title: Construction of realistic phantoms from patient images and a commercial three-dimensional printer.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to use three-dimensional (3-D) printing techniques to construct liver and brain phantoms having realistic pathologies, anatomic structures, and heterogeneous backgrounds. Patient liver and head computed tomography (CT) images were segmented into tissue, vessels, liver lesion, white and gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Stereolithography files of each object were created and imported into a commercial 3-D printer. Printing materials were assigned to each object after test scans, which showed that the printing materials had CT numbers ranging from 70 to 121 HU at 120 kV. Printed phantoms were scanned on a CT scanner and images were evaluated. CT images of the liver phantom had measured CT numbers of 77.8 and 96.6 HU for the lesion and background, and 137.5 to 428.4 HU for the vessels channels, which were filled with iodine solutions. The difference in CT numbers between lesions and background (18.8 HU) was representative of the low-contrast values needed for optimization tasks. The liver phantom background was evaluated with Haralick features and showed similar texture between patient and phantom images. CT images of the brain phantom had CT numbers of 125, 134, and 108 HU for white matter, gray matter, and CSF, respectively. The CT number differences were similar to those in patient images.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leng
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Baiyu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vrieze
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Division of Engineering, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic , Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors.forename: Cynthia H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: McCollough
keywords: brain; computed tomography; image quality; liver; phantom; three-dimensional printer