title: Maternal flaxseed oil intake during lactation changes body fat, inflammatory markers and glucose homeostasis in the adult progeny: role of gender dimorphism.
abstract: We evaluated maternal flaxseed oil intake during lactation on body composition, lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue inflammation in male and female progeny at adulthood. Lactating rats were divided into the following: control 7% soybean oil (C), hyper 19% soybean oil (HS) and hyper 17% flaxseed oil+2% soybean oil (HF). Weaned pups received a standard diet. Offspring were killed in PN180. Male HF presented higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and triacylglycerol, and female HF showed insulin resistance. Both male and female HF had hyperleptinemia, and only male HF had hyperprolactinemia. In VAT, male HF presented lower PPAR-γ expressions and higher TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 expressions; in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), they presented lower PPAR-γ and TNF-α expressions. Female HF presented higher leptin, as well as lower adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β expressions in VAT and lower TNF-α in SAT. Flaxseed oil during lactation leads to gender-specific effects with more adiposity and dyslipidemia in male and insulin resistance in female. Higher prolactin and inflammatory cytokines in male could play a role in these gender differences. We suggest that the use of flaxseed oil during lactation increases metabolic syndrome risk in the adult progeny.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Deysla Sabino
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Guarda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: egbertomoura@globo.com.
authors.forename: Egberto Gaspar
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Moura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janaíne Cavalcanti
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adelina Martha Dos
authors.initials: AMD
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia Novaes
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia Cristina
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lisboa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Sarto
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007774:Lactation; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012737:Sex Factors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020738:Leptin; D047495:PPAR gamma; C000613696:PPAR gamma, rat; D008043:Linseed Oil
keywords: Adipose tissue inflammation; Flaxseed oil; Insulin resistance; Lactation; Metabolic programming; Rats