title: Effects of depuration on histopathological changes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after exposure to cylindrospermopsin.
abstract: Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a highly water-soluble cytotoxin produced by several species of freshwater cyanobacteria and it is considered the second most studied cyanotoxin worldwide. CYN acts as a potent protein and glutathione synthesis inhibitor, as well as inducing genotoxicity, oxidative stress and histopathological alterations. Studies concerning the depuration of cyanobacterial toxins in aquatic organisms, especially in fish, are of great interest for fish economy and public health, but are scarce in the case of CYN. This is the first study reporting the ability of depuration (3 - 7 days) in reversing or ameliorating the histopathological lesions induced in liver, kidney, heart, intestines, and gills of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) due to exposure by immersion to repeated doses of a CYN-containing culture of A. ovalisporum for 14 days. The main histopathological changes induced by CYN were glucogenic degeneration and loss of the normal hepatic cord-structure (liver), hyperemia, dilated Bowman's capsule and cellular tumefaction (kidney), myofibrolysis, hemorrhages and edema (heart), necrosis and partial loss of microvilli (gastrointestinal tract), and hyperemia and inflammatory cells infiltrates (gills). After 3 days of depuration, gills were totally recovered, while the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract required 7 days, and longer depuration periods may be needed for a full recovery of the heart. In addition, the morphometric study indicated that depuration managed to reverse the affectation in the hepatocytes nuclear diameters and cross sections of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules induced in CYN-exposed fish. In general, these results validate depuration as an effective practice for detoxification of fish contaminated with CYN. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1318-1332, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Remedios
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Guillén
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Prieto Ortega
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, University of Córdoba, Campus De Rabanales Carretera Madrid-Cádiz S/N, Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moyano
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Anatomy, University of Córdoba, Campus De Rabanales Carretera Madrid- Cádiz S/N, Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos, Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cameán
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017210:Tilapia; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D014498:Uracil
keywords: cylindrospermopsin; depuration; histopathology; morphometry; tilapia