title: Evaluation of gemfibrozil effects on a marine fish (Sparus aurata) combining gene expression with conventional endocrine and biochemical endpoints.
abstract: The information on the potential hazardous effects of gemfibrozil (GEM) on marine fish is extremely scarce. In the current study, molecular, endocrine and biochemical parameters were assessed in Sparus aurata after 96h waterborne exposure to a GEM concentration range. Hepatic mRNA levels of target genes known to be regulated via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (pparα) in mammals, such as apolipoprotein AI (apoa1) and lipoprotein (lpl) were significantly increased, without a concomitant activation of the ppar pathways. GEM (15μgL(-1)) induced an upregulation in mRNA levels of interleukin 1β (il1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (tnfα) and caspase 3 (casp3), suggesting an activation of proinflammatory processes in S. aurata liver. However, mRNA levels of genes related with the antioxidant defence system and cell-tissue repair were unaltered under the tested experimental conditions. Higher levels of GEM induced a cortisol rise, an indication that it is recognized as a stressor by S. aurata. Cortisol levels and the mRNA levels of il1β, tnfα and casp3 may be suggested as potential biomarkers of GEM effects in marine fish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: mteles0@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fierro-Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Na-Phatthalung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tvarijonaviciute
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: A M V M
authors.initials: AMVM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tort
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects*; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000633:toxicity*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008660:Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D021541:Sea Bream; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015248:Gemfibrozil; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Biomarkers; Gemfibrozil; Human pharmaceuticals; Marine fish