title: Hemivertebrae: a comprehensive review of embryology, imaging, classification, and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper was to comprehensively review hemivertebrae in regard to their classification, embryology, etiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and management of this developmental anomaly.
  
  
  METHODS
  This subject review of hemivertebrae was composed after conducting a thorough review of the available literature on this topic using PubMed and other standard search engines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hemivertebrae are incomplete vertebral column segments that can result in congenital scoliosis and be associated with a range of other structural anomalies. Presentations may differ and based on location and classification, treatments may vary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemivertebrae are structural anomalies of the vertebral column that can potentially disrupt the spine's normal curvature. Their clinical impact depends on factors such as degree of segmentation and concurrence with other structural anomalies. It is hoped that this review will provide the clinician who treats patients with hemivertebrae a resource in better understanding this finding and its subsequent pathological effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, True Blue, St. George's, Grenada. jas.johal101@gmail.com.|Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA. jas.johal101@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jaspreet
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6941-3597
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, True Blue, St. George's, Grenada.
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.affiliation: Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fisahn
authors.affiliation: Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jens R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Rod J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oskouian
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D013121:Spinal Curvatures / Q000473:pathology; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000151:congenital* / Q000473:pathology*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities*
keywords: Anatomy; Hemivertebrae; Scoliosis; Spine; Vertebral column