title: Flexing the PECs: Predicting environmental concentrations of veterinary drugs in Canadian agricultural soils.
abstract: Veterinary drugs administered to food animals primarily enter ecosystems through the application of livestock waste to agricultural land. Although veterinary drugs are essential for protecting animal health, their entry into the environment may pose a risk for nontarget organisms. A means to predict environmental concentrations of new veterinary drug ingredients in soil is required to assess their environmental fate, distribution, and potential effects. The Canadian predicted environmental concentrations in soil (PECsoil) for new veterinary drug ingredients for use in intensively reared animals is based on the approach currently used by the European Medicines Agency for VICH Phase I environmental assessments. The calculation for the European Medicines Agency PECsoil can be adapted to account for regional animal husbandry and land use practices. Canadian agricultural practices for intensively reared cattle, pigs, and poultry differ substantially from those in the European Union. The development of PECsoil default values and livestock categories representative of typical Canadian animal production methods and nutrient management practices culminates several years of research and an extensive survey and analysis of the scientific literature, Canadian agricultural statistics, national and provincial management recommendations, veterinary product databases, and producers. A PECsoil can be used to rapidly identify new veterinary drugs intended for intensive livestock production that should undergo targeted ecotoxicity and fate testing. The Canadian PECsoil model is readily available, transparent, and requires minimal inputs to generate a screening level environmental assessment for veterinary drugs that can be refined if additional data are available. PECsoil values for a hypothetical veterinary drug dosage regimen are presented and discussed in an international context. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:331-341. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Health.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Impact Initiative, Policy, Planning and International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Sigrun A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kullik
authors.affiliation: Environmental Impact Initiative, Policy, Planning and International Affairs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Belknap
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D002170:Canada; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
keywords: Environmental assessment; Predicted environmental concentrations; Screening level assessment; Soil concentrations; Veterinary drugs