title: Socioeconomic differences in nitrogen dioxide ambient air pollution exposure among children in the three largest Canadian cities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is a marker for traffic-related air pollution, which exhibits strong spatial gradients in large cities. Previous studies have shown that in Canadian cities, exposure to ambient NO₂ is greater in neighbourhoods of low socioeconomic status (SES). As a result of these differences in exposure, air pollution-related health problems may be more prevalent among children in lower SES urban neighbourhoods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children younger than age 18 enumerated in the 2006 Census who lived in Toronto, Montreal or Vancouver were linked to published air pollution exposure land use regression models to assign exposure at the Dissemination Area (DA) level. Associations between both socioeconomic and visible minority status and exposure to ambient NO₂ among children in these three cities were examined in a series of regression models (OLS and simultaneous autoregressive models that account for spatial autocorrelation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in lower income DAs in all three cities were exposed to higher NO₂ concentrations than were children in higher income DAs (mean difference of 2 ppb between lowest and highest income quintiles). In some cities, DAs with larger percentages of children in lone-parent families and visible minority children were characterized by greater NO₂ exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively high incidence of air pollution-related diseases (for example, asthma) among children in lower SES neighbourhoods may be attributable, at least in part, to variations in NO₂ air pollution exposure within the same city.
authors.affiliation: Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinault
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.affiliation: Fielding School of Public Health, University of California.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jerrett
authors.affiliation: School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brauer
authors.affiliation: Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tjepkema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D001955:British Columbia; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D009864:Ontario; D011792:Quebec; D044469:Racial Groups; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Air pollution; asthma; environmental health; income quintile; nitrogen dioxide