title: Supervisor leadership in relation to resident job satisfaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research from outside the medical field shows that leadership behaviours influence job satisfaction. Whether the same is true for the medical training setting needs to be explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of residents' overall appreciation of their supervisor's leadership and observation of specific supervisor leadership behaviours on job satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We invited residents (N = 117) to rate how often they observed certain task and relation-oriented leadership behaviours in their supervisor and overall appreciation of their supervisor's leadership. Furthermore, they rated their satisfaction with 13 different aspects of their jobs on a 10-point scale. Using exploratory factor analysis we identified four factors covering different types of job satisfaction aspects: personal growth, autonomy, affective, and instrumental job satisfaction aspects. Influence of overall appreciation for supervisor leadership and observation of certain leadership behaviours on these job satisfaction factors were analysed using multiple regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The affective aspects of job satisfaction were positively influenced by overall appreciation of leadership (B = 0.792, p = 0.017), observation of specific instructions (B = 0.972, p = 0.008) and two-way communication (B = 1.376, p = 0.008) and negatively by mutual decision-making (B = -1.285, p = 0.007). No effects were found for the other three factors of job satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend that supervisors become more aware of whether and how their behaviours influence residents' job satisfaction. Especially providing specific instructions and using two-way communication seem important to help residents deal with their insecurities and to offer them support.
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.a.van.der.wal@umcg.nl.|UMCG, FC40 CEDAR, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.a.van.der.wal@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schönrock-Adema
authors.affiliation: St. Lucas Andreas Hospital (SLAZ), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fedde
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scheele
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nienke R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Schripsema
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A Debbie C
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.affiliation: Center for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen-Schotanus
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Leadership development; Postgraduate medical education; Residency; Work-based learning