title: Passive Sampling and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Chemical Profiling of French Coastal Areas with a Focus on Marine Biotoxins.
abstract: Passive samplers (solid phase adsorption toxin tracking: SPATT) are able to accumulate biotoxins produced by microalgae directly from seawater, thus providing useful information for monitoring of the marine environment. SPATTs containing 0.3, 3, and 10 g of resin were deployed at four different coastal areas in France and analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Quantitative targeted screening provided insights into toxin profiles and showed that toxin concentrations and profiles in SPATTs were dependent on the amount of resin used. Between the three amounts of resin tested, SPATTs containing 3 g of resin appeared to be the best compromise, which is consistent with the use of 3 g of resin in SPATTs by previous studies. MassHunter and Mass Profiler Professional softwares were used for data reprocessing and statistical analyses. A differential profiling approach was developed to investigate and compare the overall chemical diversity of dissolved substances in different coastal water bodies. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed for spatial differentiation between areas. Similarly, SPATTs retrieved from the same location at early, medium, and late deployment periods were also differentiated by PCA, reflecting seasonal variations in chemical profiles and in the microalgal community. This study used an untargeted metabolomic approach for spatial and temporal differentiation of marine environmental chemical profiles using SPATTs, and we propose this approach as a step forward in the discovery of chemical markers of short- or long-term changes in the microbial community structure.
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.|LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160 , Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Zita
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zendong
authors.affiliation: LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160 , Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: LUNAM, Université de Nantes, MMS EA2160 , Faculté de Pharmacie, 9 rue Bias, 44035 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrenknecht
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), CS30171 Sète Cedex 03 34200, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS, LOV, UMR 7093, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche/mer, Paris F-06230, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jauzein
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS, LOV, UMR 7093, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche/mer, Paris F-06230, France.
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lemée
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Bretagne Occidentale (LER-BO), Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croi, BP 40537, Concarneau F-29185, France.
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gouriou
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Zouher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amzil
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005602:France; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins