title: Responses of Herbivorous Fishes and Benthos to 6 Years of Protection at the Kahekili Herbivore Fisheries Management Area, Maui.
abstract: In response to concerns about declining coral cover and recurring macroalgal blooms, in 2009 the State of Hawaii established the Kahekili Herbivore Fisheries Management Area (KHFMA). Within the KHFMA, herbivorous fishes and sea urchins are protected, but other fishing is allowed. As part of a multi-agency monitoring effort, we conducted surveys at KHFMA and comparison sites around Maui starting 19 months before closure, and over the six years since implementation of herbivore protection. Mean parrotfish and surgeonfish biomass both increased within the KHFMA (by 139% [95%QR (quantile range): 98-181%] and 28% [95%QR: 3-52%] respectively). Most of those gains were of small-to-medium sized species, whereas large-bodied species have not recovered, likely due to low levels of poaching on what are preferred fishery targets in Hawaii. Nevertheless, coincident with greater biomass of herbivores within the KHFMA, cover of crustose coralline algae (CCA) has increased from ~2% before closure to ~ 15% in 2015, and macroalgal cover has remained low throughout the monitoring period. Strong evidence that changes in the KHFMA were a consequence of herbivore management are that (i) there were no changes in biomass of unprotected fish families within the KHFMA; and that (ii) there were no similar changes in parrotfish or CCA at comparison sites around Maui. It is not yet clear how effective herbivore protection might eventually be for the KHFMA's ultimate goal of coral recovery. Coral cover declined over the first few years of surveys-from 39.6% (SE 1.4%) in 2008, to 32.9% (SE 0.8%) in 2012, with almost all of that loss occurring by 2010 (1 year after closure), i.e. before meaningful herbivore recovery had occurred. Coral cover subsequently stabilized and may have slightly increased from 2012 through early 2015. However, a region-wide bleaching event in 2015 had already led to some coral mortality by the time surveys were conducted in late 2015, at which time cover had dropped back to levels recorded in the KHFMA in 2012.
authors.affiliation: Coral Reef Ecosystem Program, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ivor D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources, Maui Office, 130 Mahalani Street, Wailuku, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Darla J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources, Maui Office, 130 Mahalani Street, Wailuku, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Russell T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.affiliation: Coral Reef Ecosystem Program, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.|Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lino
authors.affiliation: Coral Reef Ecosystem Program, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.|Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jill P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zamzow
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emily L A
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: 225 Punakea Loop, Lahaina, Hawaii, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hailey L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Ramey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D018533:Biomass; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005398:Fisheries; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology*; D006254:Hawaii; D060434:Herbivory; D013045:Species Specificity