title: Sleep problems and temperament in young children with Down syndrome and typically developing controls.
abstract: Although group differences have been found between children with Down syndrome (DS) and typically developing (TD) children when considering sleep problems and temperament independently, none of the research conducted to date has examined sleep-temperament associations in children with DS. The present research was conducted to determine (1) whether the sleep problems experienced by children with DS are associated with temperament or (2) if the demonstrated relations between sleep and temperament differ from those that are observed in TD children.
  
  
  
  The present study included examination of relations between parent-reported sleep problems and temperament in 19 children with DS and 20 TD controls matched on developmental age.
  
  
  
  The results revealed group differences in temperament and sleep problems. Mediation models indicated that temperament (effortful control and inhibitory control) mediated the association between group and sleep problems; sleep problems also mediated the association between group and temperament (effortful and inhibitory control).
  
  
  
  Findings indicated that sleep problems may serve as both cause and consequence of variability in effortful and inhibitory control and provide insight as to future experimental studies that should be conducted to better elucidate these relations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lukowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Milojevich
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Down syndrome; effortful control; sleep; temperament; typically developing