title: Modeling and testing maternal and newborn care mHealth interventions: a pilot impact evaluation and follow-up qualitative study in Guatemala.
abstract: To develop a descriptive model of structural characteristics of mHealth in the context of newborn nutrition, and to assess the effects of illustrative interventions through a mixed-methods study consisting of an impact evaluation and a qualitative assessment.
  
  
  
  We conducted a 23-week intervention with 100 mothers in rural Guatemala in 2013 and 2014. In group 1 ( n  = 24), participants received health-promoting text messages. In group 2 ( n  = 32), peer-to-peer groups were formed. In group 3 ( n  = 30), peer-to-peer groups were formed, a health professional participated in the discussions, and participants received health-promoting messages. In the control group ( n  = 14), participants were simply given a mobile phone. We measured changes in knowledge and self-reported behavior. Four focus groups in 2015 showed the perceptions of 44 additional women and the potential of the previously tested interventions in other marginalized areas.
  
  
  
  Significant relationships were found between group membership and changes in knowledge ( P  < .001), and between changes in knowledge and self-reported behavior ( P  = .010). Within peer-to-peer groups, 3665 text messages were shared; discussions covered topics such as breastfeeding practices, health concerns, and emotional issues. Focus groups revealed a deficit of support for mothers, a precariousness of public services, different cultural barriers affecting access to care, and the potential for scaling up.
  
  
  
  The complementarity of structural arrangements of mHealth interventions can play an important role in helping to encourage recommended breastfeeding attitudes along with providing rich information about challenges in rural areas.
  
  
  
  A mixed-methods study was appropriate to compare the effects and assess the potential of mHealth strategies in a complex rural setting.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala.|Centre de Recherche en Gestion, Ecole Polytechnique, France.
authors.forename: José Tomás
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zuleta
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Jorge Tulio
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006166:Guatemala; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007224:Infant Care; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D018743:Perinatal Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012424:Rural Population; D017216:Telemedicine; D060145:Text Messaging; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: breastfeeding; comparison; knowledge; mixed methods; mobile; self-reported behavior