title: Desired and side effects of the supplementation with l-glutamine and l-glutathione in enteric glia of diabetic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Enteric neuropathy associated with Diabetes Mellitus causes dysfunction in the digestive system, such as: nausea, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, among others. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with 2% l-glutamine and 1% l-glutathione on neurons and enteric glial cells of ileum of diabetic rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male Wistar rats have been used according to these group distributions: Normoglycemic (N), Normoglycemic supplemented with l-glutamine (NG), Normoglycemic supplemented with l-glutathione (NGO), Diabetic (D), Diabetic supplemented with l-glutamine (DG) and Diabetic supplemented with l-glutathione (DGO). After 120days, the ileum was processed for immunohistochemistry of HuC/D and S100β. Quantitative and morphometric analysis have been performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic rats presented a decrease in the number of neurons when compared to normoglycemic animals. However, diabetes was not associated with a change in glial density. l-Glutathione prevented the neuronal death in diabetic rats. l-Glutathione increased a glial proliferation in diabetic rats. The neuronal area in diabetic rats increased in relation to the normoglycemics. The diabetic rats supplemented with l-glutamine and l-glutathione showed a smaller neuronal area in comparison to diabetic group. The glial cell area was a decreased in the diabetics. The diabetic rats supplemented with l-glutamine and l-glutathione did not have significant difference in the glial cell body area when compared to diabetic rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the usage of l-glutamine and l-glutathione as supplements presents both desired and side effects that are different for the same substance in considering normoglycemic or diabetic animals.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourão, Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: priscilla_bonato@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Cynthia Priscilla do Nascimento Bonato
authors.initials: CPDNB
authors.lastname: Panizzon
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jacqueline Nelisis
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Zanoni
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Coxim, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Catchia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hermes-Uliana
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Rosa
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Trevizan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Caviquioli
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sehaber
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Virginia Fernandes
authors.initials: RVF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: David Robert
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcílio Hubner de Miranda
authors.initials: MHM
authors.lastname: Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000187:drug effects; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Antioxidants; Diabetes mellitus; Enteric nervous system; Glia cells