title: Cephalometric analysis of adults with Turner syndrome.
abstract: Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic disorder of females with a prevalence of 1/2000-3000 live female births. The aim of this study was to compare cephalometric variables from adult women diagnosed with TS to a standardized reference group of 31-year old healthy women, and to evaluate the possible effects of human growth hormone (hGH) therapy in women with TS. Registered TS subjects in the Southeast region of Sweden were invited to take part in the study. Twenty-one women aged 36 ± 13(18-57) years accepted participation. Lateral radiographs of the head were analyzed using standard cephalometric methods (Hasund analysis) and with the commercially available soft-ware program FACAD. Comparisons were made with roentgen-cephalometric standards from a reference group of nineteen 31-year old Swedish women. Analysis of the cephalometric radiographs from the TS subjects showed a more retrognathic maxilla (SNA 80.3 ± 5.4) (p = 0.0460) and mandible (SNB 77.0 ± 5.2) (p = 0.0014), and a correspondingly backward position of the chin (SN/Pg 78.9 ± 5.5) (p = 0.0046) as compared to the reference values of 31-year old women (SNA 83.2 ± 3.0, SN B 81.5 ± 2.3 and SNPg 83.0 ± 2.3, respectively). In addition there was an increased posterior inclination of the maxilla (SN/NL 8.6 ± 4.1), as compared to the reference values (SN/NL 5.3 ± 2.7) (p = 0.0048). There were no significant differences regarding sagittal or vertical jaw relations, mandibular inclination or cranial base angle between the TS-group and the 31-year olds with the reference values. No significant difference was seen in jaw relationship, as measured by the ANB value, however the Wits(index) (3.3 ± 3.5) was higher (p = 0.0001) than the reference values (-0.1 ± 1.8). Subjects with or without previous hGH administration did,not show any significant differences in cephalometric values. In conclusion, women with TS had a significantly more retrognathic maxilla (SNA) and mandible (SNB) and a correspondingly significantly posterior position of the chin (SN/Pg), a significantly increased posterior inclination of the maxilla (SN/NL) and a significantly increased Wits(index) as compared to the reference group of 31-year old women. No craniofacial variables differed significantly between previously hGH-treated and not hGH-treated women with TS.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svanberg
authors.forename: Lars-Inge
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Norevall
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahlberg
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bågesund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D002680:Chin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult