title: Urinary excretion of Citrus flavanones and their major catabolites after consumption of fresh oranges and pasteurized orange juice: A randomized cross-over study.
abstract: Orange juice contains flavanones including hesperidin and narirutin, albeit at lower concentrations as compared to orange fruit. Therefore, we compared bioavailability and colonic catabolism of flavanones from orange juice to a 2.4-fold higher dose from fresh oranges.
  
  
  
  Following a randomized two-way cross-over design, 12 healthy subjects consumed a test meal comprising either fresh oranges or pasteurized orange juice, delivering 1774 and 751 μmol of total Citrus flavanones, respectively. Deglucuronidated and desulfated hesperetin, naringenin, and the flavanone catabolites 3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid, 3-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)hydracrylic acid, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, and hippuric acid were quantitated in 24-h urine by UHPLC-MS/MS. Differences in urinary hesperetin excretion were found to be nonsignificant (p = 0.5209) both after consumption of orange fruit (21.6 ± 8.0 μmol) and juice (18.3 ± 7.2 μmol). By analogy, postprandial flavanone catabolite excretions were highly similar between treatments. Excretion of 3-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid was inversely related to that of hesperetin, illustrating the catabolite/precursor relationship.
  
  
  
  Despite 2.4-fold higher doses, excretion of flavanones from ingested fresh orange fruit did not differ from that following orange juice consumption, possibly due to a saturation of absorption or their entrapment in the fiber-rich matrix of the fruit.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Aschoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ken M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Riedl
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cooperstone
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Högel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosy-Westphal
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.|Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carle
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schweiggert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D044950:Flavanones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D005504:Food Analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis*; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000652:urine; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D061352:Pasteurization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D006626:Hippurates; C056283:4-hydroxyhippuric acid; D006569:Hesperidin; C005273:naringenin; C013015:hesperetin; C030514:hippuric acid; C028610:flavanone
keywords: Bioavailability; Flavonoids; Hesperetin; Metabolism; Naringenin