title: A Novel Mass-Spring-Damper Model Analysis to Identify Landing Deficits in Athletes Returning to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
abstract: Schneider, DK, Gokeler, A, Otten, E, Ford, KR, Hewett, TE, Divine, JG, Colosimo, AJ, Heidt, RS, and Myer, GD. A Novel mass-spring-damper model analysis to identify landing deficits in athletes returning to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2590-2598, 2017-A mass-spring-damper (MSD) model may serve as an extension of biomechanical data from 3-dimensional motion analysis and epidemiological data which helps to delineate populations at risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate such a model. Thirty-six ACL reconstruction (ACLR) group subjects and 67 controls (CTRL) completed single-leg drop landing and single-leg broad jump tasks. Landing ground reaction force data were collected and analyzed with an MSD model. Medians, interquartile ranges, and limb symmetry indices (LSIs) were calculated and comparisons were made within and between groups. During a single-leg drop landing, the ACLR group had a lower spring LSI than the CTRL group (p = 0.015) and landed with decreased stiffness in the involved limb relative to the uninvolved limb (p = 0.021). The ACLR group also had an increased damping LSI relative to the CTRL group (p = 0.045). The ACLR subjects landed with increased stiffness (p = 0.006) and decreased damping (p = 0.003) in their involved limbs compared to CTRL subjects' nondominant limbs. During a single-leg forward broad jump, the ACLR group had a greater spring LSI value than the CTRL group (p = 0.045). The CTRL group also recorded decreased damping values in their nondominant limbs compared with the involved limbs of the ACLR group (p = 0.046). Athletes who have undergone ACLR display different lower-limb dynamics than healthy controls, according to an MSD model. Quadriceps dominance and leg dominance are components of ACLR athletes' landing strategies and may be identified with an MSD model and addressed during rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 2Division of Sports Medicine, The Sport Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; 3College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; 4Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; 5Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina; 6Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; 7Department of Sports Medicine, Sports Health and Performance Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 8Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; 9Wellington Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio; 10Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and 11The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Alli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gokeler
authors.forename: Egbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: Jon G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Divine
authors.forename: Angelo J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Colosimo
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heidt
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Myer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D056352:Athletes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D000068958:Return to Sport / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors