title: Enhanced surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection occurring outside hospital, England, 2011 to 2013.
abstract: There are limited national epidemiological data for community-associated (CA)-Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs). Between March 2011 and March 2013, laboratories in England submitted to the Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network (CDRN) up to 10 diarrhoeal faecal samples from successive patients with CA-CDI, defined here as C. difficile toxin-positive diarrhoea commencing outside hospital (or less than 48 hours after hospital admission), including those cases associated with community-based residential care, with no discharge from hospital within the previous 12 weeks. Patient demographics and C. difficile PCR ribotypes were compared for CA-CDIs in our study and presumed healthcare-associated (HA) CDIs via CDRN. Ribotype diversity indices, ranking and relative prevalences were very similar in CA- vs HA-CDIs, although ribotypes 002 (p ≤ 0.0001),020 (p = 0.009) and 056 (p < 0.0001) predominated in CA-CDIs; ribotype 027 (p = 0.01) predominated in HA-CDIs. Epidemic ribotypes 027 and 078 predominated in institutional residents with CDI (including care/nursing homes) compared with people with CDI living at home. Ribotype diversity decreased with increasing age in HA-CDIs, but not in CA-CDIs. Ribotype 078 CA-CDIs were significantly more common in elderly people (3.4% (6/174) vs 8.7% (45/519) in those aged < 65 and ≥ 65 years, respectively; p = 0.019). No antibiotics were prescribed in the previous four weeks in about twofold more CA-CDI vs HAs (38.6% (129/334) vs 20.3% (1,226/6,028); p < 0.0001). We found very similar ribotype distributions in CA- and HA-CDIs, although a few ribotypes significantly predominated in one setting. These national data emphasise the close interplay between, and likely common reservoirs for, CDIs, particularly when epidemic strains are not dominant.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Laboratory Leeds, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Warren N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Fawley
authors.forename: Kerrie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Trefor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parnell
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D021521:Ribotyping; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Clostridium difficile; PCR-ribotyping; community; epidemiology; healthcare; surveillance