title: First-Stage Development and Validation of a Web-Based Automated Dietary Modeling Tool: Using Constraint Optimization Techniques to Streamline Food Group and Macronutrient Focused Dietary Prescriptions for Clinical Trials.
abstract: Standardizing the background diet of participants during a dietary randomized controlled trial is vital to trial outcomes. For this process, dietary modeling based on food groups and their target servings is employed via a dietary prescription before an intervention, often using a manual process. Partial automation has employed the use of linear programming. Validity of the modeling approach is critical to allow trial outcomes to be translated to practice.
  
  
  
  This paper describes the first-stage development of a tool to automatically perform dietary modeling using food group and macronutrient requirements as a test case. The Dietary Modeling Tool (DMT) was then compared with existing approaches to dietary modeling (manual and partially automated), which were previously available to dietitians working within a dietary intervention trial.
  
  
  
  Constraint optimization techniques were implemented to determine whether nonlinear constraints are best suited to the development of the automated dietary modeling tool using food composition and food consumption data. Dietary models were produced and compared with a manual Microsoft Excel calculator, a partially automated Excel Solver approach, and the automated DMT that was developed.
  
  
  
  The web-based DMT was produced using nonlinear constraint optimization, incorporating estimated energy requirement calculations, nutrition guidance systems, and the flexibility to amend food group targets for individuals. Percentage differences between modeling tools revealed similar results for the macronutrients. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids showed greater variation between tools (practically equating to a 2-teaspoon difference), although it was not considered clinically significant when the whole diet, as opposed to targeted nutrients or energy requirements, were being addressed.
  
  
  
  Automated modeling tools can streamline the modeling process for dietary intervention trials ensuring consistency of the background diets, although appropriate constraints must be used in their development to achieve desired results. The DMT was found to be a valid automated tool producing similar results to tools with less automation. The results of this study suggest interchangeability of the modeling approaches used, although implementation should reflect the requirements of the dietary intervention trial in which it is used.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. yasmine@uow.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yasmine
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1971-173X
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.forename: Evan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6227-3712
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Emma
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4880-1862
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Hoa Khanh
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4246-0526
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Dam
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D004035:Diet Therapy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016014:Linear Models; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: clinical trial; decision modeling; dietary requirements; food; linear models; programming, linear