title: The role of sodium intake in nephrolithiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and future directions.
abstract: The prevalence of nephrolithiasis has doubled over the last decade and the incidence in females now approaches that of males. Since dietary salt is lithogenic, a purported mechanism common to both genders is excess dietary sodium intake vis-a-vis processed and fast foods. Nephrolithiasis has far-reaching societal implications such as impact on gross domestic product due to days lost from work (stone disease commonly affects working adults), population-wide carcinogenic diagnostic and interventional radiation exposure (kidney stone disease is typically imaged with computed tomographic imaging and treated under imaging guidance and follow-up), and rising healthcare costs (surgical treatment will be indicated for a number of these patients). Therefore, primary prevention of kidney stone disease via dietary intervention is a low-cost public health initiative with massive societal implications. This primer aims to establish baseline epidemiologic and pathophysiologic principles to guide clinicians in sodium-directed primary prevention of kidney stone disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Konya Numune State Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Afsar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kiremit
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sag
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kayhan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tarim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yalcin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Solak
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, 'C.I. PARHON' University Hospital, and 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covic
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: mkanbay@ku.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanbay
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Diet; Diet therapy; Nephrolithiasis; Primary prevention; Sodium, dietary