title: [Treatment by bloodletting in the past and present].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Therapeutic bloodletting has been practiced at least 3000 years as one of the most frequent methods of treatment in general, whose value was not questioned until the 19th century, when it was gradually abandoned in Western medicine, while it is still practiced in Arabic and traditional Chinese medicine.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  In modern medicine bloodletting is practiced for very few indications. Its concept was modeled on the process of menstrual bleeding, for which it was believed to"purge women of bad humours. "Thus, bloodletting was based more on the belief that it helps in the reestablishment of proper balance of body "humours" than on the opinion that it serves to remove excessive amount of blood as well as to remove toxic "pneumas" that accumulate in human body. It was indicated for almost all known diseases, even in the presence of severe anemia. Bloodletting was carried out by scarification with cupping, by phlebotomies (venesections), rarely by arteriotomies, using specific instruments called lancets, as well as leeches. In different periods of history bloodletting was practiced by priests, doctors, barbers, and even by amateurs. In most cases, between one half of liter and two liters of blood used to be removed. Bloodletting was harmful to vast majority of patients and in some of them it is believed that it was either fatal or that it strongly contributed to such outcome. In the 20th century in the "Western"medicine bloodletting was still practiced in the treatment of hypertension and in severe cardiac insufficiency and pulmonary edema, but these indications were later abandoned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bloodletting is still indicated for a few indications such as polycythemia, haemochromatosis, and porphyria cutanea tarda, while leeches are still used in plastic surgery, replantation and other reconstructive surgery, and very rarely for other specific indications.
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Colović
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leković
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gotić
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001815:Bloodletting / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000628:therapy; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000628:therapy; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000628:therapy; D007865:Leeches; D008514:Medicine, Arabic / Q000266:history; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional / Q000266:history; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D011086:Polycythemia / Q000628:therapy; D017119:Porphyria Cutanea Tarda / Q000628:therapy; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000628:therapy; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012092:Replantation / Q000379:methods