title: The Longitudinal Effects of Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms on Academic and Occupational Functioning in the Transition to Young Adulthood.
abstract: The young adult years are particularly important for accruing the education and work experience needed for long-term economic stability. We examine the effects of symptoms of ODD at baseline (i.e., T1 ages 12 to 18 years; N = 662; 48 % male) and of increases in these symptoms on academic and occupational functioning in young adulthood (i.e., T6 ages 22 to 29 years; N = 478; 45 % male) using multiple measures; including achievement levels (i.e., educational attainment, occupational prestige, and income) and financial and work stress (i.e., debt, financial strain, and perceived workplace stress). Our findings show that both adolescent levels of and increases in symptoms of ODD influence academic and occupational functioning in young adulthood. We discuss the implications of ODD symptoms for accruing economic capital in young adulthood, as well as approaches to detecting and intervening that are needed to halt the potentially cascading effects of ODD symptoms.
authors.affiliation: University of Victoria, Cornett Building A236, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
authors.forename: Bonnie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Leadbeater
authors.affiliation: University of Victoria, Cornett Building B332, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada. mames@uvic.ca.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Ames
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Achievement; Adolescence; Defiance; Irritability; Longitudinal; Oppositional defiant disorder; Work; Young adulthood