title: The Trichoptera barcode initiative: a strategy for generating a species-level Tree of Life.
abstract: DNA barcoding was intended as a means to provide species-level identifications through associating DNA sequences from unknown specimens to those from curated reference specimens. Although barcodes were not designed for phylogenetics, they can be beneficial to the completion of the Tree of Life. The barcode database for Trichoptera is relatively comprehensive, with data from every family, approximately two-thirds of the genera, and one-third of the described species. Most Trichoptera, as with most of life's species, have never been subjected to any formal phylogenetic analysis. Here, we present a phylogeny with over 16 000 unique haplotypes as a working hypothesis that can be updated as our estimates improve. We suggest a strategy of implementing constrained tree searches, which allow larger datasets to dictate the backbone phylogeny, while the barcode data fill out the tips of the tree. We also discuss how this phylogeny could be used to focus taxonomic attention on ambiguous species boundaries and hidden biodiversity. We suggest that systematists continue to differentiate between 'Barcode Index Numbers' (BINs) and 'species' that have been formally described. Each has utility, but they are not synonyms. We highlight examples of integrative taxonomy, using both barcodes and morphology for species description.This article is part of the themed issue 'From DNA barcodes to biomes'.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China xinzhoucaddis@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1407-7952
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authors.affiliation: Office of Research Information Services, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM), Departament d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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authors.affiliation: 13 Brolga Crescent, Wandana Heights, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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authors.affiliation: 44 Marks Street, Hermit Park, Queensland 4812, Australia.
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authors.affiliation: School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Gemma E
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authors.affiliation: SNSB-Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, PO Box 340310, Clemson, SC 29634-0310, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles Lwiro, P.O D.S Bukavu, D. R. Congo.
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authors.forename: Steffen U
authors.initials: SU
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authors.affiliation: Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexcio, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, México.
authors.forename: María Razo
authors.initials: MR
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authors.forename: Aki
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authors.affiliation: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box, 11115, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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authors.affiliation: Scientific Computing Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Theoretical Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, 35 D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandros
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authors.affiliation: BioArch, Environment Building, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica A
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authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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authors.lastname: Zamora-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK)/Zentrum fu¨r Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (ZMB), Bonn 5 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Tanja
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authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, 1282 Academic Surge, Davis, CA 95616, USA kkjer@ucdavis.edu.
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authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7370-9617
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mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D006239:Haplotypes; D007313:Insecta / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
keywords: DNA barcodes; caddisfly; integrative taxonomy; phylogeny