title: Lipopolysaccharide suppresses human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcription in macrophages.
abstract: HIV-1-infected macrophages are long-lived and act as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) virus reservoirs. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been demonstrated to suppress HIV-1 replication in macrophages, but the mechanism is not clear. Previous research suggested that downregulation of CD4 and CCR5 as well as blockage of the interaction of HIV-1 with cells are major causes of inhibition of HIV-1 replication in macrophages by LPS. In order to study whether LPS blocks the post-entry event of HIV-1 replication, we developed a macrophage HIV-1 infection model by using VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1-luciferase virus to infect THP-1 differentiated macrophage-like cells. We found that LPS can suppress HIV-1 replication at post-entry steps. Further study suggested that HIV-1 reverse transcription was blocked by LPS, but addition of exogenous deoxyribonucleosides led to only partial recovery of HIV-1 replication. However, the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathway completely rescued HIV-1 replication. Thus, our study shows that LPS can suppress the events of HIV-1 replication post-entry, including reverse transcription, and this restriction is mediated by more than one mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Liang
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.|Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Wu
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.|Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China. zhengyt@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yong-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000821:virology*; D048348:Reverse Transcription / Q000187:drug effects*; D018116:Vesiculovirus / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides