title: Proteomics and metabolomics in biomarker discovery for cardiovascular diseases: progress and potential.
abstract: The process of discovering novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets may be shortened using proteomic and metabolomic approaches.
  
  
  
  Several complementary strategies, each one presenting different advantages and limitations, may be used with these novel approaches. In vitro studies show how cells involved in cardiovascular disease react, although the phenotype of cultured cells differs to that occurring in vivo. Tissue analysis either in human specimens or animal models may show the proteins that are expressed in the pathological process, although the presence of structural proteins may be confounding. To identify circulating biomarkers, analyzing the secretome of cultured atherosclerotic tissue, analysis of blood cells and/or plasma may be more straightforward. However, in the latter approach, high-abundant proteins may mask small molecules that could be potential biomarkers. The study of sub-proteomes such as high-density lipoproteins may be useful to circumvent this limitation. Regarding metabolomics, most studies have been performed in small populations, and we need to perform studies in large populations in order to discover robust biomarkers. Expert commentary: It is necessary to involve the clinicians in these areas to improve the design of clinical studies, including larger populations, in order to obtain consistent novel biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Cardiology , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.|b Vascular Pathology Laboratory , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.|c Department of Medicine, Autónoma University , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuñón
authors.affiliation: d CEMBIO, Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad San Pablo CEU , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Coral
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbas
authors.affiliation: b Vascular Pathology Laboratory , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blanco-Colio
authors.affiliation: b Vascular Pathology Laboratory , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burillo
authors.affiliation: b Vascular Pathology Laboratory , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.|c Department of Medicine, Autónoma University , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Óscar
authors.initials: Ó
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: b Vascular Pathology Laboratory , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.|c Department of Medicine, Autónoma University , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martín-Ventura
authors.affiliation: b Vascular Pathology Laboratory , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.|c Department of Medicine, Autónoma University , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Sebastián
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Más
authors.affiliation: d CEMBIO, Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad San Pablo CEU , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Rupérez
authors.affiliation: b Vascular Pathology Laboratory , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.|c Department of Medicine, Autónoma University , Madrid , Spain.|e Department of Nephrology , Fundación Jiménez Díaz , Madrid , Spain.|f CIBERDEM , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egido
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D055432:Metabolomics; D020543:Proteome / Q000235:genetics*; D040901:Proteomics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008074:Lipoproteins; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; atherothrombosis; biomarkers; metabolomics; proteomics; therapeutic targets