title: Doping offences in male professional tennis: how does sanction affect players' career?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of performance enhancing drugs is still a major problem in competitive sports. Even though tennis is not affected by systematic doping, there is lack of scientific evidence on the effect of sanctions on players` career. The aim of this study was to analyze male tennis players' career after a doping sanction.
  
  
  METHODS
  All doping offences committed by male professional tennis players during 2003-2014 were registered from the International Tennis Federation records and analyzed considering three ranking positions: at sanction date, the peak career position, and the highest position after doping violation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-six players (aged 26.04 ± 3.48 years) committed 47 doping offences in a 14-year period with an average ineligibility time of 11.13 ± 9.90 months. Ranking position at sanction date averaged 409.53 ± 437.53 (median 266); the highest career position averaged 201.12 ± 293.96 (median 83) and the highest career position after doping violation was 350.85 ± 441.38 (median 156). Elite players committed less doping offences than players beyond the 100° ranking position (29.78 and 70.21 %, respectively; p < 0.01). Most players (72.34 %) reached their career highest position before the doping sanction (p = 0.01). The average time to retirement was 35.76 ± 31.03 months, while 12 % did not return to professional tennis competition after the doping offence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most suspended tennis players were not elite players. Doping sanction seems to significantly affect male tennis players' career. Only a minority of sanctioned players could reach their peak ranking position after the doping offence and suspension may accelerate the retirement process.
authors.affiliation: High Performance National Sports Center, CeNARD, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Argentine Tennis Association, Chubut 415, Mayling Club de Campo Pilar 1631, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maquirriain
authors.affiliation: High Performance National Sports Center, CeNARD, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Argentine Tennis Association, Chubut 415, Mayling Club de Campo Pilar 1631, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baglione
keywords: Drug; Performance; Ranking; Sport