title: Effects of Glucose and Starch on Lactate Production by Newly Isolated Streptococcus bovis S1 from Saanen Goats.
abstract: When ruminants are fed high-concentrate diets, Streptococcus bovis proliferates rapidly and produces lactate, potentially causing rumen acidosis. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the metabolism of this species might help in developing dietary strategies to alleviate rumen acidosis. S. bovis strain S1 was newly isolated from the ruminal fluid of Saanen dairy goats and then used to examine the effects of glucose and starch on bacterial metabolism and gene regulation of the organic acid-producing pathway in cultures at a pH of 6.5. Glucose or starch was added to the culture medium at 1 g/liter, 3 g/liter (close to a normal range in the rumen fluid), or 9 g/liter (excessive level). Lactate was the dominant acid produced during the fermentation, and levels increased with the amount of glucose or starch in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). The production of formate and acetate in the fermentation media fluctuated slightly with the dose but accounted for small fractions of the total acids. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and α-amylase (α-AMY) increased with the starch dose (P < 0.05), but the α-AMY activity did not change with the glucose dose. The relative expression levels of the genes ldh, pfl (encoding pyruvate formate lyase), ccpA (encoding catabolite control protein A), and α-amy were higher at a dose of 9 g/liter than at 1 g/liter (P < 0.05). Expression levels of pfl and α-amy genes were higher at 3 g/liter than at 1 g/liter (P < 0.05). The fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) concentration tended to increase with the glucose and starch concentrations. In addition, the S. bovis S1 isolate fermented glucose much faster than starch. We conclude that the quantities of glucose and soluble starch had a major effect on lactate production due to the transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes.
  
  
  
  This work used a newly isolated S. bovis strain S1 from the rumen fluid of Saanen goats and examined the effects of glucose and soluble starch on organic acid patterns, enzyme activity, and expression of genes for in vitro fermentation. It was found that lactate was the dominant product from S. bovis strain S1, and the quantities of both glucose and starch in the medium were highly correlated with lactate production and with the corresponding changes in associated enzymes and genes. Therefore, manipulating the metabolic pathway of S. bovis to alter the dietary level of readily fermentable sugar and carbohydrates may be a strategy to alleviate rumen acidosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lianmin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China hrwang@yzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hongrong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Animal Biology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Shimin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yizhao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Mengzhi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005285:Fermentation; D005635:Fructosediphosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006041:Goats / Q000382:microbiology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism*; D016985:Streptococcus bovis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D005635:Fructosediphosphates; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D019344:Lactic Acid; D013213:Starch; D005947:Glucose; C029063:fructose-1,6-diphosphate