title: Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Indicators for Organellar Calcium Imaging.
abstract: Optical Ca(2+) indicators are powerful tools for investigating intracellular Ca(2+) signals in living cells. Although a variety of Ca(2+) indicators have been developed, deciphering the physiological functions and spatiotemporal dynamics of Ca(2+) in intracellular organelles remains challenging. Genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicators (GECIs) using fluorescent proteins are promising tools for organellar Ca(2+) imaging, and much effort has been devoted to their development. In this review, we first discuss the key points of organellar Ca(2+) imaging and summarize the requirements for optimal organellar Ca(2+) indicators. Then, we highlight some of the recent advances in the engineering of fluorescent GECIs targeted to specific organelles. Finally, we discuss the limitations of currently available GECIs and the requirements for advancing the research on intraorganellar Ca(2+) signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanemaru
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: iino@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D002118:Calcium