title: Protective Effects of Glutamine Antagonist 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-l-Norleucine in Mice with Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis.
abstract: Inflammation is a necessary part of the response to infection but can also cause neuronal injury in both infectious and autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). A neurovirulent strain of Sindbis virus (NSV) causes fatal paralysis in adult C57BL/6 mice during clearance of infectious virus from the CNS, and the virus-specific immune response is implicated as a mediator of neuronal damage. Previous studies have shown that survival is improved in T-cell-deficient mice and in mice with pharmacological inhibition of the inflammatory response and glutamate excitotoxicity. Because glutamine metabolism is important in the CNS for the generation of glutamate and in the immune system for lymphocyte proliferation, we tested the effect of the glutamine antagonist DON (6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine) on the outcome of NSV infection in mice. DON treatment for 7 days from the time of infection delayed the onset of paralysis and death. Protection was associated with reduced lymphocyte proliferation in the draining cervical lymph nodes, decreased leukocyte infiltration into the CNS, lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, and delayed viral clearance. In vitro studies showed that DON inhibited stimulus-induced proliferation of lymphocytes. When in vivo treatment with DON was stopped, paralytic disease developed along with the inflammatory response and viral clearance. These studies show that fatal NSV-induced encephalomyelitis is immune mediated and that antagonists of glutamine metabolism can modulate the immune response and protect against virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease.
  
  
  
  Encephalomyelitis due to infection with mosquito-borne alphaviruses is an important cause of death and of long-term neurological disability in those who survive infection. This study demonstrates the role of the virus-induced immune response in the generation of neurological disease. DON, a glutamine antagonist, inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes in response to infection, prevented the development of brain inflammation, and protected mice from paralysis and death during treatment. However, because DON inhibited the immune response to infection, clearance of the virus from the brain was also prevented. When treatment was stopped, the immune response was generated, brain inflammation occurred, virus was cleared, and mice developed paralysis and died. Therefore, more definitive treatment for alphaviral encephalomyelitis should inhibit virus replication as well as neuroinflammatory damage.
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sivabalan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manivannan
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly L W
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: Brain Science Institute, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Slusher
authors.affiliation: W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA dgriffi6@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000524:Alphavirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003980:Diazooxonorleucine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D004679:Encephalomyelitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005973:Glutamine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010243:Paralysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000187:drug effects; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D003980:Diazooxonorleucine; D005973:Glutamine