title: Delivered dose uncertainty analysis at the tumor apex for ocular brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the total dosimetric uncertainty at the tumor apex for ocular brachytherapy treatments delivered using 16 mm Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) and Super9 plaques loaded with (125)I seeds in order to determine the size of the apex margin that would be required to ensure adequate dosimetric coverage of the tumor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The total dosimetric uncertainty was assessed for three reference tumor heights: 3, 5, and 10 mm, using the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement/National Institute of Standards and Technology approach. Uncertainties pertaining to seed construction, source strength, plaque assembly, treatment planning calculations, tumor height measurement, plaque placement, and plaque tilt for a simple dome-shaped tumor were investigated and quantified to estimate the total dosimetric uncertainty at the tumor apex. Uncertainties in seed construction were determined using EBT3 Gafchromic film measurements around single seeds, plaque assembly uncertainties were determined using high resolution microCT scanning of loaded plaques to measure seed positions in the plaques, and all other uncertainties were determined from the previously published studies and recommended values. All dose calculations were performed using plaque simulator v5.7.6 ophthalmic treatment planning system with the inclusion of plaque heterogeneity corrections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total dosimetric uncertainties at 3, 5, and 10 mm tumor heights for the 16 mm COMS plaque were 17.3%, 16.1%, and 14.2%, respectively, and for the Super9 plaque were 18.2%, 14.4%, and 13.1%, respectively (all values with coverage factor k = 2). The apex margins at 3, 5, and 10 mm tumor heights required to adequately account for these uncertainties were 1.3, 1.3, and 1.4 mm, respectively, for the 16 mm COMS plaque, and 1.8, 1.4, and 1.2 mm, respectively, for the Super9 plaque. These uncertainties and associated margins are dependent on the dose gradient at the given prescription depth, thus resulting in the changing uncertainties and margins with depth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The margins determined in this work can be used as a guide for determining an appropriate apex margin for a given treatment, which can be chosen based on the tumor height. The required margin may need to be increased for more complex scenarios (mushroom shaped tumors, tumors close to the optic nerve, oblique muscle related tilt, etc.) than the simple dome-shaped tumor examined and should be chosen on a case-by-case basis. The sources of uncertainty contributing most significantly to the total dosimetric uncertainty are seed placement within the plaques, treatment planning calculations, tumor height measurement, and plaque tilt. This work presents an uncertainty-based, rational approach to estimating an appropriate apex margin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
authors.forename: Hali
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Larocque
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
authors.forename: Hans-Sonke
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jans
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
authors.forename: Ezekiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weis
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada and Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.
authors.forename: Ron S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sloboda
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D035501:Uncertainty