title: Protective Actions of Epithelial 5-Hydroxytryptamine 4 Receptors in Normal and Inflamed Colon.
abstract: The 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4R or HTR4) is expressed in the colonic epithelium but little is known about its functions there. We examined whether activation of colonic epithelial 5-HT4R protects colons of mice from inflammation.
  
  
  
  The 5-HT4R agonist tegaserod (1 mg/kg), the 5-HT4R antagonist GR113808 (1 mg/kg), or vehicle (control) were delivered by enema to wild-type or 5-HT4R knockout mice at the onset of, or during, active colitis, induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate or trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Inflammation was measured using the colitis disease activity index and by histologic analysis of intestinal tissues. Epithelial proliferation, wound healing, and resistance to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis were assessed, as was colonic motility.
  
  
  
  Rectal administration of tegaserod reduced the severity of colitis compared with mice given vehicle, and accelerated recovery from active colitis. Rectal tegaserod did not improve colitis in 5-HT4R knockout mice, and intraperitoneally administered tegaserod did not protect wild-type mice from colitis. Tegaserod increased proliferation of crypt epithelial cells. Stimulation of 5-HT4R increased Caco-2 cell migration and reduced oxidative stress-induced apoptosis; these actions were blocked by co-administration of the 5-HT4R antagonist GR113808. In noninflamed colons of wild-type mice not receiving tegaserod, inhibition of 5-HT4Rs resulted in signs of colitis within 3 days. In these mice, epithelial proliferation decreased and bacterial translocation to the liver and spleen was detected. Daily administration of tegaserod increased motility in inflamed colons of guinea pigs and mice, whereas administration of GR113808 disrupted motility in animals without colitis.
  
  
  
  5-HT4R activation maintains motility in healthy colons of mice and guinea pigs, and reduces inflammation in colons of mice with colitis. Agonists might be developed as treatments for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
authors.affiliation: Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Stephanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Spohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.affiliation: Surgery, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.affiliation: Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Alisha A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Linton
authors.affiliation: Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Conor H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonora
authors.affiliation: Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dicay
authors.affiliation: Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.affiliation: Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.affiliation: Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Wallace K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: MacNaughton
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Giorgio
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sharkey
authors.affiliation: Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. Electronic address: gary.mawe@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Mawe
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D044422:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D058828:Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058832:Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D058828:Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists; D058832:Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists; D013449:Sulfonamides; D044422:Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4; C105050:tegaserod; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; C082871:GR 113808
keywords: Colonic Motility; IBD; Mucosal Drug Action; Wound Healing