title: Preparation and Characterization of Four Stereoisomers of Monatin.
abstract: Monatin is a naturally occurring, sweet amino acid comprising four stereoisomers due to its two asymmetric centers at C2 and C4. However, the characteristics of each stereoisomer have not yet been fully investigated. To obtain a sufficient amount of racemic monatin for optical resolution, a synthetic method was developed by modifying a possible biosynthetic pathway, i.e., a cross-aldol reaction and subsequent transamination. The key intermediate, 4-hydroxy-4-(3-indolylmethyl)-2-ketoglutaric acid, was obtained via the cross-aldol reaction of pyruvic acid and indole-3-pyruvic acid. Subsequently, the carbonyl group was converted to a hydroxyimino group through reaction with hydroxylamine and then to an amino group via hydrogenation to produce monatin. Next, the racemic monatin was divided into mixtures of two pairs of enantiomers through recrystallization. Finally, both enantiomers of the N-carbobenzoxy-γ-lactone derivatives of monatin were separated by preparative HPLC and deprotected. It was found that all optically pure stereoisomers exhibited a sweet taste. The isomer that displayed the most intense sweetness was the (2R,4R)-isomer, as determined by single crystal X-ray structure analysis of the monatin potassium salt, whereas the least sweet isomer was the (2S,4S)-isomer, which demonstrated a far lower sweetness than was previously reported.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amino
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: Tatsuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: C414924:4-hydroxy-4-(indol-3-ylmethyl)glutamic acid; D007211:Indoles; D018698:Glutamic Acid