title: The Role of Executive Control and Readiness to Change in Problematic Drinkers with Mild to Borderline Intellectual Disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Problematic alcohol use is associated with neuropsychological consequences, including cognitive biases. The goal of the study was to explore the moderating role of executive control and readiness to change on the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive biases in light and problematic drinkers with and without mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 112) performed the visual dot probe task to measure the strength of the cognitive biases. Executive control was measured using two computerised tasks for working memory capacity (Corsi block-tapping task) and inhibitory control (Go/No-go task). Readiness to change was measured using the Readiness to Change Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No cognitive biases or executive dysfunctions were found in problematic drinkers. Working memory capacity and inhibitory control were impaired among individuals with MBID, irrespective of severity of alcohol use-related problems. Executive control and readiness to change did not moderate the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive biases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results fail to support the dual-process models of addiction, but results need to be treated with caution given the problematic psychometric qualities of the visual dot probe task. Implementing a neurocognitive assessment and protocols in the treatment of substance use disorders seems premature.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Neomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Duijvenbode
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Trajectum, Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Didden
authors.affiliation: Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hubert P L M
authors.initials: HPLM
authors.lastname: Korzilius
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University and Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RCME
authors.lastname: Engels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000070379:Attentional Bias / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: addiction; cognitive biases; executive control; mild to borderline intellectual disability; readiness to change