title: Coffee consumption and the risk of malignant melanoma in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study.
abstract: Coffee contains biologically-active substances that suppress carcinogenesis in vivo, and coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of malignant melanoma. We studied the impact of total coffee consumption and of different brewing methods on the incidence of malignant melanoma in a prospective cohort of Norwegian women.
  
  
  
  We had baseline information on total coffee consumption and consumption of filtered, instant, and boiled coffee from self-administered questionnaires for 104,080 women in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study. We also had follow-up information collected 6-8 years after baseline. Multiple imputation was used to deal with missing data, and multivariable Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for malignant melanoma by consumption category of total, filtered, instant, and boiled coffee.
  
  
  
  During 1.7 million person-years of follow-up, 762 cases of malignant melanoma were diagnosed. Compared to light consumers of filtered coffee (≤1 cup/day), we found a statistically significant inverse association with low-moderate consumption (>1-3 cups/day, HR = 0.80; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.66-0.98) and high-moderate consumption of filtered coffee (>3-5 cups/day, HR = 0.77; 95 % CI 0.61-0.97) and melanoma risk (p trend = 0.02). We did not find a statistically significant association between total, instant, or boiled coffee consumption and the risk of malignant melanoma in any of the consumption categories.
  
  
  
  The data from the NOWAC Study indicate that a moderate intake of filtered coffee could reduce the risk of malignant melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway. marko.lukic@uit.no.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lukic
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Mie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jareid
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway.|Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Tonje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Braaten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003069:Coffee; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013471:Sunburn / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee
keywords: Boiled; Coffee; Filtered; Instant; Melanoma; Multiple imputation; Prospective cohort