title: Recent advances on prebiotic lactulose production.
abstract: Lactulose, a synthetic disaccharide, has received increasing interest due to its role as a prebiotic. The production of lactulose is important in the dairy industry, as it is regarded as a high value-added derivative of whey or lactose. The industrial production of lactulose is still mainly done by chemical isomerization. Due to concerns on the environmental and tedious separation processes, the enzymatic-based lactulose synthesis has been regarded as an interesting alternative. This work aims at comparing chemical and enzyme-catalyzed lactulose synthesis. With an emphasis on the latter one, this review discusses the influences of the critical operating conditions and the suited operation mode on the transgalactosylation of lactulose using microbial enzymes. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, this work also summarizes the recent reports that highlighted the enzymatic isomerization of lactose using cellobiose 2-epimerase to produce lactulose at elevated yields.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Raya Darmaga St, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia. boing.lipan@ipb.ac.id.|Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany. boing.lipan@ipb.ac.id.
authors.forename: Azis Boing
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Sitanggang
authors.affiliation: HTW Berlin - University of Applied Science, Engineering II, School of Life Science Engineering, Wilhelminenhofstrasse 75A, 12459, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drews
authors.affiliation: Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraume
mesh_terms: D002238:Carbohydrate Epimerases / Q000378:metabolism; D005524:Food Technology / Q000379:methods*; D005690:Galactose; D007536:Isomerism; D007792:Lactulose / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D056692:Prebiotics
chemical_list: D056692:Prebiotics; D007792:Lactulose; D002238:Carbohydrate Epimerases; D005690:Galactose
keywords: Cellobiose 2-epimerase; Lactose; Lactulose; Transgalactosylation; chemical isomerization; β-galactosidase