title: Ganglioside Composition in Beef, Chicken, Pork, and Fish Determined Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry.
abstract: Gangliosides (GA) are found in animal tissues and fluids, such as blood and milk. These sialo-glycosphingolipids have bioactivities in neural development, the gastrointestinal tract, and the immune system. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method was validated to characterize and quantitate the GA in beef, chicken, pork, and fish species (turbot, snapper, king salmon, and island mackerel). For the first time, we report the concentration of GM3, the dominant GA in these foods, as ranging from 0.35 to 1.1 mg/100 g and 0.70 to 5.86 mg/100 g of meat and fish, respectively. The minor GAs measured were GD3, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b. Molecular species distribution revealed that the GA contained long- to very-long-chain acyl fatty acids attached to the ceramide moiety. Fish GA contained only N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) sialic acid, while beef, chicken, and pork contained GD1a/b species that incorporated both NeuAc and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) and hydroxylated fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Bertram Y
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , No. 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Geok Lin
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Khor
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: van der Does
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rowan
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McJarrow
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre , Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alastair K H
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: MacGibbon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D005732:Gangliosides
keywords: fatty acids; glycosphingolipids; mammalian tissue; multiple-reaction monitoring; sialic acid