title: Pure total flavonoids from Citrus paradisi Macfad induce leukemia cell apoptosis in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential effect of pure total flavonoids from Citrus paradisi Macfad peel (PTFC) on the proliferation of human myeloid leukemia cells Kasumi-1, HL-60 and K562, and the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  PTFC was extracted from Citrus paradisi Macfad peel and was identified by high performance liquid chromatography. The effect of PTFC on the proliferation and apoptosis of leukemia cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. The effect of PTFC on the expression levels of apoptosis-related regulators was determined by Western blot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with PTFC inhibited leukemia cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and triggered Kasumi-1 cell apoptosis. Treatment with PTFC significantly increased the levels of activated poly adenosine diphosphate-ribosepolymerase and caspase-3/-9, but reduced the levels of Mcl-1 expression in Kasumi-1 cells. However, PTFC did not obviously induce HL-60 cell apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTFC inhibited leukemia cell proliferation and induced their apoptosis by modulating apoptosisrelated regulator expression in leukemia cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
authors.forename: Tie-Ying
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China. lsyww2012@163.com.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
authors.forename: Li-Qiang
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Bing
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D032083:Citrus paradisi / Q000737:chemistry*; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D006569:Hesperidin; C005274:naringin; C546526:neohesperidin
keywords: Chinese medicine; apoptosis; growth inhibition; human myeloid leukemia cells; total flavonoids from Citrus paradisi Macfad