title: Salmonella in pork retail outlets and dissemination of its pulsotypes through pig production chain in Chiang Mai and surrounding areas, Thailand.
abstract: Salmonella spp. is acknowledged as a significant zoonotic foodborne pathogen throughout the world. Contaminated pork consumption is considered as a main cause of human salmonellosis. In the later stage of the pig production chain, poor hygiene and unsuitable storage conditions in retail outlets are considered to be key factors linked to the risk of Salmonella infection. The purpose of current study, which was conducted throughout April 2014 to September 2014, was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. in pork sold at the retail stage in wet markets and supermarkets in the Chiang Mai urban area of Thailand. Additionally, clonal relations between Salmonella strains described in this study and those identified in earlier study from the same geographical area were considered. It is provided as a means of contributing to current knowledge regarding Salmonella epidemiology with an ultimate aim of improved food security and consumer protection in this region. From a total of 82 pork samples analyzed in this study, 41% were positive for Salmonella, with prevalence of 73.2% from wet markets (n=30/41) and 9.8% from supermarkets (n=4/41). Twelve Salmonella serovars were identified, S. Rissen being the most commonly encountered. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates was highest for ampicillin and tetracycline (53%), followed by streptomycin (44%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and subsequent geographical distribution analysis indicated that the clonal Salmonella strains originated from multiple sources had been spread over a wide area. The existence of a common pig supply chain "farm-slaughterhouse-retail" transmission route is inferred. Continuous monitoring of Salmonella along the entire production chain is needed to reduce contamination loads and to ensure the safety of pork products for end consumers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Prapas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patchanee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kankanok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tansiricharoenkul
authors.affiliation: The Fifth Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tunyamai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buawiratlert
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; The Monitoring and Surveillance Centre for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Anuwat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiratsudakul
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kittipat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Angchokchatchawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Panuwat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yamsakul
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Terdsak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Phacharaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boonkhot
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors.forename: Suvichai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rojanasatien
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Electronic address: td.pakpoom@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pakpoom
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tadee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005516:Food Microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000382:microbiology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: PFGE; Retail; Salmonella; Supermarket; Wet market