title: Concise Review: In Vitro Formation of Bone-Like Nodules Sheds Light on the Application of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration.
abstract: : Harnessing the differentiation of stem cells into bone-forming cells represents an intriguing avenue for the creation of functional skeletal tissues. Therefore, a profound understanding of bone development and morphogenesis sheds light on the regenerative application of stem cells in orthopedics and dentistry. In this concise review, we summarize the studies deciphering the mechanisms that govern osteoblast differentiation in the context of in vitro formation of bone-like nodules, including morphologic and molecular events as well as cellular contributions to mineral nucleation, occurring during osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. This article also highlights the limitations of current translational applications of stem cells and opportunities to use the bone-like nodule model for bone regenerative therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Harnessing the differentiation of stem cells into bone-forming cells represents an intriguing avenue for the creation of functional skeletal tissues. Therefore, a profound understanding of bone development and morphogenesis sheds light on the regenerative application of stem cells in orthopedics and dentistry. In this concise review, studies deciphering the mechanisms that govern osteoblast commitment and differentiation are summarized. This article highlights the limitations of current translational applications of stem cells and the opportunities to use the bone-like nodule model for bone regenerative therapies.
authors.affiliation: Equipe d'accueil (EA) 4691, "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux," Pôle Santé, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne-Ardenne-Picardie-Santé (SFR CAP-Santé) (Fédération 4231), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.|Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) d'Odontologie, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mechiche Alami
authors.affiliation: Equipe d'accueil (EA) 4691, "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux," Pôle Santé, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne-Ardenne-Picardie-Santé (SFR CAP-Santé) (Fédération 4231), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.|UFR de Pharmacie, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Sophie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gangloff
authors.affiliation: Equipe d'accueil (EA) 4691, "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux," Pôle Santé, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne-Ardenne-Picardie-Santé (SFR CAP-Santé) (Fédération 4231), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.|Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) d'Odontologie, Reims, France.|Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Pôle Odontologie, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laurent-Maquin
authors.affiliation: Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Equipe d'accueil (EA) 4691, "Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux," Pôle Santé, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Champagne-Ardenne-Picardie-Santé (SFR CAP-Santé) (Fédération 4231), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France halima.kerdjoudj@univ-reims.fr.|Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) d'Odontologie, Reims, France.
authors.forename: Halima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kerdjoudj
keywords: Bone-like nodule; Differentiation; Extracellular matrix mineralization; Osteoblast; Stem cells