title: Individualized prediction of lung-function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of lung-function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) varies substantially among individuals. We sought to develop and validate an individualized prediction model for forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) in current smokers with mild-to-moderate COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a large long-term clinical trial (the Lung Health Study), we derived mixed-effects regression models to predict future FEV1values over 11 years according to clinical traits. We modelled heterogeneity by allowing regression coefficients to vary across individuals. Two independent cohorts with COPD were used for validating the equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used data from 5594 patients (mean age 48.4 yr, 63% men, mean baseline FEV12.75 L) to create the individualized prediction equations. There was significant between-individual variability in the rate of FEV1decline, with the interval for the annual rate of decline that contained 95% of individuals being -124 to -15 mL/yr for smokers and -83 to 15 mL/yr for sustained quitters. Clinical variables in the final model explained 88% of variation around follow-up FEV1. The C statistic for predicting severity grades was 0.90. Prediction equations performed robustly in the 2 external data sets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial part of individual variation in FEV1decline can be explained by easily measured clinical variables. The model developed in this work can be used for prediction of future lung health in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lung Health Study - ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT00000568; Pan-Canadian Early Detection of Lung Cancer Study - ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT00751660.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zafari
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont. Don.Sin@hli.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Don D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Sin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Dirkje S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Claes-Göran
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Löfdahl
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Stirling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bryan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: C Martin
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tammemagi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Rahman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khakban
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: S F Paul
authors.initials: SFP
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tashkin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Connett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Zsuszanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (Zafari, Bryan, Sadatsafavi), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia; Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander), St. Paul's Hospital; Institute for Heart and Lung Health (Sin, Man, McManus, Hollander, Sadatsafavi), University of British Columbia; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Sin, Lam, Man, Sadatsafavi), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma, Vonk), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen (Postma), Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology (Löfdahl), Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (Vonk), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; School of Population and Public Health (Bryan), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Khakban), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (Tashkin), Los Angeles, Calif.; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Wise), Baltimore, Md.; University of Minnesota School of Public Health (Connett), Minneapolis, Minn.; PROOF Centre for Excellence (McManus, Ng, Hollander), Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health Sciences (Tammemagi), Brock University, St. Catharines, Ont.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadatsafavi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation