title: Cytokine levels in major depression are related to childhood trauma but not to recent stressors.
abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a stress-related psychiatric disorder. A subgroup of MDD patients is characterized by increased inflammatory activation. We aimed to investigate whether increased inflammation particularly occurs in MDD patients with a history of stressful early or later life experiences.
  
  
  
  Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were determined in N=214 MDD patients and N=180 healthy controls (HC). Childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - CTQ), adverse life events of the past 12 months (List of Threatening Experiences Questionnaire - LTE-Q), and perceived stress in the past month (Perceived Stress Scale - PSS) were analyzed with regard to cytokine levels.
  
  
  
  Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were not related to global scores of adverse events or perceived stress covering different time points ranging from childhood to the past month. However, in the subgroup of traumatized MDD patients, higher severity of childhood sexual abuse was associated with higher levels of both IL-6 and TNF-α in a linear fashion.
  
  
  
  Our data suggest a linear relationship between childhood sexual abuse and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in MDD patients, while more recent stressful life events were not related to these inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany; Radiology Morphological Solutions, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: laura.grosse@ukmuenster.de.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ambrée
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jörgens
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: M Catharine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jawahar
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arolt
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Bernhard T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Baune
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events; D002648:Child; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C439524:TNF protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Childhood trauma; Cytokines; Interleukin 6; Major depressive disorder; Stress; Tumor necrosis factor alpha