title: The Effects of Supplementation with p-Synephrine Alone and in Combination with Caffeine on Metabolic, Lipolytic, and Cardiovascular Responses during Resistance Exercise.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic, lipolytic, and cardiovascular responses to supplementation with p-synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine during resistance exercise (RE).
  
  
  
  Twelve healthy men performed a control RE protocol (6 × 10 repetitions of squats) and were randomly assigned (using a double-blind crossover design with random protocol sequencing) to a supplement sequence: p-synephrine (S; 100 mg), p-synephrine + caffeine (SCF; 100 mg of p-synephrine plus 100 mg of caffeine), or a placebo (P). Subjects reported to the lab at a standard time, consumed a supplement, sat quietly for 45 minutes, performed the RE protocol, and sat quietly for 30 minutes. Blood samples were collected at rest (T1), after sitting quietly for 45 minutes (T2), immediately following RE (T3), and 15 minutes (T4) and 30 minutes (T5) postexercise. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) data were collected throughout.
  
  
  
  Serum glycerol was significantly elevated at T2 only in S and SCF and T3 to T5 in all treatments. Nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations did not differ between treatments. Plasma glucose was significantly elevated compared to T1 with highest area under the curve values seen in SCF. Mean VO2and energy expenditure (EE) were significantly higher in S and SCF through 30 minutes postexercise. Fat oxidation rates favored S and SCF between 25 and 30 minutes postexercise. Mean HR during RE was significantly highest in SCF.
  
  
  
  Supplementation with S and SCF increases lipolysis primarily at rest and increases VO2, EE, and fat oxidation rates 30 minutes following RE. No HR changes were observed unless caffeine was added.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ratamess
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: b Department of Human Sciences , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.affiliation: c School of Pharmacy and Health Professions , Creighton University , Omaha , Nebraska.
authors.forename: Sidney J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stohs
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Vincenzo G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Nocera
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Megan D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Leise
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Keith B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.affiliation: d Department of Exercise Science and Sports Studies , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: e Self-Employed , Secaucus , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Howard B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health and Exercise Science , The College of New Jersey , Ewing , New Jersey.
authors.forename: Avery D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Faigenbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008660:Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D055070:Resistance Training; D013578:Synephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D002110:Caffeine; D005990:Glycerol; D013578:Synephrine
keywords: Citrus aurantium; barbell squat; bitter orange; power; resistance training; thermogenic