title: Molecular Markers and Targeted Therapeutics in Metastatic Tumors of the Spine: Changing the Treatment Paradigms.
abstract: METHODS
  A review of the literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to discuss the evolution of molecular signatures and the history and development of targeted therapeutics in metastatic tumor types affecting the spinal column.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Molecular characterization of metastatic spine tumors is expected to usher in a revolution in diagnostic and treatment paradigms. Molecular characterization will provide critical information that can be used for initial diagnosis, prognosticating the ideal treatment strategy, assessment of treatment efficacy, surveillance and monitoring recurrence, and predicting complications, clinical outcome, and overall survival in patients diagnosed with metastatic cancers to the spinal column.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the literature was performed focusing on illustrative examples of the role that molecular-based therapeutics have played in clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with metastatic tumor types affecting the spinal column.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of molecular therapeutics including receptor tyrosine kinases and immune checkpoint inhibitors and the ability of molecular signatures to provide prognostic information are discussed in metastatic breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, and renal cell cancer affecting the spinal column.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the providers who will ultimately counsel patients diagnosed with metastases to the spinal column, molecular advancements will radically alter the management/surgical paradigms utilized. Ultimately, the translation of these molecular advancements into routine clinical care will greatly improve the quality and quantity of life for patients diagnosed with spinal malignancies and provide better overall outcomes and counseling for treating physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: C Rory
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abu-Bonsrah
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Laurence D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Rhines
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jorrit-Jan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Verlaan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Bilsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncologic and Degenerative Spine Surgery, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boriani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sciubba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bettegowda
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor