title: Current methods of sedation in dental patients - a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this systematic literature review is to identify the safest and most effective sedative drugs so as to ensure successful sedation with as few complications as possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review of the PubMed MEDLINE database was carried out using the key words "conscious sedation," "drugs," and "dentistry." A total of 1,827 scientific articles were found, and these were narrowed down to 473 articles after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. These 473 studies were then individually assessed for their suitability for inclusion in this literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 studies were selected due to their rigorous study design and conduciveness to further, more exhaustive analysis. The selected studies included a total of 1,0003 patients classified as ASA I or II. Midazolam was the drug most frequently used for successful sedation in dental surgical procedures. Ketamine also proved very useful when administered intranasally, although some side effects were observed when delivered via other routes of administration. Both propofol and nitrous oxide (N2O) are also effective sedative drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam is the drug most commonly used to induce moderate sedation in dental surgical procedures, and it is also very safe. Other sedative drugs like ketamine, dexmedetomidine and propofol have also been proven safe and effective; however, further comparative clinical studies are needed to better demonstrate which of these are the safest and most effective.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, C/Avicena s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain, joserra_64@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: J-R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Corcuera-Flores
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silvestre-Rangil
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cutando-Soriano
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol