title: Environmental Isolation of Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus After Interruption of Wild Poliovirus Transmission - Nigeria, 2016.
abstract: In September 2015, more than 1 year after reporting its last wild poliovirus (WPV) case in July 2014 (1), Nigeria was removed from the list of countries with endemic poliovirus transmission,* leaving Afghanistan and Pakistan as the only remaining countries with endemic WPV. However, on April 29, 2016, a laboratory-confirmed, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) isolate was reported from an environmental sample collected in March from a sewage effluent site in Maiduguri Municipal Council, Borno State, a security-compromised area in northeastern Nigeria. VDPVs are genetic variants of the vaccine viruses with the potential to cause paralysis and can circulate in areas with low population immunity. The Nigeria National Polio Emergency Operations Center initiated emergency response activities, including administration of at least 2 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to all children aged <5 years through mass campaigns; retroactive searches for missed cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), and enhanced environmental surveillance. Approximately 1 million children were vaccinated in the first OPV round. Thirteen previously unreported AFP cases were identified. Enhanced environmental surveillance has not resulted in detection of additional VDPV isolates. The detection of persistent circulation of VDPV2 in Borno State highlights the low population immunity, surveillance limitations, and risk for international spread of cVDPVs associated with insurgency-related insecurity. Increasing vaccination coverage with additional targeted supplemental immunization activities and reestablishment of effective routine immunization activities in newly secured and difficult-to-reach areas in Borno is urgently needed.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Etsano
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Damisa
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shuaib
authors.forename: Gatei Wa
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Nganda
authors.forename: Ogu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Enemaku
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Usman
authors.forename: Adekunle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adeniji
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jorba
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iber
authors.forename: Chima
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohuabunwo
authors.forename: Chimeremma
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nnadi
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiesen
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D032541:Mass Vaccination; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D011055:Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; D012722:Sewage; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated