title: Are young men who overestimate drinking by others more likely to respond to an electronic normative feedback brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol use?
abstract: To tested whether the efficacy of an internet-based brief intervention that included normative drinking feedback varied with estimations of the drinking of others.
  
  
  
  This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial showing an intervention effect on weekly drinking. Participants were males with unhealthy alcohol use (mean age [SD]=20.8 [1.1]). Before the trial, participants were asked to estimate the percentage of men their age who drink more than they do. Using their self-reported drinking data, the "perceived" percentage of people their age and gender who drink more than they do, and data from Swiss statistics, we classified participants as overestimating (>+10%), accurately (-10% to +10%) or underestimating (<-10%) drinking by others.
  
  
  
  Of 734 participants with complete data, 427 overestimated, 205 accurately estimated and 102 underestimated the drinking of others. The mean (SD) number of drinks per week was 9.8 (7.9) and AUDIT score was 10.6 (4.2). In stratified negative binomial regression models predicting drinks per week, at 6months, and controlling for baseline drinks per week, the intervention was effective among those overestimating (IRR[95%CI]=0.86[0.74;0.98]), but showed no effect among those accurately estimating (IRR[95%CI]=0.83[0.66;1.03]) or underestimating IRR[95%CI]=1.21[0.92;1.60]) the drinking of others.
  
  
  
  Perception of drinking by others appears to be a moderator of effect of an electronic feedback intervention among hazardous drinkers. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that correcting the perceptions of others' drinking is a potential mechanism of action in normative feedback paradigms.
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Nicolas.Bertholet@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bertholet
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daeppen
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burnand
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaume
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D011614:Psychotherapy, Brief / Q000379:methods*; D057566:Self Report; D013557:Switzerland; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; Brief intervention; Internet; Normative feedback; Young men