title: The 'problematisation' of palliative care in hospital: an exploratory review of international palliative care policy in five countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Government policy is a fundamental component of initiating change to improve the provision of palliative care at a national level. The World Health Organisation's recognition of palliative care as a basic human right has seen many countries worldwide develop national policy in palliative and end of life care. There is increasing debate about what form comprehensive palliative care services should take, particularly in relation to the balance between acute and community based services. It is therefore timely to review how national policy positions the current and future role of the acute hospital in palliative care provision. The aim of this exploratory review is to identify the role envisaged for the acute hospital in palliative and end of life care provision in five countries with an 'advanced' level of integration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Countries were identified using the Global Atlas of Palliative Care. Policies were accessed through internet searching of government websites between October and December 2014. Using a process of thematic analysis key themes related to palliative care in hospital were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Policies from Switzerland, England, Singapore, Australia and Ireland were analysed for recurring themes. Three themes were identified: preferences for place of care and place of death outside the hospital setting, unnecessary or avoidable hospital admissions, and quality of care in hospital. No policy focused upon exploring how palliative care could be improved in the hospital setting or indeed what role the hospital may have in the provision of palliative care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palliative care policy in five countries with 'advanced' levels of palliative care integration focuses on solving the 'problems' associated with hospital as a place of palliative care and death. No positive role for hospitals in palliative care provision is envisaged. Given the rapidly increasing population of people requiring palliative care, and emerging evidence that patients themselves report benefits of hospital admissions, this area requires further investigation. In particular, a co-design approach to policy development is needed to ensure that services match the needs and wants of patients and families.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. j.robinson@auckland.ac.nz.|Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand. j.robinson@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9678-2005
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Merryn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gott
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ingleton
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D004739:England; D006291:Health Policy; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D057240:Patient Preference; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012846:Singapore; D013557:Switzerland; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
keywords: Hospital; Palliative care; Policy