title: Prevalence of overlap syndromes and symptoms in pediatric functional dyspepsia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose was to evaluate the overlap frequency of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and overactive bladder syndrome (OBS), as well as other gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms, in functional dyspepsia (FD). Additionally, we sought to determine whether adult Rome III FD subtypes were uniquely related to overlap syndromes or symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a retrospective review of 100 consecutive pediatric patients, age 8-17 years, diagnosed with FD. All had completed a standardized medical history including gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms as well as specific symptoms related to GERD and OBS. The frequency of overlap with IBS, GERD, and OBS were determined for the whole group and for those fulfilling adult FD subtype criteria. Individual symptoms were also compared by FD subtype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overlap IBS was present in 33 % of the FD patients. At least one GERD symptom was present in 74 % of patients with 41 % reporting heartburn. At least one OBS symptom was present in 44 % of patients with 29 % reporting urinary urgency. Other than pain, the most common reported gastrointestinal symptom was nausea (86 %). Systemic symptoms were common. Overlap syndromes/symptoms did not vary by FD subtype. Postprandial distress syndrome was associated with pain with eating, weight loss, and waking at night to have a stool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FD is a heterogeneous condition in children and adolescents with significant variability in the presence of gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms and overlap syndromes. Varying symptom profiles need to be accounted for and analyzed in studies involving subjects with FD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. cfriesen@cmh.edu.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Schurman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Functional dyspepsia; Gastroesophageal reflux; Irritable bowel syndrome; Overactive bladder syndrome