title: Ultrasound-Guided Spinal Procedures for Pain: A Review.
abstract: As the population ages, more patients are developing degenerative changes of the spine and associated pain. Although interventional procedures for axial and radicular spine pain have been available for decades, common imaging modalities have relied on ionizing radiation for guidance. Over the past decade, ultrasound has become increasingly popular to image both peripheral musculoskeletal and axial structures. This article reviews the use of ultrasound in the guidance of spine procedures, including cervical and lumbar facet injections and medial branch blocks, third occipital nerve blocks, thoracic facet and costotransverse joint injections, sacroiliac joint injections, and caudal and interlaminar epidural injections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. Electronic address: hurdle.markfriedrich@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Mark-Friedrich B
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hurdle
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular / Q000379:methods; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D012446:Sacroiliac Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Epidural; Facet; Interventional pain; Interventional spine; Pain management; Sonography; Spine injections; Ultrasonography