title: Measuring emotions during epistemic activities: the Epistemically-Related Emotion Scales.
abstract: Measurement instruments assessing multiple emotions during epistemic activities are largely lacking. We describe the construction and validation of the Epistemically-Related Emotion Scales, which measure surprise, curiosity, enjoyment, confusion, anxiety, frustration, and boredom occurring during epistemic cognitive activities. The instrument was tested in a multinational study of emotions during learning from conflicting texts (N = 438 university students from the United States, Canada, and Germany). The findings document the reliability, internal validity, and external validity of the instrument. A seven-factor model best fit the data, suggesting that epistemically-related emotions should be conceptualised in terms of discrete emotion categories, and the scales showed metric invariance across the North American and German samples. Furthermore, emotion scores changed over time as a function of conflicting task information and related significantly to perceived task value and use of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Munich , Munich , Germany.|b Institute for Positive Psychology and Education , Australian Catholic University , Sydney , Australia.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pekrun
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vogl
authors.affiliation: c Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.
authors.forename: Krista R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Muis
authors.affiliation: d Rossier School of Education , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Gale M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sinatra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epistemic emotion; confusion; curiosity; surprise; value appraisal