title: Spices Mixture Containing Garlic, Ginger and Nutmeg Has Protective Effects on the Kidneys and Liver of Cadmium Exposed Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the potential protective effect of spice mixture containing garlic, ginger and nutmeg on the liver and kidney of cadmium exposed rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male albino rats (n=30) weighing 120 - 180 g, grouped into five (1-5) of 6 rats/group were studied. Group 1 (NC) rats were administered distilled water (1 ml) orally for 4 weeks and served as the negative control while group 2 (PC) rats were administered low dose (LD) cadmium (25 mg/kg body weight) orally for 4 weeks and served as positive control. Group 3 (TBE) rats were treated with spice mixture (SM); 300 mg/kg body weight orally for 2 weeks and then administered LD cadmium for 4 weeks. While group 4 (CET) rats were concurrently administered LD cadmium and SM for 4 weeks, group 5 (TAE) rats were administered LD cadmium for 4 weeks and then treated with SM for 2 weeks. The whole experiment lasted for 42 day after which the animals were sacrificed and blood collected for determination of biochemical parameters using standard procedures and techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to Cd produced greater increases in the liver function parameters. However treatment with SM significantly (p<0.05) reduced ALT in animals treated after exposure, AST and bilirubin in those treated before exposure and significant (p<0.05) increased serum albumin in animals treated before exposure to Cd. The altered renal function parameters and total serum cholesterol were restored to near normal values following treatment with SM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It may be concluded that concurrent intake of garlic, ginger and nutmeg at culinary dose in the diet has both therapeutic and prophylactic effect at mitigating Cd toxicity and reaffirms the safely of spices combinations as being currently practiced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. ; Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Ike
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Ugwuja
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Omotayo O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Erejuwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P. M. B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Ugwu
keywords: Cadmium toxicity; Hepatotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Spices mixture