title: Rapid increase in resistance to third generation cephalosporins, imipenem and co-resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae from isolated from 7,140 blood-cultures (2010-2014) using EARS-Net data in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An analysis was made about the evolution of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins, imipenem, and other antibiotics in invasive isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) according to the Spanish EARS-Net database (2010-2014).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two hospitals from 16 Autonomous Communities with an approximate population coverage of 33% participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 7,140 pneumoniae corresponding to the same number of patients were studied. Overall resistance percentages (I+R) were: cefotaxime 15.8%, ceftazidime 13.7%, imipenem 1.7%, ciprofloxacin 20.1%, tobramycin 14.1%, gentamicin 10.4%, and amikacin 1.9%. Resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins increased from 9.8% (2010) to 19% (2014); to ciprofloxacin from 15.4% (2010) to 19.6% (2014); to gentamicin from 6.2% (2010) to 10.3% (2014) and to tobramycin from 7.1% (2010) to 14.2% (2014) (p<.001 in all cases). Combined resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and aminoglycosides increased from 3.3% (2010) to 9.7% (2014) (p<.001). Resistance to imipenem also increased from 0.27% (2010) to 3.46% (2014) (p<.001). A total of 121 isolates were resistant to imipenem, of which 104 (86%) produced carbapenemases: 74 OXA-48, 14 VIM, 9 KPC (6 KPC-2 and 3 KPC-3), 6 IMP, and 1 GES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the 5 year period (2010-2014), resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins in invasive K. pneumoniae in Spain has doubled. The combined resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and aminoglycosides has tripled, and imipenem resistance has increased almost 13 times, mostly due to the spread of carbapenemase-producing isolates.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de referencia e investigación en resistencia a antibióticos e infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España. Electronic address: baracil@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aracil-García
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de referencia e investigación en resistencia a antibióticos e infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oteo-Iglesias
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Microbiología, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, España.
authors.forename: Óscar
authors.initials: Ó
authors.lastname: Cuevas-Lobato
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de referencia e investigación en resistencia a antibióticos e infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lara-Fuella
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de referencia e investigación en resistencia a antibióticos e infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pérez-Grajera
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de referencia e investigación en resistencia a antibióticos e infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernández-Romero
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de referencia e investigación en resistencia a antibióticos e infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de referencia e investigación en resistencia a antibióticos e infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002511:Cephalosporins; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D015378:Imipenem; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; EARS-Net España; EARS-Net Spian; Infecciones invasivas; Invasive infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Resistencia antibiótica