title: Signaling Receptors for TGF-β Family Members.
abstract: Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family members signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II dual specificity kinase receptors. The activation and stability of the receptors are controlled by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and neddylation, as well as by interaction with other proteins at the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Activation of TGF-β receptors induces signaling via formation of Smad complexes that are translocated to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors, as well as via non-Smad pathways, including the Erk1/2, JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways, and the Src tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and Rho GTPases.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carl-Henrik
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Heldin
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Aristidis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moustakas
mesh_terms: D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D021381:Protein Transport; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D058207:Sumoylation; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta