title: The Relationship between Feelings-of-Knowing and Partial Knowledge for General Knowledge Questions.
abstract: Feelings of knowing (FoK) are introspective self-report ratings of the felt likelihood that one will be able to recognize a currently unrecallable memory target. Previous studies have shown that FoKs are influenced by retrieved fragment knowledge related to the target, which is compatible with the accessibility hypothesis that FoK is partly based on currently activated partial knowledge about the memory target. However, previous results have been inconsistent as to whether or not FoKs are influenced by the accuracy of such information. In our study (N = 26), we used a recall-judge-recognize procedure where stimuli were general knowledge questions. The measure of partial knowledge was wider than those applied previously, and FoK was measured before rather than after partial knowledge. The accuracy of reported partial knowledge was positively related to subsequent recognition accuracy, and FoK only predicted recognition on trials where there was correct partial knowledge. Importantly, FoK was positively related to the amount of correct partial knowledge, but did not show a similar incremental relation with incorrect knowledge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen Norway.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, BergenNorway; Explorable AS, KristiansandNorway.
authors.forename: Oskar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Blakstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen Norway.
authors.forename: Øivind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen Norway.
authors.forename: Stig K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Martinsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen Norway.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Price
keywords: accessibility hypothesis; feeling-of-knowing; metacognition; partial knowledge; recall; working memory