title: Toward a systematic understanding of translational regulatory elements in human and viruses.
abstract: Translational regulation is a critical step in the production of proteins from genomic material in both human and viruses. However, unlike other steps of the central dogma, such as transcriptional regulation, little is known about the cis-regulatory elements involved. In a recent study we devised a high-throughput bicistronic reporter assay for the discovery and the characterization of thousands of novel Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESs) in human and hundreds of viral genomes. Our results provide insights into the landscape of IRES elements in human and viral transcripts and the cis-regulatory sequences underlying their activity. Here, we discuss these results as well as emerging insights from other studies, providing new views about translational regulation in human and viruses. In addition, we highlight recent high-throughput technologies in the field and discuss how combining insights from high- and low-throughput approaches can illuminate yet uncovered mechanisms of translational regulation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.|b Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.
authors.forename: Shira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weingarten-Gabbay
authors.affiliation: a Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.|b Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Segal
keywords: Cap-independent translation; Gene expression; IRES; cis-regulatory elements; translation initiation; translational control