title: δ(15) N from soil to wine in bulk samples and proline.
abstract: The feasibility of using δ(15) N as an additional isotopic marker able to link wine to its area of origin was investigated. The whole production chain (soil-leaves-grape-wine) was considered. Moreover, the research included evaluation of the effect of the fermentation process, the use of different types of yeast and white and red vinification, the addition of nitrogen adjuvants and ultrasound lysis simulating wine ageing. The δ(15) N of grapes and wine was measured in bulk samples and compounds, specifically in proline, for the first time. Despite isotopic fractionation from soil to wine, the δ(15) N values of leaves, grapes, wine and particularly must and wine proline conserved the variability of δ(15) N in the growing soil. Fermentation and ultrasound treatment did not affect the δ(15) N values of grape must, which was therefore conserved in wine. The addition of inorganic or organic adjuvants was able to influence the δ(15) N of bulk wine, depending on the amount and the difference between the δ(15) N of must and that of the adjuvant. The δ(15) N of wine proline was not influenced by adjuvant addition and is therefore the best marker for tracing the geographical origin of wine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.|Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2A, 33100, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paolini
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ziller
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-1286
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bertoldi
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Luana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bontempo
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Larcher
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicolini
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Camin
mesh_terms: D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011392:Proline / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D012987:Soil; D011392:Proline
keywords: GC-c-IRMS; IRMS; geographical marker; proline; soil-wine chain