title: Motor Skill Development in Italian Pre-School Children Induced by Structured Activities in a Specific Playground.
abstract: This study examined the effects and specificity of structured and unstructured activities played at the playground Primo Sport 0246 in Northern Italy on motor skill competence in five years old children. The playground was specifically designed to promote gross motor skills in preschool children; in this study 71 children from local kindergartens came to the park once a week for ten consecutive weeks and were exposed to 30 minutes of free play and 30 minutes of structured activities. Before and after the ten visits, each child completed nine tests to assess levels of motor skills, three for fine-motor skills and six for gross-motor skills. As control, motor skills were also assessed on 39 children from different kindergartens who did not come to the park. The results show that the experimental group who practiced gross-motor activities in the playground for 1 hour a week for 10 weeks improved significantly in 4 out of the 6 gross motor tasks and in none of the fine motor tasks. The data indicate that limited transfer occurred between tasks referring to different domains of motor competences while suggesting cross feeding for improvement of gross-motor skills between different exercises when domains related to physical fitness and strength of specific muscle groups are involved. These results are relevant to the issue of condition(s) appropriate for maintaining and developing motor skills in this age group as well as for the planning, organization and implementation of play and physical activities in kindergartens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Research Center on Child Motor Development, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tortella
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Sör-Tröndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haga
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, Sör-Tröndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Håvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Loras
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Hermundur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sigmundsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Research Center on Child Motor Development, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-4973
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D010988:Play and Playthings