title: Entire lacrimal sac within the ethmoid sinus: outcomes of powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (PEnDCR) in patients with lacrimal sac within the sinus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who underwent PEnDCR and were intraoperatively documented to have complete lacrimal sac in sinus. Data collected included demographics, clinical presentations, associated lacrimal and nasal anomalies, intraoperative findings, intraoperative guidance, complications, postoperative ostium behavior, and anatomical and functional success. A minimum follow-up of 6 months postsurgery was considered for final analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 17 eyes of 15 patients underwent PEnDCR using standard protocols, but with additional intraoperative guidance where required and careful maneuvering in the ethmoid sinus. The mean age of the patients was 37.2 (range 17-60) years. Of the unilateral cases, 69% (nine of 13) showed left-side predisposition; 80% of patients showed regurgitation on pressure over the lacrimal sac area. Associated lacrimal and nasal anomalies were observed in 13.3% (two of 15) and 40% (six of 15), respectively. At a mean follow-up of 6.6 months, anatomical and functional success were observed in 93.3% (14 of 15). One patient showed failure secondary to cicatricial closure of the ostium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An entire sac within an ethmoid sinus poses a surgical challenge. Good sinus-surgery training, thorough knowledge of endoscopic anatomy, careful maneuvering, and use of intraoperative navigation guidance result in good outcomes with PEnDCR.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dacryology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Mohammad Javed
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dacryology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dacryology, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Milind N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Naik
keywords: DCR; endoscopic; ethmoid sinus; lacrimal sac