title: Plant Elite Squad: First Defense Line and Resistance Genes - Identification, Diversity and Functional Roles.
abstract: Plants exhibit sensitive mechanisms to respond to environmental stresses, presenting some specific and non-specific reactions when attacked by pathogens, including organisms from different classes and complexity, as viroids, viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes. A crucial step to define the fate of the plant facing an invading pathogen is the activation of a compatible Resistance (R) gene, the focus of the present review. Different aspects regarding R-genes and their products are discussed, including pathogen recognition mechanisms, signaling and effects on induced and constitutive defense processes, splicing and post transcriptional mechanisms involved. There are still countless challenges to the complete understanding of the mechanisms involving R-genes in plants, in particular those related to the interactions with other genes of the pathogen and of the host itself, their regulation, acting mechanisms at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, as well as the influence of other types of stress over their regulation. A magnification of knowledge is expected when considering the novel information from the omics and systems biology.
authors.affiliation: Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50.670-420, Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wanderley-Nogueira
authors.forename: Joao Pacífico
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bezerra-Neto
authors.forename: Ederson Akio
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Flavia Tadeu
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: de Araujo
authors.forename: Lidiane Lindinalva Barbosa
authors.initials: LLB
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crovella
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Benko-Iseppon
mesh_terms: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D018628:Gene Dosage; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000276:immunology*; D018745:Genome, Plant; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005030:Ethylenes; D010940:Plant Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C107295:RPP5 protein, Arabidopsis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C036216:ethylene
keywords: Avirulence; DAMPs; MAMPs; PAMPs; R-gene; hypersensitive response; signal transduction