title: Neuroprotective Effects of Germinated Brown Rice in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's-Like Disease Rats.
abstract: The effects of germinated brown rice (GBR) on the motor deficits and the dopaminergic (DA) cell death were investigated in Parkinson's-like disease (PD) rats. Reactive oxidative species generated by chronic subcutaneous injection of rotenone (RT) lead to neuronal apoptosis particularly in the nigrostriatal DA system and produce many features of PD, bradykinesis, postural instability and rigidity. In this study, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), previously reported to inhibit RT-induced DA cell death, was used as the positive control. Results show that pretreatment with GBR as well as 4-PBA significantly enhanced the motor activity after RT injection, and GBR affected significantly in open field test, only in the ambulation but not the mobility duration, and ameliorated the time to orient down (t-turn) and total time to descend the pole (t-total) in pole test as compared to RT group, but significantly lowered both t-turn and t-total only in 4-PBA group. The percentage of apoptotic cells in brain measured by flow cytometry and the inflammatory effect measured by ELISA of TNF-α showed significant increase in RT group as compared to the control (CT) group at P < 0.05. Apoptotic cells in RT group (85.98 %) showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase versus CT group (17.50 %), and this effect was attenuated in GBR+RT group by decreasing apoptotic cells (79.32 %), whereas, increased viable cells (17.94 %) versus RT group (10.79 %). GBR in GBR + RT group could decrease TNF-α both in the serum and in brain. In summary, GBR showed a neuroprotective effect in RT-induced PD rats, and it may be useful as a value-added functional food to prevent neurodegenerative disease or PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand. supin.cho@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Supin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chompoopong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sunit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarungjitaree
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Tideeporn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Punbanlaem
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thanaporn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rungruang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sukumal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chongthammakun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Aikkarach
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettawan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thongchai
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taechowisan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055951:Functional Food; D018525:Germination; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012275:Oryza; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced*; D051381:Rats; D012402:Rotenone
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012402:Rotenone
keywords: 4-phenylbutyrate; Germinated brown rice; Neurodegeneration; Parkinson’s disease; Rotenone