title: Early Detection of Lymphatic Disorder and Treatment for Lymphedema following Breast Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper extremity edema following surgical treatment for breast cancer does not always result in chronic breast cancer-related lymphedema. Changes in the findings of indocyanine green lymphography and upper extremity volume following breast cancer surgery were observed prospectively to understand the early changes in lymphatic function and to establish a new strategy for early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lymphatic function for 196 consecutive breasts was examined using indocyanine green lymphography and bilateral upper extremity volume before surgery and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. When a "stardust," "diffuse," or "no flow" pattern was observed, patients were diagnosed with lymphatic disorder and subsequently underwent conservative treatments such as compression sleeve therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 35 patients, lymphatic disorder was observed after a mean of 5.2 ± 3.0 months after surgery. In 21 of these patients, no significant limb volume change was observed. In 14 patients, lymphatic disorder and volume change appeared simultaneously. In 11 of 35 patients, lymphatic function improved later, and compression therapy was discontinued. Lymph node dissection, radiation therapy to axillary lymph node, and the use of docetaxel chemotherapy were significant risk factors for lymphatic disorder. No patients experienced cellulitis during the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphatic function disorder could be detected before volume changes. By early intervention with conservative treatments, lymphatic function improved in just under one-third of cases. Indocyanine green lymphography for high-risk patients may be useful for detecting lymphatic disorder early, thereby increasing the chance for disease cure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic, IV.
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akita
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Rikiya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Naohito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokumoto
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishigaki
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Yoshitaro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasahara
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitsukawa
authors.affiliation: Chiba, Japan.|From the Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Kaneshige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008220:Lymphography / Q000379:methods*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D034941:Upper Extremity; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*