title: Photoprotective properties of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol, an aglycone of ginseng saponins: Protection from ultraviolet-B radiation-induced oxidative stress in human epidermal keratinocytes.
abstract: Ginsenosides are responsible for diverse pharmacological properties ascribed to ginseng, a plant used in traditional medicine. Ginsenosides are classified into three categories: Protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol (PPT) and oleanolic acid. As an aglycone of PPT-type ginsenosides, PPT exists in two stereoisomeric forms, 20(S)-PPT and 20(R)‑PPT. The 20(S)‑PPT stereoisomer is a major metabolic product of PPT‑type ginsenosides produced in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, 20(S)-PPT suppressed the elevation of reactive oxygen species in HaCaT cells following irradiation with ultraviolet (UV)‑B. In addition, 20(S)‑PPT inhibited UV‑B‑induced gelatinase activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in HaCaT cells, and suppressed UV‑B‑induced expression and secretion of these proteins. Accordingly, 20(S)‑PPT restored the total glutathione levels in UV‑B‑irradiated keratinocytes. Taken together, these data indicated that 20(S)‑PPT may possess photoprotective properties that combat the effects of UV‑B radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyunghoon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200‑701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Jin
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012502:Sapogenins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D009573:Nitrites; D020011:Protective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012502:Sapogenins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C081552:protopanaxatriol; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D005978:Glutathione