title: Application of effect-directed analysis to identify mutagenic nitrogenous disinfection by-products of advanced oxidation drinking water treatment.
abstract: Advanced oxidation processes are important barriers for organic micropollutants in (drinking) water treatment. It is however known that medium pressure UV/H2O2treatment may lead to mutagenicity in the Ames test, which is no longer present after granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Many nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) result from the reaction of photolysis products of nitrate with (photolysis products of) natural organic material (NOM) during medium pressure UV treatment of water. Identification of the N-DBPs and the application of effect-directed analysis to combine chemical screening results with biological activity would provide more insight into the relation of specific N-DBPs with the observed mutagenicity and was the subject of this study. To this end, fractions of medium pressure UV-treated and untreated water extracts were prepared using preparative HPLC and tested using the Ames fluctuation test. In addition, high-resolution mass spectrometry was performed on all fractions to assess the presence of N-DBPs. Based on toxicity data and read across analysis, we could identify five N-DBPs that are potentially genotoxic and were present in relatively high concentrations in the fractions in which mutagenicity was observed. The results of this study offer opportunities to further evaluate the identity and potential health concern of N-DBPs formed during advanced oxidation UV drinking water treatment.
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vughs
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Kirsten.Baken@kwrwater.nl.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Baken
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolkman
authors.affiliation: PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, P.O. Box 2100, 1990 AC, Velserbroek, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Martijn
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.|Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011312:Pressure; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Advanced oxidation processes; Ames fluctuation test; Disinfection by-products; Effect-directed analysis; Fractionation; High-resolution mass spectrometry; Medium pressure ultraviolet technology; Nitrate photolysis