title: Study of Twenty One Cases of Red Cell Exchange in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Red Cell Exchange (RCE) is removal of a patient's red blood cells while replacing with donor red blood cells either manually or using automated systems. RCE is beneficial in patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) either during sickling crisis or prior to major surgical procedures to bring down the sickling percentage as high sickling percentage during prolonged anaesthesia may lead to vaso-occlusive crisis. It is also employed in patients infested with malaria and babesiosis where parasitic index remain high despite medical management. RCE is also tried as an adjuvant therapy in certain poisons like nitrobenzene and carbon monoxide when first line management fails.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effectiveness, clinical outcome, challenges and complications of RCE in various clinical scenario and to understand how this procedure can be effectively utilized in the management of patients in Indian scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retro prospective study was conducted in tertiary care center in southern India which analyzed 21 RCE procedures performed on patients with different clinical conditions. Of the 21 RCE performed, 18 procedures were performed on patients with case of sickle cell disease, Two procedures were performed on patients infested with severe falciparum malaria and one procedure was performed on a patient with nitrobenzene poisoning. All procedures were performed using Spectra Optia(®) Apheresis System - Terumo BCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the 18 patients who underwent the RCE for sickle cell anaemia were admitted for hemi-arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the head of femur. The average initial HbS levels were between 73-85% and post RCE it was brought down to 22-29% and was achieved in a single sitting in all the cases. Among the two patients infested with severe falciparum malaria, RCE helped in reducing the infestation rate. In case of nitrobenzene poisoning, RCE helped in improvement of oxygen saturation and patient showed significant improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RCE is an safe and clinically effective therapeutic modality with very minimal to nil side effects. RCE is possibly underutilized therapy in developing world like India due to various reasons like inadequate awareness/ technical expertise, lack of equipments and facilities to identify the clinical conditions per se etc.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , SBV, Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: M Joshua
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, VMKV Medical College , Seeragapadi, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India .
authors.forename: Prakash H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Muddegowda
authors.affiliation: Consultant Hematologist, MIOT International Hospital , Chennai, India .
authors.lastname: Chezhiansubash
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, VMKV Medical College , Seeragapadi, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India .
authors.forename: Jyothi B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lingegowda
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , SBV, Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry, India .
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.affiliation: Lt col- Graded Specialist Anesthesia, AMC , 425 FD Hospital, Poonch .
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Prasad
keywords: Abnormal red blood cells; Malaria; Sickle cell disease