title: Child attention to pain and pain tolerance are dependent upon anxiety and attention control: An eye-tracking study.
abstract: Pain is common and can be debilitating in childhood. Theoretical models propose that attention to pain plays a key role in pain outcomes, however, very little research has investigated this in youth. This study examined how anxiety-related variables and attention control interacted to predict children's attention to pain cues using eye-tracking methodology, and their pain tolerance on the cold pressor test (CPT).
  
  
  
  Children aged 8-17 years had their eye-gaze tracked whilst they viewed photographs of other children displaying painful facial expressions during the CPT, before completing the CPT themselves. Children also completed self-report measures of anxiety and attention control.
  
  
  
  Findings indicated that anxiety and attention control did not impact children's initial fixations on pain or neutral faces, but did impact how long they dwelled on pain versus neutral faces. For children reporting low levels of attention control, higher anxiety was associated with less dwell time on pain faces as opposed to neutral faces, and the opposite pattern was observed for children with high attention control. Anxiety and attention control also interacted to predict pain outcomes. For children with low attention control, increasing anxiety was associated with anticipating more pain and tolerating pain for less time.
  
  
  
  This is the first study to examine children's attention to pain cues using eye-tracking technology in the context of a salient painful experience. Data suggest that attention control is an important moderator of anxiety on multiple outcomes relevant to young people's pain experiences.
  
  
  
  This study uses eye tracking to study attention to pain cues in children. Attention control is an important moderator of anxiety on attention bias to pain and tolerance of cold pressor pain in youth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Heathcote
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: J Y F
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eccleston
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vervoort
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000523:psychology*; D057566:Self Report