title: Granular Formation during Apoptosis in Blastocystis sp. Exposed to Metronidazole (MTZ).
abstract: The role and function of the granular life cycle stage in Blastocystis sp, remains uncertain despite suggestions being made that the granules are metabolic, reproductive and lipid in nature. This present study aims to understand granular formation by triggering apoptosis in Blastocystis sp. by treating them with metronidazole (MTZ). Blastocystis sp.cultures of 4 sub-types namely 1, 2, 3 and 5 when treated with 0.01 and 0.0001 mg/ml of metronidazole (MTZ) respectively showed many of the parasites to be both viable and apoptotic (VA). Treated subtype 3 isolates exhibited the highest number of granular forms i.e. 88% (p<0.001) (0.0001 mg/ml) and 69% (p<0.01) (0.01 mg/ml) respectively at the 72 h in in vitro culture compared to other subtypes. These VA forms showed distinct granules using acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining with a mean per cell ranging from 5 in ST 5 to as high as 16 in ST 3. These forms showed intact mitochondria in both viable apoptotic (VA) and viable non-apoptotic (VNA) cells with a pattern of accumulation of lipid droplets corresponding to viable cells. Granular VA forms looked ultra-structurally different with prominent presence of mitochondria-like organelle (MLO) and a changed mitochondrial trans-membrane potential with thicker membrane and a highly convoluted inner membrane than the less dense non-viable apoptotic (NVA) cells. This suggests that granular formation during apoptosis is a self-regulatory mechanism to produce higher number of viable cells in response to treatment. This study directs the need to search novel chemotherapeutic approaches by incorporating these findings when developing drugs against the emerging Blastocystis sp. infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Devi Balkrishnan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9968-1843
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dhurga
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tian Chye
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016844:Blastocystis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003959:Diamines / Q000737:chemistry; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
chemical_list: C000607851:4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D003959:Diamines; D007211:Indoles; D008795:Metronidazole; D000165:Acridine Orange