title: Antimicrobial resistance and Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) genotypes in N. gonorrhoeae during 2012-2014 in Karachi, Pakistan.
abstract: Globally, increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoea has led to decreased treatment options for gonorrhoea. Continuous monitoring of resistance is crucial to determine evolving resistance trends in Neisseria gonorrhoea and to suggest treatment recommendations. Quality assured gonococcal AMR data from Pakistan are mainly lacking. This study was performed to determine prevalence and trends of gonococcal AMR and molecular epidemiology of local strains during 2012-2014 in Karachi, Pakistan.
  
  
  
  Gonococcal isolates (n = 100) were obtained from urogenital specimens submitted to the Aga Khan University Laboratory, Karachi, Pakistan. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using Etest and molecular epidemiology was assessed by N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Quality control was performed using N. gonorrhoeae WHO reference strains C, F, G, K, L, M, N, O, and P, and ATCC 49226.
  
  
  
  Susceptibility to spectinomycin, ceftriaxone and cefixime was 100 % and to azithromycin was 99 %. All isolates had low ceftriaxone MICs, i.e., ≤0.032 mg/L. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and penicillin G were 86 %, 51 % and 43 %, respectively. NG-MAST analysis identified 74 different sequence types (STs).
  
  
  
  A highly diversified gonococcal population, 74 NG-MAST STs (62 novel STs) with an increased resistance to penicillin G, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline circulated in Karachi, Pakistan. Fortunately, no resistance to ceftriaxone was detected. Accordingly, ceftriaxone can continuously be recommended as the treatment of choice. However it is recommended to increase the dose of ceftriaxone from 125 mg intramuscularly to 250 mg intramuscularly due to ceftriaxone MIC creep and emerging resistance reported in the region. Furthermore, due to the high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (86 %) it is essential to exclude ciprofloxacin from the recommended first-line therapy. It is imperative to significantly broaden the gonococcal AMR monitoring with participation from other laboratories and cities in Pakistan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan. kausar.jabeen@aku.edu.
authors.forename: Kauser
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jabeen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Pushpa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhawan Mal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Erum
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saeeda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandio
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Unemo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Antimicrobial resistance surveillance; Ceftriaxone; Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs); Gonorrhoea; N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST); Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Pakistan; Treatment