title: Shutting Down Sensorimotor Interferences after Stroke: A Proof-of-Principle SMR Neurofeedback Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurofeedback training aims at learning self-regulation of brain activity underlying cognitive, emotional or physiological functions. Despite of promising investigations on neurofeedback as a tool for cognitive rehabilitation in neurological diseases, such as after stroke, there is still a lack of research on feasibility and efficiency of neurofeedback in this field.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study aimed at investigating behavioral and electrophysiological effects of 10 sessions of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback in a 74-years-old stroke patient (UG20). Based on previous results in healthy young participants, we hypothesized that SMR neurofeedback leads to a decrease in sensorimotor interferences and improved stimulus processing, reflected by changes in event-related potentials (ERPs) and electrophysiological coherence. To assess whether UG20 benefited from the training as much as healthy persons of a similar age, a healthy control group of N = 10 elderly persons was trained as well. Before and after neurofeedback training, participants took part in a multichannel electroencephalography measurement conducted during a non-verbal and a verbal learning task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both UG20 and the healthy controls were able to regulate their SMR activity during neurofeedback training. Moreover, in a non-verbal learning task, changes in ERPs and coherence were observed after training: UG20 showed a better performance in the non-verbal learning task and a higher P3 amplitude after training than before, and coherence between central and parietal electrodes decreased after training. The control group also showed a behavioral improvement in the non-verbal learning task and tendencies for higher P3 amplitudes and decreased central-parietal coherence after training. Single-case analyses indicated that the changes observed in UG20 were not smaller than the changes in healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurofeedback can be successfully applied in a stroke patient and in healthy elderly persons. We suggest that SMR neurofeedback leads to a shutting-down of sensorimotor interferences which benefits semantic encoding and retrieval.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria; BioTechMed GrazGraz, Austria.
authors.forename: Johanna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria; BioTechMed GrazGraz, Austria.
authors.forename: Silvia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.affiliation: Klinik Judendorf-Straßengel Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grieshofer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neuper
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wood
keywords: aging; memory; neurofeedback; sensorimotor rhythm; stroke