title: Spectroscopic, structural and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of luminescent, lanthanide doped core@shell nanomaterials GdVO4:Eu(3+)5%@SiO2@NH2.
abstract: The luminescent GdVO4:Eu(3+)5%@SiO2@NH2 core@shell nanomaterials were obtained via co-precipitation method, followed by hydrolysis and co-condensation of silane derivatives: tetraethyl orthosilicate and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Their effect on human erythrocytes sedimentation and on proliferation of human lung microvascular endothelial cells was examined and discussed. The luminescent nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of polyacrylic acid or glycerin in order to minimalize the agglomeration and excessive growth of nanostructures. Surface coating with amine functionalized silica shell improved their biocompatibility, facilitated further organic conjugation and protected the internal core. Magnetic measurements revealed an enhanced T1-relaxivity for the synthesized GdVO4:Eu(3+)5% nanostructures. Structure, morphology and average grain size of the obtained nanomaterials were determined by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis. The qualitative elemental composition of the nanomaterials was established using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The spectroscopic characteristic of red emitting core@shell nanophosphors was completed by measuring luminescence spectra and decays. The emission spectra revealed characteristic bands of Eu(3+) ions related to the transitions (5)D0-(7)F0,1,2,3,4 and (5)D1-(7)F1. The luminescence lifetimes consisted of two components, associated with the presence of Eu(3+) ions located at the surface of the crystallites and in the bulk.
authors.affiliation: Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Rare Earths, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: agata_is@amu.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szczeszak
authors.affiliation: Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: anna.ekner@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekner-Grzyb
authors.affiliation: Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Rare Earths, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: runowski@amu.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Runowski
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: kosma.szutkowski@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Kosma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szutkowski
authors.affiliation: Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: lumro@amu.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Lucyna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mrówczyńska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Bacteriophage Laboratory, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: zuzanna.kazmierczak@iitd.pan.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Zuzanna
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kaźmierczak
authors.affiliation: Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Rare Earths, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: tgrzyb@amu.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grzyb
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Bacteriophage Laboratory, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: dabrok@iitd.pan.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dąbrowska
authors.affiliation: Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Experimental Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: giersig@physik.fu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giersig
authors.affiliation: Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Rare Earths, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland. Electronic address: blis@amu.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lis
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D000067493:Dynamic Light Scattering; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D005063:Europium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D049449:Luminescence; D049408:Luminescent Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D015394:Molecular Structure; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D005063:Europium; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: Biocompability; Cytotoxicity; Lanthanide ions; Luminescence; Nanomaterials; Orthovanadates; Surface modification