title: Non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse among anesthesia care providers: a narrative review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the problem of non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse among anesthesia care providers (ACPs) and to describe current approaches to screening, therapy, and rehabilitation of ACPs suffering from non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first performed a search of all literature available on PubMed prior to April 11, 2016. The search was limited to articles published in Spanish and English, and the following key words were used: anesthesiology, anesthesia personnel, AND substance-related disorders. We also searched Ovid MEDLINE®databases from 1946-April 11, 2016 using the following search terms: anesthesiology OR anesthesia, OR nurse anesthetist OR anesthesia care provider OR perioperative nursing AND substance-related disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite an increased awareness of drug abuse among ACPs and improvements in preventive measures, the problem of non-opioid anesthetic drug abuse remains significant. While opioids are the most commonly abused anesthesia medications among ACPs, the abuse of non-opioid anesthetics is a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and professional demise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early detection, effective therapy, and long-term follow-up help ACPs cope more effectively with the problem and, when possible, resume their professional activities. There is insufficient evidence to determine the ability of ACPs to return safely to anesthesia practice after rehabilitation, though awareness of the issue and ongoing treatment are necessary to minimize patient risk from potentially related clinical errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Doan Hall N 411, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Alix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zuleta-Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Doan Hall N 411, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Doan Hall N 411, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Suren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soghomonyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Papadimos
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Doan Hall N 411, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.|Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Sergio D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Bergese
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Doan Hall N 411, 410 W 10th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. Kenneth.Moran@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Moran
mesh_terms: D000072080:Anesthesiologists; D000777:Anesthetics; D006801:Humans; D009719:Nurse Anesthetists; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics