title: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates calcium transport in goat mammary epithelial cells in a dose- and energy-dependent manner.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium is a vital mineral and an indispensable component of milk for ruminants. The regulation of transcellular calcium transport by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D) has been confirmed in humans and rodents, and regulators, including vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium binding protein D9k (calbindin-D9k), plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase 1b (PMCA1b), PMAC2b and Orai1, are involved in this process. However, it is still unclear whether 1,25-(OH)2D3 could stimulate calcium transport in the ruminant mammary gland. The present trials were conducted to study the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 supplementation and energy availability on the expression of genes and proteins related to calcium secretion in goat mammary epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro culture method for goat secreting mammary epithelial cells was successfully established. The cells were treated with different doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 nmol/L) for calcium transport research, followed by a 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA, an inhibitor of glucose metabolism) treatment to determine its dependence on glucose availability. Cell proliferation ratios, glucose consumption and enzyme activities were measured with commercial kits, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blots were used to determine the expression of genes and proteins associated with mammary calcium transport in dairy goats, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,25-(OH)2D3 promoted cell proliferation and the expression of genes involved in calcium transport in a dose-dependent manner when the concentration did not exceed 10.0 nmol/L. In addition, 100.0 nmol/L 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibited cell proliferation and the expression of associated genes compared with the 10.0 nmol/L treatment. The inhibition of hexokinase 2 (HK2), a rate-limiting enzyme in glucose metabolism, decreased the expression of PMCA1b and PMCA2b at the mRNA and protein levels as well as the transcription of Orai1, indicating that glucose availability was required for goat mammary calcium transport. The optimal concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 that facilitated calcium transport in this study was 10.0 nmol/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with 1,25-(OH)2D3 influenced cell proliferation and regulated the expression of calcium transport modulators in a dose- and energy-dependent manner, thereby highlighting the role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 as an efficacious regulatory agent that produces calcium-enriched milk in ruminants when a suitable energy status was guaranteed.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yangchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoshi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: Junhu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
keywords: Calcium; Dairy goat; Glucose; Transport; Vitamin D