title: On the subject of homosexuality: What Freud said.
abstract: The article explores Freud's writing on homosexuality, from his early hypotheses, expressed in his letters to Fleiss to his last observations in The Outline of Psychoanalysis, published in 1940 after his death. We trace the continuities as well as changes in his thinking, and have organized the paper conceptually, under the headings: 1) Bisexuality 2) Narcissism and Object choice, 3) On Normality and Pathology, and 4) The Quantitative factor and Aggression. We show that Freud was the first to confirm the existence of homosexualities, that he offers no black and white solution to the question of normality and pathology, although he contributes to the understanding of the vehemence that surrounds the subject, and that, in the considerable body of work, he has offered a rich and varied foundation for further thinking on the subject.
authors.affiliation: 12 Caedmon Road, London N7 6DH, UK. sarajflanders@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flanders
authors.affiliation: Bd des Tranchees 44, 1206 Geneve, Suisse. Francois.Ladame@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ladame
authors.affiliation: Nämndemansvägen 2, SE 757 52, Uppsala, Sweden. a.carlberg@telia.com.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carlsberg
authors.affiliation: Jahnstr. 7, D-76133, Karlsruhe, Germany. petra.heymanns@web.de.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heymanns
authors.affiliation: Rue des Boers, 42, Brussels 1040, Belgium. dnaziri@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naziri
authors.affiliation: Dionysou 53, Maroussi -Athens 151 24, Greece. depanitz@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Denny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panitz
mesh_terms: D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D005619:Freudian Theory; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009289:Narcissism
keywords: aggression; bisexuality; homosexuality; identification; narcissism; normality