title: A novel thermo-mechanical system enhanced transdermal delivery of hydrophilic active agents by fractional ablation.
abstract: The Tixel is a novel device based on a thermo-mechanical ablation technology that combines a sophisticated motion and a temperature control. The fractional technology is used to transfer a very precise thermal energy to the skin thereby creating an array of microchannels, accompanying by no signs of pain or inconvenience. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the Tixel on the skin permeability of three hydrophilic molecular models: verapamil hydrochloride, diclofenac sodium, and magnesium ascorbyl phosphate. Tixel's gold-platted stainless steel tip heated to a temperature of 400°C was applied on skin for 8ms or 9ms at a protrusion of 400μm (the distance in which the tip protrudes beyond the distance gauge). The experiments were carried out partly in vivo in humans using a fluorescent dye and a confocal microscopy and partly in vitro using porcine skin and a Franz diffusion cell system. The results obtained in this study have shown that (a) no significant collateral damage to the skin tissue and no necrosis or dermal coagulation have been noted, (b) the microchannels remained open and endured for at least 6h, and (c) the skin permeability of hydrophilic molecules, which poorly penetrate the lipophilic stratum corneum barrier, was significantly enhanced by using Tixel's pretreatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Laboratory for Biopharmaceutics, E.D. Bergmann Campus, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel. Electronic address: asintov@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Amnon C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sintov
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Charitéplatz 1, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Maja A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004008:Diclofenac; C011669:ascorbate-2-phosphate; D014700:Verapamil; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Diclofenac; Fractional skin ablation; Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate; Percutaneous permeation; Transdermal drug delivery; Verapamil