title: Does Uptake of Pharmaceuticals Vary Across Earthworm Species?
abstract: This study compared the uptake and depuration of four commonly used pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine and orlistat) in two earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida). L. terrestris are a larger species and often found in deep burrows whereas E. fetida prefer to reside near the soil surface. Species burrowing habits and sizes may alter uptake by earthworms. All four pharmaceuticals were taken up into both L. terrestris and E. fetida tissue after 21 days exposure to spiked soil. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged between 1.72 and 29.83 for L. terrestris and 1.14 and 63.03 for E. fetida. For carbamazepine and diclofenac, BCFs were similar whereas for fluoxetine and orlistat, BCFs in E. fetida were more than double those seen in L. terrestris. Results indicate that uptake into earthworms cannot be generalised between species and that the influence of species traits can vary depending on the nature of the study chemical.
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. laura.carter@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1146-7920
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: EHS Technical CoE, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, SG12 0DP, UK.
authors.forename: Jim J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Alistair B A
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boxall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000378:metabolism; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007783:Lactones / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077403:Orlistat; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D007783:Lactones; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D004008:Diclofenac; D002220:Carbamazepine; D000077403:Orlistat
keywords: Eisenia fetida; Lumbricus terrestris; Pharmaceutical; Species traits; Uptake