title: Goal-directed mechanisms that constrain retrieval predict subsequent memory for new "foil" information.
abstract: To remember a previous event, it is often helpful to use goal-directed control processes to constrain what comes to mind during retrieval. Behavioral studies have demonstrated that incidental learning of new "foil" words in a recognition test is superior if the participant is trying to remember studied items that were semantically encoded compared to items that were non-semantically encoded. Here, we applied subsequent memory analysis to fMRI data to understand the neural mechanisms underlying the "foil effect". Participants encoded information during deep semantic and shallow non-semantic tasks and were tested in a subsequent blocked memory task to examine how orienting retrieval towards different types of information influences the incidental encoding of new words presented as foils during the memory test phase. To assess memory for foils, participants performed a further surprise old/new recognition test involving foil words that were encountered during the previous memory test blocks as well as completely new words. Subsequent memory effects, distinguishing successful versus unsuccessful incidental encoding of foils, were observed in regions that included the left inferior frontal gyrus and posterior parietal cortex. The left inferior frontal gyrus exhibited disproportionately larger subsequent memory effects for semantic than non-semantic foils, and significant overlap in activity during semantic, but not non-semantic, initial encoding and foil encoding. The results suggest that orienting retrieval towards different types of foils involves re-implementing the neurocognitive processes that were involved during initial encoding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Vogelsang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, UK.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Bonnici
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, UK.
authors.forename: Zara M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Charan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ranganath
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, UK. Electronic address: jss30@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jon S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Simons
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen; D011578:Psycholinguistics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012660:Semantics; D013997:Time Factors; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Episodic retrieval; Subsequent memory, foils, left inferior frontal gyrus; fMRI