title: No Smoke without Tobacco: A Global Overview of Cannabis and Tobacco Routes of Administration and Their Association with Intention to Quit.
abstract: Cannabis and tobacco are common drugs of abuse worldwide and are often used in combination through various routes of administration (ROAs). Here, we aimed to provide an overview of how cannabis and tobacco routes varied across countries and assess the impact of tobacco-based ROAs on motivation to use less cannabis, and less tobacco, in different models. A cross-sectional online survey (Global Drugs Survey 2014) was completed by 33,687 respondents (mean age = 27.9; % female = 25.9) who smoked cannabis at least once in the last 12 months. Most common ROA, frequency of cannabis/tobacco use, and questions about motivation to use less cannabis/tobacco were recorded. Tobacco-based ROA were used by 65.6% of respondents. These were most common in Europe (77.2-90.9%) and Australasia (20.7-51.6%) and uncommon in the Americas (4.4-16.0%). Vaporizer use was most common in Canada (13.2%) and the United States (11.2%). Using a non-tobacco ROA was associated with a 10.7% increase in odds for "desire to use less" tobacco (OR: 1.107, 95% CI: 1.003, 1.221), 80.6% increase in odds for "like help to use less tobacco" (OR: 1.806, 95% CI: 1.556, 2.095), and a 103.9% increase in the odds for "planning to seek help to use less tobacco" (OR: 2.039, 95% CI: 1.638, 2.539), in comparison to using a tobacco-based ROA. Associations between ROA and intentions to use less cannabis were inconsistent. Results support considerable global variation in cannabis and tobacco ROA. Tobacco routes are common, especially "joints with tobacco," especially in Europe, but not in the Americas. Non-tobacco-based routes are associated with increased motivation to change tobacco use. Interventions addressing tobacco and cannabis need to accommodate this finding and encourage non-tobacco routes.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: Chandni
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hindocha
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: Tom P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland , QLD , Australia.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.affiliation: Department of Addiction, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lynskey
authors.affiliation: Department of Addiction, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and the Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK; Global Drugs Survey Ltd., London, UK.
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Winstock
keywords: cannabis; co-administration; inhalation; marijuana; routes of administration; tobacco