title: Metabolic consequences of snoring in adolescents and younger adults: a population study in Chile.
abstract: To investigate the potential association between snoring and other symptoms indicative of sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Hispanic adolescents and younger adults using a large population-based survey.
  
  
  
  Sleep-related information, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples markers of MetS were obtained from subjects aged 15-40 years collected through the 2nd Chilean Health Survey. Regression models were constructed to evaluate the associations of snoring with MetS, hypertension and serum cholesterol levels. The modulating effect of sleep duration was accounted for in the models.
  
  
  
  A total of 2147 subjects (42% males, mean age 27.9±7.6 years) were included. Snoring and short sleep duration were present in 43.5 and 25% of the entire population, respectively. MetS was detected in 19.5% of the subjects. In the adjusted regression model, the odds of MetS among snoring subjects were 2.13 times higher (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52-2.99; P<0.01), and 1.53-fold higher odds of elevated cholesterol also emerged (95% CI: 1.12-2.10; P<0.01). However, the odds of hypertension were not increased by the presence of snoring after adjusting for confounders. In addition, snoring was associated with an increase of 7.26  and 6.56 mg dl-1for total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, even after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index. Short sleep duration was associated with a small albeit significant risk increase for high systolic blood pressure.
  
  
  
  In this large population-based sample of young Hispanic adults and adolescents, snoring, but not sleep duration, emerged as an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia and MetS, but not for hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Sleep Medicine Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Damiani
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castet
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nuñez
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Villarroel
authors.affiliation: Sections of Pediatric Sleep Medicine and Pulmonology, Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gozal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009313:National Health Programs; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012913:Snoring / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose