title: Household indoor air quality and its associations with childhood asthma in Shanghai, China: On-site inspected methods and preliminary results.
abstract: Few studies were conducted for associations of home environment with childhood health by on-site inspection in China. During 2013-2014, we conducted a case-control study with home inspection among 454 children (186 asthma children and 268 non-asthma children) in Shanghai, China. In this paper, we detailedly described the inspected methods and analyzed the preliminarily collected data. Except in winter, most residences meet the national standard for indoor temperature and relative humidity. Most living rooms had ≤1000ppm CO2, whereas over half of the child's bedrooms had slightly >1000ppm CO2during night. Most residences had notably lower than 2500cfu/m3airborne culturable fungi and ≤100μg/m3formaldehyde. More than 70% of the child's bedrooms had ≤75μg/m3PM2.5and ≤150μg/m3PM10. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of particulate matters had strong linear correlations (r=0.891-0.922; p-value <0.001). Most differences between cases and controls were not significant with respect to CO2, culturable fungi, formaldehyde, and particulate matters. Before and after adjusted for potential confounders, indoor averaged concentration of CO2and particulate matters generally had negative associations with childhood history of doctor-diagnosed asthma in spring, summer, and autumn. Only in winter, indoor CO2concentration was significantly associated with the increased odds of childhood asthma. Our results indicated that air quality among most residences in Shanghai could meet the national standard for indoor air quality in warm seasons; but household air quality and ventilation status in winter should be greatly improved. We suspected that those "unexpected" negative associations could exist due to changes in lifestyle behaviors regarding indoor air quality after the child being diagnosed asthma by a doctor.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: lsc198708@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: R&B Technology (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Rongchun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Thermal Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chanjuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhuohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yuexia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundell
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000032:analysis; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005557:Formaldehyde
keywords: Bedroom; Carbon dioxide; Culturable fungi; Formaldehyde; PM(2.5); Shanghai