title: Influence of tobacco smoking on transferrin sialylation during pregnancy in smoking and non-smoking women with iron deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tobacco smoking influence on proteins is leading to despaired foetal nourishment. Transferrin, is an essential metal-binding protein responsible for iron transport and proper foetal development. This study examines influence of tobacco smoking on transferrin sialic acid residues and its connection to foetal nourishment at women with iron deficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 190 samples from pregnant women in 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester. Women were divided in terms of tobacco smoking and iron deficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During pregnancy, the levels of 2-, 5- and 6-sialo transferrin were increasing while 3- and 4-sialo transferrin were decreasing in all groups. Transferrin isoforms showed positive correlation with lowered iron stores in the blood of non-smoking women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco smoking has an influence on number of sialic acids residues in the transferrin and seems to change conversion of Tf isoforms, and this may disturb iron transport and in consequence influence on foetal development and nourishment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland. Electronic address: krolikm87@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wrześniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kepinska
authors.affiliation: Early Pregnancy Pathology Clinic, Centre of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Reymonta 8, 45-066 Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Królik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland. Electronic address: halina.milnerowicz@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milnerowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood; D001724:Birth Weight; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D011247:Pregnancy; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000097:blood; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012794:Sialic Acids; D014168:Transferrin; D002104:Cadmium; D007501:Iron; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: Anaemia; Foetal development; Pregnancy; Sialylation; Tobacco smoking; Transferrin