title: 'Gearing Up' to improve interprofessional collaboration in primary care: a systematic review and conceptual framework.
abstract: Interprofessional Primary Care Teams (IPCTs) have been shown to benefit health systems and patients, particularly those patients with complex care needs. The literature suggests a wide range of factors that may influence collaboration in IPCTs, however the evidence base is unclear for many of these factors. To target improvement efforts, we identify studies that demonstrate an association between suggested factors and collaborative processes in IPCTs.
  
  
  
  A systematic review of 25 years of peer-review literature was conducted to identify studies that test associations between policy, organizational, care team and individual factors, and collaboration in IPCTs. We searched Medline, ProQuest subject, ProQuest abstract, CINAHL, HealthSTAR, and Embase electronic databases between January 1990 to June 2015 and hand-searched reference lists of identified articles.
  
  
  
  The electronic searches identified 1421 articles, nine of which met inclusion criteria. Eighteen factors were significantly associated with collaboration in at least one article. We present the findings within a proposed conceptual model of interrelated 'gears'. The model offers a taxonomy of factors that policy makers (macro gear), organizational managers (meso gear), care teams (micro gear) and health professionals (individual gear) can adjust to improve interprofessional collaboration in IPC teams. Thirteen of the eighteen identified factors were within the micro gear, or team level of decision-making. These pertained to formal processes such as quality audits and group problem-solving; social processes such as open communication and supportive colleagues; team attitudes such as feeling part of the team; and team structure such as team size and having a collaboration champion or facilitator. Fewer policy (eg governance), organizational (eg information systems, organizational culture) or individual (eg belief in interprofessional collaboration care and personal flexibility) level factors were identified.
  
  
  
  The findings suggest that individual IPCTs have opportunities to improve collaboration regardless of the organizational or policy context within which they operate. Evidence supports the importance of having a team vision and shared goals, formal quality processes, information systems, and professionals feeling part of the team. Few studies assessed associations between collaboration and macro and meso factors, or between factors across levels, which are priorities for future research.
authors.affiliation: DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, 4350 South Service Road, Rm 421, Burlington, ON, Canada, L7L 5R8. mulvale@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0546-6910
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mulvale
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, CRL Bulding 282, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Embrett
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, CRL Bulding 282, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1.
authors.forename: Shaghayegh Donya
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Razavi
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D003142:Communication; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008485:Medical Audit; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D011340:Problem Solving
keywords: Conceptual model; Interprofessional collaboration; Policymaking; Primary care team