title: Do children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes have increased prevalence of sleep disorders?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep has been shown to impact glucose regulation, and may be altered in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess sleep characteristics in T1D patients and the possible association between sleep disturbances and diabetes-related variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study in 154 young patients with T1D and 154 age-range-matched nondiabetic controls subjective sleep characteristics were assessed using validated questionnaires: Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC), Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale (ASWS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Clinical and disease-related variables were obtained from medical charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep disorders were frequent in all age groups, with no significant difference in prevalence or total scores of the SDSC, ASWS, PSQI, or ESS between the patients and the controls. In T1D children, SDSC score was significantly higher in those using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs glucose meters (P = .042). The score of disorders related to "initiating and maintaining sleep" was significantly higher in those treated with pumps vs patients treated with injections (P = .014), in those using CGM vs glucose meters (P = .02), and in those with nocturnal hypoglycemia vs those without (P = .023). The percentage of children with excessive daytime sleepiness was significantly lower in patients vs controls (P = .035). No significant differences were found in the other two age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of sleep disorders among most of the young T1D patients was no higher than in the nondiabetic population. Studies using objective sleep measures are warranted to further assess sleep quality in T1D patients.
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Avital
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: The Jesse Z and Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Michal-Yackobovitz
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Gavan
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.|Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Riva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tauman
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.|The Jesse Z and Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillip
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.|The Jesse Z and Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Shlomit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shalitin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: depression questionnaires; sleep disorders; sleep questionnaires; type 1 diabetes