title: Intestinal Lymphangiectasia: Insights on Management and Literature Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND Intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL) is a rare disease characterized by a dilatation of the intestinal lymphatics and loss of lymph fluid into the gastrointestinal tract leading to hypoproteinemia, edema, lymphocytopenia, hypogammaglobinemia, and immunological abnormalities. Iron, calcium, and other serum components (e.g., lipids, fat soluble vitamins) may also be depleted. A literature search revealed more than 200 reported cases of IL. Herein, we report our observations of a patient diagnosed with IL; we also present our conclusion for our review of the published literature. CASE REPORT A 24-year-old male was admitted to Aleppo University Hospital with the complaints of abdominal pain, headache, arthralgia, fever, and rigors. His past medical history was remarkable for frequent episodes of diarrhea, recurrent infections, and swelling in the lower limbs. In addition, he had been hospitalized several times in non-academic hospitals due to edema in his legs, cellulitis, and recurrent infections. In the emergency department, a physical examination revealed a patient in distress. He was weak, dehydrated, pale, and had a high-grade fever. His lower extremities were edematous, swollen, and extremely tender to touch. The overlying skin was erythematous and warm. Moreover, the patient was tachycardic, tacypneic, and moderately hypotensive. The patient was resuscitated with IV fluids, and Tylenol was administered to bring the temperature down. Blood tests showed anemia and high levels of inflammatory markers. The patient's white blood cell count was elevated with an obvious left shift. However, subsequent investigations showed that the patient had IL. Suitable diet modification plans were applied as a long-term management plan. CONCLUSIONS IL is a rare disease of challenging nature due to its systematic effects and lack of comprehensive studies that can evaluate the effectiveness of specific treatments in a large cohort of patients. MCT (medium-chain triglyceride) oils and diet modification strategies are effective in reducing the loss of body proteins and in maintaining near-normal blood levels of immunoglobulins. However, octreotide and MCT oils had no proven role in shrinking edema in our patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamad J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alshikho
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
authors.forename: Joud M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Talas
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Salem I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Noureldine
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
authors.forename: Saf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zazou
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
authors.forename: Aladdin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Addas
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kurabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasser
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008201:Lymphangiectasis, Intestinal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult