title: Sutureless closure of colonic defects with tissue adhesives: an in vivo study in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue adhesives (TAs) in gastrointestinal surgery are gradually gaining acceptance. Before implementation as colonic sealants, an evaluation of the sealing capability of a TA when in contact with fecal matter, as in a leaking anastomosis, is needed. In this study, we used clinically available TAs for the sutureless closure of colonic defects evaluating mechanical strength and tissue healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 rats were divided into 8 groups. Two .5-cm incisions were created, one in the proximal and another in the distal colon. Incisions were sealed with a TA: Histoacryl Flex, Bioglue, Dermabond, Tissucol, Duraseal Xact, gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde or Glubran 2. A control group was included in which the colonic defects were not sealed. Follow-up time was 3 or 10 days. Clinical complication rate, bursting pressure, and histopathologic analysis was included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leakage rates in the TA groups were highest for Duraseal Xact, Bioglue, and gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde at 3 and 10 days. The cyanoacrylates Glubran 2, Histoacryl Flex, and Omnex, and the fibrin glue Tissucol showed the lowest overall clinical complication rates while maintaining the highest bursting pressure at day 10. Histoacryl Flex exhibited significantly higher collagen formation at day 10 than the other TAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experimental model evaluates the protective effect of a TA seal on a leaking colonic defect. We found large differences in leakage rates and inertness of the tested TAs. The cyanoacrylates Histoacryl Flex, Omnex, and Glubran 2 as well as the fibrin glue Tissucol demonstrated the lowest leakage rates and the most inert histopathologic profile while maintaining high mechanical strength.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee-173, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.a.vakalopoulos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Konstantinos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Vakalopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee-173, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Zhouqiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee-173, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonard F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Kroese
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeekel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kleinrensink
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dodou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: King H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee-173, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery*; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012118:Resorcinols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013536:Suture Techniques; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; D012118:Resorcinols; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; C421461:glubran 2; C100832:octyl 2-cyanoacrylate; C031389:resorcinol
keywords: Colorectal; Glue; New techniques; Sealing; Surgery; Tissue adhesive