title: Genome-Wide Analysis of Yield in Europe: Allelic Effects Vary with Drought and Heat Scenarios.
abstract: Assessing the genetic variability of plant performance under heat and drought scenarios can contribute to reduce the negative effects of climate change. We propose here an approach that consisted of (1) clustering time courses of environmental variables simulated by a crop model in current (35 years × 55 sites) and future conditions into six scenarios of temperature and water deficit as experienced by maize (Zea mays L.) plants; (2) performing 29 field experiments in contrasting conditions across Europe with 244 maize hybrids; (3) assigning individual experiments to scenarios based on environmental conditions as measured in each field experiment; frequencies of temperature scenarios in our experiments corresponded to future heat scenarios (+5°C); (4) analyzing the genetic variation of plant performance for each environmental scenario. Forty-eight quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield were identified by association genetics using a multi-environment multi-locus model. Eight and twelve QTLs were associated to tolerances to heat and drought stresses because they were specific to hot and dry scenarios, respectively, with low or even negative allelic effects in favorable scenarios. Twenty-four QTLs improved yield in favorable conditions but showed nonsignificant effects under stress; they were therefore associated with higher sensitivity. Our approach showed a pattern of QTL effects expressed as functions of environmental variables and scenarios, allowing us to suggest hypotheses for mechanisms and candidate genes underlying each QTL. It can be used for assessing the performance of genotypes and the contribution of genomic regions under current and future stress situations and to accelerate breeding for drought-prone environments.
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Emilie J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Welcker
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kruijer
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coupel-Ledru
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Stéphane D
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0758-9930
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Nicolas
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laborde
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bauland
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Praud
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2654-8125
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ranc
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Presterl
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9143-9569
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tuberosa
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9480-0532
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bedo
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3637-3330
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Draye
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Usadel
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charcosset
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.).
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Eeuwijk
authors.affiliation: INRA, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060 Montpellier, France (E.J.M., C.W., A.C.-L., F.T.);Biometris - Applied Statistics, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands (W.K., F.V.E.);INRA, UMR 0320 / UMR 8120 Génétique Quantitative et Evolution, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France (S.N, S.D.N., C.B., A.C.); INRA, SMH Maïs, Centre de recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, 40390 Saint-Martin-De-Hinx, France (J.L.); Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Biogemma, 63720 Chappes, France (S.P.); Syngenta France SAS, 12, Chemin de l'Hobit, BP 27, 31790, Saint-Sauveur, France (N.R.); KWS Saat SE, 37555 Einbeck, Germany (T.P.); Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy (R.T.);MTA ATK/ AI CAR HAS, Martonvasar 2462, Hungary (Z.B.);UCL ELIA, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (X.D.); andInstitute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany (B.U.) francois.tardieu@supagro.inra.fr.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tardieu
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D018533:Biomass; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D057231:Climate Change; D055864:Droughts; D017753:Ecosystem; D005060:Europe; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci / Q000235:genetics; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D003313:Zea mays / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development