title: Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Its Relationship with Iodine Status in Shanghai: a Population-based Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) and its relationship with urine iodine concentrations (UICs) after the regional rapid economic growth and lifestyle changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the general population aged 15-69 years. A questionnaire regarding general and personal characteristics and relevant information was administered. Ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed, and serum triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) levels were measured for each individual subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rates of TNs in the whole population, females and males were 27.76%, 34.04%, and 21.60%, respectively. The prevalence of multiple nodules increased with age, whereas the prevalence peaks differed between males and females. The median UICs in the whole population and females with non-TNs were higher than those of subjects with TNs (P=0.0035, P=0.0068). The median UICs in subjects with a single TN were higher than those in subjects with multiple TNs (P=0.0164, P=0.0127). The result showed a U-shaped curve relationship between UIC and prevalence of TNs. The prevalence of TNs was the lowest when the UIC was 140-400 μg/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of TNs was nearly 30% and increased with age. The relationship between UIC and prevalence of TNs is U-shaped, with an increase in risk when the UIC was <140 μg/L and >400 μg/L. Very low or high UIC levels need attention and correction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Shu Rong
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Chang Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Jia Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Zhen Ni
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Hygiene & Food-Borne Disease Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Cui Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Hui Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of School Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes Mellitus Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine
keywords: Epidemiology; Prevalence; Thyroid Nodules; Urine iodine