title: Thermal conductivity of the cryoprotective cocktail DP6 in cryogenic temperatures, in the presence and absence of synthetic ice modulators.
abstract: The thermal conductivity of the cryoprotective agent (CPA) cocktail DP6 in combination with synthetic ice modulators (SIMs) is measured in this study, using a transient hot-wire method. DP6 is a mixture of 3 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3 M propylene glycol, which received significant attention in the cryobiology community in recent years. Tested SIMs include 6% 1,3Cyclohexanediol, 6% 2,3Butanediol, and 12% PEG400 (percentage by volume). This study integrates the scanning cryomacroscope for visual verification of crystallization and vitrification events. It is demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of the vitrifying CPA cocktail decreases monotonically with the decreasing temperature down to -180 °C. By contrast, the thermal conductivity of the crystalline material increases with decreasing temperature in the same temperature range. Results of this study demonstrate that the thermal conductivity may vary by three fold between the amorphous and crystalline phases of DP6 below the glass transition temperature of DP6 (Tg = -119 °C). The selected SIMs demonstrate the ability to inhibit crystallization in DP6, even at subcritical cooling rates. An additional ice suppression capability is observed by the Euro-Collins as a vehicle solution, disproportionate to its volume ratio in the cocktail. The implication of the observed thermal conductivity differences between the amorphous and crystalline phases of the same cocktail on cryopreservation simulations is significant in some cases and must be taken into account in thermal analyses of cryopreservation protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Lili E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Malen
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. Electronic address: rabin@cmu.edu.
authors.forename: Yoed
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rabin
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007053:Ice / Q000032:analysis; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D058989:Vitrification / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D007053:Ice; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: Cryogenic temperatures; Crystallization; DP6; Measurements; Synthetic ice modulators; Thermal conductivity; Vitrification