title: From start to finish: amino-terminal protein modifications as degradation signals in plants.
abstract: Contents 1188 I. 1188 II. 1189 III. 1190 IV. 1191 V. 1192 1192 References 1192 SUMMARY: The amino- (N-) terminus (Nt) of a protein can undergo a diverse array of co- and posttranslational modifications. Many of these create degradation signals (N-degrons) that mediate protein destruction via the N-end rule pathway of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. In plants, the N-end rule pathway has emerged as a major system for regulated control of protein stability. Nt-arginylation-dependent degradation regulates multiple growth, development and stress responses, and recently identified functions of Nt-acetylation can also be linked to effects on the in vivo half-lives of Nt-acetylated proteins. There is also increasing evidence that N-termini could act as important protein stability determinants in plastids. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between the nature of protein N-termini, Nt-processing events and proteolysis in plants.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gibbs
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tedds
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Holdsworth
mesh_terms: D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D059748:Proteolysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: N-degron; N-end rule; N-terminus; Nt-acetylation; protease; protein modification; proteolysis; ubiquitin proteasome system