title: Patch testing - a valuable tool for investigating non-immediate cutaneous adverse drug reactions to antibiotics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotics are among the most frequent causes of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADR); patch testing may be an important tool in their evaluation and management. We assessed the role of patch testing as a diagnostic tool in non-immediate CADR to antibiotics, and evaluated cross-reactivity among them.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed data from all patients with non-immediate CADR attributed to antibiotics, which were patch tested between 2000 and 2014 at our dermatology department.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patch tests were performed in 260 patients, and showed overall reactivity to antibiotics of 21.5%, especially in the context of drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) (31.6%), maculopapular exanthema (MPE) (21.8%), Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (20%) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) (18.1%). Patch test reactivity was higher for amoxicillin, mainly in DRESS (44.4%) and MPE (25.6%), and dicloxacillin (50% in AGEP and 37.5% in MPE). Reactivity to clindamycin occurred, especially in the setting of MPE (23.2%). In AGEP and DRESS, patch tests were useful in detecting reactivity to quinolones (50-100%). Overall reactivity was lower for vancomycin (9.1%), co-trimoxazole (8.6%), macrolides (4.8%) and cephalosporins (4.4%). Positive patch tests for more than one antibiotic occurred in 29/56 cases (51.8%), mostly explained by cross-reactions. Twenty of 24 cases reacted to both amoxicillin and ampicillin. All five cases reacting to ciprofloxacin cross-reacted with other quinolones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although oral rechallenge is considered the gold standard for confirming drug imputability in CADR, patch testing could be suggested as a first choice in the study of non-immediate reactions, since it is a safe and valuable procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinho
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gameiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.|Clinic of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonçalo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents