title: Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance.
abstract: Short-Term protein-pacing (P; ~6 meals/day, >30% protein/day) and caloric restriction (CR, ~25% energy deficit) improves total (TBF), abdominal (ABF) and visceral (VAT) fat loss, energy expenditure, and biomarkers compared to heart healthy (HH) recommendations (3 meals/day, 15% protein/day) in obese adults. Less is known whether obese men and women respond similarly to P-CR during weight loss (WL) and whether a modified P-CR (mP-CR) is more efficacious than a HH diet during long-term (52 week) weight maintenance (WM). The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of: (1) P-CR on TBF, ABF, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and biomarkers between obese men and women during WL (weeks 0-12); and (2) mP-CR compared to a HH diet during WM (weeks 13-64). During WL, men (n = 21) and women (n = 19) were assessed for TBF, ABF, VAT, RMR, and biomarkers at weeks 0 (pre) and 12 (post). Men and women had similar reductions (p < 0.01) in weight (10%), TBF (19%), ABF (25%), VAT (33%), glucose (7%-12%), insulin (40%), leptin (>50%) and increase in % lean body mass (9%). RMR (kcals/kg bodyweight) was unchanged and respiratory quotient decreased 9%. Twenty-four subjects (mP-CR, n = 10; HH, n = 14) completed WM. mP-CR regained significantly less body weight (6%), TBF (12%), and ABF (17%) compared to HH (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate P-CR enhances weight loss, body composition and biomarkers, and maintains these changes for 52-weeks compared to a traditional HH diet.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA. parciero@skidmore.edu.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Arciero
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA. redmonds@skidmore.edu.
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA. fhe@csuchico.edu.|Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Chico, Chico, CA 95929, USA. fhe@csuchico.edu.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA. emeryward@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Emery
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Isagenix International LLC, Gilbert, AZ 85297, USA. eric.gumpricht@isagenixcorp.com.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gumpricht
authors.affiliation: Isagenix International LLC, Gilbert, AZ 85297, USA. alex.mohr@isagenixcorp.com.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. mormsbee@fsu.edu.|Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa. mormsbee@fsu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ormsbee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, K&#248;benhavn 1017, Denmark. ast@nexs.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: abdominal obesity; caloric restriction; heart healthy; intermittent fasting; protein-pacing