title: Intake of High-Fat Yogurt, but Not of Low-Fat Yogurt or Prebiotics, Is Related to Lower Risk of Depression in Women of the SUN Cohort Study.
abstract: Yogurt and prebiotic consumption has been linked to better health. However, to our knowledge, no longitudinal study has assessed the association of yogurt and prebiotic consumption with depression risk.
  
  
  
  We longitudinally evaluated the association of yogurt and prebiotic consumption with depression risk in a Mediterranean cohort.
  
  
  
  The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) Project is a dynamic, prospective cohort of Spanish university graduates. A total of 14,539 men and women (mean age: 37 y) initially free of depression were assessed during a median follow-up period of 9.3 y. Validated food-frequency questionnaires at baseline and after a 10-y follow-up were used to assess prebiotic (fructans and galacto-oligosaccharide) intake and yogurt consumption (<0.5, ≥0.5 to <3, ≥3 to <7, and ≥7 servings/wk). Participants were classified as incident cases of depression when they reported a new clinical diagnosis of depression by a physician (previously validated). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate HRs and 95% CIs.
  
  
  
  We identified 727 incident cases of depression during follow-up. Whole-fat yogurt intake was associated with reduced depression risk: HR for the highest [≥7 servings/wk (1 serving = 125 g)] compared with the lowest (<0.5 servings/wk) consumption: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.98; P-trend = 0.020). When stratified by sex, this association was significant only in women (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.87; P-trend = 0.004). Low-fat yogurt consumption was associated with a higher incidence of depression (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.65; P-trend = 0.001), although this association lost significance after the exclusion of early incident cases, suggesting possible reverse causation bias. Prebiotic consumption was not significantly associated with depression risk.
  
  
  
  Our study suggests that high consumption of whole-fat yogurt was related to a lower risk of depression in women of the SUN cohort. No association was observed for prebiotics. Further studies are needed to clarify why the yogurt-depression association may differ by fat content of the yogurt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5652-356X
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez-Cornago
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Research Group, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain;
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Villegas
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes-Rastrollo
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain; and.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gea
authors.affiliation: Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain; and Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molero
authors.affiliation: Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain; and Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lahortiga-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Biomedical Research Center Network on Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain; and mamartinez@unav.es.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010349:Patient Compliance; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015014:Yogurt / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D056692:Prebiotics
keywords: depression; fiber; prebiotics; probiotics; yogurt