title: Genotoxic, mutagenic and antigenotoxic effects of Cecropia pachystachya Trécul aqueous extract using in vivo and in vitro assays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cecropia pachystachya is a medicinal plant native to South and Central Americas used to treat asthma and diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we evaluated the genotoxic, mutagenic and antigenotoxic effects of crude aqueous extract of C. pachystachya (CAE-Cp) leaves.
  
  
  METHODS
  CAE-Cp was analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method to determine total phenolic and tannin contents. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify major compounds. Distinct tissues from female and male adult mice were treated with 500-2000mg/kg of CAE-Cp by gavage for the comet assay and micronucleus test analyses. In addition, peripheral blood slides of the group treated with 2000mg/kg CAE-Cp were analyzed 3, 6, and 24h after treatment and were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (ex vivo) to evaluate the genotoxic effect using the comet assay. The Salmonella/microsome assay was carried out against to TA100, TA98, TA97a, TA102, and TA1535 strains in presence and absence of the S9 mix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPLC showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, isoorientin, orientin, and isovitexin as major compounds. Total phenolic and tannin contents were, respectively, 305.6±0.80 and 144.6±19.04mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract. Brain DNA damage was observed in all groups treated with CAE-Cp. The H2O2challenge indicated genotoxic effect only 6h after the administration of the extract. No increase was detected in micronucleus frequency for any group treated with the extract. Mutagenic effects were detected by Salmonella/microsome assay only in TA102 strain without S9 mix at higher doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained indicate that CAE-Cp was genotoxic to brain tissue. This result is supported by other papers, showing that compounds present in this extract can cross the blood-brain barrier and act on central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde (PPGBioSaude), Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erminiana Daminani
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde (PPGBioSaude), Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde (PPGBioSaude), Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde (PPGBioSaude), Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde (PPGBioSaude), Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Débora Kuck Mausolff
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Papke
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline Flach
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ortmann
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde (PPGBioSaude), Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline Nascimento
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Picada
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio Henrique
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Reginatto
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada a Saúde (PPGBioSaude), Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil. Electronic address: alexandre.ferraz@ulbra.br.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Barros Falcão Ferraz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D035702:Cecropia Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water
keywords: C-glycosyl-flavonoids; Cecropia pachystachya; Chlorogenic acid; Genotoxicity; Mutagenicity