title: Risk assessment of noroviruses and human adenoviruses in recreational surface waters.
abstract: In the interest of public health and safety, this study aimed to quantify risks associated with the presence of noroviruses (NoV) and human adenoviruses (HAdV) in an urban catchment area in Singapore. Enteric viruses were quantified using QPCR. NoV were more prevalent in water samples than HAdV, and presented higher associated illness risks across all exposure scenarios. For primary contact recreation of adults and children, mean probability of illness were 0.0061 and 0.0089 for NoV, and 0.0028 and 0.0048 for HAdV. For secondary contact recreation, mean probability of illness were 0.0016 for NoV and 0.00068 for HAdV. Therefore, owing to their prevalence and associated risks, NoV are better suited as reference pathogens in recreational waters in Singapore.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A-07-03, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: G G R V
authors.initials: GGRV
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A-07-03, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: ceeginyh@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: K Y H
authors.initials: KYH
authors.lastname: Gin
mesh_terms: D000260:Adenoviruses, Human; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus; D011998:Recreation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: Adenovirus; Norovirus; QMRA; Recreational water; Risk assessment; Tropical