title: Storm drains as larval development and adult resting sites for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Salvador, Brazil.
abstract: Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), as well as yellow fever (YFV) viruses are transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. females. In Salvador, the largest urban center in north-eastern Brazil, the four DENV types have been circulating, and more recently, CHIKV and ZIKV have also become common. We studied the role of storm drains as Aedes larval development and adult resting sites in four neighbourhoods of Salvador, representing different socioeconomic, infrastructure and topographic conditions.
  
  
  
  A sample of 122 storm drains in the four study sites were surveyed twice during a 4-month period in 2015; in 49.0 % of the visits, the storm drains contained water. Adults and immatures of Aedes aegypti were captured in two of the four sites, and adults and immatures of Aedes albopictus were captured in one of these two sites. A total of 468 specimens were collected: 148 Ae. aegypti (38 adults and 110 immatures), 79 Ae. albopictus (48 adults and 31 immatures), and 241 non-Aedes (mainly Culex spp.) mosquitoes (42 adults and 199 immatures). The presence of adults or immatures of Ae. aegypti in storm drains was independently associated with the presence of non-Aedes mosquitoes and with rainfall of ≤ 50 mm during the preceding week.
  
  
  
  We found that in Salvador, one of the epicentres of the 2015 ZIKV outbreak, storm drains often accumulate water and serve as larval development sites and adult resting areas for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Vector control campaigns usually overlook storm drains, as most of the effort to prevent Ae. agypti reproduction is directed towards containers in the domicile environment. While further studies are needed to determine the added contribution of storm drains for the maintenance of Aedes spp. populations, we advocate that vector control programs incorporate actions directed at storm drains, including regular inspections and use of larvicides, and that human and capital resources are mobilized to modify storm drains, so that they do not serves as larval development sites for Aedes (and other) mosquitoes.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Igor Adolfo Dexheimer
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Paploski
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moreno S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Universidade Pedagógica de Quelimane, Quelimane, ZB, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Vánio André
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Mugabe
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikuti
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mitermayer Galvão
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil.|Emory University, Atlanta, GE, USA.
authors.forename: Uriel
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kitron
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil. guilherme.ribeiro@bahia.fiocruz.br.|Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. guilherme.ribeiro@bahia.fiocruz.br.
authors.forename: Guilherme Sousa
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D065632:Chikungunya Fever / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014505:Urban Population; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Arboviruses; Disease vectors; Entomology; Epidemiology; Insect vectors