title: Identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky genes involved in attachment to chicken skin.
abstract: Regardless of sanitation practices implemented to reduce Salmonella prevalence in poultry processing plants, the problem continues to be an issue. To gain an understanding of the attachment mechanism of Salmonella to broiler skin, a bioluminescent-based mutant screening assay was used. A random mutant library of a field-isolated bioluminescent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky was constructed. Mutants' attachment to chicken skin was assessed in 96-well plates containing uniform 6 mm diameter pieces of circular chicken skin. After washing steps, mutants with reduced attachment were selected based on reduced bioluminescence, and transposon insertion sites were identified.
  
  
  
  Attachment attenuation was detected in transposon mutants with insertion in genes encoding flagella biosynthesis, lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis protein, tryptophan biosynthesis, amino acid catabolism pathway, shikimate pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, conjugative transfer system, multidrug resistant protein, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter system. In particular, mutations in S. Kentucky flagellar biosynthesis genes (flgA, flgC, flgK, flhB, and flgJ) led to the poorest attachment of the bacterium to skin.
  
  
  
  The current study indicates that attachment of Salmonella to broiler skin is a multifactorial process, in which flagella play an important role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Unit, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA. rhbailey@cvm.msstate.edu.
authors.forename: R Hartford
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA. karsi@cvm.msstate.edu.
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karsi
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005407:Flagella / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D009154:Mutation; D010957:Plasmids; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D065288:Serogroup; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; C090796:ATP-binding protein, bacteria; D000596:Amino Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014364:Tryptophan
keywords: Attachment; Flagella; Kentucky; Poultry; Salmonella; Skin