title: Impact of Partial and Comprehensive Smoke-Free Regulations on Indoor Air Quality in Bars.
abstract: In Korea, smoke-free regulations have been gradually implemented in bars based on venue size. Smoking bans were implemented in 2013 for bars ≥150 m², in 2014 for bars ≥100 m², and in 2015 for bars of all sizes. The purpose of this study was to determine indoor fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations in bars before and after implementation of the smoke-free policies based on venue size. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured with real-time aerosol monitors at four time points: (1) pre-regulation (n = 75); (2) after implementing the ban in bars ≥150 m² (n = 75); (3) after implementing the ban in bars ≥100 m² (n = 107); and (4) when all bars were smoke-free (n = 79). Our results showed that the geometric mean of the indoor PM2.5 concentrations of all bars decreased from 98.4 μg/m³ pre-regulation to 79.5, 42.9, and 26.6 μg/m³ after the ban on smoking in bars ≥150 m², ≥100 m², and all bars, respectively. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in bars of each size decreased only after the corresponding regulations were implemented. Although smoking was not observed in Seoul bars after smoking was banned in all bars, smoking was observed in 4 of 21 bars in Changwon. Our study concludes that the greatest decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in bars was observed after the regulation covering all bars was implemented. However, despite the comprehensive ban, smoking was observed in bars in Changwon. Strict compliance with the regulations is needed to improve indoor air quality further.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. xellos88@naver.com.|Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, 156 Sinnae-ro, Jungnang-gu, Seoul 131-795, Korea. xellos88@naver.com.
authors.forename: Jeonghoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. banhg428@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyunkyung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. hyh@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yunhyung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science &amp; Biochemistry, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro Uichang-gu Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 641-773, Korea. kcha@changwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwonchul
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. cleanair@snu.ac.kr.|Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. cleanair@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kiyoung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012147:Restaurants; D066106:Seoul; D061845:Smoke-Free Policy; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: PM2.5; environmental tobacco smoke; indoor air quality; pub; smoke-free regulation