title: Mechanism of the anticataract effect of liposomal MgT in galactose-fed rats.
abstract: Increased lenticular oxidative stress and altered calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) homeostasis underlie cataractogenesis. We developed a liposomal formulation of magnesium taurate (MgT) and studied its effects on Ca/Mg homeostasis and lenticular oxidative and nitrosative stress in galactose-fed rats.
  
  
  
  The galactose-fed rats were topically treated with liposomal MgT (LMgT), liposomal taurine (LTau), or corresponding vehicles twice daily for 28 days with weekly anterior segment imaging. At the end of the experimental period, the lenses were removed and subjected to analysis for oxidative and nitrosative stress, Ca and Mg levels, ATP content, Ca(2+)-ATPase, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, and calpain II activities.
  
  
  
  The LTau and LMgT groups showed significantly lower opacity index values at all time points compared to the corresponding vehicle groups (p<0.001). However, the opacity index in the LMgT group was lower than that in the LTau group (p<0.05). Significantly reduced oxidative and nitrosative stress was observed in the LTau and LMgT groups. The lens Ca/Mg ratio in LMgT group was decreased by 1.15 times compared to that in the LVh group. Calpain II activity in the LMgT group was decreased by 13% compared to the LVh group. The ATP level and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase activities were significantly increased in the LMgT group compared to the LVh group (p<0.05).
  
  
  
  Topical liposomal MgT delays cataractogenesis in galactose-fed rats by maintaining the lens mineral homeostasis and reducing lenticular oxidative and nitrosative stress.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi MARA, RIG "Molecular Pharmacology and Advanced Therapeutics," Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences (PLS) Communities of Research (CoRe), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iezhitsa
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi MARA, RIG "Molecular Pharmacology and Advanced Therapeutics," Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences (PLS) Communities of Research (CoRe), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sarah Diyana Bt
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fatin Kamilah Bt
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Jalan Rasah, Seremban, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi MARA, RIG "Molecular Pharmacology and Advanced Therapeutics," Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences (PLS) Communities of Research (CoRe), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krasilnikova
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Thuhairah Hasrah Abdul
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khairul Nizam Bin
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Rozali
authors.affiliation: Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spasov
authors.affiliation: Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozerov
authors.affiliation: Scientific Centre for Expertise of Medical Application Products, Ministry of Health, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Renad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alyautdin
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia; Universiti Teknologi MARA, RIG "Molecular Pharmacology and Advanced Therapeutics," Pharmaceutical & Life Sciences (PLS) Communities of Research (CoRe), Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nafeeza Mohd
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D002386:Cataract / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005690:Galactose; D006706:Homeostasis; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D015538:Nitrosation; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D013654:Taurine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D013654:Taurine; D002154:Calpain; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium; D005690:Galactose