title: Fungus-associated bacteriome in charge of their host behavior.
abstract: Bacterial-fungal interactions are widespread in nature and there is a growing number of studies reporting distinct fungus-associated bacteria. However, little is known so far about how shifts in the fungus-associated bacteriome will affect the fungal host's lifestyle. In the present study, we describe for the first time the bacterial community associated with the saprotrophic fungus Mucor hiemalis, commonly found in soil and rhizosphere. Two broad-spectrum antibiotics that strongly altered the bacterial community associated with the fungus were applied. Our results revealed that the antibiotic treatment did not significantly reduce the amount of bacteria associated to the fungus but rather changed the community composition by shifting from initially dominating Alpha-Proteobacteria to dominance of Gamma-Proteobacteria. A novel approach was applied for the isolation of fungal-associated bacteria which also revealed differences between bacterial isolates obtained from the original and the antibiotic-treated M. hiemalis. The shift in the composition of the fungal-associated bacterial community led to significantly reduced fungal growth, changes in fungal morphology, behavior and secondary-metabolites production. Furthermore, our results showed that the antibiotic-treated isolate was more attractive and susceptible to mycophagous bacteria as compared to the original isolate. Overall, our study highlights the importance of the fungus-associated bacteriome for the host's lifestyle and interactions and indicate that isolation with antibacterials is not sufficient to eradicate the associated bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schulz-Bohm
authors.affiliation: Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tyc
authors.affiliation: Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wietse
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peereboom
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fons
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Debets
authors.affiliation: MicroLife Solutions b.v., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zaagman
authors.affiliation: MicroLife Solutions b.v., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thierry K S
authors.initials: TKS
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.affiliation: Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands. Electronic address: p.garbeva@nioo.knaw.nl.
authors.forename: Paolina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garbeva
mesh_terms: D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D009089:Mucor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Fungal bacteriome; Fungal behavior; Interactions; Mucor hiemalis; Volatiles