title: Coherent and Contradictory Facts, Feats and Fictions Associated with Metal Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease: Epicenter or Outcome, Yet a Demigod Question.
abstract: Unwarranted exposure due to liberal use of metals for maintaining the lavish life and to achieve the food demand for escalating population along with an incredible boost in the average human life span owing to orchestrated progress in rejuvenation therapy have gradually increased the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Etiology is albeit elusive; association of PD with metal accumulation has never been overlooked due to noteworthy similitude between metal-exposure symptoms and a few cardinal features of disease. Even though metals are entailed in the vital functions, a hysterical shift, primarily augmentation, escorts the stern nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. An increase in the passage of metals through the blood brain barrier and impaired metabolic activity and elimination system could lead to metal accumulation in the brain, which eventually makes dopaminergic neurons quite susceptible. In the present article, an update on implication of metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism has been provided. Moreover, encouraging and paradoxical facts and fictions associated with metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism have also been compiled. Systematic literature survey of PD is performed to describe updated information if metal accumulation is an epicenter or merely an outcome. Finally, a perspective on the association of metal accumulation with pesticide-induced Parkinsonism has been explained to unveil the likely impact of the former in the latter.
authors.affiliation: Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Mohd Sami Ur
authors.initials: MSU
authors.lastname: Rasheed
authors.affiliation: Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sonam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Saumya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India. mpsingh@iitr.res.in.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India. mpsingh@iitr.res.in.
authors.forename: Mahendra Pratap
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000378:metabolism*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Metals; Parkinsonism; Parkinson’s disease; Pesticides; Rodent models