title: Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Among Illinois Healthcare Facilities: The Role of Patient Sharing.
abstract: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) spread regionally throughout healthcare facilities through patient transfer and cause difficult-to-treat infections. We developed a state-wide patient-sharing matrix and applied social network analyses to determine whether greater connectedness (centrality) to other healthcare facilities and greater patient sharing with long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) predicted higher facility CRE rates.
  
  
  
  We combined CRE case information from the Illinois extensively drug-resistant organism registry with measures of centrality calculated from a state-wide hospital discharge dataset to predict facility-level CRE rates, adjusting for hospital size and geographic characteristics.
  
  
  
  Higher CRE rates were observed among facilities with greater patient sharing, as measured by degree centrality. Each additional hospital connection (unit of degree) conferred a 6% increase in CRE rate in rural facilities (relative risk [RR] = 1.056; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.030-1.082) and a 3% increase among Chicagoland and non-Chicago urban facilities (RR = 1.027; 95% CI, 1.002-1.052 and RR = 1.025; 95% CI, 1.002-1.048, respectively). Sharing 4 or more patients with LTACHs was associated with higher CRE rates, but this association may have been due to chance (RR = 2.08; 95% CI, .85-5.08; P = .11).
  
  
  
  Hospitals with greater connectedness to other hospitals in a statewide patient-sharing network had higher CRE burden. Centrality had a greater effect on CRE rates in rural counties, which do not have LTACHs. Social network analysis likely identifies hospitals at higher risk of CRE exposure, enabling focused clinical and public health interventions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Patient Safety and Quality, Illinois Department of Public Health.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Michael Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Trick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000073182:Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: drug-resistant organisms; healthcare-associated infections; social network analysis