title: Towards scanning probe lithography-based 4D nanoprinting by advancing surface chemistry, nanopatterning strategies, and characterization protocols.
abstract: Biointerfaces direct some of the most complex biological events, including cell differentiation, hierarchical organization, and disease progression, or are responsible for the remarkable optical, electronic, and biological behavior of natural materials. Chemical information encoded within the 4D nanostructure of biointerfaces - comprised of the three Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z), and chemical composition of each molecule within a given volume - dominates their interfacial properties. As such, there is a strong interest in creating printing platforms that can emulate the 4D nanostructure - including both the chemical composition and architectural complexity - of biointerfaces. Current nanolithography technologies are unable to recreate 4D nanostructures with the chemical or architectural complexity of their biological counterparts because of their inability to position organic molecules in three dimensions and with sub-1 micrometer resolution. Achieving this level of control over the interfacial structure requires transformational advances in three complementary research disciplines: (1) the scope of organic reactions that can be successfully carried out on surfaces must be increased, (2) lithography tools are needed that are capable of positioning soft organic and biologically active materials with sub-1 micrometer resolution over feature diameter, feature-to-feature spacing, and height, and (3) new techniques for characterizing the 4D structure of interfaces should be developed and validated. This review will discuss recent advances in these three areas, and how their convergence is leading to a revolution in 4D nanomanufacturing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA and Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0089-8626
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carbonell
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA and Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC), City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City University of New York, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA. adam.braunschweig@asrc.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Braunschweig