title: Analysis of food advertising to children on Spanish television: probing exposure to television marketing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to assess longitudinal changes in television (TV) food advertising during 2013 compared to 2007, measuring children's exposure to healthy and unhealthy advertisements, after the new European and Spanish Public Health laws published in 2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thematic channels for children (TC), and 2 generalist channels (GC) for all ages were recorded, between April and May 2013, on 2 week and 2 weekend days. Food advertisements were classified as core (CFA) (nutrient dense, low energy), non-core (NCFA) (unbalanced energy profile or high in energy), or others (OFA) (supermarkets and special food).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand two hundred sixty-three food advertisements were recorded (TC: 579/GC: 684) in 2013. NCFA were the most shown (54.9%) in the regular full day TV programming (p < 0.001). In 2013, children watching GC had a higher relative risk of being exposed to fast food advertisements than when watching TC (RR = 2.133, 95% CI: 1.398-3.255); CFA were broadcast most frequently in 2013 (GC: 23.7%; and TC: 47.2%) vs. 2007 (TC: 22.9%) (p < 0.001). The proportion of broadcasting between NCFA/CFA and OFA food advertisements in children's peak time slots was higher on TC (203/162) during 2013 than on GC (189/140), and significantly higher than that shown on TC in 2007 (180/36, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Broadcasting of unhealthy TV food advertising on TC is lower today than six years ago; but, children's exposure to TV advertising of unhealthy food is worrying in Spain, and there is more exposure to unhealthy than healthy food by TV. Watching GC in 2013 had higher risk of being exposed to fast food advertisements than watching TC.
authors.affiliation: EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: University Hospital San Rafael, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hernández-Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agil
authors.affiliation: EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comino
authors.affiliation: EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Macías
authors.affiliation: EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campoy
keywords: childhood obesity; food publicity; policy food; television marketing