title: The roles of Tenascin C and Fibronectin 1 in adhesive capsulitis: a pilot gene expression study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated mRNA expression levels of genes that encode TGF-β1; the TGF-β1 receptor; the collagen-modifying enzymes LOX, PLOD1, and PLOD2; and the extracellular matrix proteins COMP, FN1, TNC and TNXB in synovial/capsule specimens from patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. Possible associations between the measured mRNA levels and clinical parameters were also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained glenohumeral joint synovium/capsule specimens from 9 patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis who had not shown improvement in symptoms after 5 months of physiotherapy. Adhesive capsulitis was confirmed in all patients by magnetic resonance imaging. We also obtained specimens from 8 control patients who had underwent surgery for acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation and who had radiological indication of glenohumeral capsule alteration based on arthroscopic evaluation. mRNA expression in the synovium/capsule specimens was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The B2M and HPRT1 genes were used as references to normalize target gene expression in the shoulder tissue samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The synovium/capsule samples from the patients with adhesive capsulitis had significantly higher TNC and FN1 expression than those from the controls. Additionally, symptom duration directly correlated with expression of TGFβ1 receptor I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of TNC and FN1 expression may be a marker of capsule injury. Upregulation of TGFβ1 receptor I seems to be dependent on symptom duration; therefore, TGFβ signaling may be involved in adhesive capsulitis. As such, TNC, FN1 and TGFβ1 receptor I may also play roles in adhesive capsulitis by contributing to capsule inflammation and fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.|Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Disciplina de Genética, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Paulo Santoro
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Belangero
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Eduardo Antônio
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Disciplina de Genética, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília Cardoso
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Carlos Vicente
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Castro Pochini
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Moises
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ejnisman
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faloppa
mesh_terms: D000173:Acromioclavicular Joint / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002062:Bursitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000378:metabolism*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D019063:Tenascin / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D005353:Fibronectins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019063:Tenascin; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1