title: Alcohol: A Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Point of View During Lactation.
abstract: BackgroundA safe amount of alcohol that can be ingested by suckling infants is not known. As a result, alcohol consumption by lactating mothers during this crucial time can potentially harm infants. ObjectiveThis article provides an overview of alcohol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in breast milk. Methods/DiscussionThis paper reviews literature on alcohol exposure as it relates to suckling infants. Intended and unintended alcohol exposure through breast milk may occur by skin contact, inhalation and by use of alcohol co-formulated drugs. A method for calculating the time to alcohol elimination from breast milk is also discussed. ConclusionAs there is no evidence on a safe amount of alcohol in breast milk, alcohol exposure throughout lactation should be avoided, to ensure the welfare of suckling infants.
authors.forename: P G J Ter
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Mitko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madjunkov
authors.forename: Shahnaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000378:metabolism*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000431:Ethanol / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1