title: A Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Crowd Emotions.
abstract: Estimation of emotions is an essential aspect in developing intelligent systems intended for crowded environments. However, emotion estimation in crowds remains a challenging problem due to the complexity in which human emotions are manifested and the capability of a system to perceive them in such conditions. This paper proposes a hierarchical Bayesian model to learn in unsupervised manner the behavior of individuals and of the crowd as a single entity, and explore the relation between behavior and emotions to infer emotional states. Information about the motion patterns of individuals are described using a self-organizing map, and a hierarchical Bayesian network builds probabilistic models to identify behaviors and infer the emotional state of individuals and the crowd. This model is trained and tested using data produced from simulated scenarios that resemble real-life environments. The conducted experiments tested the efficiency of our method to learn, detect and associate behaviors with emotional states yielding accuracy levels of 74% for individuals and 81% for the crowd, similar in performance with existing methods for pedestrian behavior detection but with novel concepts regarding the analysis of crowds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Oscar J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Urizar
authors.affiliation: Department of Naval, Electric, Electronic, and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Genova Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Mirza S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Emilia I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Barakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Naval, Electric, Electronic, and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Genova Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Regazzoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Naval, Electric, Electronic, and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Genova Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marcenaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauterberg
keywords: crowd behavior; emotion estimation in crowds; estimation of individual and collective emotions