title: Liver Resection and Transplantation for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Beyond Milan Criteria.
abstract: To assess survival after liver resection and transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond Milan criteria.
  
  
  
  The role of liver resection and transplantation remains controversial for patients with HCC beyond Milan criteria. Resection of advanced tumors and transplantation using extended-criteria are pursued at select high-volume center.
  
  
  
  Patients from 5 liver cancer centers in the United States who had liver resection or transplantation for HCC beyond Milan criteria between 1990 and 2011 were included in the study. Multivariable and propensity-matching analyses estimated the effects of clinical factors and operative selection on survival.
  
  
  
  Of 608 patients beyond Milan without vascular invasion, 480 (79%) patients underwent resection and 128 (21%) underwent transplantation. Clinicopathologic profiles between resection and transplant patients differed significantly. Hepatitis C and cirrhosis were more prevalent in transplantation group (P < 0.001). Resection patients had larger tumors [median 9 cm, interquartile range (IQR): 6.5-12.9 cm vs. median 4.1, IQR: 3.4-5.3 cm, P < 0.001]; transplant patients were more likely to have multiple tumors (78% vs 28%, P < 0.001).Overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were both greater after tumor downstaging and transplantation than resection (all P < 0.001). OS did not differ between liver transplant recipients who were not pretreated or pretreated and failed to downstage compared with propensity-matched liver resection patients (P ≥ 0.176); DFS in this propensity matched cohort was greater after liver transplantation (P ≤ 0.017).
  
  
  
  Liver resection and transplantation provide curative options for patients with HCC beyond Milan criteria. Further treatment strategies aimed at the efficiency and durability of tumor downstaging and expansion of the role of transplantation among suitable candidates could improve outcomes in patients with large or multifocal HCC.
authors.affiliation: *Division of Surgical Oncology, Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA †Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO ‡Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX §Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY ||Division of Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA ¶Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Zaydfudim
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vachharajani
authors.forename: Goran B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Klintmalm
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Jarnagin
authors.forename: Alan W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hemming
authors.forename: Maria B Majella
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cavaness
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nagorney
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States