title: Antifungal Effect and Protective Role of Ursolic Acid and Three Phenolic Derivatives in the Management of Sorghum Grain Mold Under Field Conditions.
abstract: In this study, investigation was carried out under in vitro as well as field conditions to explore inhibitors of sorghum grain mold. Phytochemicals, viz., methyl trans-p-coumarate (AIC-1), methyl caffeate (AIC-2), syringic acid (AIC-3), and ursolic acid (UA), at different concentrations (500, 750, and 1000 ppm) were tested on spore germination of Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, F. pallidoroseum, and Helminthosporium sp. Significant growth inhibition (P < 0.001) was observed against all fungi except A. alternata which was found to be resistant to AIC-3. Further, two separate sets of field experiments involving spraying of water and F. moniliforme suspension over chemicals treated (1000 ppm) sorghum panicles were done. The levels of protection varied with different treatments which were graded using a standard 1 - 9 rating scale. The Fusarium-challenged panicles (FCP) showed lesser susceptibility and decreased the rate of infection of grain mold (grade 7.0), compared to simple UA, AIC-2, and AIC-1 treatments (7.4, 7.6, and 8.0 grade, resp.). The HPLC quantification of differentially induced phenolic acids in treated sorghum grains substantiated this effect disclosing the higher accumulation of chlorogenic, vanillic, and salicylic acids in FCP. This might be due to defensive induction of these acids by the plants. Although mold control by examined chemicals were lesser than the standard Tilt (grade 5.9), they were found to be nontoxic to mammalian cells under cytotoxicity assay.
authors.affiliation: Regional Agricultural Research Station, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Palem, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana State, 509215, India.
authors.forename: Ameer Basha
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shaik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy, Telangana State, 500078, India. sajeli@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sajeli Begum
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ahil
authors.affiliation: Regional Agricultural Research Station, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Palem, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana State, 509215, India.
authors.forename: Ragavendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Govardhanam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy, Telangana State, 500078, India.
authors.forename: Mahibalan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Senthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy, Telangana State, 500078, India.
authors.forename: Rukaiyya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy, Telangana State, 500078, India.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sojitra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shamirpet Mandal, Ranga Reddy, Telangana State, 500078, India.
authors.forename: Santhosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Regional Agricultural Research Station, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Palem, Mahaboobnagar, Telangana State, 509215, India.
authors.forename: Asalla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivas
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000187:drug effects; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045868:Sorghum / Q000382:microbiology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010636:Phenols; D014315:Triterpenes; D000097245:Ursolic Acid
keywords: Methyl caffeate; Methyl trans-p-coumarate; Sorghum grain mold; Syringic acid; Ursolic acid