title: Screening for frailty among older emergency department visitors: Validation of the new FRESH-screening instrument.
abstract: The identification of frail older persons in different health care settings is widely seen as an important step in improving the healthcare system. Screening at an emergency department (ED) should be handled in just a few minutes without the use of tests or measurements. The FRESH-screening was developed for this purpose. This study's aim was to evaluate the FRESH-screening and its construct validity; also assessed were the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for frailty screening.
  
  
  
  The study had a cross-sectional design. A total of 161 elderly people who sought care at the emergency department at Mölndal Hospital were included. Inclusion criteria were ages ≥80 years or ages 65-79 with at least one chronic disease and dependence in at least one daily living activity. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated to describe the accuracy of the FRESH-screening in identifying those with frailty, as assessed by eight frailty indicators. Sensitivity and specificity were both set at a minimum of 80 %, and a percentage sum ≥150 of the sensitivity and positive prediction was considered a measure of excellent value.
  
  
  
  Both sensitivity and specificity were high (81 % and 80 %, respectively) when comparing the four questions of the FRESH-screening against the eight frailty indicators. The percentage sum of sensitivity and positive prediction was 173 (81 % + 92 %), thus exceeding the 150 cutoff.
  
  
  
  This study shows the FRESH-screening to be of excellent clinical value. Additionally, the clinical experience is that the instrument is simple and rapid to use, takes only a few minutes to administer, and requires minimal energy input by older persons.
authors.affiliation: Vårdalinstitutet, The Swedish Institute for Health Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Lund, Sweden. kajsa.eklund@gu.se.|Department of Health and Rehabilitation, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. kajsa.eklund@gu.se.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, Center of Aging and Health-AGECAP, Gothenburg, Sweden. kajsa.eklund@gu.se.|Institute Neuroscience and physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden. kajsa.eklund@gu.se.
authors.forename: Eklund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kajsa
authors.affiliation: Vårdalinstitutet, The Swedish Institute for Health Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Lund, Sweden.|Department of Health and Rehabilitation, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, Center of Aging and Health-AGECAP, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Wilhelmson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Katarina
authors.affiliation: Vårdalinstitutet, The Swedish Institute for Health Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Lund, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, Center of Aging and Health-AGECAP, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Landahl
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sten
authors.affiliation: Vårdalinstitutet, The Swedish Institute for Health Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Lund, Sweden.|Department of Health and Rehabilitation, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, Center of Aging and Health-AGECAP, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ivanoff-Dahlin
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Synneve
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D000073496:Frailty / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Frailty; Sensitivity; Specificity