title: Anti-dengue efficacy of bioactive andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Lamiales: Acanthaceae) against the primary dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: The current study investigated the toxic effect of the leaf extract compound andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) against the dengue vector Ae. aegypti. GC-MS analysis revealed that andrographolide was recognized as the major chemical constituent with the prominent peak area compared with other compounds. All isolated toxic compounds were purified and confirmed through RP-HPLC against chemical standards. The larvicidal assays established at 25ppm of bioactive compound against the treated instars of Ae. Aegypti showed prominent mortality compared to other treated concentrations. The percent mortality of larvae was directly proportional to concentration. The lethal concentration (LC50) was observed at 12ppm treatment concentration. The bioactive andrographolide considerably reduced the detoxifying enzyme regulations of α- and β- carboxylesterases. In contrast, the levels of GST and CYP450 significantly increase in a dose dependent manner. The andrographolide also showed strong oviposition deterrence effects at the sub-lethal dose of 12ppm. Similarly, the mean number of eggs were also significantly reduced in a dose dependent manner. At the concentration of 12ppm the effective percentage of repellency was greater than 90% with a protection time of 15-210min, compared with control. The histopathology study displayed that larvae treated with bioactive andrographolide had cytopathic effects in the midgut epithelium compared with the control. The present study established that bioactive andrographolide served as a potential useful for dengue vector management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
authors.forename: Edward-Sam
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
authors.forename: Prabhakaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasantha-Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India. Electronic address: senthil@msuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sengottayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil-Nathan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanigaivel
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
authors.forename: Athirstam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponsankar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
authors.forename: Venkatraman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 412, India.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selin-Rani
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627 802, India.
authors.forename: Kandaswamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalaivani
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, P.O. Box. 21531, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-Megeed
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box.2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box.2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects*; D035685:Andrographis; D000818:Animals; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000187:drug effects; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000187:drug effects; D003715:Dengue / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009032:Mosquito Control; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C030419:andrographolide; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
keywords: Bioactive; Dengue; Enzyme; Histology; Mortality; RP-HPLC; Repellent