title: Parents, Peers, and Places: Young Urban Adolescents' Microsystems and Substance Use Involvement.
abstract: Limited research is available that explains complex contextual and interactive effects of microsystems such as family relationships, peer networks, and place-based influences have on urban adolescent substance use. We contend that research into these complex processes is improved by integrating psychological, social, and geographic data to better understand urban adolescent substance use involvement. Accordingly, we tested a longitudinal, 3-way moderation model to determine if the direct effect of teen-parent relationships on substance use involvement is moderated by peer network characteristics, which in turn is moderated by the risk and protective attributes within urban adolescents' activity spaces, among a sample of 248 adolescents. Results revealed that peer networks moderate the effects of relations with parents on substance use involvement for those adolescents with higher levels of risk attributes within their activity space, but not for those who spend time in locations with less risk. Thus, the teen-parent relationship interacts with peer net-work characteristics, for those urban adolescents whose activity space is constituted within high-risk environments. We conclude that peer networks have important interactive effects with family relationships that influence substance use, and that this is particularly salient for young adolescents who are exposed to risky environments. This finding underscores the importance of continued study into the interrelations among microsystems of urban adolescents, and provides further support that substance use is a social practice that is constituted within the unique geography of young adolescents' lives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mennis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Light
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rusby
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Westling
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crewe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Way
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flay
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Institute for Child and Family Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980489, Richmond, VA 23298-0489, USA.
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zaharakis
keywords: Activity space; Microsytems; Parents; Peers; Urban adolescents; Young adolescents