title: Effects of soil moisture depletion on vegetable crop uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).
abstract: Agricultural crops have a long history of being irrigated with recycled wastewater (RW). However, its use on vegetable crops has been of concern due to the potential prevalence of microcontaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the latter, which represents a possible health hazard to consumers. We investigated the uptake of three PPCPs (atenolol, diclofenac, and ofloxacin), at three different concentrations in irrigation water (0.5, 5, and 25 μg L-1) in relation to three varying volumetric soil moisture depletion levels of 14 % (-4.26 kPa), 10 % (-8.66 kPa), and 7 % (-18.37 kPa) by various vegetable crop species. Experiments were conducted in a split-split block completely randomized design. PPCPs were extracted using a developed method of accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase extraction and analyzed via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). Results indicate that all treated crops were capable of PPCP uptake at nanogram per gram concentrations independent of the applied soil moisture depletion levels and PPCP concentrations. Ofloxacin was the chemical with the highest uptake amounts, followed by atenolol and then diclofenac. Although the results were not statistically significant, higher concentrations of PPCPs were detected in plants maintained under higher soil moisture levels of 14 % (-4.26 kPa).
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.|Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Roll
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA. cray@nebraska.edu.|Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA. cray@nebraska.edu.|Nebraska Water Center, Nebraska Innovation Campus, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA. cray@nebraska.edu.
authors.forename: Chittaranjan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA.
authors.forename: Clinton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moravcik
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, 85138, USA.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knopf
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D059027:Recycling; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Crop uptake; PPCPs; Pharmaceuticals and personal care products; Soil moisture depletion