title: Maximal workload but not peak oxygen uptake is decreased during immersed incremental exercise at cooler temperatures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effects of water temperature on cardiorespiratory responses and exercise performance during immersed incremental cycle exercise until exhaustion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy young men performed incremental cycle exercise on a water cycle ergometer at water temperatures (T w) of 18, 26 and 34 °C. Workload was initially set at 60 W and was increased by 20 W every 2 min for the first four levels and then by 10 W every minute until the subject could no longer continue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During submaximal exercise (60-120 W), [Formula: see text] was greater at T w = 18 °C than at 26 or 34 °C. Maximal workload was lower at T w = 18 °C than at 26 or 34 °C [T w = 18 °C: 138 ± 16 (SD) W, T w = 26 °C: 157 ± 16 W, T w = 34 °C: 156 ± 18 W], whereas [Formula: see text]O2peak did not differ among the three temperatures [T w = 18 °C: 3156 ± 364 (SD) ml min(-1), T w = 26 °C: 3270 ± 344 ml min(-1), T w = 34 °C: 3281 ± 268 ml min(-1)]. Minute ventilation ([Formula: see text]) and tidal volume (V T) during submaximal exercise were higher at T w = 18 °C than at 26 or 34 °C, while respiratory frequency (f R) did not differ with respect to T w.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peak workload during immersed incremental cycle exercise is lower in cold water (18 °C) due to the higher [Formula: see text] during submaximal exercise, while the greater [Formula: see text] in cold water was due to a larger V T.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Environmental Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sengoku
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Shozo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsubakimoto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan. nisiyasu@taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishiyasu
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods; D007101:Immersion; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cold water; Exercise performance; Ventilatory responses