title: A Transactional/Ecological Perspective on Ethnic-Racial Identity, Socialization, and Discrimination.
abstract: We first review current literature on three ethnic-racial dynamics that are considered to be resources and stressors in the lives of ethnic-minority youth: ethnic-racial identity, socialization, and discrimination. Next, we propose that a more contextualized view of these ethnic-racial dynamics reveals that they are interdependent, inseparable, and mutually defining and that an ecological/transactional perspective on these ethnic-racial dynamics shifts researchers' gaze from studying them as individual-level processes to studying the features of settings that produce them. We describe what is known about how identity, socialization, and discrimination occur in four microsystems-families, peers, schools, and neighborhoods-and argue that focusing on specific characteristics of these microsystems in which particular types of identity, socialization, and discrimination processes cooccur would be informative.
authors.affiliation: New York University, New York, NY, United States. Electronic address: diane.hughes@nyu.edu.
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: New York University, New York, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Jon Alexander
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Watford
authors.affiliation: New York University, New York, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Del Toro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005006:Ethnicity; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D010379:Peer Group; D063505:Racism; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012574:Schools; D012933:Social Identification; D012951:Socialization
keywords: Adolescence; Discrimination; Ecological; Ethnicity; Identity; Race; Socialization