title: Sodium chlorite increases production of reactive oxygen species that impair the antioxidant system and cause morphological changes in human erythrocytes.
abstract: Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is used in the production of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used as disinfectant in municipal water treatment and as a component in therapeutic rinses and gels. The effect of NaClO2on human erythrocytes has been studied under in vitro conditions. Incubation of 5% suspension of erythrocytes with NaClO2(0.1-2.0 mM) at 37°C for 30 min resulted in marked cell lysis (1.2-3.8 fold) and increased their osmotic fragility. Several parameters were assayed in cell lysates prepared from NaClO2-treated and -untreated (control) erythrocytes. Compared to controls, exposure to NaClO2caused significant increase in protein oxidation (1.1-8.07 fold), lipid peroxidation (1.08-4.95 fold) with decrease in total sulfhydryl (-5 to -61%), and glutathione levels (-7 to -86%). Methemoglobin content was tremendously increased, by 5-52 fold when compared to control, while methemoglobin reductase activity decreased (-17 to -93%) upon NaClO2treatment. NaClO2enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species by 3-21 fold and lowered the metal reducing and free radical quenching ability of erythrocytes. It also caused an increase in nitric oxide levels (2.7-15.4 fold) showing generation of nitrosative stress too. The activities of major antioxidant and membrane bound enzymes were significantly altered. Gross morphological changes, from discocytes to echinocytes, were seen in NaClO2-treated erythrocytes under electron microscope. These results show that NaClO2induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, damages the membrane, and impairs the cellular antioxidant defence system. This oxidative damage can shorten the life span of erythrocytes in blood resulting in red cell senescence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1343-1353, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Shaikh Nisar
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Riaz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mahmood
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002712:Chlorides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008706:Methemoglobin; D005978:Glutathione; C001599:chlorite
keywords: chlorite; erythrocytes; methemoglobin; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species