title: A prospective analysis of physical examination findings in the diagnosis of facial fractures: Determining predictive value.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are >150,000 patient visits per year to emergency rooms for facial trauma. The reliability of a computed tomography (CT) scan has made it the primary modality for diagnosing facial skeletal injury, with the physical examination playing more a cursory role. Knowing the predictive value of physical findings in facial skeletal injuries may enable more appropriate use of imaging and health care resources.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A blinded prospective study was undertaken to assess the predictive value of physical examination findings in detecting maxillofacial fracture in trauma patients, and in determining whether a patient will require surgical intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a four-month period, the authors' team examined patients admitted with facial trauma to the emergency department of their hospital. The evaluating physician completed a standardized physical examination evaluation form indicating the physical findings. Corresponding CT scans and surgical records were then reviewed, and the results recorded by a plastic surgeon who was blinded to the results of the physical examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 57 patients met the inclusion criteria; there were 44 male and 13 female patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of grouped physical examination findings were determined in major areas. In further analysis, specific examination findings with n≥9 (15%) were also reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data demonstrated a high negative predictive value of at least 90% for orbital floor, zygomatic, mandibular and nasal bone fractures compared with CT scan. Furthermore, none of the patients who did not have a physical examination finding for a particular facial fracture required surgery for that fracture. Thus, the instrument performed well at ruling out fractures in these areas when there were none. Ultimately, these results may help reduce unnecessary radiation and costly imaging in patients with facial trauma without facial fractures.
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Alisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Timashpolsky
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Dagum
authors.affiliation: Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Syed M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sayeed
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Romeiser
authors.affiliation: North Shore Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Elisheva A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Conkling
keywords: CT scan; Craniofacial; Maxillofacial; Physical examination