title: Immune Checkpoint Blockade: A New Era for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
abstract: Despite better understanding of it's molecular biology, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a challenging disease to treat. Unfortunately, treatment options are still very limited and prognosis for advanced disease is poor. Immune surveillance plays a crucial role in a host's defence against tumour cells, and this is particular relevant for lung cancer due to it's high somatic mutational load, which increases the chances for the immune system to recognize cancer cells as 'non-self'. Novel immunotherapies are emerging as an effective treatment for this disease. In this review, we present the data on immune checkpoint inhibitors for NSCLC, describing their mechanism of action, data efficacy from recent clinical trials, and strategies to select patients more likely to benefit from these agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK. raffaele.califano@christie.nhs.uk.|Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. raffaele.califano@christie.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Califano
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Aberdeen University School of Medicine, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Robert David
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lo Russo
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Oncology Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garassino
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Floriana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morgillo
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D000077594:Nivolumab; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C000613593:durvalumab; D000077594:Nivolumab; C000594389:atezolizumab; C582435:pembrolizumab
keywords: Atezolizumab; CTLA-4; Durvalumab; Immune checkpoint; Nivolumab; Non-small cell lung cancer; PD-1; PD-L1; Pembrolizumab