title: Systematic review of peri-operative prognostic biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
abstract: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to be associated with a poor prognosis. This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature regarding potential prognostic biomarkers to facilitate validation studies and clinical application.
  
  
  
  A systematic review was performed (2004-2014) according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies were ranked using REMARK criteria and the following outcomes were examined: overall/disease free survival, nodal involvement, tumour characteristics, metastasis, recurrence and resectability.
  
  
  
  256 biomarkers were identified in 158 studies. 171 biomarkers were assessed with respect to overall survival: urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, atypical protein kinase C and HSP27 ranked the highest. 33 biomarkers were assessed for disease free survival: CD24 and S100A4 were the highest ranking. 17 biomarkers were identified for lymph node involvement: Smad4/Dpc4 and FOXC1 ranked highest. 13 biomarkers were examined for tumour grade: mesothelin and EGFR were the highest ranking biomarkers. 10 biomarkers were identified for metastasis: p16 and sCD40L were the highest ranking. 4 biomarkers were assessed resectability: sCD40L, s100a2, Ca 19-9, CEA.
  
  
  
  This review has identified and ranked specific biomarkers that should be a primary focus of ongoing validation and clinical translational work in PDAC.
authors.affiliation: Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Petrushnko
authors.affiliation: Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gundara
authors.affiliation: Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: De Reuver
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.affiliation: Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
authors.forename: Jaswinder S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Samra
authors.affiliation: Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private Hospital, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia. Electronic address: anubhav.mittal@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anubhav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor