title: A proactive task set influences how response inhibition is implemented in the basal ganglia.
abstract: Increasing a participant's ability to prepare for response inhibition is known to result in longer Go response times and is thought to engage a "top-down fronto-striatal inhibitory task set." This premise is supported by the observation of anterior striatum activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses that focus on uncertain versus certain Go trials. It is assumed that setting up a proactive inhibitory task set also influences how participants subsequently implement stopping. To assess this assumption, we aimed to manipulate the degree of proactive inhibition in a modified stop-signal task to see how this manipulation influences activation when reacting to the Stop cue. Specifically, we tested whether there is differential activity of basal ganglia nuclei, namely the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and anterior striatum, on Stop trials when stop-signal probability was relatively low (20%) or high (40%). Successful stopping was associated with increased STN activity when Stop trials were infrequent and increased caudate head activation when Stop trials were more likely, suggesting a different implementation of reactive response inhibition by the basal ganglia for differing degrees of proactive response control. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4706-4717, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leunissen
authors.affiliation: Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand.|School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Coxon
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.|Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stephan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Swinnen
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011334:Proactive Inhibition; D011930:Reaction Time; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: proactive control; reactive inhibition; stop-signal; striatum; subthalamic nucleus