title: l-glutamine and l-alanine supplementation increase glutamine-glutathione axis and muscle HSP-27 in rats trained using a progressive high-intensity resistance exercise.
abstract: In this study we investigated the chronic effects of oral l-glutamine and l-alanine supplementation, either in their free or dipeptide form, on glutamine-glutathione (GLN-GSH) axis and cytoprotection mediated by HSP-27 in rats submitted to resistance exercise (RE). Forty Wistar rats were distributed into 5 groups: sedentary; trained (CTRL); and trained supplemented with l-alanyl-l-glutamine, l-glutamine and l-alanine in their free form (GLN+ALA), or free l-alanine (ALA). All trained animals were submitted to a 6-week ladder-climbing protocol. Supplementations were offered in a 4% drinking water solution for 21 days prior to euthanasia. Plasma glutamine, creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (MYO), and erythrocyte concentration of reduced GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) were measured. In tibialis anterior skeletal muscle, GLN-GSH axis, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), 27-kDa heat shock protein (HSP-27), and glutamine synthetase were determined. In CRTL animals, high-intensity RE reduced muscle glutamine levels and increased GSSG/GSH rate and TBARS, as well as augmented plasma CK and MYO levels. Conversely, l-glutamine-supplemented animals showed an increase in plasma and muscle levels of glutamine, with a reduction in GSSG/GSH rate, TBARS, and CK. Free l-alanine administration increased plasma glutamine concentration and lowered muscle TBARS. HSF-1 and HSP-27 were high in all supplemented groups when compared with CTRL (p < 0.05). The results presented herein demonstrate that l-glutamine supplemented with l-alanine, in both a free or dipeptide form, improve the GLN-GSH axis and promote cytoprotective effects in rats submitted to high-intensity RE training.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline Santos Moreira
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raizel
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaís Menezes
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hypólito
authors.affiliation: b Graduate Program of Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, CEP 71966-700, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Dos Santos
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vinicius Fernandes
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Cruzat
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tirapegui
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood*; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000097:blood; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000097:blood; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D055551:HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; C486114:Hspb1 protein, rat; D009211:Myoglobin; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005973:Glutamine; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D005978:Glutathione; D000409:Alanine; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
keywords: acides aminés; amino acids; anaerobic exercise; cytoprotection; exercice anaérobie; glutathion; glutathione; heat shock response; l-alanyl-l-glutamine; réponse au choc thermique