title: Emerging Evidence for the Importance of Dietary Protein Source on Glucoregulatory Markers and Type 2 Diabetes: Different Effects of Dairy, Meat, Fish, Egg, and Plant Protein Foods.
abstract: Observational studies provide evidence that a higher intake of protein from plant-based foods and certain animal-based foods is associated with a lower risk for type 2 diabetes. However, there are few distinguishable differences between the glucoregulatory qualities of the proteins in plant-based foods, and it is likely their numerous non-protein components (e.g., fibers and phytochemicals) that drive the relationship with type 2 diabetes risk reduction. Conversely, the glucoregulatory qualities of the proteins in animal-based foods are extremely divergent, with a higher intake of certain animal-based protein foods showing negative effects, and others showing neutral or positive effects on type 2 diabetes risk. Among the various types of animal-based protein foods, a higher intake of dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, cheese and whey protein) consistently shows a beneficial relationship with glucose regulation and/or type 2 diabetes risk reduction. Intervention studies provide evidence that dairy proteins have more potent effects on insulin and incretin secretion compared to other commonly consumed animal proteins. In addition to their protein components, such as insulinogenic amino acids and bioactive peptides, dairy products also contain a food matrix rich in calcium, magnesium, potassium, trans-palmitoleic fatty acids, and low-glycemic index sugars-all of which have been shown to have beneficial effects on aspects of glucose control, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and/or type 2 diabetes risk. Furthermore, fermentation and fortification of dairy products with probiotics and vitamin D may improve a dairy product's glucoregulatory effects.
authors.affiliation: California Dairy Research Foundation (CDRF), 501 G Street, Ste. 203, Davis, CA 95616, USA. kbcomerford@cdrf.org.
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Comerford
authors.affiliation: California Dairy Research Foundation (CDRF), 501 G Street, Ste. 203, Davis, CA 95616, USA. pasin@cdrf.org.
authors.forename: Gonca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pasin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000009:adverse effects; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004527:Egg Proteins; D029941:Fish Proteins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary
keywords: animal protein; bioactive peptides; blood glucose; dairy; insulin; milk; plant protein; protein; type 2 diabetes mellitus