title: Occupational exposures among nurses caring for chemotherapy patients -Quantitative analysis of cyclophosphamide and α-fluoro-β-alanine in urine.
abstract: The aim of this study was to measure the antineoplastic drug content in urine and verify the situation of occupational exposure of the antineoplastic drug among nurses who care for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
  
  
  
  Ten female nurses who were caring for patients receiving chemotherapy were the subjects of this study. Urine samples were collected over 24-hour periods, and each sample was analyzed. The excretion of cyclophosphamide (CP) and α-fluoro-β-alanine (FBAL) were measured in the urine of the 10 nurses. CP and FBAL were detected separately using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MSMS) methods (Exposure Control, the Netherlands).
  
  
  
  CP was detected in 24 urine samples of 9 nurses. The total amount of CP excreted ranged from 5.4 to 44.2 ng/24-hours. The mean amount of CP excreted per nurse was 16.8 ng/24-hours. No significant difference was observed between the hospital I and II. FBAL was not detected in any of the urine samples. CP was detected in the urine of the nurses prior to their work shift. Moreover, CP was detected in the urine of the nurses who were not caring for patients in the intravenous drip of CP. There was most what answered that there was hair loss in health condition.
  
  
  
  The results reveal that almost all nurses were exposed to cyclophosphamide. Even when the patient in the intravenous drip of CP was not being cared for, it became clear that exposure by CP existed. As the route of the exposure to CP, the inhalation or dermal absorption can be considered. To ensure minimum exposed to antineoplastic drugs, suitable personal protective equipment needs to be equipped also of various scenes of caring for chemotherapy patients. Moreover, it is important to keep an eye on the monitoring of the antineoplastic drug in the environment and a nurse's health condition periodically going forward.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences Akita University.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kudoh
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasebe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016272:Occupational Health; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D015091:beta-Alanine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015091:beta-Alanine; C032348:alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide