title: Evaluation of chemokines in gingival crevicular fluid in children with dental caries and stainless steel crowns: A clinico-biochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted to detect the presence of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β and estimate their levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in children with dental caries and stainless steel crowns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 80 children with primary dentition were selected and categorized into four groups with twenty in each group; Group 1 - healthy subjects, Group 2 - dental caries, Group 3 - dental caries involving the pulp, and Group 4 - stainless steel crowns. GCF samples were collected by an extra-crevicular method with microcapillary pipettes. The GCF samples were quantified by ELISA and the levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIP-1α and MIP-1β were detected in all the samples. Highest mean concentration in GCF was obtained for Group 3 followed by Groups 2 and 4 while the lowest concentration was seen in Group 1. This suggests that MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels in GCF increased proportionately with the inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GCF serves as a noninvasive diagnostic fluid to measure biomarkers released during dental caries initiation and progression. MIP-1α and MIP-1β chemokines can be considered as novel biomarkers, in biological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and inflammation in children with dental caries and stainless steel crowns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, C.K.S. Teja Institute of Dental Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Naveen Kommineni
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, C.K.S. Teja Institute of Dental Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Veera Kishore Kasa
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, C.K.S. Teja Institute of Dental Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prathyusha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Padakandla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, C.K.S. Teja Institute of Dental Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Harshini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Togaru
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, C.K.S. Teja Institute of Dental Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Swathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalagatla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics, C.K.S. Teja Institute of Dental Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sarath N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chandra
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003442:Crowns; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013193:Stainless Steel
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D018925:Chemokines; D013193:Stainless Steel