title: Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from uncomplicated malaria cases in Ghana over a decade.
abstract: Genotyping malaria parasites to assess their diversity in different geographic settings have become necessary for the selection of antigenic epitopes for vaccine development and for antimalarial drug efficacy or resistance investigations. This study describes the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from uncomplicated malaria cases over a ten year period (2003-2013) in Ghana using the polymorphic antigenic marker, merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2).
  
  
  
  Archived filter paper blood blots from children aged nine years and below with uncomplicated malaria collected from nine sites in Ghana were typed for the presence of the markers. A total of 880 samples were genotyped for msp2 for the two major allelic families, FC27 and 3D7, using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The allele frequencies and the multiplicity of infection were determined for the nine sites for five time points over a period of ten years, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2010 and 2012-2013 malaria transmission seasons.
  
  
  
  The number of different alleles detected for the msp2 gene by resolving PCR products on agarose gels was 14. Both of the major allelic families, 3D7 and FC27 were common in all population samples. The highest multiplicity of infection (MOI) was observed in isolates from Begoro (forest zone, rural site): 3.31 for the time point 2007-2008. A significant variation was observed among the sites in the MOIs detected per infection (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.001) for the 2007 isolates and also at each of the three sites with data for three different years, Hohoe, P = 0.03; Navrongo, P < 0.001; Cape Coast, P < 0.001. Overall, there was no significant difference between the MOIs of the three ecological zones over the years (P = 0.37) and between the time points when data from all sites were pooled (P = 0.40).
  
  
  
  The diversity and variation between isolates detected using the msp2 gene in Ghanaian isolates were observed to be profound; however, there was homogeneity throughout the three ecological zones studied. This is indicative of gene flow between the parasite populations across the country probably due to human population movements (HPM).
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Ghana. nduah@noguchi.ug.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Nancy O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Duah
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Sena A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Matrevi
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.|Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box GP 4260, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Neils B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Quashie
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abuaku
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG581, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwadwo A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Koram
mesh_terms: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C065974:merozoite surface protein 2, Plasmodium
keywords: Genetic diversity; Ghana; Plasmodium falciparum; msp2