title: Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae.
abstract: The methodology for sex determination in human skeletal remains depends on the different bone morphologies presented by men and women. Due to their direct implications in reproduction, the whole pelvis, particularly the os coxae, shows different characteristics in either sex. The sacrum and the os coxae constitute the birth canal. In this research study, the os coxae shape is analyzed using geometric morphometrics, providing information on morphology, regardless of size or any other factor beyond the geometry itself. A total of 46 adult ossa coxae from a Spanish archaeological collection were studied using geometric morphometrics. The results show that there is a restriction on the shape of female os coxae. In contrast, male os coxae presents a greater range of variation. The biological reason for this difference is the obstetrical dilemma; a concept defined as the anatomical conflict between bipedalism and the full-term birth of a neonate whose large head requires greater dimensions in the pelvic cavity. Our experimental data reinforce the validity of the obstetrical dilemma as source of the restriction on the shape of female ossa coxae. Additionally, according to the results obtained, size itself does not represent a condition for belonging to one sex or another.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Nieves
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Candelas González
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rascón Pérez
authors.affiliation: Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Argentina.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chamero
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cambra-Moo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González Martín
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods
keywords: archaeology; obstetrical dilemma; pelvis; restricted shape; sexual differences