title: Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of indigocarpan, a pterocarpan from Indigofera aspalathoides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of indigocarpan (1), a pterocarpan isolated from Indigofera aspalathoides, a plant found in India which has been used in Ayurveda for centuries for the treatment of oedematous tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antiproliferative activity in a panel of four human cancer cell lines was studied. The mechanism of its antiproliferative activity in human colorectal adenocarcinoma LS174T cells was investigated in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indigocarpan (1) showed antiproliferative activity in a panel of four human cancer cell lines with IC50 s ranging from 180 to 250 μm. Indigocarpan induces p53-dependent p21 upregulation and apoptosis in LS174T cells, upregulates p53 and p21(WAF1) protein levels, enhances cleavage of caspase-3 and downregulates cyclin D1, cyclin B1 and PCNA protein levels, indicating its role in modulating cell cycle progression. Indigocarpan also exhibited a strong antioxidative effect in LS174T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Along with the antiproliferative capacity, the strong antioxidative property of the compound makes it a promising candidate for further development as an anticancer and chemopreventive compound.
authors.affiliation: Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Pravin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India.
authors.forename: Rajaraman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gnana Oli
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jachak
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.
authors.forename: Sandip B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bharate
authors.affiliation: Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK. bchaudhuri@dmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Bhabatosh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D056744:Cyclin B1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D029883:Indigofera / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D036343:Pterocarpans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056744:Cyclin B1; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D036343:Pterocarpans; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019938:Cyclin D1
keywords: Apoptosis; Indigofera aspalathoides; antioxidant; antiproliferative; indigocarpan