title: Comparison of traditional orthodontic polishing systems with novel non-orthodontic methods for residual adhesive removal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Following the debonding of orthodontic brackets, the removal of residual adhesive from the enamel surface is required. Published adhesive removal protocols present conflicting advice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated the surface roughness of enamel after debonding and instrumentation with non-traditional orthodontic polishing systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  The facial aspects of 35 extracted human incisor teeth were scanned with a surface profilometer for surface roughness prior to the bonding of orthodontic brackets. After debonding, residual adhesive was removed with a 12-fluted titanium carbide bur. The teeth were randomly divided into seven groups (N = 5 per group) and the enamel surface was polished with one of seven products. All samples were re-scanned for surface roughness and subjectively evaluated via SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in enamel surface roughness between the groups when compared using surface profilometry. Visual observations from the SEM evaluations demonstrated differences in the enamel surface at the microscopic level that were not detected by profilometric analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study found no statistically significant difference in mean enamel smoothness change from pretreatment to post-treatment between the seven polishing methods studied via profilometer surface reading measurements. An SEM analysis showed visual differences in enamel striations viewed at 1000x magnification in a comparison of traditional versus non- traditional polishing methods.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Armbruster
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ballard
mesh_terms: D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003754:Dental High-Speed Equipment; D003777:Dental Prophylaxis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D011897:Random Allocation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C408584:Prompt L-Pop; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; C096521:titanium carbide; D014025:Titanium