title: Does early paternal involvement predict offspring developmental diagnoses?
abstract: A long line of research has illustrated that fathers play an important role in the development of their children. Few studies, however, have examined the impact of paternal involvement at the earliest stages of life on developmental diagnoses in childhood.
  
  
  
  The present study extends this line of research by exploring the possibility that paternal involvement prenatally, postnatally, and at the time of birth may influence offspring risk for various diagnoses in childhood.
  
  
  
  A quasi-experimental, propensity score matching design was used to create treatment and control groups to assess the relationship between paternal involvement at each stage of development and developmental diagnoses.
  
  
  
  Approximately 6000 children, and a subsample of fathers, who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B).
  
  
  
  Activity, attention and learning, speech or language, and other diagnoses in early childhood, and overall number of diagnoses at 4years of age.
  
  
  
  We find no consistent evidence that low paternal involvement prenatally or postnatally increases the risk of various developmental diagnoses by age 4. However, children whose fathers were absent at the time of their birth were at significantly greater risk of incurring various developmental diagnoses, as well as a significantly greater number of developmental diagnoses.
  
  
  
  The findings expand our understanding of exactly how early paternal influence begins and the specific dimensions of early father behaviors that are related to the risk of various developmental diagnoses. Ultimately, these results have important implications concerning father involvement during the earliest stages of the life course.
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at San Antonio, United States. Electronic address: Dylan.Jackson@utsa.edu.
authors.forename: Dylan B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: The University of Texas at San Antonio, United States.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Newsome
authors.affiliation: Florida State University, United States; King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Beaver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010332:Paternal Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Birth; Childhood; Development; Diagnoses; Fathers; Involvement; Postnatal; Prenatal