title: Meta-analysis of the DRD5 VNTR in persistent ADHD.
abstract: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with a complex genetic background. DRD5, the gene encoding the dopamine receptor D5, was recently confirmed as a candidate gene for ADHD in children through meta-analysis. In this study, we aimed at studying the association of the ADHD-associated variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism upstream of DRD5 with adult ADHD. We compiled data from six sites of the International Multicentre persistent ADHD CollaboraTion (IMpACT) and reached N=6979 (3344 cases and 3635 healthy participants), the largest sample investigated so far. We tested the association of the common DRD5 alleles with categorically defined ADHD and with inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptom counts. Our findings provide evidence that none of the common DRD5 alleles are associated with ADHD risk or ADHD symptom counts in adults.
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoogman
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dammers
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Remco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Makkinje
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Angelien J G A M
authors.initials: AJGAM
authors.lastname: Heister
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tessel E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Galesloot
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lambertus A L M
authors.initials: LALM
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, IZKF Würzburg, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kittel-Schneider
authors.affiliation: ADHD Clinical Research Unit, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus-Peter
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reif
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Network Research Center on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Vall d׳Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, University Hospital, Vall d׳Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ribase S
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Network Research Center on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Vall d׳Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, University Hospital, Vall d׳Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Antoni
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ramos-Quiroga
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
authors.forename: Bru
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cormand
authors.affiliation: K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tetyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zayats
authors.affiliation: K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tor-Arne
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hegvik
authors.affiliation: K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kaya K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haavik
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nina R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claiton H D
authors.initials: CHD
authors.lastname: Bau
authors.affiliation: ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eugenio H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Grevet
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alysa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arias-Va Squez
authors.affiliation: Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Barbara.franke@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C493605:DRD5 protein, human; D050641:Receptors, Dopamine D5
keywords: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Candidate gene; DRD5; Meta-analysis