title: Evaluation of detector readout gain mode and bowtie filters for cone-beam CT imaging of the head.
abstract: The effects of detector readout gain mode and bowtie filters on cone-beam CT (CBCT) image quality and dose were characterized for a new CBCT system developed for point-of-care imaging of the head, with potential application to diagnosis of traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and stroke. A detector performance model was extended to include the effects of detector readout gain on electronic digitization noise. The noise performance for high-gain (HG), low-gain (LG), and dual-gain (DG) detector readout was evaluated, and the benefit associated with HG mode in regions free from detector saturation was quantified. Such benefit could be realized (without detector saturation) either via DG mode or by incorporation of a bowtie filter. Therefore, three bowtie filters were investigated that varied in thickness and curvature. A polyenergetic gain correction method was developed to equalize the detector response between the flood-field and projection data in the presence of a bowtie. The effect of bowtie filters on dose, scatter-to-primary ratio, contrast, and noise was quantified in phantom studies, and results were compared to a high-speed Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to characterize x-ray scatter and dose distributions in the head. Imaging in DG mode improved the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) by ~15% compared to LG mode at a dose (D 0, measured at the center of a 16 cm CTDI phantom) of 19 mGy. MC dose calculations agreed with CTDI measurements and showed that bowtie filters reduce peripheral dose by as much as 50% at the same central dose. Bowtie filters were found to increase the CNR per unit square-root dose near the center of the image by ~5-20% depending on bowtie thickness, but reduced CNR in the periphery by ~10-40%. Images acquired at equal CTDIw with and without a bowtie demonstrated a 24% increase in CNR at the center of an anthropomorphic head phantom. Combining a thick bowtie filter with a short arc (180°  +  fan angle) scan centered on the posterior of the head reduced dose to the eye lens by up to 90%. Acquisition in DG mode (without a bowtie filter) was beneficial to the detection of small, low contrast lesions (e.g. subtle ICH) in CBCT. While bowtie filters were found to reduce dose, mitigate sensor saturation at the periphery in HG mode, and improve CNR at the center of the image, the image quality at the periphery was slightly reduced compared to DG mode, and the use of a bowtie required careful implementation of the polyenergetic flood-field correction to avoid artifacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sisniega
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zbijewski
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: J Webster
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stayman
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Foos
authors.forename: Nafi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aygun
authors.forename: Vassillis E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Koliatsos
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siewerdsen
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014965:X-Rays