title: To be in pain (or not): a computer enables outpatients to inform their physician.
abstract: In the outpatient oncology clinic, pain management is often inadequate. Incorporating a systematic pain management program into visits is likely to improve this. We implemented an integrated program, including a structured pain assessment, pain treatment protocol and patient education module. In the present study, we investigated whether this intervention improved pain control.
  
  
  
  At seven oncology outpatient clinics, patients were asked to register their pain intensity on a touch screen computer. These scores were made available into their electronic medical records. Additionally, a hospital-wide treatment protocol for cancer-related pain and a patient education module were developed. A data warehouse system enabled us to extract patient data from the electronic medical record anonymously and to use them for analysis. The primary outcome of the study was the percentage of patients with moderate to severe pain [current pain (CPI), NRS > 4] measured during 2 weeks at the start and 6 months after implementation. As secondary outcomes, we studied the percentage of pain registrations in specific patient groups and the percentage of patients treated with a curative and a palliative intention with (moderate-severe) pain. Differences were tested with the χ(2) test.
  
  
  
  During the first 6 months, 3407 of the 4345 patients (78%) registered their pain intensity on the touch screen computer. The percentage of patients with moderate to severe CPI decreased 32% (P = 0.021): from 12.5% at start to 8.5% after 6 months. More patients in the palliative phase than in the curative phase of their disease registered their pain intensity (82% versus 75%, respectively, P < 0.005), and more patients in the palliative phase experienced moderate to severe pain (23% versus 14%, respectively, P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Pain registration by patients themselves is feasible, provides insight into patients' pain intensity and may improve pain control in outpatients with cancer-related pain.
  
  
  
  Because this is an innovation project and not a primary research project, it has no clinical trial number. The protocol and all materials involved were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Erasmus MC (MEC-2009-324).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam w.h.oldenmenger@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oldenmenger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Witkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology.
authors.forename: J E C
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bromberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology.
authors.forename: J L M
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jongen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lieverse
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam.
authors.forename: F J P M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Huygen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam.
authors.forename: M A G
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Baan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Zuylen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam Department of Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C C D
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: van der Rijt
mesh_terms: D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010045:Outpatients; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010820:Physicians; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: electronic assessment; integration oncology and palliative care; pain; palliative care; symptom monitoring