title: An exploration of how to define and measure the evolution of behavior, learning, memory and mind across the full phylogenetic tree of life.
abstract: There are probably few terms in evolutionary studies regarding neuroscience issues that are used more frequently than 'behavior', 'learning', 'memory', and 'mind'. Yet there are probably as many different meanings of these terms as there are users of them. Further, investigators in such studies, while recognizing the full phylogenetic spectrum of life and the evolution of these phenomena, rarely go beyond mammals and other vertebrates in their investigations; invertebrates are sometimes included. What is rarely taken into consideration, though, is that to fully understand the evolution and significance for survival of these phenomena across phylogeny, it is essential that they be measured and compared in the same units of measurement across the full phylogenetic spectrum from aneural bacteria and protozoa to humans. This paper explores how these terms are generally used as well as how they might be operationally defined and measured to facilitate uniform examination and comparisons across the full phylogenetic spectrum of life. This paper has 2 goals: (1) to provide models for measuring the evolution of 'behavior' and its changes across the full phylogenetic spectrum, and (2) to explain why 'mind phenomena' cannot be measured scientifically at the present time.
authors.affiliation: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.affiliation: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.affiliation: VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J S M
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sarma
keywords: behavior; evolution; learning; memory; mind; phylogenetic tree of life