title: Transparency in Ecology and Evolution: Real Problems, Real Solutions.
abstract: To make progress scientists need to know what other researchers have found and how they found it. However, transparency is often insufficient across much of ecology and evolution. Researchers often fail to report results and methods in detail sufficient to permit interpretation and meta-analysis, and many results go entirely unreported. Further, these unreported results are often a biased subset. Thus the conclusions we can draw from the published literature are themselves often biased and sometimes might be entirely incorrect. Fortunately there is a movement across empirical disciplines, and now within ecology and evolution, to shape editorial policies to better promote transparency. This can be done by either requiring more disclosure by scientists or by developing incentives to encourage disclosure.
authors.affiliation: Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, USA. Electronic address: parkerth@whitman.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Forstmeier
authors.affiliation: Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koricheva
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Jarrod D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hadfield
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Yung En
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Clint D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gurevitch
authors.affiliation: University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D030881:Disclosure; D004463:Ecology; D035081:Editorial Policies; D006801:Humans
keywords: P-hacking; confirmation bias; inflated effect size; preregistration; replication; selective reporting