title: Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and genetic predisposition to obesity in 2 Swedish cohorts.
abstract: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which has increased substantially during the last decades, has been associated with obesity and weight gain.
  
  
  
  Common genetic susceptibility to obesity has been shown to modify the association between SSB intake and obesity risk in 3 prospective cohorts from the United States. We aimed to replicate these findings in 2 large Swedish cohorts.
  
  
  
  Data were available for 21,824 healthy participants from the Malmö Diet and Cancer study and 4902 healthy participants from the Gene-Lifestyle Interactions and Complex Traits Involved in Elevated Disease Risk Study. Self-reported SSB intake was categorized into 4 levels (seldom, low, medium, and high). Unweighted and weighted genetic risk scores (GRSs) were constructed based on 30 body mass index [(BMI) in kg/m(2)]-associated loci, and effect modification was assessed in linear regression equations by modeling the product and marginal effects of the GRS and SSB intake adjusted for age-, sex-, and cohort-specific covariates, with BMI as the outcome. In a secondary analysis, models were additionally adjusted for putative confounders (total energy intake, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and physical activity).
  
  
  
  In an inverse variance-weighted fixed-effects meta-analysis, each SSB intake category increment was associated with a 0.18 higher BMI (SE = 0.02; P = 1.7 × 10(-20); n = 26,726). In the fully adjusted model, a nominal significant interaction between SSB intake category and the unweighted GRS was observed (P-interaction = 0.03). Comparing the participants within the top and bottom quartiles of the GRS to each increment in SSB intake was associated with 0.24 (SE = 0.04; P = 2.9 × 10(-8); n = 6766) and 0.15 (SE = 0.04; P = 1.3 × 10(-4); n = 6835) higher BMIs, respectively.
  
  
  
  The interaction observed in the Swedish cohorts is similar in magnitude to the previous analysis in US cohorts and indicates that the relation of SSB intake and BMI is stronger in people genetically predisposed to obesity.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunkwall
authors.affiliation: Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden;
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hindy
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and.
authors.forename: Gull
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rukh
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and.
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ericson
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.affiliation: Departments of Odontology.
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Franks
authors.affiliation: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease-Genetic Epidemiology and.
authors.forename: Marju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orho-Melander
authors.affiliation: Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and frida.renstrom@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Frida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renström
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000009:adverse effects; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054647:Nutrigenomics / Q000379:methods; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: BMI; Sweden; gene-lifestyle interaction; genetic risk score; sugar-sweetened beverage