title: A non-invasive study to estimate and compare salivary sialic acid level as tumor marker in patients with pre-cancer and oral cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sialic acids are important terminal sugars of the carbohydrate chains of cell membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids. The progressive rise in total sialic acid (TSA) levels has been significantly associated with tumor progression and metastasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples of 2 ml of unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 20 healthy patients, and 20 cases of histopathologically confirmed oral pre-cancer patients and 20 cases of histopathologically confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, using the method of Navazesh. Estimation of total sialic acid was done by the histochemical method of Yao et al.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study revealed significantly elevated total sialic acid (TSA) levels in the saliva of oral precancer and OSCC patients, yielding a mean value of 59.75 ± 7.29 mg/dl and 204.85 ± 60.38 mg/dl, respectively, against the mean value of 21.65 ± 5.71 mg/dl of the healthy controls. Also, high total sialic acid (TSA) levels in the well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma cases were appreciable to those of moderately differentiated ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result suggests the correlation of elevated salivary TSA levels with the progression of OSCC. In conclusion, the study indicates that the glycoprotein metabolism is significantly altered in the saliva of patients, with both oral pre-cancer and OSCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sri Sankara Dental College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Tharun Varghese
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Vinayaka Missions, Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Vinayaka Missions, Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vinayaka Missions, Sankarachariyar Dental College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Sanjay
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Vinayaka Missions Krupananda Variyar Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid