title: Origin-Oriented Elemental Profile of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Central European Suburban Conditions.
abstract: Twenty-four-hour samples of fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5; particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 µm) were collected in a suburban (quasi-rural) area in Racibórz (Poland) between 1 January 2011 and 26 December 2012. The samples were analyzed for the contents of 28 elements. Sources of PM2.5 were identified and the contribution of each source to the PM2.5 concentration was assessed using an enrichment factor (EF) analysis, a principal component analysis (PCA), and multi-linear regression analysis (MLRA). In the cold season (January-March and October-December 2011-2012), the mean ambient concentration of PM2.5 in Racibórz was 48.7 ± 39.4 µg·m(-3), which was much higher than at other suburban or rural sites in Europe. Additionally the ambient concentrations of some toxic PM2.5-bound elements were also high, i.e., the mean ambient concentrations of PM2.5-bound As, Cd, and Pb were 11.3 ± 11.5, 5.2 ± 2.5, and 34.0 ± 34.2 ng·m(-3), respectively. In the warm season (April-September 2011-2012), the PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound element concentrations in Racibórz were comparable to the concentrations noted at other suburban (or rural) sites in Europe. Our findings suggest that elemental composition and concentrations of PM2.5 in Racibórz are mainly influenced by anthropogenic emissions, i.e., the energy production based on coal and biomass combustion, traffic, and industry.
authors.affiliation: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Sk&#322;odowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland. wioletta.rogula-kozlowska@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Wioletta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rogula-Kozłowska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, Warszawa 02-776, Poland. grzegorz_majewski@sggw.pl.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Majewski
authors.affiliation: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Sk&#322;odowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland. barbara.blaszczak@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Błaszczak
authors.affiliation: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Sk&#322;odowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland. krzysztof.klejnowski@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klejnowski
authors.affiliation: Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Sk&#322;odowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland. patrycja.rogula-kopiec@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Patrycja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rogula-Kopiec
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D003031:Coal / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005060:Europe; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011044:Poland; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: MLRA; PCA; coal combustion; hotspot area in Europe; municipal emission; respirable particulates; source apportionment; traffic emissions