title: Multivariate functions for predicting the sorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-tricyclohexane (RDX) among taxonomically distinct soils.
abstract: After nearly a century of use in numerous munition platforms, TNT and RDX contamination has turned up largely in the environment due to ammunition manufacturing or as part of releases from low-order detonations during training activities. Although the basic knowledge governing the environmental fate of TNT and RDX are known, accurate predictions of TNT and RDX persistence in soil remain elusive, particularly given the universal heterogeneity of pedomorphic soil types. In this work, we proposed a new solution for modeling the sorption and persistence of these munition constituents as multivariate mathematical functions correlating soil attribute data over a variety of taxonomically distinct soil types to contaminant behavior, instead of a single constant or parameter of a specific absolute value. To test this idea, we conducted experiments measuring the sorption of TNT and RDX on taxonomically different soil types that were extensively physical and chemically characterized. Statistical decomposition of the log-transformed, and auto-scaled soil characterization data using the dimension-reduction technique PCA (principal component analysis) revealed a strong latent structure based in the multiple pairwise correlations among the soil properties. TNT and RDX sorption partitioning coefficients (KD-TNT and KD-RDX) were regressed against this latent structure using partial least squares regression (PLSR), generating a 3-factor, multivariate linear functions. Here, PLSR models predicted KD-TNT and KD-RDX values based on attributes contributing to endogenous alkaline/calcareous and soil fertility criteria, respectively, exhibited among the different soil types: We hypothesized that the latent structure arising from the strong covariance of full multivariate geochemical matrix describing taxonomically distinguished soil types may provide the means for potentially predicting complex phenomena in soils. The development of predictive multivariate models tuned to a local soil's taxonomic designation would have direct benefit to military range managers seeking to anticipate the environmental risks of training activities on impact sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Chelsea K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Katseanes
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA. Electronic address: mark.a.chappell@usace.army.mil.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Beth E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Lesley F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D014303:Trinitrotoluene
keywords: 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-tricyclohexane; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene; Contaminant environmental persistence; Multivariate dimension reduction analysis; Soil fertility