title: Lymphatic Leak Occurring After Surgical Lymph Node Dissection: A Preliminary Study Assessing the Feasibility and Outcome of Lymphatic Embolization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze imaging findings of lymphatic leakage associated with surgical lymph node dissection on lymphangiography and assess the outcome of lymphatic embolization.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study comprised 21 consecutive patients who were referred for lymphatic intervention between March 2014 and April 2015 due to postsurgical lymphatic leaks. Lymphangiography was performed through inguinal lymph nodes to identify the leak. When a leak was found, lymphatic embolization was performed by fine-needle injection of N-butyl cyanoacrylate into the site of leakage or into an inflow lymphatic vessel or into a pelvic lymph node located below the leakage. Electronic medical records and imaging studies were reviewed to assess the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lymphangiography revealed single or multiple leaks in all but one patient. Lymphatic embolization was performed in 20 patients with leaks. Including the patient who did not undergo embolization, 17 patients (81.0 %) showed initial response to treatment. Three patients underwent repeated embolization with successful results. The overall success rate was 95.2 %. The mean duration of hospitalization after lymphatic intervention was 5.9 days. During a mean follow-up period of 11 months, two patients developed localized swelling in the groin following lipiodol injection. There were no complications related to lymphatic embolization. Three patients were found to have developed small, asymptomatic lymphoceles on CT or MRI that did not require further treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphangiography is useful for detecting lymphatic leakage occurring after lymph node dissection. Furthermore, lymphatic embolization is feasible, effective, and safe for managing leaks demonstrated on lymphangiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-380, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoolim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-380, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Je Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-380, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Wook
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-380, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiheum
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paek
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-380, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Suk-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-380, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Sug
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 443-380, Republic of Korea. jinoomail@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jinoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008220:Lymphography / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D004659:Enbucrilate
keywords: Lipiodol; Lymphangiography; Lymphatic system; Therapeutic embolization; n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate