title: Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Gastrointestinal Bleeding Secondary to Gastrointestinal Lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding caused by GI lymphoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of 11 patients who underwent TAE for GI bleeding caused by GI lymphoma between 2001 and 2015 were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 TAE procedures were performed. On angiography, contrast extravasation, and both contrast extravasation and tumor staining were seen in 95 % (19/20) and 5 % (1/20) of the procedures, respectively. The most frequently embolized arteries were jejunal (n = 13) and ileal (n = 5) branches. Technical and clinical success rates were 100 % (20/20) and 27 % (3/11), respectively. The causes of clinical failure in eight patients were rebleeding at new sites. In four patients who underwent repeat angiography, the bleeding focus was new each time. Three patients underwent small bowel resection due to rebleeding after one (n = 2) or four (n = 1) times of TAEs. Another two patients underwent small bowel resection due to small bowel ischemia/perforation after three or four times of TAEs. The 30-day mortality rate was 18 % due to hypovolemic shock (n = 1) and multiorgan failure (n = 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiogram with TAE shows limited therapeutic efficacy to manage GI lymphoma-related bleeding due to high rebleeding at new sites. Although TAE can be an initial hemostatic measure, surgery should be considered for rebleeding due to possible bowel ischemic complication after repeated TAE procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea. jhshin@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: Ji Hoon
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-1347
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kichang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jiaywei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsauo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Gi-Young
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Kyunghee University, College of Medicine, Kangdong Kyunghee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86, Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Bo
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D002423:Cause of Death; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000098:blood supply; D007583:Jejunum / Q000098:blood supply; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Angiography; Embolization; Gastrointestinal bleeding; Gastrointestinal lymphoma