title: A single-blind, dose escalation, phase I study of high-fluence light-emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) on human skin: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Skin fibrosis is involved in a variety of pathologic conditions ranging from scar formation secondary to surgery or trauma to immune-mediated processes. Skin fibrosis is a significant international health problem with an estimated incidence of greater than 100 million people affected per year worldwide with few effective treatment options available. Preliminary in vitro data generated by our research group suggests that red light can function as a stand-alone treatment for skin fibrosis. To our knowledge, no prior clinical trials have been performed to determine the safety of high-fluence (dose) light-emitting diode-red light (LED-RL) phototherapy. The goal of this study is to evaluate the safety of LED-RL fluences from 160 J/cm(2) up to 640 J/cm(2) in healthy subjects.
  
  
  
  This is a single-blind, dose escalation, randomized controlled, phase I study to evaluate the safety of high-fluence LED-RL on human skin. The protocol for dose escalation requires subjects be enrolled sequentially in groups of five. Within each group, three subjects will be randomized to LED-RL phototherapy and two subjects randomized to mock therapy. Subjects in group 1 randomized to LED-RL phototherapy will receive the maximum recommended starting dose (160 J/cm(2)). LED-RL dose will be escalated in subsequent groups (320 J/cm(2), 480 J/cm(2) and 640 J/cm(2)). The maximally tolerated dose (MTD) is defined as the dose level below the dose producing unacceptable but reversible toxicity and is considered to be the upper limit of subject tolerance. After either a MTD has been established, or the study endpoint of 640 J/cm(2) has been achieved, an additional 27 LED-RL phototherapy subjects (for a total of 30) and 18 mock therapy subjects (for a total of 20) (determined randomly) will be enrolled. Each subject will receive a total of nine procedures, three times per week for three consecutive weeks.
  
  
  
  This study may provide important safety information on the effects of high-fluence LED-RL phototherapy on human skin and help facilitate future phase II studies to evaluate the efficacy of high-fluence LED-RL as a potential noninvasive, safe, portable, at-home therapy for treatment of skin fibrosis.
  
  
  
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02630303 . Registered on 9 December 2015.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA.|Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA.|Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kraeva
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.|Division of Hematology Oncology, VA Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, CA, USA.|UC Davis Clinical and Translational Sciences Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wun
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA.|Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R Rivkah
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Isseroff
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA. jrjagdeo@gmail.com.|Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. jrjagdeo@gmail.com.|Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. jrjagdeo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jagdeo
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: High-fluence; Keloid; LED-RL; Light-emitting diode-red light; Phototherapy; RCT; Scar; Skin fibrosis; Wound healing