title: Plant-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trifolium resupinatum seed exudate and their antifungal efficacy on Neofusicoccum parvum and Rhizoctonia solani.
abstract: In recent years, biosynthesis and the utilisation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has become an interesting subject. In this study, the authors investigated the biosynthesis of AgNPs using Trifolium resupinatum (Persian clover) seed exudates. The characterisation of AgNPs were analysed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Also, antifungal efficacy of biogenic AgNPs against two important plant-pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani and Neofusicoccum Parvum) in vitro condition was evaluated. The XRD analysis showed that the AgNPs are crystalline in nature and have face-centred cubic geometry. TEM images revealed the spherical shape of the AgNPs with an average size of 17 nm. The synthesised AgNPs were formed at room temperature and kept stable for 4 months. The maximum distributions of the synthesised AgNPs were seen to range in size from 5 to 10 nm. The highest inhibition effect was observed against R. solani at 40 ppm concentration of AgNPs (94.1%) followed by N. parvum (84%). The results showed that the antifungal activity of AgNPs was dependent on the amounts of AgNPs. In conclusion, the AgNPs obtained from T. resupinatum seed exudate exhibit good antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi R. solani and N. Parvum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrdad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khatami
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Meysam Soltani
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nejad
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. samirasalari62@kmu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Pooya Ghasemi Nejad
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Almani
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D013045:Species Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D029921:Trifolium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver