title: The role of power in health policy dialogues: lessons from African countries.
abstract: Policy-making is a dynamic process involving the interplay of various factors. Power and its role are some of its core components. Though power exerts a profound role in policy-making, empirical evidence suggests that health policy analysis has paid only limited attention to the role of power, particularly in policy dialogues.
  
  
  
  This exploratory study, which used qualitative methods, had the main aim of learning about and understanding policy dialogues in five African countries and how power influences such processes. Data were collected using key informant interviews. An interview guide was developed with standardised questions and probes on the policy dialogues in each country. This paper utilises these data plus document review to understand how power was manifested during the policy dialogues. Reference is made to the Arts and Tatenhove conceptual framework on power dimensions to understand how power featured during the policy dialogues in African health contexts. Arts and Tatenhove conceptualise power in policy-making in relational, dispositional and structural layers.
  
  
  
  Our study found that power was applied positively during the dialogues to prioritise agendas, fast-track processes, reorganise positions, focus attention on certain items and foster involvement of the community. Power was applied negatively during the dialogues, for example when position was used to control and shape dialogues, which limited innovation, and when knowledge power was used to influence decisions and the direction of the dialogues. Transitive power was used to challenge the government to think of implementation issues often forgotten during policy-making processes. Dispositional power was the most complex form of power expressed both overtly and covertly. Structural power was manifested socially, culturally, politically, legally and economically.
  
  
  
  This study shows that we need to be cognisant of the role of power during policy dialogues and put mechanisms in place to manage its influence. There is need for more research to determine how to channel power influence policy-making processes positively, for example through interactive policy dialogues.
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06, Brazzaville, Congo. azizamwisongo@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Aziza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mwisongo
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06, Brazzaville, Congo.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nabyonga-Orem
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services, World Health Organization Country Office, Boîte postale 99, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Health Systems and Services Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06, Brazzaville, Congo.
authors.forename: Delanyo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dovlo
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D003906:Developing Countries; D006077:Government Agencies / Q000458:organization & administration; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D011050:Policy Making; D011209:Power, Psychological
keywords: Low income countries; Policy development; Policy dialogue; Power