title: Risk factors and clinical characteristics of the depressive state induced by pegylated interferon therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: A prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pegylated interferon (PegIFN) therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often induce a depressive state. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for and clinical characteristics of PegIFN-induced depressive state.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine subjects with HCV who received PegIFN therapy were enrolled. Before beginning therapy, all subjects were evaluated using the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory and the List of Threatening Events Questionnaire. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were also evaluated at baseline, 2-4 weeks after initiating therapy, and every 4 weeks thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study, 18 subjects (24.3%) developed a depressive state (BDI ≥ 10). A bimodal peak of onset was observed during the early (2-8 weeks) and late (after 20 weeks) therapy phases. Moreover, we observed that baseline BDI scores (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40, P  = 0.0104) and neuroticism (OR = 1.14, P  = 0.0275) were significant risk factors for developing a depressive state. To determine the specific characteristics of this condition, we compared the BDI subscales between the 'PegIFN-induced' and 'general' depressive state reported previously. We found that the score at 'somatic symptoms' was higher in the 'PegIFN-induced' group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate the following: (i) PegIFN-induced depressive state most frequently develops during the first 8 weeks of therapy; (ii) baseline BDI and neuroticism scores are risk factors for PegIFN-induced depressive state; and (iii) the core symptoms of PegIFN-induced depressive state are different from those of 'general' depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimasaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.|Laboratory for Omics Informatics, Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamatani
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Senju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
authors.forename: Nakao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007372:Interferons
keywords: 
  Beck Depression Inventory; depression; interferon; neuroticism; stressful life events