title: Footprint of roman and modern mining activities in a sediment core from the southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf.
abstract: A 5-m long sediment core (VC2B), retrieved in the Southwestern Iberian Atlantic shelf, at 96m water depth, was used to assess major changes in climate and human activities during the last 9.7kyrs. Analytical measurements included sedimentological (mean grain size, and the contents of sand, silt and clay), geochemical (major, minor, trace and rare earth elements; REEs) and chronological ((210)Pb and (14)C) parameters. Two episodes of increment of fine-grained particles, occurring at 3050BCE and 1350CE, suggest the retreat of the coast line to the present level and the beginning of a wetter phase associated with the "Little Ice Age". The North American Shale Composite (NASC)-normalized REE-pattern detected in the shelf is similar to that found in the Guadiana estuarine sediments. The possibility of this estuary as a contributor to the sediment load deposited in the adjacent coastal zone was indicated. Trace elements were significantly correlated with Al until 1850CE, pointing that grain-size rules its distribution in sediments. The depth variation of As, Cu and Pb enrichment factors relative to background values shows two periods of intense human activity that can be mainly linked to mining: (i) across the Roman Period, marked by low enrichments; and (ii) starting on the second half of the 19th century until nowadays with significantly increased enrichments, especially of Pb and Cu. In addition to As, Cu and Pb, this period is also marked by high enrichments of Hg and Zn. Despite the decrease/closure of sulphide massive deposits mining exploitation (e.g., São Domingos, Las Herrerias) during the second half of the 20th century, results showed ongoing input of Pb, Cu, As, Hg and Zn to coastal sediments. Thus, the legacy of contamination by these elements, mainly from leaching of slags and tailings, and remobilization/reworking of contaminated estuarine sediments, is still recorded in marine sediments.
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Environmental Oceanography and Bioprospection, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: mario.milhomens@ipma.pt.
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mil-Homens
authors.affiliation: CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Marine Geology and Georesources, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CCMAR, Center of Marine Sciences, Algarve University, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Environmental Oceanography and Bioprospection, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Marine Geology and Georesources, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; IDL, Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Edifício C1, Piso 1, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drago
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Environmental Oceanography and Bioprospection, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of the Lisbon, Centre for Molecular Sciences and Materials, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Bárbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anes
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Environmental Oceanography and Bioprospection, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raimundo
authors.affiliation: UMR 5805 EPOC OASU, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Environmental Oceanography and Bioprospection, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caetano
keywords: Marine sediments; Rare earth elements, mining activities; Temporal records; Trace elements