title: Compounds from the pods of Astragalus armatus with antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antibacterial and phagocytic activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The phytochemical study and biological activities of Astragalus armatus Willd. subsp. numidicus (Fabaceae) pods, an endemic shrub of Maghreb, are reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study isolates the secondary metabolites and determines the bioactivities of Astragalus armatus pods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of hydro-ethanolic extracts were studied. Antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, CUPRAC and ferrous chelating assays at concentrations ranging from 3 to 200 μg/mL. Anticholinesterase activity was determined against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes at 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL. Antibacterial activity was performed according to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Carbon clearance method in albino mice was used for the phagocytic activity at concentrations 50, 70 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Spectroscopic techniques were used to elucidate the compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethyl acetate extract afforded a flavonoid (1) while the n-butanol extract gave four flavonoids (2-5), a cyclitol (6) and a cycloartane-type saponin (7). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50: 67.90 ± 0.57 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50: 11.30 ± 0.09 μg/mL) and CUPRAC (A0.50: 50.60 ± 0.9 μg/mL) assays. The chloroform extract exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, each with 80 μg/mL MIC values. The n-butanol extract enhanced phagocytic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isorhamnetin (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-galactopyranoside (2), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-galactopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside (4), kaempferol-3-O-(2,6-di-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), pinitol (6) and cyclomacroside D (7) were isolated whereas 1, 2, 6 and 7 are reported for the first time from A. armatus.
authors.affiliation: a Université des frères Mentouri-Constantine , département de chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (L.O.S.T) , 25000 Constantine , Algeria.
authors.forename: Amira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Labed
authors.affiliation: a Université des frères Mentouri-Constantine , département de chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (L.O.S.T) , 25000 Constantine , Algeria.|b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University , Mugla , Turkey.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferhat
authors.affiliation: a Université des frères Mentouri-Constantine , département de chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (L.O.S.T) , 25000 Constantine , Algeria.
authors.forename: Ilhem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Labed-Zouad
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University , Mugla , Turkey.
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaplaner
authors.affiliation: a Université des frères Mentouri-Constantine , département de chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (L.O.S.T) , 25000 Constantine , Algeria.
authors.forename: Sakina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zerizer
authors.affiliation: c Groupe Isolement et Structure , Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR) , Reims , France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Voutquenne-Nazabadioko
authors.affiliation: c Groupe Isolement et Structure , Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR) , Reims , France.
authors.forename: Abdulmagid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alabdul Magid
authors.affiliation: d Bacteriology service , CHUC-Benbadis , Constantine , Algeria.
authors.forename: Zahia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Semra
authors.affiliation: a Université des frères Mentouri-Constantine , département de chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (L.O.S.T) , 25000 Constantine , Algeria.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabouche
authors.affiliation: a Université des frères Mentouri-Constantine , département de chimie, Laboratoire d'Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (L.O.S.T) , 25000 Constantine , Algeria.
authors.forename: Zahia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kabouche
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University , Mugla , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Öztürk
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027883:Astragalus Plant; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018514:Plant Structures
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Biological activity; flavonoids; saponins; structure elucidation