title: Genetic and pathogenic difference between Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ia fish and human isolates.
abstract: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is a common pathogen to infect newborn, woman, the elderly, and immuno-compromised human and fish. 37 fish isolates and 554 human isolates of the GBS in 2007-2012 were investigated in serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility, genetic difference and pathogenicity to tilapia.
  
  
  
  PCR serotyping determined serotype Ia for all fish GBS isolates and only in 3.2 % (3-4.2 %) human isolates. For fish isolates, all consisted a plasmid less than 6 kb and belonged to ST7 type, which includes mainly pulsotypes I and Ia, with a difference in a deletion at the largest DNA fragment. These fish isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested in 2007 and increased in non-susceptibility to penicillin, and resistance to clindamycin and ceftriaxone in 2011. Differing in pulsotype and lacking plasmid from fish isolates, human serotype Ia isolates were separated into eight pulsotypes II-IX. Main clone ST23 included pulsotypes II and IIa (50 %) and ST483 consisted of pulsotype III. Human serotype Ia isolates were all susceptible to ceftriaxone and penicillin and few were resistant to erythromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacine with the resistant rate of 20 % or less. Using tilapia to analyze the pathogenesis, fish isolates could cause more severe symptoms, including hemorrhage of the pectoral fin, hemorrhage of the gill, and viscous black and common scites, and mortality (>95 % for pulsotype I) than the human isolates (<30 %); however, the fish pulostype Ia isolate 912 with deletion caused less symptoms and the lowest mortality (<50 %) than pulsotype I isolates.
  
  
  
  Genetic, pathogenic, and antimicrobial differences demonstrate diverse origin of human and fish serotype Ia isolates. The pulsotype Ia of fish serotype Ia isolates may be used as vaccine strains to prevent the GBS infection in fish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceutics, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chishih
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hung-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ying-Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: I-An
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceutics, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan, ROC. chencc@mail.ncyu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Che-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: MLST; Pulsotype; Serotype; Streptococcosis; Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS); Tilapia