title: Deprotonation and protonation of humic acids as a strategy for the technological development of pH-responsive nanoparticles with fungicidal potential.
abstract: Humic acids (HAs) are macromolecules of undefined compositions that vary with origin, the process by which they are obtained and functional groups present in their structure, such as quinones, phenols, and carboxylic acids. In addition to agriculture, there is an increased interest in HAs due to their important pharmacological effects. However, HAs are not readily soluble in water at physiological pH, which may limit their bioavailability. Although primary aggregation forms non-uniform pseudo-micelles, the presence of ionisable groups in the HA molecule makes pH an environmental stimulus for controlled aggregation and precipitation. The aim of this work was to induce HA deprotonation and protonation, without compromising their colloidal dispersion, by means of pH changes as a strategy to produce nanoparticles. Deprotonation and protonation were achieved by treating HAs with sodium hydroxide and acetic acid, respectively, at various concentrations. Non pH-treated HAs at the same concentrations were used as control. The evolution of the treatments was monitored by pH changes in bulk solutions as a function of time. At equilibrium, the conformation of the colloidal structures was characterised by the predominant mean diameter, polydispersity index and absorbance of the solutions. The zeta potential was also measured in protonation assays. Moreover, the fungicidal activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated on the mycelial growth of three fungal genera. The results showed the pH decrease or increment as a function of the balance between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and of the diffusion rate inside the structures. Deprotonation followed by protonation produced nanosized (100-200nm), electrostatically stable (-30mV) and pH-responsive particles with a polydispersity index <0.5. The protonated nanoparticles significantly inhibited (P≤0.05) the mycelial growth of Candida albicans in vitro, when compared with control, and the fungicidal activity was dose-dependent. No activity was observed for the deprotonated HAs nanoparticles. These results show that deprotonation followed by protonation is an easy and useful strategy for the controlled production of HA nanoparticles, which exhibit a tendency to elicit fungicidal effects, with potential to develop new classes of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.affiliation: Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: B A G
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.affiliation: Development of Biotechnological Processes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-852 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mariahelena.santana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M H A
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Santana
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001709:Biotechnology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011522:Protons; D060645:Scopulariopsis / Q000187:drug effects; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D006812:Humic Substances; D011522:Protons
keywords: Fungicidal activity; Humic acids; Nanoparticles; Solubility; Surface charge