title: Combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches to restore the function of anergic tumor-reactive cytotoxic CD8+T cells.
abstract: Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that combination immunotherapy can significantly reduce tumor growth and improve overall survival as compared to monotherapy. Furthermore, dual CTLA-4/PD-1 checkpoint blockade recently received FDA-approval for patients with metastatic melanoma, becoming the first combination immunotherapy to garner this designation in a rapidly evolving field. Despite this progress, the majority of patients do not respond to treatment, underscoring the critical need for more effective therapies. We have been investigating the mechanisms by which combination immunotherapy with an OX40 agonist plus CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade augments effector T cell responses to elicit anti-tumor immunity. Surprisingly, this approach failed to eradicate well-established tumors, in part due to the induction of anergy in cytotoxic CD8+T cells. Further work revealed that anergic CD8+T cells could be rescued by combining a dendritic cell-targeted vaccine with combination immunotherapy. Taken together, these data suggest that novel combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies incorporating a vaccination strategy may be needed to generate effective anti-tumor responses in the majority of patients with metastatic disease.
authors.affiliation: a Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center , Portland , OR , USA.|b Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.affiliation: a Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center , Portland , OR , USA.
authors.forename: Stefanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Linch
mesh_terms: D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D053262:Receptors, OX40 / Q000819:agonists; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D053262:Receptors, OX40; C505716:TNFRSF4 protein, human
keywords: T cell agonist; checkpoint blockade; co-stimulation; immunotherapy; vaccine