title: Does Apolipoprotein e4 Status Moderate the Association of Family Environment with Long-Term Child Functioning following Early Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury? A Preliminary Study.
abstract: To examine whether apolipoprotein e4 (APOE) status moderates the association of family environment with child functioning following early traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  
  Sixty-five children with moderate to severe TBI and 70 children with orthopedic injury (OI) completed assessments 6, 12, 18 months, and 3.5 and 6.8 years post injury. DNA was extracted from saliva samples and genotyped for APOE e4 status. Linear mixed models examined moderating effects of APOE e4 status on associations between two family environment factors (parenting style, home environment) and three child outcomes (executive functioning, behavioral adjustment, adaptive functioning).
  
  
  
  Children with TBI who were carriers of the e4 allele showed poorer adaptive functioning relative to non-carriers with TBI and children with OI in the context of low authoritarianism. At high levels of authoritarianism, non-carriers with TBI showed the poorest adaptive functioning among groups. There were no main effects or interactions involving APOE and executive functioning or behavioral adjustment.
  
  
  
  The APOE e4 allele was detrimental for long-term adaptive functioning in the context of positive parenting, whereas in less optimal parenting contexts, being a non-carrier was detrimental. We provide preliminary evidence for an interaction of APOE e4 status and parenting style in predicting long-term outcomes following early TBI. (JINS, 2016, 22, 859-864).
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,Department of Pediatrics,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,Ohio.
authors.forename: Amery
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Treble-Barna
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology,Department of Pediatrics,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,Ohio.
authors.forename: Huaiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology,Department of Pediatrics,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,Ohio.
authors.forename: Nanhua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 3Division of Human Genetics,Department of Pediatrics,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,Ohio.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: 4Deparment of Psychology,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute,& Hotchkiss Brain Institute,University of Calgary,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.
authors.forename: Keith Owen
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.affiliation: 5Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and Psychology,Department of Pediatrics,Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital,University Hospitals Case Medical Center,Cleveland,Ohio.
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,Department of Pediatrics,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,Ohio.
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,Department of Pediatrics,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati,Ohio.
authors.forename: Brad G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kurowski
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D001318:Authoritarianism; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4
keywords: Adaptive function; Brain injuries; Genetics; Gene–environment interaction; Neurobehavioral outcomes; Parenting style