title: Using devices to upregulate nonnutritive swallowing in typically developing infants.
abstract: The role of various sensory stimuli for stimulating swallowing in infants may be of importance for assisting infants to develop oral feeding. We evaluated the swallowing mechanism response to two devices for increasing the rate of nonnutritive swallowing in two typically developing infant age groups, ages 2-4 mo and 7-9 mo. One device was a pacifier familiar to the infant; the other was a small vibrator placed on the skin overlying the thyroid cartilage. The rate of nonnutritive swallowing while infants were awake was compared in three 10-min conditions: at rest without stimulation (spontaneous); during nonnutritive sucking with a pacifier; and over 10 min containing 18 epochs of vibratory stimulation for 10 s each. To assess whether vibration on the throat over the laryngeal area altered respiration, the mean cycle length was compared between 10-min intervals either containing vibratory stimulation or without stimulation at rest. Both the pacifier and laryngeal vibration stimulation doubled the rate of swallowing in the infants with a mean age of 3 mo 16 days and infants with a mean age of 8 mo 8 days. No differences occurred in the mean respiratory cycle length between intervals with and without vibration in either age group. Results suggest that nonnutritive sucking, vibration, or both might be beneficial in enhancing swallowing in young infants. Because vibration on the neck would not interfere with oral transfer of liquid, it might provide additional stimulation for swallowing during oral feeding. Both stimulation types should be evaluated for enhancing swallowing in infants with immature swallowing skills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia sehegyi@sar.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hegyi Szynkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Rachel W
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1647-0149
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Mulheren
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Kathryn W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Palmore
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Cynthia R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia.
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ludlow
mesh_terms: D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D055617:Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D041361:Pacifiers; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration
keywords: nonnutritive sucking; nonnutritive swallowing; pacifier; sensory stimulation; swallowing apnea; vibratory stimulation