title: "Dietaly": practical issues for the nutritional management of CKD patients in Italy.
abstract: Evidence exists that nutritional therapy induces favorable metabolic changes, prevents signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency, and is able to delay the need of dialysis. Currently, the main concern of the renal diets has turned from the efficacy to the feasibility in the daily clinical practice.Herewith we describe some different dietary approaches, developed in Italy in the last decades and applied in the actual clinical practice for the nutritional management of CKD patients.A step-wise approach or simplified dietary regimens are usually prescribed while taking into account not only the residual renal function and progression rate but also socio-economic, psychological and functional aspects.The application of the principles of the Mediterranean diet that covers the recommended daily allowances for nutrients and protein (0.8 g/Kg/day) exert a favorable effect at least in the early stages of CKD. Low protein (0.6 g/kg/day) regimens that include vegan diet and very low-protein (0.3-0.4 g/Kg/day) diet supplemented with essential amino acids and ketoacids, represent more opportunities that should be tailored on the single patient's needs.Rather than a structured dietary plan, a list of basic recommendations to improve compliance with a low-sodium diet in CKD may allow patients to reach the desired salt target in the daily eating.Another approach consists of low protein diets as part of an integrated menu, in which patients can choose the "diet" that best suits their preferences and clinical needs.Lastly, in order to allow efficacy and safety, the importance of monitoring and follow up of a proper nutritional treatment in CKD patients is emphasized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.|Néphrologie, Centre hospitaler Le Mans, Le Mans, France.
authors.forename: Giorgina Barbara
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Piccoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calella
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Trento Hospital, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunori
authors.affiliation: Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, USL Umbria 1, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasticci
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Francesca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Egidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capizzi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology Dialysis & Transplantation, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bellizzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy. adamasco.cupisti@med.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Adamasco
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cupisti
mesh_terms: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000379:methods; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted / Q000379:methods; D000067269:Diet, Vegan; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D062407:Meals; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D007651:Keto Acids
keywords: CKD; Dietary phosphorus; Dietary sodium; Dietary treatment renal insufficiency; Low-protein diet; Nutrition; Simplified diet