title: Multiple metrics quantify and differentiate responses of vegetation to composition B.
abstract: Quantifying vegetation response to explosive compounds has focused predominantly on morphological impacts and uptake efficiency. A more comprehensive understanding of the total impacts of explosives on vegetation can be gained using a multivariate approach. We hypothesized that multiple variables representing morphological and physiological responses will more clearly differentiate species and treatments than any single variable. Individuals of three plant species were placed in soils contaminated with Composition B, which comprises 60% hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 40% 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and grown for 2 months. Response metrics used included photosynthetic operation, water relations, growth characteristics, as well as nitrogen and carbon concentrations and isotopic compositions. Individual metrics showed high variability in response across the three species tested. Water relations and nitrogen isotopic composition exhibited the most consistent response across species. By comparing multiple variables simultaneously, better separation of both species and exposure was observed. The inclusion of novel metrics can reinforce previously established concepts and provide a new perspective. Additionally, the inclusion of various other metrics can greatly increase the ability to identify and differentiate particular groups. By using multivariate analyses and standard vegetation metrics, new aspects of the vegetation response to explosive compounds can be identified.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Via
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zinnert
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D029786:Cyperus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D010944:Plants / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000633:toxicity*; D034403:Ulmus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D027843:Vitis / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D053834:Explosive Agents; D014227:Triazines; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C009160:cyclonite
keywords: Composition B; explosive; functional groups; stress response; δ15N