title: When a Stingray Strikes.
abstract: In brief Untoward encounters with hazardous marine animals are in creasing as more people take to the water for recreation, work, or science. This article reviews the most common envenomations and outlines their treatment. These injuries can be mild to severe; some are life threatening. Usually, marine animal stings can be treated effectively with topical agents, while spine-puncture envenomations respond to hot-water immersion (to inactivate venom proteins) followed by analgesics and wound care as needed. In rare instances, life-support measures may be needed. Prevention depends on learning these animals' habits.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kizer