title: Virus Reduction during Advanced Bardenpho and Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes.
abstract: The present study investigated wastewater treatment for the removal of 11 different virus types (pepper mild mottle virus; Aichi virus; genogroup I, II, and IV noroviruses; enterovirus; sapovirus; group-A rotavirus; adenovirus; and JC and BK polyomaviruses) by two wastewater treatment facilities utilizing advanced Bardenpho technology and compared the results with conventional treatment processes. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing full-scale treatment processes that all received sewage influent from the same region. The incidence of viruses in wastewater was assessed with respect to absolute abundance, occurrence, and reduction in monthly samples collected throughout a 12 month period in southern Arizona. Samples were concentrated via an electronegative filter method and quantified using TaqMan-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results suggest that Plant D, utilizing an advanced Bardenpho process as secondary treatment, effectively reduced pathogenic viruses better than facilities using conventional processes. However, the absence of cell-culture assays did not allow an accurate assessment of infective viruses. On the basis of these data, the Aichi virus is suggested as a conservative viral marker for adequate wastewater treatment, as it most often showed the best correlation coefficients to viral pathogens, was always detected at higher concentrations, and may overestimate the potential virus risk.
authors.affiliation: Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States.
authors.forename: Bradley W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University , Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitajima
authors.affiliation: Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Campillo
authors.affiliation: Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States.
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gerba
authors.affiliation: Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona , 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, Arizona 85745, United States.
authors.forename: Ian L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Pepper
mesh_terms: D004770:Enterovirus; D029322:Norovirus; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D014780:Viruses; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater