title: Effects of Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression on pancreatic cancer cell growth and motility: an in vivo and in vitro study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a tumor suppressor that inhibits cell growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer death with a low survival rate. RKIP expression and its role in tumorigenesis and metastasis in pancreatic cancer are poorly understood. The aims of our study were to assess the effects of RKIP on pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro and in tumor tissues in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 84 patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The expression levels of RKIP were measured in pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Overexpression plasmid of RKIP was transfected into SW1990 and AsPC-1 cell lines, and the effects on cell proliferation were studied using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed a reduced expression of RKIP in pancreatic carcinoma tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, which closely correlated with patient outcomes. Overexpression of RKIP suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in cultured SW1990 and AsPC-1 cell lines. Transwell assay showed RKIP can inhibit cell migration and invasion, and in vivo RKIP can suppress tumorigenesis by diminishing the volume of the tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, expression of RKIP is closely correlated with the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. RKIP can inhibit pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells proliferation, activities of migration and invasion, through downregulating Raf-1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haisu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haowei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiaxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aigang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiangdong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, People's Republic of China. bieping@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8512-3186
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C511482:PEBP1 protein, human; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Metastasis; Pancreatic adenocarcinoma; Pancreatic cancer; Raf kinase inhibitor protein; Tumorigenesis