title: Protective Response Mechanisms to Heat Stress in Interaction with High [CO2] Conditions in Coffea spp.
abstract: Modeling studies have predicted that coffee crop will be endangered by future global warming, but recent reports highlighted that high [CO2] can mitigate heat impacts on coffee. This work aimed at identifying heat protective mechanisms promoted by CO2 in Coffea arabica (cv. Icatu and IPR108) and Coffea canephora cv. Conilon CL153. Plants were grown at 25/20°C (day/night), under 380 or 700 μL CO2 L(-1), and then gradually submitted to 31/25, 37/30, and 42/34°C. Relevant heat tolerance up to 37/30°C for both [CO2] and all coffee genotypes was observed, likely supported by the maintenance or increase of the pools of several protective molecules (neoxanthin, lutein, carotenes, α-tocopherol, HSP70, raffinose), activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and the upregulated expression of some genes (ELIP, Chaperonin 20). However, at 42/34°C a tolerance threshold was reached, mostly in the 380-plants and Icatu. Adjustments in raffinose, lutein, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and HSP70 pools, and the upregulated expression of genes related to protective (ELIPS, HSP70, Chape 20, and 60) and antioxidant (CAT, CuSOD2, APX Cyt, APX Chl) proteins were largely driven by temperature. However, enhanced [CO2] maintained higher activities of GR (Icatu) and CAT (Icatu and IPR108), kept (or even increased) the Cu,Zn-SOD, APX, and CAT activities, and promoted a greater upregulation of those enzyme genes, as well as those related to HSP70, ELIPs, Chaperonins in CL153, and Icatu. These changes likely favored the maintenance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at controlled levels and contributed to mitigate of photosystem II photoinhibition at the highest temperature. Overall, our results highlighted the important role of enhanced [CO2] on the coffee crop acclimation and sustainability under predicted future global warming scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaOeiras, Portugal; Departamento Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Universidade Federal Espírito SantoSão Mateus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Madlles Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaOeiras, Portugal; Setor Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte FluminenseRio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Weverton P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fortunato
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaOeiras, Portugal; GeoBioTec, Faculdade Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: António E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Leitão
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Investigação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaOeiras, Portugal; Departamento Produção Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito SantoAlegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lima D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaOeiras, Portugal; GeoBioTec, Faculdade Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: GeoBioTec, Faculdade Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Reboredo
authors.affiliation: Departamento Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Universidade Federal Espírito Santo São Mateus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Partelli
authors.affiliation: Setor Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliemar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Campostrini
authors.affiliation: Departamento Produção Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tomaz
authors.affiliation: GeoBioTec, Faculdade Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e VeterináriaOeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scotti-Campos
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaOeiras, Portugal; GeoBioTec, Faculdade Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Barros
authors.affiliation: GeoBioTec, Faculdade Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando J C
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Lidon
authors.affiliation: Departamento Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: DaMatta
authors.affiliation: Grupo Interações Planta-Ambiente and Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Departamento Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), and Forest Research Center (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaOeiras, Portugal; GeoBioTec, Faculdade Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de LisboaCaparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ramalho
keywords: acclimation; antioxidants; chloroplast; climate change; coffee; enhanced [CO2]; global warming; heat