title: Rhinovirus-specific antibody responses in preschool children with acute wheeze reflect severity of respiratory symptoms.
abstract: Some children with rhinovirus (RV) infections wheeze, but it is unknown whether this is due to more virulent strains of virus or differences in host immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the RV species-specific antibody responses measured at a follow-up visit in preschool children in relation to reported time with respiratory symptoms and the presence of different RV species during an acute episode of wheeze.
  
  
  
  Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were taken among 120 preschool children (<4 years of age) at an acute episode of wheeze and at a follow-up visit (median 11 weeks later). Nested PCR was used to detect different RV strains, and serum levels of IgG1against purified recombinant VP1 proteins from representatives of the three RV species (RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C) were measured by ELISA.
  
  
  
  Rhinovirus was detected in 74% (n = 80/108) of the children at the acute visit, and RV-C was the most common subtype (n = 59/80, 74%). An increase in RV-specific IgG1was seen in 61% (n = 73) of the children at follow-up, most frequently against RV-A (n = 61/73, 86%) irrespective of the RV strains detected by PCR. Increases in RV-specific IgG1against RV-A or against RV-A and RV-C were significantly associated with more respiratory symptoms (p = 0.03, p = 0.007).
  
  
  
  Antibody response to recombinant RV VP1 proteins was associated with longer time with respiratory symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stenberg-Hammar
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niespodziana
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Söderhäll
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Allergy Research (CfA), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cabauatan
authors.affiliation: Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Konradsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Sachs' Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Melén
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Hage
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valenta
authors.affiliation: Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Allergy Research (CfA), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedlin
mesh_terms: D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000276:immunology*; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: preschool children; recombinant VP1 protein; rhinovirus; rhinovirus-specific IgG1; wheeze