title: The hunt for the perfect discounting function and a reckoning of time perception.
abstract: Making decisions that factor the cost of time is fundamental to survival. Yet, while it is readily appreciated that our perception of time is intimately involved in this process, theories regarding intertemporal decision-making and theories regarding time perception are treated, largely, independently. Even within these respective domains, models providing good fits to data fail to provide insight as to why, from a normative sense, those fits should take their apparent form. Conversely, normative models that proffer a rationalization for why an agent should weigh options in a particular way, or to perceive time in a particular way, fail to account for the full body of well-established experimental evidence. Here we review select, yet key advances in our understanding, identifying conceptual breakthroughs in the fields of intertemporal decision-making and in time perception, as well as their limits and failings in the face of hard-won experimental observation. On this background of accrued knowledge, a new conception unifying the domains of decision-making and time perception is put forward (Training-Integrated Maximization of Reinforcement Rate, TIMERR) to provide a better fit to observations and a more parsimonious reckoning of why we make choices, and thereby perceive time, the way we do.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4109D Neuroscience Research Building, 115 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay Mk
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Namboodiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Woods Basic Science Building, Rm 914, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: shuler@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Marshall G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hussain Shuler
mesh_terms: D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*