title: Cognitive Effects of Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
abstract: Research reveals mixed evidence for the effects of adenotonsillectomy (AT) on cognitive tests in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The primary aim of the study was to investigate effects of AT on cognitive test scores in the randomized Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial.
  
  
  
  Children ages 5 to 9 years with OSAS without prolonged oxyhemoglobin desaturation were randomly assigned to watchful waiting with supportive care (n = 227) or early AT (eAT, n = 226). Neuropsychological tests were administered before the intervention and 7 months after the intervention. Mixed model analysis compared the groups on changes in test scores across follow-up, and regression analysis examined associations of these changes in the eAT group with changes in sleep measures.
  
  
  
  Mean test scores were within the average range for both groups. Scores improved significantly (P < .05) more across follow-up for the eAT group than for the watchful waiting group. These differences were found only on measures of nonverbal reasoning, fine motor skills, and selective attention and had small effects sizes (Cohen's d, 0.20-0.24). As additional evidence for AT-related effects on scores, gains in test scores for the eAT group were associated with improvements in sleep measures.
  
  
  
  Small and selective effects of AT were observed on cognitive tests in children with OSAS without prolonged desaturation. Relative to evidence from Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial for larger effects of surgery on sleep, behavior, and quality of life, AT may have limited benefits in reversing any cognitive effects of OSAS, or these benefits may require more extended follow-up to become manifest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
authors.forename: Dean W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Beebe
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, and.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
authors.forename: Raouf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore and Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arens
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Sleep Disorders Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Chervin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Sleep Disorders Center, University of Michigan Health Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Garetz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Eliot S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia;
authors.forename: Reneé H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
authors.forename: Knashawn H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
authors.forename: Hiren
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muzumdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri;
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paruthi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadhwani
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychology and Assessment Group, and.
authors.forename: Nina Hattiangadi
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Sleep Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ellenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redline
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, and.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giordani
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D014068:Tonsillectomy