title: Negative association of pretreatment cigarette use with smoking-induced striatal dopamine release in smokers receiving bupropion treatment.
abstract: In an effort to help identify factors that maintain heavy smoking, this study tested the association of pretreatment cigarette use (cigarettes per day) with striatal dopamine release during smoking-cessation treatment.
  
  
  
  Thirteen regular smokers (≥10 cigarettes per day) were evaluated on parameters of smoking behavior, and they entered a smoking cessation treatment protocol, including bupropion administration and individual counseling for 2 months. On week 7 of treatment, 10 of the participants underwent brain scans using [(11) C]raclopride with positron emission tomography to assess smoking-induced dopamine release in the caudate nucleus and putamen, inferred from changes in dopamine D2 -type receptor availability.
  
  
  
  Receptor availability, measured as binding potential referred to non-displaceable uptake (BPND ) in both striatal regions re-demonstrated a significant decrease after smoking a cigarette; and pre-treatment cigarette use significantly negatively correlated with smoking-induced dopamine release in the caudate.
  
  
  
  The negative association of cigarette use with dopamine release suggests tolerance or down-regulation of the dopamine system by chronic smoking, or a pre-existing condition that promotes more frequent smoking. This association should be regarded as preliminary evidence that warrants verification. (Am J Addict 2016;25:486-492).
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Ariel, Science Park, Ariel, Israel, 40700.|Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel, 91120.|Lung Institute, Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman St. Tel Aviv, Israel, 64239.
authors.forename: Aviv Malkiel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel, 91120.
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Lung Institute, Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman St. Tel Aviv, Israel, 64239.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greif
authors.affiliation: Lung Institute, Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman St. Tel Aviv, Israel, 64239.
authors.forename: Zipi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yemini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel, 91120.
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mishani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Edythe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: London
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel, 91120.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chisin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Hospital Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel, 91120.
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bocher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016642:Bupropion / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D020891:Raclopride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D016642:Bupropion; D020891:Raclopride; D004298:Dopamine