title: Enablers and inhibitors of the implementation of the Casalud Model, a Mexican innovative healthcare model for non-communicable disease prevention and control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Mexican healthcare system is under increasing strain due to the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (especially type 2 diabetes), mounting costs, and a reactive curative approach focused on treating existing diseases and their complications rather than preventing them. Casalud is a comprehensive primary healthcare model that enables proactive prevention and disease management throughout the continuum of care, using innovative technologies and a patient-centred approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected over a 2-year period in eight primary health clinics (PHCs) in two states in central Mexico to identify and assess enablers and inhibitors of the implementation process of Casalud. We used mixed quantitative and qualitative data collection tools: surveys, in-depth interviews, and participant and non-participant observations. Transcripts and field notes were analyzed and coded using Framework Analysis, focusing on defining and describing enablers and inhibitors of the implementation process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified seven recurring topics in the analyzed textual data. Four topics were categorized as enablers: political support for the Casalud model, alignment with current healthcare trends, ongoing technical improvements (to ease adoption and support), and capacity building. Three topics were categorized as inhibitors: administrative practices, health clinic human resources, and the lack of a shared vision of the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enablers are located at PHCs and across all levels of government, and include political support for, and the technological validity of, the model. The main inhibitor is the persistence of obsolete administrative practices at both state and PHC levels, which puts the administrative feasibility of the model's implementation in jeopardy. Constructing a shared vision around the model could facilitate the implementation of Casalud as well as circumvent administrative inhibitors. In order to overcome PHC-level barriers, it is crucial to have an efficient and straightforward adaptation and updating process for technological tools. One of the key lessons learned from the implementation of the Casalud model is that a degree of uncertainty must be tolerated when quickly scaling up a healthcare intervention. Similar patient-centred technology-based models must remain open to change and be able to quickly adapt to changing circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Fundación Carlos Slim, Plaza Carso, Lago Zurich 245, Torre Carso, Piso 20, Mexico City, 11529, Mexico.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tapia-Conyer
authors.affiliation: Fundación Carlos Slim, Plaza Carso, Lago Zurich 245, Torre Carso, Piso 20, Mexico City, 11529, Mexico. rsaucedom@fundacioncarlosslim.org.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saucedo-Martinez
authors.affiliation: Fundación Carlos Slim, Plaza Carso, Lago Zurich 245, Torre Carso, Piso 20, Mexico City, 11529, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mujica-Rosales
authors.affiliation: Fundación Carlos Slim, Plaza Carso, Lago Zurich 245, Torre Carso, Piso 20, Mexico City, 11529, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gallardo-Rincon
authors.affiliation: Fundación Carlos Slim, Plaza Carso, Lago Zurich 245, Torre Carso, Piso 20, Mexico City, 11529, Mexico.
authors.forename: Paola Abril
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Campos-Rivera
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Mexico City, Mexicoᅟ
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Mexico City, Mexicoᅟ
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Mexico City, Mexicoᅟ
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guajardo
authors.affiliation: C230 Consultores, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Braulio
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Torres-Beltran
authors.affiliation: C230 Consultores, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Quijano-Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: C230 Consultores, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soni-Gallardo
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D019468:Disease Management; D006282:Health Personnel; D006296:Health Services; D006298:Health Services Administration; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D008954:Models, Biological; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D011320:Primary Health Care; D036301:Qualitative Research
keywords: Barrier; Chronic disease; Health intervention; Health plan implementation; Health policy; Health technology; Implementation; Regional health planning