title: Trunk motion analysis: a systematic review from a clinical and methodological perspective.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This systematic literature review aims to check the current state of affairs of non-gait-related optoelectronic trunk movement analysis; results have been analyzed from a clinical and a methodological perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive research was performed on all papers published until December 31st, 2015, dealing with trunk movement analysis assessed by optoelectronic systems, excluding those related to gait. The research was performed on the 14th of January 2016 on three databases: Scopus, Science Direct and Pubmed. A reference search and expert consultation were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of a total number of 8431 papers, 45 were deemed relevant: they included 1334 participants, 57.9% healthy, with age range 8-85. Few studies considered the whole trunk, and none focused on each vertebra independently: the trunk was almost always divided into three segments. Thirteen studies included 20 or more markers. Most of the papers focused mainly on the biomechanics of various movements; the lumbar area and low back pain were the most studied region and pathology respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown the relative scarcity of current literature focusing on trunk motion analysis. In clinical terms, results were sparse. The only quite well represented group of papers focused on the lumbar spine and pathologies, but the scarcity of individuals evaluated make the results questionable. The use of optoelectronic systems in the evaluation of spine movement is a growing research area. Nevertheless, no standard protocols have been developed so far. Future research is needed to define a precise protocol in terms of number and position of markers along the spine and movements and tasks to be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy - stefano.negrini@unibs.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negrini
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piovanelli
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Amici
authors.forename: Valter
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cappellini
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bovi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrarin
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaina
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borboni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001416:Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009038:Motion; D009068:Movement; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*