title: QS-21 enhances the early antibody response to oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the most important tools against foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious and variable viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is vaccination. However, the effectiveness of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on slowing the spread of the disease is questionable. In contrast, high potency vaccines providing early protection may solve issues with the spread of the disease, escaping mutants, and persistency. To increase the potency of the vaccine, additives such as saponin and aluminium hydroxide are used. However, the use of saponin with an oil adjuvant is not common and is sometimes linked to toxicity. QS-21, which is less toxic than Quil A, has been presented as an alternative for use with saponin. In this study, the addition of QS-21 to a commercially available foot-and-mouth disease water-in-oil-in-water emulsion vaccine was evaluated in cattle.
  
  
  METHODS
  After vaccination, serum samples were collected periodically over 3 months. Sera of the QS-21 and normal oil vaccine groups were compared via serum virus neutralization antibody titre and liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titre.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that there was a significant early antibody increase in the QS-21 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong early virus neutralizing antibody response will be useful for emergency or ring vaccinations against foot-and-mouth disease in target animals.
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Can
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3839-0986
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Çokçalışkan
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tunçer
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6780-6186
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Türkoğlu
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Beyhan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0279-1673
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sareyyüpoğlu
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ergün
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0509-7257
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Uzunlu
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayca
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6084-4537
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Babak
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Banu B
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9187-1543
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Özbilge
authors.affiliation: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Veli
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9089-919X
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gülyaz
keywords: Adjuvant; Cattle; Early antibody response; Foot-and-mouth disease; QS-21; Saponins; Vaccines