title: Radio-nanomaterials for biomedical applications: state of the art.
abstract: The incorporation of radioactive isotope(s) into conventional nanomaterials can bring extra properties which are not possessed by original materials. The resulting radioactive nanomaterials (radio-nanomaterials), with added physical/chemical properties, can be used as important tools for different biomedical applications. In this review, our goal is to provide an up-to-date overview on these applications using radio-nanomaterials. The first section illustrates the utilization of radionanomaterials for understanding of in vivo kinetics of their parent nano-materials. In the second section, we focus on two primary applications of radio-nanomaterials: imaging and therapeutic delivery. With various methods being used to form radio-nanomaterials, they can be used for positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and multimodal imaging. Therapeutic isotopes-loading radio-nanomaterials can possess selective killing efficacy of diseased cells (e.g. tumor cells) and can provide promises for certain isotopes which are not able to be used in a conventional manner. The successful and versatile biomedical applications of radio-nanomaterials warrants further investigations of those materials and their optimizations can pave the way to future imaging guidable, personalized treatments in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA; and College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
authors.forename: Weifei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA, , , hahong@med.umich.edu ;
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA; and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA, , , wcai@uwhealth.org.
authors.forename: Weibo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
keywords: in vivo distribution; positron emission tomography; radiation therapy; radioactive nanomaterials; radiolabel; single-photon emission computed tomography