title: Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA).
abstract: Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs.
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authors.forename: Ignacio
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authors.initials: CE
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authors.affiliation: Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, Weija-Accra, Ghana.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: AbdelKarim H
authors.initials: AH
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authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Critical Care, Universidad del Valle, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos A
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authors.lastname: Pereira Júnior
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgery, Vittorio Emanuele Hospital, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piazza
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East University Hospital 'Gailezers', Riga, Latvia.
authors.forename: Guntars
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pupelis
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy Miles
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rawson
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Jesenice General Hospital, Jesenice, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Miran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rems
authors.affiliation: Trauma and Acute Care Service, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizoli
authors.affiliation: U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit N° 6, Callao, Peru.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Department, Medical University, University Hospital St George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sakakushev
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: II Cátedra de Clínica Quirúrgica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
authors.forename: Helmut A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Segovia Lohse
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Policlinico A Gemelli, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sganga
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University Hospital, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Boonying
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Siribumrungwong
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore.
authors.forename: Vishal G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Shelat
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Soreide
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Surgery and Critical Care, Centro Medico Imbanaco, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, North Estonia Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Peep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talving
authors.affiliation: Surgery Health Care Group, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tilsed
authors.affiliation: APHP medical and infectious diseases ICU, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Timsit
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Biological and Environmental Sciences College, University San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trueba
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Tran Hung Dao Hospital, No 1, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung Dist, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ngo Tat
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Trung
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Surgery - Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ulrych
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Goor
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical School University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
authors.forename: Andras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vereczkei
authors.affiliation: Nottingham Oesophago-Gastric Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Ravinder S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India.
authors.forename: Imtiaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affilliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Trauma and Emergency Surgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Ching
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, MOSC Medical College Kolenchery, Cochin, India.
authors.forename: Sanoop K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Zachariah
authors.affiliation: Infection Control Unit, Angers University, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Ralph
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zahar
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgry, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA.
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Zakrison
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, AORN dei Colli Vincenzo Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corcione
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Sant'Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Melotti
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Genoa (DISSAL) and IRCCS San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viscoli
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sant' Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Perluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viale
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D059413:Intraabdominal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents