title: Chronic Pain after Inguinal Hernia Repair.
abstract: Background. Chronic postherniorrhaphy groin pain is defined as pain lasting >6 months after surgery, which is one of the most important complications occurring after inguinal hernia repair, which occurs with greater frequency than previously thought. Material and Methods. Patients undergoing elective inguinal hernioplasty in Victoria Hospital from November 2011 to May 2013 were included in the study. A total of 227 patients met the inclusion criteria and were available for followup at end of six months. Detailed preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative details of cases were recorded according to proforma. The postoperative pain and pain at days two and seven and at end of six months were recorded on a VAS scale. Results. Chronic pain at six-month followup was present in 89 patients constituting 39.4% of all patients undergoing hernia repair. It was seen that 26.9% without preoperative pain developed chronic pain whereas 76.7% of patients with preoperative pain developed chronic pain. Preemptive analgesia failed to show statistical significance in development of chronic pain (P = 0.079). Nerve injury was present in 22 of cases; it was found that nerve injury significantly affected development of chronic pain (P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, it was found that development of chronic pain following hernia surgery was dependent upon factors like preoperative pain, type of anesthesia, nerve injury, postoperative local infiltration, postoperative complication, and most importantly the early postoperative pain. Conclusions. In the present study, we found that chronic pain following inguinal hernia repair causes significant morbidity to patients and should not be ignored. Preemptive analgesia and operation under local anesthesia significantly affect pain. Intraoperative identification and preservation of all inguinal nerves are very important. Early diagnosis and management of chronic pain can remove suffering of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore 560002, India.
authors.forename: Mallikarjuna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manangi
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore 560002, India.
authors.forename: Santhosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shivashankar
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore 560002, India.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5926-2636
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar