title: Low bone mineral density and associated risk factors in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aging of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resulted in high rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Multiple cohort studies have reported an increased prevalence of bone demineralization among HIV-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis among HIV-positive patients attending the National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balș", Bucharest, Romania.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study that enrolled 60 patients with HIV. The association between BMD and lifestyle habits (smoking), body mass index (BMI), nadir cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell count, current CD4 cell count, HIV viral load and history of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) were investigated. The BMD was measured at the lumbar spine, hips and total body using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, DEXA evaluation showed an overall prevalence of osteoporosis of 16.66% (ten patients) and a prevalence of osteopenia of 48.33% (29 patients). In men, low BMI and cigarette smoking showed significant association with the diagnosis of lumbar spine demineralization (p=0.034 and p=0.041, respectively). Duration of exposure to cART classes in relation to BMD was also evaluated. The use of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was associated with low lumbar spine BMD in all patients (p=0.015). Reduced BMD was significantly associated with protease inhibitors (PIs)-containing treatment (p=0.043) in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At lumbar spine DEXA, male gender was statistically associated with reduced BMD. At the left hip Ward's area, decreased BMD T scores were significantly associated with aging. The reduced BMD was higher in patients receiving PI- or NNRTI-containing regimens.
authors.affiliation: MD, PhD student, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dr I. Cantacuzino Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Cristina-Emilia
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Chiţu-Tișu
authors.affiliation: MD, PhD student, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dr I. Cantacuzino Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Ecaterina-Constanţa
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Barbu
authors.affiliation: MD, PhD, Lecturer, Department of Physiopathology II, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazăr
authors.affiliation: MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Physiopathology II, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Daniela Adriana
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ion
authors.affiliation: MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Physiology I, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Ioana Anca
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Bădărău
keywords: HIV; antiretroviral therapy; bone mineral density; osteopenia; osteoporosis