title: Endoscopic Facial Nerve Surgery.
abstract: Tympanic facial nerve segment surgery has been traditionally performed using microscopic approaches, but currently, exclusive endoscopic approaches have been performed for traumatic, neoplastic, or inflammatory diseases, specially located at the geniculate ganglion, greater petrosal nerve, and second tract of the facial nerve, until the second genu. The tympanic segment of the facial nerve can be reached and visualized using an exclusive transcanal endoscopic approach, even in poorly accessible regions such as the second genu and geniculate ganglion, avoiding mastoidectomy, bony demolition, and meningeal or cerebral lobe tractions, with low complication rates using a minimally invasive surgical route.
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Verona, Borgo Trento Piazza Aristide Stefani Aristide Stefani 1, Verona 37100, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marchioni
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Verona, Borgo Trento Piazza Aristide Stefani Aristide Stefani 1, Verona 37100, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soloperto
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Verona, Borgo Trento Piazza Aristide Stefani Aristide Stefani 1, Verona 37100, Italy. Electronic address: rubinialessia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubini
authors.affiliation: Sinus and Oto Centro-Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Rua Dr. José Furtado, 1480, Fortaleza 60822-300, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Flávio
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Alexandria, 36 Rouschdy Street #6, Rouschdy, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Badr-El-Dine
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology Department, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, Modena 41100, Italy.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Presutti
mesh_terms: D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D004424:Ear Canal; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D011182:Postoperative Care
keywords: Endoscopic approaches; Facial nerve; Geniculate ganglion; Petrous bone fracture; Schwannomas