title: Opposite Regulation of Ghrelin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 by Metabolite G-Protein-Coupled Receptors.
abstract: Gut hormones send information about incoming nutrients to the rest of the body and thereby control many aspects of metabolism. The secretion of ghrelin and glucagon-like protein (GLP)-1, two hormones with opposite secretory patterns and opposite actions on multiple targets, is controlled by a limited number of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs); half of which recognize and bind dietary nutrient metabolites, metabolites generated by gut microbiota, and metabolites of the host's intermediary metabolism. Most metabolite GPCRs controlling ghrelin secretion are inhibitory, whereas all metabolite receptors controlling GLP-1 secretion are stimulatory. This dichotomy in metabolite sensor function, which is obtained through a combination of differential expression and cell-dependent signaling bias, offers pharmacological targets to stimulate GLP-1 and inhibit ghrelin through the same mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Receptology, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Engelstoft
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Receptology, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: tws@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: T W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D054439:Ghrelin; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: G-protein-coupled receptors; enteroendocrinology; gut hormones; metabolites