title: Socioeconomic disparities in access to a hepatocellular carcinoma screening program in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cirrhotic patients must receive an abdominal ultrasound every 6 months as part of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening. The aim of this study was to assess if HCC screening was performed as recommended by the literature and to observe the differences between the private and public services in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the HCC screenings of 253 cirrhotic patients from the University Hospital (n=177) and private sector (n=76) in Vitória, ES, Brazil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound screening was performed every 13.1 months on average (SD 9.02). In 37 out of 253 patients, the screenings were performed close to the recommended frequency; 16 were performed every 6 months, and 21 were mostly performed during the follow-up period every 6 months. In the remaining 216 cases, ultrasounds were not performed according to the guidelines; for 106 patients, less than 50% of all ultrasounds were performed every 6 months and 110 patients showed an interval greater than one year. Patients from the private sector received ultrasound screenings near the ideal in 28.9% of cases, while patients from the University Hospital received ultrasounds in only 8.4% of cases (p<0.0001). HCC was diagnosed in 30 patients (11.8%). For these 30 patients, 11 screenings were properly performed within 6 months (36.6%) and only 1 out of the 11 (9%) met the criteria for transplant. In the remaining 19 patients who did not receive the screening within 6 months, 6 (31.5%) did not meet the criteria for transplant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCC screening in our environment was irregularly performed, mainly in the public service setting, which prevented early diagnosis in a large number of patients.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário Cassiano A Moraes, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Vitória/ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabelle Venturini
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Signorelli
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário Cassiano A Moraes, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Vitória/ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Lofêgo
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário Cassiano A Moraes, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Vitória/ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Lofêgo
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário Cassiano A Moraes, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Vitória/ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Sérgio Emery
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário Cassiano A Moraes, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Vitória/ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Tereza Parpaiola
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário Cassiano A Moraes, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Vitória/ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Leite
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário Cassiano A Moraes, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Vitória/ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria da Penha Zago
authors.initials: Mda P
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017149:Private Sector; D017150:Public Sector; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography