title: Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk: a historical synopsis of undulating false causality.
abstract: The potential influence of vasectomy being a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer is not a new concept, with more than 30 publications addressing the topic. Given the global frequency of vasectomy and the prevalence of prostate cancer, this subject justifiably deserves scrutiny. Several articles have claimed that vasectomy puts men at risk for future development of prostate cancer. We explore articles that have shown the contrary (no link), explore the studies' strengths and weaknesses, describe possible prostate cancer pathophysiologic mechanisms, and apply Bradford Hill criteria to help discern correlation with causation. The risk and interest of association of prostate cancer with vasectomy has waxed and waned over the last three decades. Based on our review, vasectomy remains a safe form of sterilization and does not increase prostate cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Urology, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Urology, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Urology, Springfield, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Tobias S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Köhler
keywords: pathophysiology; prostate cancer; vasectomy