title: Computed Tomography Use for Adults With Head Injury: Describing Likely Avoidable Emergency Department Imaging Based on the Canadian CT Head Rule.
abstract: Millions of head computed tomography (CT) scans are ordered annually, but the extent of avoidable imaging is poorly defined.
  
  
  
  The objective was to determine the prevalence of likely avoidable CT imaging among adults evaluated for head injury in 14 community emergency departments (EDs) in Southern California.
  
  
  
  We conducted an electronic health record (EHR) database and chart review of adult ED trauma encounters receiving a head CT from 2008 to 2013. The primary outcome was discordance with the Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR) high-risk criteria; the secondary outcome was use of a neurosurgical intervention in the discordant cohort. We queried systemwide EHRs to identify CCHR discordance using criteria identifiable in discrete data fields. Explicit chart review of a subset of discordant CTs provided estimates of misclassification bias and assessed the low-risk cases who actually received an intervention.
  
  
  
  Among 27,240 adult trauma head CTs, EHR data classified 11,432 (42.0%) discordant with CCHR recommendation. Subsequent chart review showed that the designation of discordance based on the EHR was inaccurate in 12.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.6% to 18.8%). Inter-rater reliability for attributing CCHR concordance was 95% (κ = 0.86). Thus, we estimate that 36.8% of trauma head CTs were truly likely avoidable (95% CI = 34.1% to 39.6%). Among the likely avoidable CT group identified by EHR, only 0.1% (n = 13) received a neurosurgical intervention. Chart review showed none of these were actually "missed" by the CCHR, as all 13 were misclassified.
  
  
  
  About one-third of head CTs currently performed on adults with head injury may be avoidable by applying the CCHR. Avoidance of CT in such patients is unlikely to miss any important injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.|Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Adam L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rippberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Clifford J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Swap
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA.
authors.forename: Taylor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, CA.|The Permanente Medical Group and Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Vinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Jerome R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D002170:Canada; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*