title: Investigating Barriers in HIV-Testing Oncology Patients: The IBITOP Study, Phase I.
abstract: Although the prevalence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (non-ADCs) among people living with HIV is rising, we observed HIV testing rates below 5% at our oncology center, against a regional HIV prevalence of 0.2%-0.4%. We performed the Investigating Barriers in HIV-Testing Oncology Patients (IBITOP) study among oncology physicians and patients.
  
  
  
  Between July 1 and October 31, 2013, patients of unknown HIV status newly diagnosed with solid-organ non-ADCs referred to Lausanne University Hospital Oncology Service, Switzerland, were offered free HIV testing as part of their oncology work-up. The primary endpoints were (a) physician willingness to offer and patient acceptance of HIV testing and (b) physicians' reasons for not offering testing.
  
  
  
  Of 239 patients of unknown HIV status with a new non-ADC diagnosis, 43 (18%) were offered HIV testing, of whom 4 declined (acceptance rate: 39 of 43; 91%). Except for 21 patients tested prior to oncology consultation, 175 patients (of 239; 73%) were not offered testing. Testing rate declined among patients who were >70 years old (12% versus 30%; p = .04); no non-European patients were tested. Physicians gave reasons for not testing in 16% of cases, the main reason being patient follow-up elsewhere (10 patients; 5.7%). HIV testing during the IBITOP study increased the HIV testing rate to 18%.
  
  
  
  Although the IBITOP study increased HIV testing rates, most patients were not tested. Testing was low or nonexistent among individuals at risk of late HIV presentation (older patients and migrants). Barriers to testing appear to be physician-led, because patient acceptance of testing offered was very high (91%). In November 2013, the Swiss HIV testing recommendations were updated to propose testing in cancer patients. Phase II of the IBITOP study is examining the effect of these recommendations on HIV testing rates and focusing on physician-led testing barriers.
  
  
  
  Patients of unknown HIV status newly diagnosed with solid-organ non-AIDS-defining cancers were offered free HIV testing. Physician and patient barriers to HIV testing were examined. Most patients (82%) were not offered testing, and testing of individuals at risk of late HIV presentation (older patients and migrants) was low or nonexistent. Conversely, patient acceptance of testing offered was very high (91%), suggesting that testing barriers in this setting are physician-led. Since this study, the Swiss HIV testing recommendations now advise testing cancer patients before chemotherapy. Phase II of the Investigating Barriers in HIV-Testing Oncology Patients study is examining the effect of these recommendations on testing rates and physician barriers.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.affiliation: Oncology Centre, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Oncology Centre, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavassini
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland Katharine.Darling@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Katharine E A
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Darling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: AIDS-defining cancer; Barriers in HIV testing; HIV testing; Non-AIDS-defining cancer; Opt-out