title: Nitrite formation from vegetable sources and its use as a preservative in cooked sausage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the potential health risk associated with nitrites, nitrite alternatives from natural sources in meat products have been investigated. We compared the nitrate contents of young radish, lettuce and commercial vegetable powder (cabbage and Chinese cabbage). We also investigated the effect of incubation time and salt addition on vegetable nitrite formation from vegetable sources. The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of vegetable nitrite in cooked sausage were also compared with sodium nitrite.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young radish produced the greatest amount of nitrite after 24 h of incubation at 38 °C. On average, an approximately 32% reduction of nitrite was observed in sausage during 4 weeks of storage. Lipid oxidation in sausage was significantly prevented by vegetable nitrite produced from vegetable powder or young radish. The colour of the sausage prepared with young radish was most similar to that of the sausage with sodium nitrite. The addition of young radish to sausage significantly prevented the growth of Listeria monocytogenes at 4 °C and Staphylococcus aureus at 8 °C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young radish was more effective as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent as compared to commercial vegetable powder, which is currently used to make natural meat products, indicating that young radish has a high potential as a natural preservative. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Sun
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry; D003296:Cooking; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018545:Lactuca / Q000737:chemistry; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008461:Meat Products / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031224:Raphanus / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005520:Food Preservatives; D009573:Nitrites; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: cooked sausage; natural antimicrobial; natural nitrite source; pathogen; young radish