title: Effects of aging on optical quality and visual function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the effects of aging on visual function and optical quality in a healthy adult population and provide reference values for different age ranges.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective study with 198 healthy volunteers from 31 to 70 years of age. The visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) at 3, 6, 12 and 18 cycles per degree (cpd) frequencies were assessed, together with values of optical quality and intraocular scattering obtained with a double-pass system (Optical Quality Analysis System - OQAS), specifically the modulation transfer function cutoff frequency (MTFcutoff), the Strehl ratio, the OQAS values (OV) at contrasts of 100, 20 and nine per cent and the objective scatter index (OSI). We studied the change of these variables with age and obtained standard values for optical quality and intraocular scattering parameters for four age groups: 31 to 40, 41 to 50, 51 to 60 and 61 to 70 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant correlations between age and all variables analysed and significant differences among the age groups considered except for CS (3 cpd) (p = 0.067). Ageing particularly affected low-contrast parameters, such as the OV nine per cent and the OSI, which decreased to 37 and 50 per cent of their original values, respectively. The OSI was found to provide high sensitivity and specificity values, when healthy and caratactous eyes were considered. The results suggest that optical deficits are compensated until 50 years of age with sensory and perceptual factors, as smaller changes were found for visual function than for objective measurements of optical quality and intraocular scattering.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures of optical quality assessed by subjective psychophysical and objective techniques varied differently with age. Values obtained for each age group can be used to determine normal limits of optical quality and intraocular scattering for diagnosis of ocular conditions.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development (CD6), Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain. jmartinez@oo.upc.edu.
authors.forename: Joan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez-Roda
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development (CD6), Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vilaseca
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development (CD6), Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ondategui
authors.affiliation: University Vision Centre, Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguirre
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sensors, Instruments and Systems Development (CD6), Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pujol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: age; contrast sensitivity; intraocular scattering; modulation transfer function; optical quality; visual acuity; visual function