title: Experience of the Time to Change programme in England as predictor of mental health service users' stigma coping strategies.
abstract: In the field of stigma research, an area of interest is the coping strategies that mental health service users can use in response to discriminatory experiences. As a part of the evaluation of the Time to Change (TTC) anti-stigma programme, the Viewpoint telephone survey was run annually in order to assess service users' reported levels of discrimination and selected coping strategies. The study aim is to test the extent to which experience of TTC programme is a positive predictor of selected coping strategies.
  
  
  
  Telephone interview surveys carried out by peer interviewers were conducted annually. 'Educating others' and 'challenging' coping strategies were assessed alongside anticipated and experienced discrimination.
  
  
  
  During 2011-2014, 3903 mental health service users were interviewed. Participants more often adopted the 'educating others' strategy (2.31 ± 0.01) than the 'challenging' strategy (2.15 ± 0.02) (p < 0.001). On the other hand, those who participated in campaign activities endorsed 'challenging' more frequently than people who were not aware of TTC (2.78 ± 1.23 v. 2.09 ± 1.08, p < 0.001). According to the multi-variate linear regression model, we found that being actively involved in TTC activities (OR = 0.74, CI: 0.29-1.19; p < 0.05), having a diagnosis of a depressive disorder (OR = 0.20, CI: 0.04-0.36; p < 0.05) or personality disorder (OR = 0.23, CI: 0.04-0.43; p < 0.05) were good predictors of endorsing a 'challenging' strategy even after adjusted for confounding variables.
  
  
  
  A positive relationship between participating in the TTC programme and using the 'challenging' strategy was found. There is still a need to disentangle the complex association between these two coping strategies and the role of anti-stigma campaigns, promoting further local activities led by service users and carers' as well as all others stakeholders' associations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sampogna
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Population Research Department,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London,London,UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bakolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London,London,UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry,WHO Collaborative Centre for Mental Health,London E13 8SP H,UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corker
authors.affiliation: McPin Foundation,32-36 Loman Street,London SE1 0E,UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinfold
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Population Research Department,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London,London,UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thornicroft
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Population Research Department,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London,London,UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D004739:England; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011287:Prejudice; D011634:Public Health; D012922:Social Change; D057545:Social Stigma; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Coping strategy; discrimination; mental health; public health; stigma