title: The Embodied Self in Parkinson's Disease: Feasibility of a Single Tango Intervention for Assessing Changes in Psychological Health Outcomes and Aesthetic Experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dance is an embodied activity with benefits for mobility, balance, and quality of life (QoL) of persons affected by Parkinson's Disease (PD). It is enjoyable and likely to support adherence to movement prescriptions. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of measuring changes in psychological outcomes, specifically well-being, body self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and experienced beauty after a single Argentine Tango intervention in a workshop format. To anchor experienced beauty in a theory, the article introduces a model of embodied aesthetics featuring active art-making as a central aspect of healing in arts-based interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single-group pre-post design, we tested the feasibility of measuring psychological changes of 34 PD patients from Southern Germany after an introductory workshop in Argentine Tango. They participated in a 90 min Tango for PD intervention and completed the Heidelberg State Inventory (HSI-24; (Koch et al., 2007)), the Body Self-Efficacy Scale (BSE; (Fuchs and Koch, 2014)) with a sub-dimension on aesthetic experience, and the Credibility-Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ; (Devilly and Borkovec, 2000)) before and after the intervention. A subgroup completed the therapeutic factors of arts therapies-scale, a new measure to elaborate on the aesthetic experience. We analyzed pre-post-differences with a t-test for paired samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study supports the feasibility of measuring health-related psychological changes from a single Argentine Tango intervention for PD patients, as well as acceptance and appropriateness of the intervention for the patient group. After the tango intervention, well-being, body self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies increased. Participants also experienced an increase in beauty of their movements and other aesthetic aspects. We suspect that, in addition to the functional and psychological factors identified so far, the aesthetic experience in dance may be an important therapeutic factor mediating several outcomes of dance and other arts-based interventions. A controlled study for evidence-based testing of targeted variables can now follow to examine the new hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany; Department for Creative Arts Therapies and Therapy Sciences, Alanus UniversityAlfter, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mergheim
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raeke
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Clarissa B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riegner
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nolden
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diermayr
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Moreau
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hillecke
keywords: Argentine Tango; Parkinson's disease; aesthetic experience; arts therapies; beauty; body self-efficacy; dance movement therapy; embodiment