title: Intracellular Unbound Atorvastatin Concentrations in the Presence of Metabolism and Transport.
abstract: Accurate prediction of drug target activity and rational dosing regimen design require knowledge of drug concentrations at the target. It is important to understand the impact of processes such as membrane permeability, partitioning, and active transport on intracellular drug concentrations. The present study aimed to predict intracellular unbound atorvastatin concentrations and characterize the effect of enzyme-transporter interplay on these concentrations. Single-pass liver perfusion studies were conducted in rats using atorvastatin (ATV, 1 µM) alone at 4°C and at 37°C in presence of rifampin (RIF, 20 µM) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT, 1 mM), separately and in combination. The unbound intracellular ATV concentration was predicted with a five-compartment explicit membrane model using the parameterized diffusional influx clearance, active basolateral uptake clearance, and metabolic clearance. Chemical inhibition of uptake and metabolism at 37°C proved to be better controls relative to studies at 4°C. The predicted unbound intracellular concentration at the end of the 50-minute perfusion in the +ABT , +ABT+RIF, and the ATV-only groups was 6.5 µM, 0.58 µM, and 5.14 µM, respectively. The predicted total liver concentrations and amount recovered in bile were within 0.94-1.3 fold of the observed value in all groups. The fold difference in total liver concentration did not always extrapolate to the fold difference in predicted unbound concentration across groups. Together, these results support the use of compartmental modeling to predict intracellular concentrations in dynamic organ-based systems. These predictions can provide insight into the role of uptake transporters and metabolizing enzymes in determining drug tissue concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korzekwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania swati.nagar@temple.edu.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069059:Atorvastatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004058:Diffusion; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014230:Triazoles; C033020:1-aminobenzotriazole; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D012293:Rifampin