title: Socioeconomic Disadvantage Moderates the Association between Peripheral Biomarkers and Childhood Psychopathology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) has been consistently associated with early life mental health problems. SED has been shown to impact multiple biological systems, including the regulation of neurotrophic proteins, immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, which, conversely, have been reported to be relevant to physiological and pathological neurodevelopment This study investigated the relationship between SED, different domains of psychopathology, serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL6), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We hypothesized that a composite of socioeconomic risk would be associated with psychopathology and altered levels of peripheral biomarkers. In addition, we hypothesized that SED would moderate the associations between mental health problems, IL6, TBARS and BDNF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a cross-sectional design, we measured the serum levels of IL6, TBARS and BDNF in 495 children aged 6 to 12. We also investigated socio-demographic characteristics and mental health problems using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) DSM-oriented scales. SED was evaluated using a cumulative risk model. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations between SED, biomarkers levels and psychopathology. SED was significantly associated with serum levels of IL6 (RR = 1.026, 95% CI 1.004; 1.049, p = 0.020) and TBARS (RR = 1.077, 95% CI 1.028; 1.127, p = 0.002). The association between SED and BDNF was not statistically significant (RR = 1.031, 95% CI 0.997; 1.066, p = 0.077). SED was also significantly associated with all CBCL DSM-oriented scales (all p < 0.05), whereas serum biomarkers (i.e. IL6, TBARS, BDNF) were associated with specific subscales. Moreover, the associations between serum biomarkers and domains of psychopathology were moderated by SED, with stronger correlations between mental health problems, IL6, TBARS, and BDNF being observed in children with high SED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children, SED is highly associated with mental health problems. Our findings suggest that this association may be moderated via effects on multiple interacting neurobiological systems.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.|Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Rodrigo B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Mansur
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graccielle R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asevedo
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zugman
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maiara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeni-Graiff
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adiel C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pawan K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Maurya
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mateus L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Levandowski
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States of America.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stertz
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Síntia I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Belangero
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kauer-Sant' Anna
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jair J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Euripedes C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassi-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.|Interdisciplinary Lab for Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brietzke
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D008603:Mental Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C579455:BDNF protein, human