title: Importance of esophageal manometry and pH monitoring for the evaluation of otorhinolaryngologic (ENT) manifestations of GERD. A multicenter study.
abstract: Patients with otorhinolaryngologic (ear, nose, and throat-ENT) symptoms attributed to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are usually treated with medication based on the findings of nasal endoscopy and laryngoscopy only. This study aims to determine sensitivity and specificity of symptoms, nasal endoscopy, and laryngoscopy for the diagnosis of GERD as compared to pH monitoring.
  
  
  
  We studied 79 patients (mean age 53 years, 38 % males) in whom ENT symptoms were assumed to be secondary to GERD. All patients underwent a transnasal laryngoscopy by the ENT team and upper endoscopy and esophageal function tests by the surgical team. GERD was defined by a pathological pH monitoring.
  
  
  
  Pathologic reflux by pH monitoring was documented in 36 of the 79 patients (46 %), with a mean DeMeester score of 44. In 25 of the 36 patients (69 %), distal and proximal reflux was present. Among patients with negative pH monitoring, one patient was diagnosed with achalasia. ENT symptom sensitivity for globus, hoarseness and throat clearing was respectively 11, 58, and 33 %; specificity was respectively 77, 42, and 58 %. Positive predictive value for nasal endoscopy and laryngoscopy was 46 %. Among patients with positive pH monitoring, 13 (36 %) had a hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter (p < 0.01) and 27 (34 %) had abnormal peristalsis (p < 0.01).
  
  
  
  In conclusion, the results of this study showed that (a) ENT symptoms were unreliable for the diagnosis of GERD and (b) laryngoscopy had a low positive predictive value for the diagnosis of GERD. These data confirm the importance of esophageal manometry and pH monitoring in any patient with suspected ENT manifestations of GERD before starting empiric therapy with acid-reducing medications since pathologic reflux by pH monitoring was confirmed in less than half of the patients with suspected GERD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Rua Diogo de Faria 1087, cj 301, São Paulo, SP, 04037-003, Brazil. herbella.dcir@epm.br.
authors.forename: Fernando A M
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Herbella
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andolfi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Yalini
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vigneswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Marco G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Patti
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Pinna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004724:Endoscopy; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Esophageal manometry; Esophageal pH monitoring; Gastroesophageal reflux disease; Globus; Hoarseness; Laryngoscopy; Throat clearing