title: Transition and transfer of childhood cancer survivors to adult care: A national survey of pediatric oncologists.
abstract: Pediatric oncologists are responsible for ensuring that adolescent and young adult (AYA) childhood cancer survivors have the knowledge and skills necessary to manage their follow-up care in adult healthcare systems.
  
  
  
  To describe transition practices and barriers to transfer, we electronically surveyed U.S. Children's Oncology Group members: 507/1449 responded (35%) and 347/507 (68%) met eligibility criteria.
  
  
  
  Of 347 respondents, 50% are male, median years in practice 10 (range 5-22), 37% practice in freestanding children's hospitals. Almost all care for survivors up to age 21 years (96%), 42% care for survivors over age 25 years, and only 16% over age 30 years. While 66% of oncologists reported providing transition education to their patients, very few (8%) reported using standardized transition assessments. The most frequent barriers to transfer were perceived attachment to provider (91%), lack of adult providers with cancer survivor expertise (86%), patient's cognitive delay (81%), or unstable social situation (80%). Oncologists who continue to care for patients older than 25 years are more likely to perceive parents' attachment to provider (P = 0.037) and patients' social situation as barriers to transfer (P = 0.044).  Four themes emerged from a content analysis of 75 respondents to the open-ended question inviting comments on transition/transfer practices: desire for flexible transfer criteria; providers as barriers; provider lack of transition knowledge, skills, and resources; and desire for collaboration.
  
  
  
  Although most pediatric oncologists reported transferring AYA cancer survivors to adult care and providing some transition education, they endorse deficits in transition skills, emotional readiness, and institutional resources.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lisa B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Melvin
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Laurie N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sawicki
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziniel
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diller
authors.affiliation: Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000072103:Oncologists; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010372:Pediatrics; D010820:Physicians; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D011379:Prognosis; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D015996:Survival Rate; D017741:Survivors; D060305:Transition to Adult Care / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescents/young adults; childhood cancer survivors; transitioning