title: Exposure to waterpipe smoke induces renal functional and oxidative biomarkers variations in mice.
abstract: Waterpipe smoking (WPS) has been known for over 400 years. It has been spread widely especially between youth because of the addition of pleasant flavor and because it was misconsidered to be less harmful than cigarette.
  
  
  
  In this study, we investigated the effect of waterpipe smoking on renal oxidative and functional parameters and compared that at acute and chronic exposure time in mice.
  
  
  
  Mice were divided into three groups, namely acute, chronic and fresh air control. Acute group was exposed to waterpipe smoke for one hour daily for six days using whole-body exposure system, while chronic group was exposed to waterpipe smoke for one hour daily for 30 days using whole-body exposure system.
  
  
  
  Exposure to waterpipe smoke has shown significant changes on the mice kidney functional parameters such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Both exposures (acute and chronic) has shown a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.05), whereas the activity of other antioxidant enzymes (catalase and GPx) reduced only with chronic exposure to waterpipe smoke (p < 0.05). Additionally, the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in mice kidney homogenates has shown a significant elevation following chronic exposure to waterpipe smoke (p < 0.05).
  
  
  
  In conclusion, chronic waterpipe smoke affects the kidney parameter and antioxidant markers, therefore affecting its functionality of detoxifying and removal of poisonous material from the body.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy .
authors.forename: Abeer M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rababa'h
authors.affiliation: b Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology , Faculty of Medicine .
authors.forename: Bilal B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy .
authors.forename: Karem H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Alzoubi
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan , and.|d Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences , Taibah University , Medina , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Omar F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Khabour
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Faculty of Pharmacy .
authors.forename: Mera A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ababneh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D059551:Toxicity Tests, Subacute; D000073867:Water Pipe Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012906:Smoke; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D003404:Creatinine; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
keywords: Glutathione; kidney; oxidative stress; waterpipe smoke