical Composition, Anticonvulsant Activity, and Toxicity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extract of Elettaria cardamomum.
abstract: Elettaria cardamomumis an aromatic spice (cardamom) native to the humid Asian areas, which contains some compounds with a potential anticonvulsant activity. Various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects have been related to this plant. This research was conducted to examine the probable protective impact of the essential oil and methanolic extract ofE. cardamomumagainst chemically (pentylentetrazole)- and electrically (maximal electroshock)-induced seizures in mice. In addition, neurotoxicity, acute lethality, and phytochemistry of the essential oil and methanolic extract were estimated. The TLC method showed the presence of kaempferol, rutin, and quercetin in the extract, and the concentration of quercetin in the extract was 0.5 µg/mL. The major compounds in the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (45.6 %),α-terpinyl acetate (33.7 %), sabinene (3.8 %), 4-terpinen-4-ol (2.4 %), and myrcene (2.2 %), respectively. The extract and essential oil showed significant neurotoxicity in the rotarod test at the doses of 1.5 g/kg and 0.75 mL/kg, respectively. No mortalities were observed up to the doses of 2 g/kg and 0.75 mL/kg for the extract and essential oil. The essential oil was effective in both the pentylentetrazole and maximal electroshock models; however, the extract was only effective in the pentylentetrazole model. The study suggested thatE. cardamomummethanolic extract had no significant lethality in mice. Both the essential oil and methanolic extract showed movement toxicity. Anticonvulsant effects ofE. cardamomumwere negligible against the seizures induced by pentylentetrazole and maximal electroshock.
authors.affiliation: Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Yaser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masoumi-Ardakani
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Univerity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandegary
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Univerity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Khadijeh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esmaeilpour
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Najafipour
authors.affiliation: Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sharififar
authors.affiliation: Central Research Laboratory, Deputy of Research, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahboobeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pakravanan
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Univerity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghazvini
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000032:analysis; D004597:Electroshock / Q000009:adverse effects; D028523:Elettaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; C509595:myrcene; C035127:sabinene; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D000432:Methanol