title: Daily changes of individual gait patterns identified by means of support vector machines.
abstract: Despite the common knowledge about the individual character of human gait patterns and about their non-repeatability, little is known about their stability, their interactions and their changes over time. Variations of gait patterns are typically described as random deviations around a stable mean curve derived from groups, which appear due to noise or experimental insufficiencies. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature of intrinsic inter-session variability in more detail by proving separable characteristics of gait patterns between individuals as well as within individuals in repeated measurement sessions. Eight healthy subjects performed 15 gait trials at a self-selected speed on eight days within two weeks. For each trial, the time-continuous ground reaction forces and lower body kinematics were quantified. A total of 960 gait patterns were analysed by means of support vector machines and the coefficient of multiple correlation. The results emphasise the remarkable amount of individual characteristics in human gait. Support vector machines results showed an error-free assignment of gait patterns to the corresponding individual. Thus, differences in gait patterns between individuals seem to be persistent over two weeks. Within the range of individual gait patterns, day specific characteristics could be distinguished by classification rates of 97.3% and 59.5% for the eight-day classification of lower body joint angles and ground reaction forces, respectively. Hence, gait patterns can be assumed not to be constant over time and rather exhibit discernible daily changes within previously stated good repeatability. Advantages for more individual and situational diagnoses or therapy are identified.
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Sport Science, Albert Schweitzer Straße 22, 55128 Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: horst@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Sport Science, Albert Schweitzer Straße 22, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Sport Science, Albert Schweitzer Straße 22, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Sport Science, Albert Schweitzer Straße 22, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eekhoff
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Sport Science, Albert Schweitzer Straße 22, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hegen
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Faculty of Kinesiology, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2 N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Nigg
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Sport Science, Albert Schweitzer Straße 22, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: W I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Schöllhorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D060388:Support Vector Machine
keywords: Gait patterns; Individuality; Inter-session variability; Movement variability; Repeatability; Support vector machines