title: Ethnicity and Deprivation are Associated With Blindness Among Adults With Primary Glaucoma in Nigeria: Results From the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey.
abstract: We explored the risk factors for glaucoma blindness among adults aged 40 years and above with primary glaucoma in Nigeria.
  
  
  
  A total of 13,591 participants aged 40 years and above were examined in the Nigeria Blindness Survey; 682 (5.02%; 95 CI, 4.60%-5.47%) had glaucoma by ISGEO's criteria. This was a case-control study (n=890 eyes of 629 persons): glaucoma blind persons were cases and glaucoma not-blind were controls. Education and occupation were used to determine socioeconomic status scores, which were divided into 3 tertiles (affluent, medium, deprived). We assessed sociodemographic, biophysical, and ocular factors by logistic regression analysis for association with glaucoma blindness. Multinomial regression analysis was also performed with nonglaucoma as the reference category.
  
  
  
  A total of 119/629 (18.9%; 95% CI, 15.9%-22.4%) persons were blind in both eyes; 510 were controls. There was interethnic variation in odds of blindness; age, male sex, socioeconomic status, prior diagnosis of glaucoma, hypertension, intraocular pressure, and lens opacity were associated with glaucoma blindness. Axial length, mean ocular perfusion pressure, and angle-closure glaucoma were associated with blind glaucoma eyes. In multivariate analysis, Igbo ethnicity (OR=2.79; 95% CI, 1.03-7.57) had higher risk as was being male (OR=4.59; 95% CI, 1.73-12.16) and unmarried (OR=2.50; 95% CI, 1.03-6.07). Deprivation (OR=3.57; 95% CI, 1.46-8.72), prior glaucoma diagnosis (OR=5.89; 95% CI, 1.79-19.40), and intraocular pressure (OR=1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.09) were also independent risk factors for glaucoma blindness.
  
  
  
  Approximately 1 in 5 people with primary glaucoma were blind. Male sex, ethnicity and deprivation were strongly associated with blindness. Services for glaucoma need to improve in Nigeria, focusing on poor communities and men.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Clinical Research, International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine †Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK ‡Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kyari
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wormald
authors.forename: Gudlavalleti V S
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000009:adverse effects