title: Novel high-pressure windows made of glass-like carbon for x-ray analysis.
abstract: Original high-pressure glass-like carbon windows developed for x-ray spectroscopy applications are presented. The scientific and technological background of this new technical development is exposed, in particular the limitations of our existing beryllium windows in the context of x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements of solutions with very low solute concentrations at hydrothermal conditions (0.1-200 MPa, 30-600 °C). The benefits of glass-like carbon are exposed, notably its non-crystalline character, the absence of impurities which has been verified by micro-fluorescence laboratory measurements, and its non-toxicity which makes its machining safer. Finite elements mechanical calculations and experimental pressure tests were conducted to determine the pressure limits of windows with two different geometries: cylindrical (thickness 0.5 mm) and inversed-dome shape (thickness 0.5 mm at the tip of the dome). The former break at 150 MPa and the latter show no sign of rupture at 400 MPa. Recent XAS measurements conducted with the new dome shaped windows are presented to show the advantages of the design that allow for the detection of very low concentrations in the transmission mode (down to 30 ppm) and the acquisition of fluorescence XAS spectra in diluted solutions at high pressure. Eventually the perspectives of this original development are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institut NEEL, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Institut NEEL, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Testemale
authors.affiliation: Institut NEEL, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Institut NEEL, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prat
authors.affiliation: Institut NEEL, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Institut NEEL, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahera
authors.affiliation: Institut NEEL, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France and Institut NEEL, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hazemann