title: Distribution and factors associated with salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study examined the distribution and correlates of salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations within a multinational cohort of men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracellular SLPI was measured in oral gargle cell supernatants of 378 men from three countries using an ELISA-based assay. Risk factor data were collected by a questionnaire. Factors associated with SLPI were assessed using linear and logistic regression for continuous and categorical SLPI, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among men aged 18-73 years, the median SLPI concentration was 492.0 ng ml-1(range: 2.3-1919.9). In multivariable modeling, men in Brazil and younger men (18-30 years) were more likely to have higher levels of SLPI [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.94-7.59, and aOR 3.84; 95% CI: 1.98-7.43, respectively]. Men with a self-reported sexually transmitted diseases diagnosis in the past 6 months were more likely to have higher SLPI levels (aOR 2.98; 95% CI: 1.1-7.83) and men reporting bleeding/swollen gums were less likely to have higher SLPI (aOR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15-0.79). Similar results were observed for linear regression models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentrations varied significantly by country and decreased with increasing age. The interaction between SLPI, modifiable factors, and oral infections that influence cancer risk warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.|Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA. christine.piercecampbell@moffitt.org.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pierce Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Performance Improvement, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ingles
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology & Oncology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: Centro de Referencia e Treinamento em DST/Aids, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Carvalho da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salúd Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lazcano-Ponce
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salúd Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico.|Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salmeron
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salúd Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quiterio
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Giuliano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor / Q000032:analysis*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053481:Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor
keywords: HIM Study; immune system protein; saliva; secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor