title: Multiple-component covalent organic frameworks.
abstract: Covalent organic frameworks are a class of crystalline porous polymers that integrate molecular building blocks into periodic structures and are usually synthesized using two-component [1+1] condensation systems comprised of one knot and one linker. Here we report a general strategy based on multiple-component [1+2] and [1+3] condensation systems that enable the use of one knot and two or three linker units for the synthesis of hexagonal and tetragonal multiple-component covalent organic frameworks. Unlike two-component systems, multiple-component covalent organic frameworks feature asymmetric tiling of organic units into anisotropic skeletons and unusually shaped pores. This strategy not only expands the structural complexity of skeletons and pores but also greatly enhances their structural diversity. This synthetic platform is also widely applicable to multiple-component electron donor-acceptor systems, which lead to electronic properties that are not simply linear summations of those of the conventional [1+1] counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Field of Energy and Environment, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Field of Energy and Environment, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan.
authors.forename: Lipeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Scientific Computing and Modelling NV, Vrije Universiteit, Theoretical Chemistry De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Damien E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Coupry
authors.affiliation: Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Addicoat
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okushita
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2379-6251
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.affiliation: Field of Energy and Environment, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan.
authors.forename: Donglin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3785-1330
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jiang