title: Evidence-based recommendations for analgesic efficacy to treat pain of endodontic origin: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to identify evidence-based clinical trials to aid dental clinicians in establishing the efficacy for recommending or prescribing analgesics for pain of endodontic origin.
  
  
  
  The authors prepared and registered a protocol on PROSPERO and conducted electronic searches in MEDLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov. In addition, the authors manually searched the bibliographies of all relevant articles, the gray literature, and textbooks for randomized controlled trials. Two authors selected the relevant articles independently. There were no disagreements between the authors.
  
  
  
  The authors analyzed 27 randomized, placebo-controlled trials. The authors divided the studies into 2 groups: preoperative and postoperative analgesic treatments. There was moderate evidence to support the use of steroids for patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Also, there was moderate evidence to support nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) preoperatively or postoperatively to control pain of endodontic origin. When NSAIDs were not effective, a combination of NSAIDs with acetaminophen, tramadol, or an opioid appeared beneficial.
  
  
  
  NSAIDs should be considered as the drugs of choice to alleviate or minimize pain of endodontic origin if there are no contraindications for the patient to ingest an NSAID. In situations in which NSAIDs alone are not effective, the combination of an NSAID with acetaminophen or a centrally acting drug is recommended. Steroids appear effective in irreversible pulpitis.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aminoshariae
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kulild
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Elliot V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Hersh
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055094:Evidence-Based Dentistry; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D014098:Toothache / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: Endodontics; analgesics; flare-ups; pain; randomized controlled trials