title: Development and face validity of a cerebral visual impairment motor questionnaire for children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: The objectives of this study were (i) to develop two cerebral visual impairment motor questionnaires (CVI-MQ's) for children with cerebral palsy (CP): one for children with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I, II and III and one for children with GMFCS levels IV and V; (ii) to describe their face validity and usability; and (iii) to determine their sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  
  The initial versions of the two CVI-MQ's were developed based on literature. Subsequently, the Delphi method was used in two groups of experts, one familiar with CVI and one not familiar with CVI, in order to gain consensus about face validity and usability. The sensitivity and specificity of the CVI-MQ's were subsequently assessed in 82 children with CP with (n = 39) and without CVI (n = 43). With the receiver operating curve the cut-off scores were determined to detect possible presence or absence of CVI in children with CP.
  
  
  
  Both questionnaires showed very good face validity (percentage agreement above 96%) and good usability (percentage agreement 95%) for practical use. The CVI-MQ version for GMFCS levels I, II and III had a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.96, with a cut-off score of 12 points or higher, and the version for GMFCS levels IV and V had a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.98, with a cut-off score of eight points or higher.
  
  
  
  The CVI-MQ is able to identify at-risk children with CP for the probability of having CVI.
authors.affiliation: Centres of expertise for blind and visually impaired people, Royal Dutch Visio, The Netherlands.|Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salavati
authors.affiliation: Centres of expertise for blind and visually impaired people, Royal Dutch Visio, The Netherlands.|Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waninge
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Adelante Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Valkenburg and Hoensbroek, The Netherlands.|Advanced Training for Professionals Working with Children with Movement Disabilities, AVANSplus, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E A A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Rameckers
authors.affiliation: Centres of expertise for blind and visually impaired people, Royal Dutch Visio, The Netherlands.|Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Steen
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Krijnen
authors.affiliation: Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van der Schans
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: cerebral palsy; cerebral visual impairment; occupational therapists; paediatric physical therapist; screening