title: Biochemical studies on the effect of different water resources in Hail region on liver and kidney functions of rats.
abstract: Low concentration of a heavy metal is toxic and can be classified as one of the pollution sources. Industrial and human waste can pollute water with heavy metals and soils breaking down under the effect of acidic rain, which release heavy metals into river, streams, lakes, and ground water. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vital organs of the human body damages these organs, including the liver and kidney, which are the main organs for metabolism, detoxification, and excretion. The present study aims to investigate into concentrations of such heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in both ground and tap water samples collected from different areas in Hail region, KSA. Then, this study moves forward to examine the effects of such concentrations on the biochemistry of serum in rats. In this regard, the results demonstrate the presence of significant differences (p < 0.05) in the liver function parameters, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, and globulin between all the studied groups that were exposed to heavy-metals-polluted water, when compared with the control group. In addition, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the kidney function parameters, uric acid, urea, and creatinine, when compared with the control group. Thence, and as this study indicates, heavy-metals-polluted water can cause disturbance in the liver and kidney function parameters, which highlights health risks of the water polluted with heavy metals. In this sense, the concerned authorities should regularly carry out survey and should monitor underground water, and people have to be aware of such risks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hail University, KSA, Hail, Saudi Arabia. olafouad2020@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ola F A
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Talkhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hail University, KSA, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Safaa A E
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abd Elwahab
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hail University, KSA, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ebtessam M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Shalapy
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D062066:Water Resources
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D060766:Drinking Water; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: Ground water; Heavy metals; Kidney; Liver