title: An evaluation of the effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on the growth rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomised placebo-controlled trial (AARDVARK).
abstract: Although data are inconsistent, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) have been associated with a reduced incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture in analysis of administrative databases.
  
  
  
  (1) To investigate whether or not the ACE-I perindopril (Coversyl arginine, Servier) reduces small AAA growth rate and (2) to evaluate blood pressure (BP)-independent effects of perindopril on small AAA growth and to compare the repeatability of measurement of internal and external aneurysm diameters.
  
  
  
  A three-arm, multicentre, single-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  
  Fourteen hospitals in England.
  
  
  
  Men or women aged ≥ 55 years with an AAA of 3.0-5.4 cm in diameter by internal or external measurement according to ultrasonography and who met the trial eligibility criteria.
  
  
  
  Patients were randomised to receive 10 mg of perindopril arginine daily, 5 mg of the calcium channel blocker amlodipine daily or placebo daily.
  
  
  
  The primary outcome was AAA diameter growth using external measurements in the longitudinal plane, which in-trial studies suggested was the preferred measure. Secondary outcome measures included AAA rupture, AAA repair, modelling of the time taken for the AAA to reach the threshold for intervention (5.5 cm) or referral for surgery, tolerance of study medication (measured by compliance, adverse events and quality of life) and a comparison of the repeatability of measures of internal and external AAA diameter. Patients were followed up every 3-6 months over 2 years.
  
  
  
  In total, 227 patients were recruited and randomised into the three groups, which were generally well matched at baseline. Multilevel modelling was used to determine the maximum likelihood estimates for AAA diameter growth. No significant differences in the estimates of annual growth were apparent [1.68 (standard error 0.02) mm, 1.77 (0.02) mm and 1.81 (0.02) mm in the placebo, perindopril and amlodipine groups, respectively]. Similarly, no significant differences in the slopes of modelled growth over time were apparent between perindopril and placebo (p = 0.78) or between perindopril and amlodipine (p = 0.89). The results were essentially unaffected by adjustment for potential confounders. Compliance, measured by pill counts, was good throughout (> 80% at all visit time points). There were no significant in-trial safety concerns. Six patients withdrew because of adverse events attributed to the study medications (n = 2 perindopril, n = 4 amlodipine). No patients ruptured their AAA and 27 underwent elective surgery during the trial (n = 9 placebo, n = 10 perindopril, n = 8 amlodipine).
  
  
  
  We were unable to demonstrate a significant impact of perindopril compared with placebo or amlodipine on small AAA growth over a 2-year period. Furthermore, there were no differences in the times to reach a diameter of 5.5 cm or undergo surgery among the three groups. Perindopril and amlodipine were well tolerated by this population. External AAA measurements were found to be more repeatable than internal measurements. The observed AAA growth measurement variability was greater than that expected pre trial. This, combined with slower than expected mean growth rates, resulted in our having limited power to detect small differences between growth rates and hence this adds uncertainty to the interpretation of the results. Several further analyses are planned including a multivariate analysis of determinants of AAA growth, an evaluation of the possible differential effect of perindopril on fast AAA growth and an investigation into the roles of central BP and BP variability on AAA growth.
  
  
  
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN51383267.
  
  
  
  This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 59. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. The NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Imperial College NHS Trust supported the trial. Servier provided perindopril at no charge.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiru
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bicknell
authors.affiliation: Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falaschetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Poulter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008875:Middle Aged; D020913:Perindopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017311:Amlodipine; D020913:Perindopril