title: Development of a multi-residue method for scrutinizing psychotropic compounds in natural waters.
abstract: The present work describes a multi-residue SPE-UPLC-MS/MS method aiming at the characterization of 68 compounds in natural waters, including parent compounds as well as their major metabolites and glucuronide conjugates. Development was conducted toward the quantitative determination of a broad range of analytes belonging to different class of psychotropic drugs such as benzodiazepines, antidepressants, stimulants, opiates and opioids, anticonvulsants, anti-dementia drugs, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (as anthropic indicators) in the low ngL-1range of concentration. Satisfactory extraction recoveries >70% were obtained for the majority of analytes (49 out of 68) allowing low limits of quantification. LOQ ranged between 0.1 and 17.8ngL-1and were lower than 5ngL-1for 94% of investigated analytes. Furthermore, addition of 25 isotopic labeled standards allowed to ensure reliability of the optimized method. Quantification errors were typically below 15% with relative standard variations <10% in intermediate precision conditions. Finally, the developed method was implemented in natural waters; sampling campaigns were conducted in the Seine River as a demonstration of the applicability and adequation of the method for its purpose. As a result, 48 out of 68 analytes were identified or quantified; some of them like memantine, rivastigmine, zolpidem 4-phenyl-carboxylic acid, zolpidem 6-carboxylic acid for one of the first time in surface waters. Among investigated psychotropic compounds and metabolites, tramadol, codeine, oxazepam, venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, gabapentin, carbamazepine and 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxycarbamazepine were found to be the most abundant.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France; EPOC-UMR 5805 CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brieudes
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France. Electronic address: sophie.lardy-fontan@lne.fr.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lardy-Fontan
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaslin-Reimann
authors.affiliation: EPOC-UMR 5805 CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Budzinski
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lalere
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000032:analysis; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D020719:Glucuronides; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Illicit drugs; Isotope dilution; Metabolites; Method development; Multi-residue; Pharmaceuticals; SPE; Surface water; UPLC–MS/MS