title: Quantification of Anti-Addictive Alkaloids Ibogaine and Voacangine in In Vivo- and In Vitro-Grown Plants of Two Mexican Tabernaemontana Species.
abstract: Tabernaemontana alba and Tabernaemontana arborea are Apocynaceae species used in Mexican traditional medicine for which little phytochemical information exists. In this study, preliminary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of different organs obtained from wild plants of both species identified a total of 10 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) and one simple indole alkaloid, nine of which were reported for the first time in these species. Furthermore, callus cultures were established from T. alba leaf explants and regeneration of whole plants was accomplished via somatic embryogenesis. The anti-addictive MIAs ibogaine and voacangine were then quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection in wild plants of both species, as well as greenhouse-grown plants, in vitro-grown plantlets and embryogenic callus of T. alba. Ibogaine and voacangine were present in most samples taken from the whole plants of both species, with stem and root barks showing the highest concentrations. No alkaloids were detected in callus samples. It was concluded that T. alba and T. arborea are potentially viable sources of ibogaine and voacangine, and that these MIAs can be produced through somatic embryogenesis and whole plant regeneration of T. alba. Approaches to increase MIA yields in whole plants and to achieve alkaloid production directly in cell cultures are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.|Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krengel
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herrera Santoyo
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Teresa de Jesús
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Olivera Flores
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Víctor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Chávez Ávila
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Pérez Flores
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reyes Chilpa
mesh_terms: D007050:Ibogaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008800:Mexico; D013045:Species Specificity; D030014:Tabernaemontana / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007050:Ibogaine; C012098:voacangine
keywords: 
  Tabernaemontana alba
  ; 
  Tabernaemontana arborea
  ; Ibogaine; Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; Plant tissue culture; Somatic embryogenesis; Voacangine