title: Serum lipidomics analysis of ovariectomized rats under Curcuma comosa treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Curcuma comosa Roxb. (C. comosa) or Wan Chak Motluk, Zingiberaceae family, has been used in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of gynecological problems and inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of C. comosa by determining the changes in the lipid profiles in the ovariectomized rats, as a model of estrogen-deficiency-induced hyperlipidemia, after treatment with different components of C. comosa using an untargeted lipidomics approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lipids were extracted from the serum of adult female rats subjected to a sham operation (SHAM; control), ovariectomy (OVX), or OVX with 12-week daily doses of estrogen (17β-estradiol; E2), (3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol (DPHD; a phytoestrogen from C. comosa), powdered C. comosa rhizomes or its crude ethanol extract. They were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, characterized, and subjected to the orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis statistical model to identify tentative biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of five classes of lipids (ceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingomyelin, 1-O-alkenyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine) were elevated in the OVX rats compared to those in the SHAM rats, while the monoacylglycerols and triacylglycerols were decreased. The E2treatment only reversed the levels of ceramides, whereas treatments with DPHD, C. comosa extract or powder returned the levels of all upregulated lipids back to those in the SHAM control rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest the potential beneficial effects of C. comosa on preventing the increased ceramide levels in OVX rats, a possible cause of metabolic disturbance under estrogen deficiency. Overall, the results demonstrated the power of untargeted lipidomics in discovering disease-relevant biomarkers, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of treatment by C. comosa components (DPHD, extract or powder) as utilized in Thai traditional medicine, and also providing scientific support for its folklore use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: nawaporn.v@chula.ac.th.
authors.forename: Nawaporn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vinayavekhin
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: jetjamnong.sue@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Jetjamnong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sueajai
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: kewyo_za@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nichaboon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaihad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: yu_iinano@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ratchanee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Panrak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand. Electronic address: pam_2022@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ratchanaporn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chokchaisiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. Electronic address: polkit@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Polkit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sangvanich
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand. Electronic address: s_apichart@ru.ac.th.
authors.forename: Apichart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suksamrarn
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: pawinee.pia@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Pawinee
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Piyachaturawat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D030024:Curcuma / Q000737:chemistry*; D036381:Diarylheptanoids; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D019850:Heptanol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010052:Ovariectomy; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011208:Powders; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: C558048:1,7-diphenyl-4,6-heptadien-3-ol; D015415:Biomarkers; D036381:Diarylheptanoids; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008055:Lipids; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders; D012997:Solvents; D000431:Ethanol; D004958:Estradiol; D019850:Heptanol
keywords: Ceramide; Curcuma comosa; Estrogen deficiency; Lipidomics; Phytoestrogen