title: Plasma growth differentiation factor 15 predicts first-ever stroke in hypertensive patients.
abstract: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a relatively new biomarker that predicts adverse stroke outcomes. However, the association of GDF-15 with first-ever stroke in hypertensive patients has not yet been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical implications of plasma GDF-15 on the development of first-ever stroke in patients with hypertension.In total, 254 patients with hypertension without a history of stroke were included from March 2010 to August 2010 and followed up until June 2013. The baseline circulating GDF-15 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.During a follow-up of 3.0 ± 0.6 years, 22 (8.7%) first-ever strokes were identified, including 12 ischemic strokes and 10 intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). According to tertiles of GDF-15, survival free of first-ever stroke was lower in the highest tertile of GDF-15 (log-rank P = 0.001). By backward stepwise Cox-regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension stage, body mass index, cigarette smoking, anti-hypertensive drugs, and uric acid, every 100 pg/mL-increase in plasma of GDF-15 predicted an 11% greater risk of first-ever stroke (hazard ratios [HR]: 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.20, P = 0.010) and an 18% increase in ischemic stroke risk (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07-1.30, P = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that GDF-15 had reasonable accuracy to predict first-ever stroke (area under curve = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.83, P < 0.001).This study identifies that GDF-15 is an independent predictor of first-ever stroke, especially for ischemic stroke in the patients with hypertension.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Department of Cardiology, Peking University Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaojian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jingzhou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Weiju
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zuyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Rutai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D002681:China; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012016:Reference Values; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15