title: Recent developments in vascular ultrasound technology.
abstract: This article describes four technologies relevant to vascular ultrasound which are available commercially in 2015, and traces their origin back through the research literature. The technologies are 3D ultrasound and its use in plaque volume estimation (first described in 1994), colour vector Doppler for flow visualisation (1994), wall motion for estimation of arterial stiffness (1968), and shear wave elastography imaging of the arterial wall (2010). Overall these technologies have contributed to the understanding of vascular disease but have had little impact on clinical practice. The basic toolkit for vascular ultrasound has for the last 25 years been real-time B-mode, colour flow and spectral Doppler. What has changed over this time is improvement in image quality. Looking ahead it is noted that 2D array transducers and high frame rate imaging continue to spread through the commercial vascular ultrasound sector and both have the potential to impact on clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hoskins
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kenwright
keywords: 3D; B-mode; Doppler ultrasound; elastography; plaque volume; shear wave imaging; spectral Doppler; stiffness; vascular ultrasound; vector Doppler; wall motion