title: Benchmark dose for cadmium exposure and elevated N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known nephrotoxic contaminant, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is considered to be an early and sensitive marker of tubular dysfunction. The link between Cd exposure and NAG level enables us to derive the benchmark dose (BMD) of Cd. Although several reports have already documented urinary Cd (UCd)-NAG relationships and BMD estimations, high heterogeneities arise due to the sub-populations (age, gender, and ethnicity) and BMD methodologies being employed. To clarify the influences that these variables exert, firstly, a random effect meta-analysis was performed in this study to correlate the UCd and NAG based on 92 datasets collected from 30 publications. Later, this established correlation (Ln(NAG) = 0.51 × Ln(UCd) + 0.83) was applied to derive the UCd BMD5of 1.76 μg/g creatinine and 95 % lower confidence limit of BMD5(BMDL5) of 1.67 μg/g creatinine. While the regressions for different age groups and genders differed slightly, it is age and not gender that significantly affects BMD estimations. Ethnic differences may require further investigation given that limited data is currently available. Based on a comprehensive and systematic literature review, this study is a new attempt to quantify the UCd-NAG link and estimate BMD.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: CuiXia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
authors.forename: YuBiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia.|School of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, LianYungang, 222005, JiangSu, China.
authors.forename: ChunShui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia. morrow.dong@newcastle.edu.au.|Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia. morrow.dong@newcastle.edu.au.|ATC Building, Global Center for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, 2308, NSW, Australia. morrow.dong@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: ZhaoMin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland.
authors.forename: YanBin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, the Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: YiLu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D019985:Benchmarking; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011897:Random Allocation; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase
keywords: Benchmark dose; Cadmium; Meta-analysis; N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase