title: Virtual k-Space Modulation Optical Microscopy.
abstract: We report a novel superresolution microscopy approach for imaging fluorescence samples. The reported approach, termed virtual k-space modulation optical microscopy (VIKMOM), is able to improve the lateral resolution by a factor of 2, reduce the background level, improve the optical sectioning effect and correct for unknown optical aberrations. In the acquisition process of VIKMOM, we used a scanning confocal microscope setup with a 2D detector array to capture sample information at each scanned x-y position. In the recovery process of VIKMOM, we first modulated the captured data by virtual k-space coding and then employed a ptychography-inspired procedure to recover the sample information and correct for unknown optical aberrations. We demonstrated the performance of the reported approach by imaging fluorescent beads, fixed bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (BPAE) cells, and living human astrocytes (HA). As the VIKMOM approach is fully compatible with conventional confocal microscope setups, it may provide a turn-key solution for imaging biological samples with ∼100  nm lateral resolution, in two or three dimensions, with improved optical sectioning capabilities and aberration correcting.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Cuifang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.|Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Renjie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Yingke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.|Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.|Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Peter T C
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: So
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes; D002417:Cattle; D042783:Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D055095:Optics and Photonics