title: Morphological Variations and Biometrics of Ear: An Aid to Personal Identification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The morphological characteristics and dimensions of external ear vary in different human ethnic races which can be utilized in forensics for personal identification of living or deceased.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine uniqueness of morphological and biometric variations of both ears for individualization among North East (NE) and North West (NW) subpopulation of India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on randomly selected 80 students, 40 from each subgroup. Nine ear parameters were recorded twice using digital Vernier's caliper by single investigator and two indices (Ear Index and Lobule Index) were calculated for both the ears. Morphological ear shapes and lobule attachment were also noted. Pearson's coefficient correlation test was performed on cross-tabulations to evaluate significant relationship between different variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the total 35% free and 65% attached ear lobes were noted in both population groups. Oval ear shape was most commonly noted followed by triangular, rectangular and round in both populations. On comparing anthropometric measurements of ears in two populations it was found that except the tragus length and lobule index all other values were noted more in NW population. No statistical difference was found in ear and lobular indices of males and females although the left ear index and lobule index were found to be higher than right in both populations except in NW females where right lobule index was recorded more than left.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained can be used in anthropological and forensic sciences for the inclusion and exclusion of persons for identification on the basis of ear variations.
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Pradhuman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Harpreet Kaur
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Kanika Gupta
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Sharry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Madhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudan
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute , Sriganganagar, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ladgotra
keywords: Ear lobule attachment; Ear measurements; Ear shapes; Ethnic races; Forensics