title: What Are We Looking for in Computer-Based Learning Interventions in Medical Education? A Systematic Review.
abstract: Computer-based learning (CBL) has been widely used in medical education, and reports regarding its usage and effectiveness have ranged broadly. Most work has been done on the effectiveness of CBL approaches versus traditional methods, and little has been done on the comparative effects of CBL versus CBL methodologies. These findings urged other authors to recommend such studies in hopes of improving knowledge about which CBL methods work best in which settings.
  
  
  
  In this systematic review, we aimed to characterize recent studies of the development of software platforms and interventions in medical education, search for common points among studies, and assess whether recommendations for CBL research are being taken into consideration.
  
  
  
  We conducted a systematic review of the literature published from 2003 through 2013. We included studies written in English, specifically in medical education, regarding either the development of instructional software or interventions using instructional software, during training or practice, that reported learner attitudes, satisfaction, knowledge, skills, or software usage. We conducted 2 latent class analyses to group articles according to platform features and intervention characteristics. In addition, we analyzed references and citations for abstracted articles.
  
  
  
  We analyzed 251 articles. The number of publications rose over time, and they encompassed most medical disciplines, learning settings, and training levels, totaling 25 different platforms specifically for medical education. We uncovered 4 latent classes for educational software, characteristically making use of multimedia (115/251, 45.8%), text (64/251, 25.5%), Web conferencing (54/251, 21.5%), and instructional design principles (18/251, 7.2%). We found 3 classes for intervention outcomes: knowledge and attitudes (175/212, 82.6%), knowledge, attitudes, and skills (11.8%), and online activity (12/212, 5.7%). About a quarter of the articles (58/227, 25.6%) did not hold references or citations in common with other articles. The number of common references and citations increased in articles reporting instructional design principles (P=.03), articles measuring online activities (P=.01), and articles citing a review by Cook and colleagues on CBL (P=.04). There was an association between number of citations and studies comparing CBL versus CBL, independent of publication date (P=.02).
  
  
  
  Studies in this field vary highly, and a high number of software systems are being developed. It seems that past recommendations regarding CBL interventions are being taken into consideration. A move into a more student-centered model, a focus on implementing reusable software platforms for specific learning contexts, and the analysis of online activity to track and predict outcomes are relevant areas for future research in this field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. tiago.taveira@me.com.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0998-6000
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taveira-Gomes
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5054-4936
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2164-7690
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Taveira-Gomes
authors.forename: Milton
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5787-4871
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Severo
authors.forename: Maria Amélia
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6789-3796
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D007858:Learning
keywords: b-learning; computer-based learning; e-learning; internet-based learning; medical education; systematic review