title: In vitro and in vivo α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting activities of the protein extracts from two varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  α-amylase and α-glucosidase digest the carbohydrates and increase the postprandial glucose level in diabetic patients. Inhibiting the activity of these two enzymes can control postprandial hyperglycemia, and reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Bitter gourd or balsam pear is one of the important medicinal plants used for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes patients. However, there is limited information available on the presence of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting compounds. In the current study, the protein extracts from the fruits of M. charantia var. charantia (MCC) and M. charantia var. muricata (MCM) were tested for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting activities in vitro, and glucose lowering activity after oral administration in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The protein extract from both MCC and MCM inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase through competitive inhibition, which was on par with Acarbose as indicated by in vitro percentage of inhibition (66 to 69 %) and IC50 (0.26 to 0.29 mg/ml). Both the protein extracts significantly reduced peak blood glucose and area under the curve in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, which were orally challenged with starch and sucrose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protein extracts from the fruits of the two varieties of bitter gourd inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro and lowered the blood glucose level in vivo on par with Acarbose when orally administrated to Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Further studies on mechanism of action and methods of safe and biologically active delivery will help to develop an anti-diabetic oral protein drug from these plants.
authors.affiliation: Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India.
authors.forename: Sundar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poovitha
authors.affiliation: Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India. parani.m@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Madasamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D029777:Momordica charantia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013311:Streptozocin; D000516:alpha-Amylases
keywords: Competitive inhibition; Momordica charantia; Peak blood glucose; α-amylase; α-glucosidase