title: An improved (15) N tracer approach to study denitrification and nitrogen turnover in soil incubations.
abstract: Denitrification (the reduction of oxidized forms of inorganic nitrogen (N) to N2 O and N2 ) from upland soils is considered to be the least well-understood process in the global N cycle. The main reason for this lack of understanding is that the terminal product (N2 ) of denitrification is extremely difficult to measure against the large atmospheric background.
  
  
  
  We describe a system that combines the (15) N-tracer technique with a 40-fold reduced N2 (2% v/v) atmosphere in a fully automated incubation setup for direct quantification of N2 and N2 O emissions. The δ(15) N values of the emitted N2 and N2 O were determined using a custom-built gas preparation unit that was connected to a DELTA V Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The system was tested on a pasture soil from sub-tropical Australia under different soil moisture conditions and combined with (15) N tracing in extractable soil N pools to establish a full N balance.
  
  
  
  The method proved to be highly sensitive for detecting N2 (1.12 μg N h(-1)  kg(-1) dry soil (ds)) and N2 O (0.36 μg N h(-1)  kg(-1) ds) emissions. The main end product of denitrification in the investigated soil was N2 O for both water contents, with N2 accounting for only 3% to 13% of the total denitrification losses. Between 90 and 95% of the added (15) N fertiliser could be recovered in N gases and extractable soil N pools.
  
  
  
  The high and N2 O-dominated denitrification rates found in this study are pointing at both the high ecological and the agronomic importance of denitrification in subtropical pasture soils. The new system allows for a direct and highly sensitive detection of N2 and N2 O fluxes from soils and may help to significantly improve our mechanistic understanding of N cycling and denitrification in terrestrial agro-ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scheer
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences - Agrosphere (IBG-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brüggemann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dannenmann
mesh_terms: D058440:Denitrification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D012987:Soil; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009584:Nitrogen