title: Uric acid levels in subjects with bipolar disorder: A comparative meta-analysis.
abstract: Previous research has hypothesised increased uric acid levels, possibly because of an amplified purinergic metabolism and a reduced adenosine activity, in subjects with bipolar disorder. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at estimating if individuals with bipolar disorder had uric acid levels higher than both healthy controls and subjects with major depression (trait marker hypothesis). It also tested if uric acid levels could differ in different phases of bipolar disorder (state marker hypothesis). Meta-analyses were carried out generating pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs), using random-effects models. Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using the I(2) index. Relevant sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were conducted. We searched main Electronic Databases, identifying twelve studies that met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses showed increased uric acid levels in individuals with bipolar disorder as compared with both healthy controls (SMD = 0.65, p < 0.001, I(2) = 82.9%) and those with major depression (SMD = 0.46, p < 0.001; I(2) = 68.7%). However, meta-regression analyses confirmed this association only as compared with healthy controls. Finally, though uric acid levels were higher in manic/mixed phases as compared with depressive ones (SMD = 0.34; p = 0.04, I(2) = 58.8%), a sensitivity analysis did not confirm the association. In sum, our meta-analysis shows that subjects with bipolar disorder have uric acid levels higher than healthy controls. The potential role of factors that might clarify the nature of this association deserves additional research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: f.bartoli@campus.unimib.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crocamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario Gennaro
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clerici
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrà
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Adenosine; Bipolar disorder; Mania; Meta-analysis; Purinergic system; Uric acid