title: Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates throughout an integrated broiler supply chain in China.
abstract: A total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated broiler supply chain in Guangdong Province, China, in 2013. One-hundred and two Salmonella enterica strains were isolated and subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence profile determination and molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The contamination rates in samples from breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, the slaughterhouse and retail stores were 1·46%, 4·31%, 7·00%, 62·86% and 54·67%, respectively. The isolated strains of S. enterica belonged to 10 serotypes; most of them were S. Weltevreden (46·08%, 47/102) and S. Agona (18·63%, 19/102). Isolates were frequently resistant to streptomycin (38·2%), tetracycline (36·3%), sulfisoxazole (35·3%) and gentamicin (34·3%); 31·4% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates were screened for 10 virulence factors. The Salmonella pathogenicity island genes avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, and sopB and the fimbrial gene bcfC were present in 100% of the strains. PFGE genotyping of the 102 S. enterica isolates yielded 24 PFGE types at an 85% similarity threshold. The PFGE patterns show that the genotypes of S. enterica in the production chain are very diverse, but some strains have 100% similarity in different parts of the production chain, which indicates that some S. enterica persist throughout the broiler supply chain.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province,P.R. China,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,P.R. China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002645:Chickens; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000662:veterinary; D044404:Genomic Islands / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D065288:Serogroup
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: 
                 Salmonella enterica
              ; Antimicrobial resistance; PFGE; broiler supply chain; virulence