title: Evaluation of Global Histone Acetylation Levels in Bladder Cancer Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alterations of global histone modification levels have been identified in various tumor entities, including bladder cancer (BCA). Our study was designed to investigate the value of global histone acetylation levels as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for BCA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tissue microarray with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (271 BCA and 29 normal urothelial samples) was used to determine global histone acetylation levels (histone H3 acetylation (H3Ac); histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18Ac); histone H4 acetylation (H4Ac)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Global H3Ac levels were decreased in BCA patients, whereas H3K18Ac and H4Ac levels were similar in both groups. All studied histone acetylation markers were lower in muscle-invasive BCA compared to non-muscle invasive BCA and normal urothelial tissue, thereby indicating a possible prognostic relevance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Global histone acetylation levels undergo quantitative alterations during bladder cancer progression and could be helpful to identify patients at risk for early cancer recurrence.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Bonn, Department of Urology, Bonn, Germany joerg.ellinger@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellinger
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Bonn, Department of Urology, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Ann-Christin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Bonn, Department of Urology, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Bonn, Institute of Pathology, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Bonn, Department of Urology, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Bonn, Department of Urology, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogenhofer
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006657:Histones
keywords: Bladder cancer; epigenetics; histone acetylation; immunohistochemistry