title: Sustained live poultry market surveillance contributes to early warnings for human infection with avian influenza viruses.
abstract: Sporadic human infections with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N6) virus have been reported in different provinces in China since April 2014. From June 2015 to January 2016, routine live poultry market (LPM) surveillance was conducted in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. H5N6 viruses were not detected until November 2015. The H5N6 virus-positive rate increased markedly beginning in December 2015, and viruses were detected in LPMs in all districts of the city. Coincidently, two human cases with histories of poultry exposure developed symptoms and were diagnosed as H5N6-positive in Shenzhen during late December 2015 and early January 2016. Similar viruses were identified in environmental samples collected in the LPMs and the patients. In contrast to previously reported H5N6 viruses, viruses with six internal genes derived from the H9N2 or H7N9 viruses were detected in the present study. The increased H5N6 virus-positive rate in the LPMs and the subsequent human infections demonstrated that sustained LPM surveillance for avian influenza viruses provides an early warning for human infections. Interventions, such as LPM closures, should be immediately implemented to reduce the risk of human infection with the H5N6 virus when the virus is widely detected during LPM surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Shisong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Yijie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Renli
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Hanwu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Wenfei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Dayan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Jinquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
authors.forename: Yuelong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry / Q000821:virology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016865:Reassortant Viruses; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral