title: Function of a landscape lake in the reduction of biotoxicity related to trace organic chemicals from reclaimed water.
abstract: The storage of water in a landscape lake can act as a buffer zone between reclaimed water production and reuse, but there is still uncertainty about the variation of water quality and toxic effects during the open-storage process. In this study, long-term sample collection, chemical analyses and biotoxicity assessments were conducted on reclaimed water before and after open storage in a landscape lake. The organic contents, in terms of chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon, were found to be slightly higher in the lake water than that in the reclaimed water, but substantial reduction of the total concentration of 52 trace organic chemicals was obtained and microorganism toxicity, phytotoxicity, aquatic vertebrate toxicity and genotoxicity, were significantly weakened after open storage. Furthermore, the total risk quotient (RQTotal) decreased from 5.12 (potential ecological risk level) in the reclaimed water to 0.18 (negligible ecological risk level) in the lake water. The removal of chlorpyrifos, dichlorphos and tetracycline was identified as the main reason for biotoxicity reduction after open storage. The seminatural environment of the landscape lake would have provided a favorable condition for the decay of toxic trace organic chemicals so that the stored water turned to be safer for further reuse.
authors.affiliation: International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China. Electronic address: xcwang@xauat.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaochang C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
authors.forename: Donghong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Huu Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.affiliation: International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiuya
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
authors.forename: Yongkun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse; Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
authors.forename: Dinan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D060106:Lakes; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects; D018508:Water Purification; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Biotoxicity; Ecological safety; Open storage; Reclaimed water; Trace organic chemicals