title: Prognostic significance of pattern and burden of metastatic disease in patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma: A study from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database.
abstract: Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer with remarkably divergent tumour behaviour and the presence of metastatic disease is a powerful predictor of adverse outcome. However, the importance of the involvement of specific metastatic sites or overall metastatic burden in determining outcome has not been fully explored. We analysed data from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database for 2250 patients with stage 4 disease treated from 1990 to 2002. Metastatic burden was assessed using a 'metastatic site index' (MSI), a score based on the number of metastatic systems involved. Overall, involvement of bone marrow, bone, lung, central nervous system, or other sites was associated with worse outcome. For patients aged ≥18 months, involvement of liver had the greatest impact on outcome and was associated with tumour MYCN amplification and adrenal primary and lung metastases. Increased MSI was associated with worse outcome and higher baseline ferritin/lactate dehydrogenase. We explored the impact of initial treatment approach on these associations. Limiting the analysis to patients allocated to protocols including stem cell transplant (SCT), there was no longer an association of outcome with metastatic involvement of any individual system or increasing MSI. Thus, treatment escalation with SCT (and the addition of differentiating agents to maintenance therapy) appears to have provided maximal benefit to patients with greatest metastatic disease burden. These findings underscore the importance of examining prognostic factors in the context of specific treatments since the addition of new therapies may change or even negate the predictive impact of a particular variable.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Electronic address: daniel.morgenstern@gosh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Boston Children's Hospital Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: London
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics, Design and Analysis, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Volchenboum
authors.affiliation: University Children's Hospital, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakagawara
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Départment de pédiatrie, Institut Curie, Paris Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schleiermacher
authors.affiliation: UCSF School of Medicine and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Therapeutics and Clinical Studies, Institute of Cancer Research and Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew D J
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Meredith S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D019653:Myeloablative Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019653:Myeloablative Agonists
keywords: Antineoplastic protocols; Liver; Metastasis; Myeloablative chemotherapy; Neuroblastoma; Prognosis; Stem cell transplantation