title: Effects of chronic sleep deprivation on bone mass and bone metabolism in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to assess the effects of chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) on bone mass and bone metabolism in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into CSD and control (CON) groups. Rats were subjected to CSD by using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM) to establish an animal model of CSD. Biochemical parameters such as levels of serum N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), growth hormone (GH), estradiol (E2), serum 25(OH)D, and calcium (Ca) were evaluated at 0, 1, 2, and 3 months. After 3 months, each fourth lumbar vertebra and the distal femoral metaphysis of the left extremity of rats were harvested for micro-computed tomography scans and histological analysis, respectively, after the rats were sacrificed under an overdose of pentobarbital sodium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with rats from the CON group, rats from the CSD group showed significant decreases in bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume over total volume, trabecular bone thickness, and trabecular bone number and significant increases in bone surface area over bone volume and trabecular bone separations (P < 0.05). Bone histomorphology studies showed that rats in the CSD group had decreased osteogenesis, impaired mineralization of newly formed bones, and deteriorative trabecular bone in the secondary spongiosa zone. In addition, they showed significantly decreased levels of serum PINP (1 month later) and NTX (3 months later) (P < 0.05). The serum 25(OH)D level of rats from the CSD group was lower than that of rats from the CON group after 1 month (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSD markedly affects bone health by decreasing BMD and 25(OH)D, deteriorating the bone microarchitecture, and decreasing bone formation and bone resorption markers.
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Tianjiao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Tiantian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Weifeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Wujie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Center of Orthopedics, The 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100091, China. yuanzhengmadoc@126.com.
authors.forename: Yuanzheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center for Systems Biomedical Sciences, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China. yan_zhng@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Bone microstructure; Bone mineral density; Bone turnover; Chronic sleep deprivation; Vitamin D