title: A Conceptual Framework for the Progression of Balance Exercises in Persons with Balance and Vestibular Disorders.
abstract: There is little information in peer-reviewed literature to specifically guide the choice of exercise for persons with balance and vestibular disorders. The purpose of this study is to provide a rationale for the establishment of a progression framework and propose a logical sequence in progressing balance exercises for persons with vestibular disorders. Our preliminary conceptual framework was developed by a multidisciplinary team of physical therapists and engineers with extensive experience with people with vestibular disorders. Balance exercises are grouped into six different categories: static standing, compliant surface, weight shifting, modified center of gravity, gait, and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Through a systematized literature review, interviews and focus group discussions with physical therapists and postural control experts, and pilot studies involving repeated trials of each exercise, exercise progressions for each category were developed and ranked in order of degree of difficulty. Clinical expertise and experience guided decision making for the exercise progressions. Hundreds of exercise combinations were discussed and research is ongoing to validate the hypothesized rankings. The six exercise categories can be incorporated into a balance training program and the framework for exercise progression can be used to guide less experienced practitioners in the development of a balance program. It may also assist clinicians and researchers to design, develop, and progress interventions within a treatment plan of care, or within clinical trials. A structured exercise framework has the potential to maximize postural control, decrease symptoms of dizziness/visual vertigo, and provide "rules" for exercise progression for persons with vestibular disorders. The conceptual framework may also be applicable to persons with other balance-related issues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: B N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Klatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan Health System, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Carender
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Alsubaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kinnaird
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Sienko
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Rehabilitation Research Chair, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Whitney
keywords: Balance; Exercise; Physical therapy; Progression; Rehabilitation; Vestibular