title: Evaluation of biomechanical properties: are porcine flexor tendons and bovine extensor tendons eligible surrogates for human tendons in in vitro studies?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Porcine flexor tendons, bovine extensor tendons, and human (semitendinosus) tendons are frequently used as substitutes for human ACL grafts in biomechanical in vitro studies. This study compares the biomechanical properties and structural differences of these tendons.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this biomechanical study, fresh-frozen porcine flexor tendons, bovine extensor tendons, and human semitendinosus tendons were used (n = 36). The tendons were mounted in a uniaxial testing machine (Zwick/Roell) with cryo-clamps, leaving a 60 mm tendon part free between the two clamps. Specimens have been loaded to failure to evaluate the biomechanical parameters stiffness, yield load, and maximum load. A Total Collagen Assay Kit was used to detect differences in the total collagen type I concentration (n = 30). A one-way ANOVA was performed to detect differences in the means. The significance level was set at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in the stiffness between the groups (bovine 194 ± 43 N/mm, porcine 211 ± 63 N/mm, and human cadaveric 208 ± 58 N/mm). The yield and maximum loads were high (>1000 N) in all groups, but they were significantly increased in both animal specimens (means of 1681-1795 N) compared with human cadaveric specimen (means of 1289-1406 N; p < 0.01). No difference in the collagen type I concentration was detected (N.S.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Porcine flexor and bovine extensor tendons are eligible substitutes with similar stiffness and high failure loads compared with human cadaveric semitendinosus tendons in in vitro studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Waldeyer Strasse 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany. christoph.domnick@uni-muenster.de.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Waldeyer Strasse 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wieskötter
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Waldeyer Strasse 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Raschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Waldeyer Strasse 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kronenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wefelmeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Waldeyer Strasse 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Waldeyer Strasse 1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herbort
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D016474:Weight-Bearing
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; Biomechanics; Bovine extensor tendon; In vitro; Porcine flexor tendon; Tendon properties