title: Absorbed organ and effective doses from digital intra-oral and panoramic radiography applying the ICRP 103 recommendations for effective dose estimations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During dental radiography, the salivary and thyroid glands are at radiation risk. In 2007, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) updated the methodology for determining the effective dose, and the salivary glands were assigned tissue-specific weighting factors for the first time. The aims of this study were to determine the absorbed dose to the organs and to calculate, applying the ICRP publication 103 tissue-weighting factors, the effective doses delivered during digital intraoral and panoramic radiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermoluminescent dosemeter measurements were performed on an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom. The organ-absorbed doses were measured at 30 locations, representing different radiosensitive organs in the head and neck, and the effective dose was calculated according to the ICRP recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The salivary glands and the oral mucosa received the highest absorbed doses from both intraoral and panoramic radiography. The effective dose from a full-mouth intraoral examination was 15 μSv and for panoramic radiography, the effective dose was in the range of 19-75 μSv, depending on the panoramic equipment used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective dose from a full-mouth intraoral examination is lower and that from panoramic radiography is higher than previously reported. Clinicians should be aware of the higher effective dose delivered during panoramic radiography and the risk-benefit profile of this technique must be assessed for the individual patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective dose of radiation from panoramic radiography is higher than previously reported and there is large variability in the delivered radiation dosage among the different types of equipment used.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Granlund
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|3 Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thilander-Klang
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Betȕl
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ylhan
authors.affiliation: 5 Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Public Dental Service, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lofthag-Hansen
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekestubbe
mesh_terms: D004947:Esophagus / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000528:radiation effects; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D011861:Radiography, Dental; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000528:radiation effects; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects