title: Evaluation of metal-ceramic bond characteristics of three dental Co-Cr alloys prepared with different fabrication techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Limited information is available regarding the metal-ceramic bond strength of dental Co-Cr alloys fabricated by casting (CAST), computer numerical control (CNC) milling, and selective laser melting (SLM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the metal-ceramic bond characteristics of 3 dental Co-Cr alloys fabricated by casting, computer numerical control milling, and selective laser melting techniques using the 3-point bend test (International Organization for Standardization [ISO] standard 9693).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five specimens (25×3×0.5 mm) made of dental Co-Cr alloys were prepared by CAST, CNC milling, and SLM techniques. The morphology of the oxidation surface of metal specimens was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After porcelain application, the interfacial characterization was evaluated by SEM equipped with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis, and the metal-ceramic bond strength was assessed with the 3-point bend test. Failure type and elemental composition on the debonding interface were assessed by SEM/EDS. The bond strength was statistically analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey honest significant difference test (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oxidation surfaces of the CAST, CNC, and SLM groups were different. They were porous in the CAST group but compact and irregular in the CNC and SLM groups. The metal-ceramic interfaces of the SLM and CNC groups showed excellent combination compared with those of the CAST group. The bond strength was 37.7 ±6.5 MPa for CAST, 43.3 ±9.2 MPa for CNC, and 46.8 ±5.1 MPa for the SLM group. Statistically significant differences were found among the 3 groups tested (P=.028). The debonding surfaces of all specimens exhibited cohesive failure mode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The oxidation surface morphologies and thicknesses of dental Co-Cr alloys are dependent on the different fabrication techniques used. The bond strength of all 3 groups exceed the minimum acceptable value of 25 MPa recommended by ISO 9693; hence, dental Co-Cr alloy fabricated with the SLM techniques could be a promising alternative for metal ceramic restorations.
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China. Electronic address: fqgxykdx@163.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Professor, College of Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics; D002858:Chromium Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D002858:Chromium Alloys