title: On the Existence of Step-To-Step Breakpoint Transitions in Accelerated Sprinting.
abstract: Accelerated running is characterised by a continuous change of kinematics from one step to the next. It has been argued that breakpoints in the step-to-step transitions may occur, and that these breakpoints are an essential characteristic of dynamics during accelerated running. We examined this notion by comparing a continuous exponential curve fit (indicating continuity, i.e., smooth transitions) with linear piecewise fitting (indicating breakpoint). We recorded the kinematics of 24 well trained sprinters during a 25 m sprint run with start from competition starting blocks. Kinematic data were collected for 24 anatomical landmarks in 3D, and the location of centre of mass (CoM) was calculated from this data set. The step-to-step development of seven variables (four related to CoM position, and ground contact time, aerial time and step length) were analysed by curve fitting. In most individual sprints (in total, 41 sprints were successfully recorded) no breakpoints were identified for the variables investigated. However, for the mean results (i.e., the mean curve for all athletes) breakpoints were identified for the development of vertical CoM position, angle of acceleration and distance between support surface and CoM. It must be noted that for these variables the exponential fit showed high correlations (r2>0.99). No relationship was found between the occurrences of breakpoints for different variables as investigated using odds ratios (Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square statistic). It is concluded that although breakpoints regularly appear during accelerated running, these are not the rule and thereby unlikely a fundamental characteristic, but more likely an expression of imperfection of performance.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Gertjan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-0957
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ettema
authors.affiliation: Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGhie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Danielsen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Sandbakk
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Olympic Federation, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haugen
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D054874:Athletic Performance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012420:Running