title: Different types of tricuspid flail: Case reports and review of the literature.
abstract: Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common Doppler echocardiographic finding resulting from either intrinsic valve abnormalities or functional malcoaptation of structurally normal valves. TR caused by flail leaflets is most often post-traumatic, is caused by endocarditis or is a consequence of a myxomatously degenerated valve. The clinical presentation is severe and is characterized by excess mortality and high morbidity. Flail leaflets are reliably diagnosed using 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Study of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Aloia
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Study of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivano
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonadei
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Study of Brescia, Italy. Electronic address: enrico.vizzardi@tin.it.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vizzardi
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Study of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sciatti
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Study of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bugatti
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Study of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curnis
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Study of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metra
mesh_terms: D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Leaflet flail; Tricuspid regurgitation; Valvular disease