title: Androgen receptor blockade using flutamide skewed sex ratio of litters in mice.
abstract: Maternal testosterone has been indicated to affect sex ratio of offspring. The present study was conducted to elucidate the role of androgen receptor in this regard by blockade of androgen receptor using flutamide in female mice. Mice were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. Mice in the control (n = 20) and treatment (n = 20) groups received 8 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection (8 IU) 47 hr later. In addition, mice in the control and treatment groups received four injections of ethanol-saline vehicle and flutamide solution (2.50 mg), respectively, started from 1 hr before eCG injection until hCG injection at 12-hr intervals. Conception rate was not different between the treatment (18/20: 90.00%) and control (19/20: 95.00%) groups (p > 0.05). Litter size was higher in the treatment (8.22 ± 0.26) than control (7.21 ± 0.28) group (p < 0.05). Male sex ratio was lower in the flutamide-treated mice (67/148: 45.30%) as compared with the untreated ones (80/137: 58.40%; odds ratio = 1.69; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results showed that androgen receptor blockade could skew sex ratio of offspring toward females implying that the effect of testosterone on sex ratio might be through binding to androgen receptor. In addition, the blockade of androgen receptor using flutamide appeared to enhance litter size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Faramarz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gharagozlou
authors.affiliation: Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Youssefi
authors.affiliation: Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vojgani
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elites Club, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Akbarinejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Ghazaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rafiee
keywords: Androgen receptor; Flutamide; Mice; Sex ratio