title: U Can Touch This: How Tablets Can Be Used to Study Cognitive Development.
abstract: New technological devices, particularly those with touch screens, have become virtually omnipresent over the last decade. Practically from birth, children are now surrounded by smart phones and tablets. Despite being our constant companions, little is known about whether these tools can be used not only for entertainment, but also to collect reliable scientific data. Tablets may prove particularly useful for collecting behavioral data from those children (1-10 years), who are, for the most part, too old for studies based on looking times and too young for classical psychophysical testing. Here, we analyzed data from six studies that utilized touch screen tablets to deliver experimental paradigms in developmental psychology. In studies 1 and 2, we employed a simple sorting and recall task with children from the ages of 2-8. Study 3 (ages 9 and 10) extended these tasks by increasing the difficulty of the stimuli and adding a staircase-based perception task. A visual search paradigm was used in study 4 (ages 2-5), while 1- to 3-year-olds were presented with an extinction learning task in study 5. In study 6, we used a simple visuo-spatial paradigm to obtain more details about the distribution of reaction times on touch screens over all ages. We collected data from adult participants in each study as well, for comparison purposes. We analyzed these data sets in regard to four metrics: self-reported tablet usage, completeness of data, accuracy of responses and response times. In sum, we found that children from the age of two onwards are very capable of interacting with tablets, are able to understand the respective tasks and are able to use tablets to register their answers accordingly. Results from all studies reiterated the advantages of data collection through tablets: ease of use, high portability, low-cost, and high levels of engagement for children. We illustrate the great potential of conducting psychological studies in young children using tablets, and also discuss both methodological challenges and their potential solutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Kilian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Semmelmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordt
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Rebecka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Röhnke
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Luzie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mount
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prüfer
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terwiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University Bangor, UK.
authors.forename: Kami
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koldewyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weigelt
keywords: children; developmental psychology; memory; methodology; perception; recognition; tablet; touch screen