title: Evidence of Dual Mechanisms of Glutathione Uptake in the Rodent Lens: A Novel Role for Vitreous Humor in Lens Glutathione Homeostasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lens glutathione synthesis knockout (LEGSKO) mouse lenses lack de novo glutathione (GSH) synthesis but still maintain >1 mM GSH. We sought to determine the source of this residual GSH and the mechanism by which it accumulates in the lens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of GSH, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and GSH-related compounds were measured in vitro and in vivo using isotope standards and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild-type (WT) lenses could accumulate GSH from γ-glutamylcysteine and glycine or from intact GSH, but LEGSKO lenses could only accumulate GSH from intact GSH, indicating that LEGSKO lens GSH content is not due to synthesis by a salvage pathway. Uptake of GSH in cultured lenses occurred at the same rate for LEGSKO and WT lenses, could not be inhibited, and occurred primarily through cortical fiber cells. In contrast, uptake of GSH from aqueous humor could be competitively inhibited and showed an enhanced Km in LEGSKO lenses. Mouse vitreous had >1 mM GSH, whereas aqueous had <20 μM GSH. Testing physiologically relevant GSH concentrations for uptake in vivo, we found that both LEGSKO and WT lenses could obtain GSH from the vitreous but not from the aqueous. Vitreous rapidly accumulated GSH from the circulation, and depletion of circulating GSH reduced vitreous but not aqueous GSH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The above data provide, for the first time, evidence for the existence of dual mechanisms of GSH uptake into the lens, one mechanism being a passive, high-flux transport through the vitreous exposed side of the lens versus an active, carrier-mediated uptake mechanism at the anterior of the lens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Whitson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sell
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States 3Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Monnier
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
authors.forename: Xingjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004058:Diffusion; D005978:Glutathione / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010539:Permeability; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione