title: Randomised clinical study: inulin short-chain fatty acid esters for targeted delivery of short-chain fatty acids to the human colon.
abstract: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced through fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates by the gut microbiota are associated with positive metabolic effects. However, well-controlled trials are limited in humans.
  
  
  
  To develop a methodology to deliver SCFA directly to the colon, and to optimise colonic propionate delivery in humans, to determine its role in appetite regulation and food intake.
  
  
  
  Inulin SCFA esters were developed and tested as site-specific delivery vehicles for SCFA to the proximal colon. Inulin propionate esters containing 0-61 wt% (IPE-0-IPE-61) propionate were assessed in vitro using batch faecal fermentations. In a randomised, controlled, crossover study, with inulin as control, ad libitum food intake (kcal) was compared after 7 days on IPE-27 or IPE-54 (10 g/day all treatments). Propionate release was determined using (13) C-labelled IPE variants.
  
  
  
  In vitro, IPE-27-IPE-54 wt% propionate resulted in a sevenfold increase in propionate production compared with inulin (P < 0.05). In vivo, IPE-27 led to greater (13) C recovery in breath CO2 than IPE-54 (64.9 vs. 24.9%, P = 0.001). IPE-27 also led to a reduction in energy intake during the ad libitum test meal compared with both inulin (439.5 vs. 703.9 kcal, P = 0.025) and IPE-54 (439.5 vs. 659.3 kcal, P = 0.025), whereas IPE-54 was not significantly different from inulin control.
  
  
  
  IPE-27 significantly reduced food intake suggesting colonic propionate plays a role in appetite regulation. Inulin short-chain fatty acid esters provide a novel tool for probing the diet-gut microbiome-host metabolism axis in humans.
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Polyviou
authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: MacDougall
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viardot
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psichas
authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jawaid
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, UK.|School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S E K
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Zac-Varghese
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Blundell
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Dhillo
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Hammersmith Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tedford
authors.affiliation: Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), East Kilbride, UK.
authors.forename: D J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4161-5699
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D004952:Esters / Q000737:chemistry; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces; D005285:Fermentation; D006801:Humans; D007444:Inulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011422:Propionates
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D011422:Propionates; D007444:Inulin