title: A case study to determine the geographical origin of unknown GM papaya in routine food sample analysis, followed by identification of papaya events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4.
abstract: During routine monitoring for GMOs in food in the Netherlands, papaya-containing food supplements were found positive for the genetically modified (GM) elements P-35S and T-nos. The goal of this study was to identify the unknown and EU unauthorised GM papaya event(s). A screening strategy was applied using additional GM screening elements including a newly developed PRSV coat protein PCR. The detected PRSV coat protein PCR product was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence showed identity to PRSV YK strains indigenous to China and Taiwan. The GM events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4 could be identified by amplifying and sequencing events-specific sequences. Further analyses showed that both papaya event 16-0-1 and event 18-2-4 were transformed with the same construct. For use in routine analysis, derived TaqMan qPCR methods for events 16-0-1 and 18-2-4 were developed. Event 16-0-1 was detected in all samples tested whereas event 18-2-4 was detected in one sample. This study presents a strategy for combining information from different sources (literature, patent databases) and novel sequence data to identify unknown GM papaya events.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: theo.prins@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Theo W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: ingrid.scholtens@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Ingrid M J
authors.initials: IMJ
authors.lastname: Scholtens
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Akkermaalsbos 4, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: a.w.bak@nvwa.nl.
authors.forename: Arno W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bak
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: jeroen.vandijk@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Jeroen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: marleen.voorhuijzen@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Marleen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Voorhuijzen
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Catharijnesingel 59, 3511GG Utrecht, Netherlands. Electronic address: e.j.laurensse@nvwa.nl.
authors.forename: Emile J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Laurensse
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: esther.kok@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Esther J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kok
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D029441:Carica / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002681:China; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005843:Geography; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; C073700:coat protein, Papaya ringspot virus
keywords: China; GMYK; PRSV; Papaja; Taiwan (R.O.C.); Unauthorised GMO