title: Dietary exposure to pesticide residues from foods of plant origin and drinks in Lebanon.
abstract: This study assesses the dietary exposure of Lebanese adults to 47 pesticide residues from both foods of plant origin and drinks. The study was conducted using the Total Diet Study protocol in two different areas of Lebanon: Greater Beirut (urban) and Keserwan (semi-rural). A total of 1860 individual foods were collected, prepared, and cooked prior to analysis. Composite samples of similar foods were analyzed, following the QuEChERS Multiresidue method. Eighteen residues were detected/quantified on at least one composite sample, with 66.7 % of the results being quantifiable and 33.3 % detectable. Quantifiable levels ranged between 10.3 and 208 μg/kg. For the composite samples where residues were detected, 55 % had one residue, while 45 % had 2-4 residues. The most frequently detected/quantified pesticide residues included Chlorpyrifos, Procymidone, Primiphos methyl, Dimethoate, and Dieldrin. The dietary exposure assessment was conducted using the deterministic approach with two scenarios: (1) the lower bound (LB) approach and (2) the upper bound (UB) approach. Using the LB approach, mean estimated daily exposures were far below the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for all investigated residues. Using the UB approach, which tends to overestimate exposure, mean estimated daily exposures were below the ADIs for all residues except for Dieldrin (semi-rural: 128.7 % ADI; urban: 100.7 % ADI). Estimates of mean exposure to Diazinon reached 50.3 % of ADI in the urban diet and 61.9 % in the semi-rural diet. Findings of this study identify specific pesticide residues as monitoring priorities for which more comprehensive and sensitive analyses are needed in order to refine exposure assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon. ln10@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nasreddine
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rehaime
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Zeina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kassaify
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O.Box: 110236, Beirut, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Roula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rechmany
authors.affiliation: Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11- 8281, Beirut, Riad El Solh, 107 2260, Lebanon. fjaber@cnrs.edu.lb.|Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (509), Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. fjaber@cnrs.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Farouk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jaber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000592:standards; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005502:Food / Q000592:standards; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000737:chemistry*; D013383:Suburban Population; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: Adults; Dietary exposure; Lebanon; Pesticide residues; Risk characterization; Total diet study