title: Using a Marginal Structural Model to Design a Theory-Based Mass Media Campaign.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The essential first step in the development of mass media health campaigns is to identify specific beliefs of the target audience. The challenge is to prioritize suitable beliefs derived from behavioral theory. The purpose of this study was to identify suitable beliefs to target in a mass media campaign to change behavior using a new method to estimate the possible effect size of a small set of beliefs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the 2010 Japanese Young Female Smoker Survey (n = 500), conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Survey measures included intention to quit smoking, psychological beliefs (attitude, norms, and perceived control) based on the theory of planned behavior and socioeconomic status (age, education, household income, and marital status). To identify suitable candidate beliefs for a mass media health campaign, we estimated the possible effect size required to change the intention to quit smoking among the population of young Japanese women using the population attributable fraction from a marginal structural model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen percent of study participants intended to quit smoking. The marginal structural model estimated a population attributable fraction of 47 psychological beliefs (21 attitudes, 6 norms, and 19 perceived controls) after controlling for socioeconomic status. The belief, "I could quit smoking if my husband or significant other recommended it" suggested a promising target for a mass media campaign (population attributable fraction = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.23). Messages targeting this belief could possibly improve intention rates by up to 12% among this population. The analysis also suggested the potential for regulatory action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proposed a method by which campaign planners can develop theory-based mass communication strategies to change health behaviors at the population level. This method might contribute to improving the quality of future mass health communication strategies and further research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromu
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-2748
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taguri
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Social Behavior, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D008402:Mass Media; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D055815:Young Adult