title: Flammulina velutipes: An option for "alperujo" use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two-phase olive-mill wastes (or "alperujo") exhibit highly phytotoxic properties, mainly due to phenols. A valuable option for alperujo is its agricultural use, provided that no phytotoxic effects occur.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of two strains of the lignin-degrading fungus Flammulina velutipes to colonize alperujo in order to produce edible mushrooms and to achieve its detoxification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some important cultural characters related to mushroom production (earliness, biological efficiency and quality of basidiomes) were estimated. The production of lignocellulolytic enzymes, phenol removal and detoxification of the substrate was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High biological efficiencies (70.8%) were obtained at 12°C with F. velutipes strain BAFC 670/06 in a substrate containing poplar wood shavings and 90% of alperujo. The nature of the substrate did not seem to exert an important influence on pileus and stem morphology; nevertheless shortest stems were observed at higher temperatures. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase, endo-β-1,4-xylanase, laccase and Mn-peroxidase activities were detected in the extracts recovered from the solid-state cultures. Both F. velutipes strains were effective in removing the phenolic compounds. The initial concentration in the substrate with 90% alperujo was reduced in the case of F. velutipes BAFC 1763 by 84.31%, and 40.15% by F. velutipes BAFC 670/06. Germinability experiments on Raphanus sativus, showed that alperujo phytotoxicity was significantly reduced by F. velutipes cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimented changes by the spent mushroom substrate resulting from F. velutipes cultivation with high amount of alperujo would allow its reuse for agricultural purposes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Micología, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Maximiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rugolo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Micología, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Micología, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: bernardoelechner@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bernardo Ernesto
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lechner
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales; D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D055393:Flammulina / Q000502:physiology*; D031658:Olea; D010636:Phenols
chemical_list: D010636:Phenols
keywords: Alperujo; Enzimas lignocelulolíticas; Flammulina velutipes; Lignocellulolytic enzymes; Mushroom production; Producción de basidiomas