title: Assessment of mineral intake in the diets of Polish postmenopausal women in relation to their BMI-the RAC-OST-POL study : Mineral intake in relation to BMI.
abstract: The diets of postmenopausal women in Western countries tend to be deficient in minerals, even if the energy value is at the recommended level. The objective of the presented population-based cohort study was to assess the intake of minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper) in the diets of women aged above 55 years and to analyse the relations between BMI and mineral intake in this group.
  
  
  
  The study was conducted in a group of 406 women who were randomly recruited from the general population of those aged above 55 years. The main outcome measures included BMI, reported sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper intake assessed by dietary record (conducted during two typical, non-consecutive days). The distribution was verified with the use of the Shapiro-Wilk test. The comparison between groups was conducted using ANOVA with the LSD post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with multiple comparisons. A comparison of satisfying nutritional needs was conducted using the chi-square test.
  
  
  
  Normal body weight individuals were characterised by lower sodium intake per 1000 kcal of diet than obese class II and III individuals (BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m(2)). Overweight individuals were characterised by lower potassium and magnesium intake per 1000 kcal of diet than obese class I individuals (BMIϵ < 30.0; 35.0 kg/m(2)). The majority of individuals was characterised by insufficient potassium, calcium and magnesium intake. No differences in satisfying nutritional needs between BMI groups were observed for all minerals.
  
  
  
  Following an improperly balanced diet was observed in the group of postmenopausal female individuals analysed. It was stated that the daily intake of all the assessed minerals was not BMI-dependent for the postmenopausal female individuals, but the nutrient density of diet (for sodium, potassium and magnesium) was associated with BMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland. dominika_glabska@sggw.pl.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8588-7357
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Głąbska
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Włodarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kołota
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Regional Hospital in Racibórz, Racibórz, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czekajło
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drozdzowska
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pluskiewicz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D015930:Diet Records; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009765:Obesity; D050177:Overweight; D011044:Poland; D017698:Postmenopause; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012016:Reference Values; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D008903:Minerals; D014131:Trace Elements; D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium
keywords: BMI; Intake; Minerals; Postmenopausal women