title: Identification of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase in the yellow flower of Delphinium zalil.
abstract: The flowers of delphinium cultivars owe their coloration to anthocyanins such as delphinidin or pelargonidin derivatives. To date, no delphinium cultivars have been found with red flowers due to the presence of cyanidin derivatives. This suggests that delphiniums do not have cyanidin biosynthesis ability because of the loss of function of flavonoid 3' hydroxylase (F3'H). Here, we show that the wild delphinium species Delphinium zalil (synonym semibarbatum) can accumulate quercetin 3-glucosides in its sepals, presumably through F3'H activity. We isolated F3'H cDNA from D. zalil (DzF3'H) and produced a recombinant enzyme from a yeast transformant. The recombinant DzF3'H protein could convert naringenin, apigenin, dihydrokaempferol and kaempferol to eriodictyol, luteolin, dihydroquercetin and quercetin, respectively. An expression analysis confirmed that blue flowered D. grandiflorum does not express F3'H, and also showed that flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase and anthocyanidin synthase do not function in D. zalil sepals. DzF3'H can act as a flavonoid hydroxylase to produce cyanidin accumulation. The introduction of the DzF3'H gene into other delphinium species by conventional breeding may enable development of cultivars with novel flower colors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan. Electronic address: miyahara@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Taira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Arisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Ehime Research Institute of Citrus Fruits, Matsuyama, Ehime 799-3742, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsutoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Research, Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Matsuyama, Ehime 799-2405, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.affiliation: Miyoshi & Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Hokuto, Yamanashi, 408-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.affiliation: Miyoshi & Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Hokuto, Yamanashi, 408-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozeki
mesh_terms: D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D031882:Delphinium / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D044948:Flavonols / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D044948:Flavonols; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C038888:flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase
keywords: Delphinium semibarbatum; Delphinium zalil; Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; Quercetin 3-glucoside