title: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide promotes eccrine gland sweat secretion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sweat secretion is the major function of eccrine sweat glands; when this process is disturbed (paridrosis), serious skin problems can arise. To elucidate the causes of paridrosis, an improved understanding of the regulation, mechanisms and factors underlying sweat production is required. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exhibits pleiotropic functions that are mediated via its receptors [PACAP-specific receptor (PAC1R), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor type 1 (VPAC1R) and VPAC2R]. Although some studies have suggested a role for PACAP in the skin and several exocrine glands, the effects of PACAP on the process of eccrine sweat secretion have not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of PACAP on eccrine sweat secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining were used to determine the expression and localization of PACAP and its receptors in mouse and human eccrine sweat glands. We injected PACAP subcutaneously into the footpads of mice and used the starch-iodine test to visualize sweat-secreting glands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunostaining showed PACAP and PAC1R expression by secretory cells from mouse and human sweat glands. PACAP immunoreactivity was also localized in nerve fibres around eccrine sweat glands. PACAP significantly promoted sweat secretion at the injection site, and this could be blocked by the PAC1R-antagonist PACAP6-38. VIP, an agonist of VPAC1R and VPAC2R, failed to induce sweat secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report demonstrating that PACAP may play a crucial role in sweat secretion via its action on PAC1R located in eccrine sweat glands. The mechanisms underlying the role of PACAP in sweat secretion may provide new therapeutic options to combat sweating disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Dermatology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hannibal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fahrenkrug
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.|iPS Cell-based Research Project on Brain Neuropharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.|Molecular Research Centre for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sueki
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropeptide Drug Discovery, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shioda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D004439:Eccrine Glands / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000378:metabolism; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051239:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051238:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D013542:Sweat / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051236:Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D051239:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II; D051238:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I