title: Effect of substituted hydroxyl groups in the changes of solution turbidity in the oxidation of aromatic contaminants.
abstract: This paper deals with the changes of turbidity that are generated in aqueous solutions of phenol when they are oxidized by using different Fenton technologies. Results revealed that if the Fenton reaction was promoted with UV light, the turbidity that was generated in the water doubled. Alternatively, the use of ultrasonic waves produced an increase in turbidity which initially proceeded slowly, reaching intensities eight times higher than in the conventional Fenton treatment. As well, the turbidity showed a high dependence on pH. It is therefore essential to control acidity throughout the reaction. The maximum turbidity was generated when operating at pH = 2.0, and it slowly decreased with increasing to a value of pH = 3.0, at which the turbidity was the lowest. This result was a consequence of the presence of ferric ions in solution. At pH values greater than 3.5, the turbidity increased almost linearly until at pH = 5.0 reached its maximum intensity. In this range, ferrous ions may generate an additional contribution of radicals that promote the degradation of the phenol species that produce turbidity. Turbidity was enhanced at ratios R = 4.0 mol H2O2/mol C6H6O. This value corresponds to the stoichiometric ratio that leads to the production of turbidity-precursor species. Therefore, muconic acid would be a species that generate high turbidity in solution according to its isomerism. Also, the results revealed that the turbidity is not a parameter to which species contribute additively since interactions may occur among species that would enhance their individual contributions to it. Analyzing the oxidation of phenol degradation intermediates, the results showed that meta-substituted compounds (resorcinol) generate high turbidity in the wastewater. The presence of polar molecules, such as muconic acid, would provide the structural features that are necessary for resorcinol to act as a clip between two carboxylic groups, thus establishing directional hydrogen bonds that would generate an adduct in the 2:2 ratio. In addition, some similarity is observed between the turbidity and the presence of dihydroxybenzoquinone. This molecule has a structure that could establish hydrogen bond links with the carboxylic groups in 1:2 ratio. Such supramolecular structures would possess high molecular weight and robustness that would hinder the passage of light through the water, generating high turbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Vitoria-Gasteiz University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano, 12, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. natalia.villota@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Villota
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Vitoria-Gasteiz University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano, 12, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Lomas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jm
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Vitoria-Gasteiz University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano, 12, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Camarero
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lm
mesh_terms: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019800:Phenol / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C045076:Fenton's reagent; D012996:Solutions; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D019800:Phenol; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: Benzoquinone; Muconic acid; Phenol; Photo-Fenton; Resorcinol; Turbidity