title: Efficacy of domestic cooking inactivation of human hepatitis A virus in experimentally infected manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of domestic cooking in inactivating Manila clams experimentally infected with human hepatitis A virus (HAV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electronic temperature probes were positioned to measure the internal temperature of Manila clams during domestic cooking. Two batches were infected with 10(7) and 10(5) TCID50  ml(-1) of HAV. The infected whole-in-shell clams were divided into three replicates and cooked on a conventional stove both singularly and in group and removed from the pan at fixed intervals. Pools of three digestive glands were examined by virus isolation for three blind passages and cell culture supernatant tested with real-time PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed that 2-min cooking by a traditional domestic method at a temperature close to 100°C, after the opening up of the valves of all the clams, can completely devitalize the HAV in high viral load-infected clams.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study on inactivation of HAV in experimentally infected Manila clams subjected to domestic cooking. At present, labelling all lagoon products as 'requiring cooking before consumption' is highly recommended, but no specifications are given on how long and at what temperature they should be cooked. Considering the high commercial value of Manila clams, our results can provide both the producers and the consumer with useful indications on how to cook clams to prevent the risk of HAV foodborne illness.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Centre for Pathology of Fish, Crustacean and Mollusc Disease, Legnaro (PD), Italy. fpascoli@izsvenezie.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pascoli
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Optimization and Control of Food Production Laboratory, San Donà di Piave (VE), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pezzuto
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Centre for Pathology of Fish, Crustacean and Mollusc Disease, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buratin
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Optimization and Control of Food Production Laboratory, San Donà di Piave (VE), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piovesana
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Centre for Pathology of Fish, Crustacean and Mollusc Disease, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fortin
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Centre for Diseases of Fish, Mollusc and Crustacean, Adria (RO), Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arcangeli
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, National Reference Centre for Pathology of Fish, Crustacean and Mollusc Disease, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toffan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000821:virology*; D003296:Cooking / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017957:Hepatitis A Virus, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D012758:Shellfish / Q000032:analysis / Q000821:virology*; D038301:Virus Inactivation
keywords: Manila clams; Ruditapes philippinarum; domestic cooking; hepatitis A; inactivation