title: Online Determination of Graphene Lattice Orientation Through Lateral Forces.
abstract: Rapid progress in graphene engineering has called for a simple and effective method to determine the lattice orientation on graphene before tailoring graphene to the desired edge structures and shapes. In this work, a wavelet transform-based frequency identification method is developed to distinguish the lattice orientation of graphene. The lattice orientation is determined through the different distribution of the frequency power spectrum just from a single scan line. This method is proven both theoretically and experimentally to be useful and controllable. The results at the atomic scale show that the frequencies vary with the lattice orientation of graphene. Thus, an adjusted angle to the desired lattice orientation (zigzag or armchair) can easily be calculated based on the frequency obtained from the single scan line. Ultimately, these results will play a critical role in wafer-size graphene engineering and in the manufacturing of graphene-based nanodevices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China. zhangy234@gmail.com.|State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China. zhangy234@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
authors.forename: Fanhua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Guangyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China. lqliu@sia.cn.
authors.forename: Lianqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
authors.forename: Guangjie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
authors.forename: Yuechao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
authors.forename: Uchechukwu C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Wejinya
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China. xining@hku.hk.|Emerging Technologies Institute, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. xining@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xi
keywords: Frequency; Graphene; Lattice orientation; Manufacturing