title: Superiority of helical tomotherapy on liver sparing and dose escalation in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison study of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the difference of liver sparing and dose escalation between three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and helical tomotherapy (HT) for hepatocellular carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen unresectable HCC patients were enrolled in this study. First, some evaluation factors of 3DCRT, IMRT, and HT plans were calculated with prescription dose at 50 Gy/25 fractions. Then, the doses were increased using HT or IMRT independently until either the plans reached 70 Gy or any normal tissue reached the dose limit according to quantitative analysis of normal tissue effects in the clinic criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The conformal index of 3DCRT was lower than that of IMRT (P<0.001) or HT (P<0.001), and the homogeneity index of 3DCRT was higher than that of IMRT (P<0.001) or HT (P<0.001). HT took the longest treatment time (P<0.001). For V 50% (fraction of normal liver treated to at least 50% of the isocenter dose) of the normal liver, there was a significant difference: 3DCRT > IMRT > HT (P<0.001). HT had a lower D mean (mean dose) and V 20 (V n, the percentage of organ volume receiving ≥n Gy) of liver compared with 3DCRT (P=0.005 and P=0.005, respectively) or IMRT (P=0.508 and P=0.007, respectively). D mean of nontarget normal liver and V 30 of liver were higher for 3DCRT than IMRT (P=0.005 and P=0.005, respectively) or HT (P=0.005 and P=0.005, respectively). Seven patients in IMRT (43.75%) and nine patients in HT (56.25%) reached the isodose 70 Gy, meeting the dose limit of the organs at risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HT may provide significantly better liver sparing and allow more patients to achieve higher prescription dose in HCC radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, People's Republic of China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Renben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, People's Republic of China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Linzhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kunli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shumei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, People's Republic of China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhonghua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma; liver sparing; radiation-induced liver disease; radiotherapy