title: Overlap between dental anxiety, gagging and Blood-Injection-Injury related fears - A spectrum of one multidimensional phenomenon.
abstract: Dental anxiety (DA) and gagging (GAG) are prevalent problems that severely impact social behavior and quality of life. Furthermore, because dental phobia is considered a Blood-Injection-Injury (B-I-I) phobia, the present study contrasted DA, GAG and control subjects regarding the severity of dental anxiety and investigated the comorbidity of GAG, DA and B-I-I fears.
  
  
  
  Demographics, Verbal Pain Scale (VPS), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), Decay, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT), Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and response to phobic stimuli were collected from 53 GAG, 68 DA and 80 control subjects.
  
  
  
  GAGs exhibited results between DA and controls regarding the likelihood to have high-anxiety/phobia (DA group: OR=55.56; GAG group: OR=17.24), self-assessed dental anxiety (OR=29.14; OR=17.48), fear of dental injections (OR=8.51; OR=2.91) and dental drills (OR=12.02; OR=5.82). DA and GAG had similar results regarding: DAS score (p=0.13), fear of blood tests (OR=4.68; OR=4.09) and blood donations (OR=3.13; OR=3.10). Overlap between GAG, DA and a B-I-I fear was observed. GAG and DA patients and worse maximal VPS and OHIP-14 scores retained their significant positive association with the DAS score in the multivariate analysis.
  
  
  
  The co-occurrence of DA, GAG and B-I-I-related fears suggests these entities are linked. However, different anxiety levels, symptoms and triggers, reflect the broad spectrum of fear of medical/dental situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Center, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. Electronic address: galit@almoznino.com.
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Almoznino
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zini
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sharav
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yanko
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Center, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lvovsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Doron J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Aframian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015897:Comorbidity; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005683:Gagging / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Blood-Injection-Injury phobia; Dental Anxiety Scale; Dental fear; Dental phobia; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Exacerbated gag reflex