title: Biomechanics of Fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This video presents the digitized, original, reel-to-reel footage of Victor Frankel's groundbreaking 1960s experiments demonstrating the viscoelastic properties and fracture mechanics of loaded bone. As can be seen, novel instrumentation was used that resulted in an easily reproducible method of controlling bone loading rates. The innovation, and associated experiments, radically advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of acute fractures and bone's response to energy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the "Standard Torsion Testing Machine" that he helped design, the author explains how the mechanical and functional properties of bone are affected by various defects. Examples used include an intact dog femur, a femur with a hole in the cortex, and a femur with an open section defect. Slow motion depiction allows the viewer to appreciate the potential soft tissue damage associated with bone fragmentation and how this varies with energy input. The video concludes with a demonstration of the effect of torsional motion on the vasculature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Graphs produced by the torsion tester display torque versus angular deformation plots for each experiment. These illustrate the relationship between bone structure, fracture, and energy. The x-ray contrast segment provides an example of associated arterial damage secondary to a fracture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This previously unreleased piece of orthopaedic history provides viewers with perspective on the early days of biomechanical study and an easy-to-understand tutorial on acute fracture mechanics and the role of energy in injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Victor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Egol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength