title: Deterred drug abuse using superabsorbent polymers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine whether selected superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) could be used as a suitable alternative to thwart extraction, filtration, and syringeability attempts for abuse. Many abuse-deterrent formulations (ADFs) rely on high molecular weight polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) to provide crush and extraction resistance. However, these polymers suffer from slow dissolution kinetics, and are susceptible to a variety of abuse conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several commercially available SAPs were evaluated for swelling behavior in extraction solvents, and tableting properties. Post-compaction abuse properties were evaluated by recoverable volume and syringeability after solvent extraction. Drug release and percent drug extraction were conducted using tramadol HCl as a model drug.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Certain SAPs had the ability to rapidly imbibe solvent and effectively stop extraction processes in a variety of solvents, including water and water/alcohol mixtures. Tablets containing SAP and drug showed no effect on drug release in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAPs possess adequate properties for tableting, and maintain their high and fast swelling properties after compaction. The fast and extensive interactions of SAPs with aqueous medium are a major advantage over non-crosslinked high molecular weight viscosifying agents such as poly(ethylene oxide).
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale , FL , USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mastropietro
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Srinath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muppalaneni
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Omidian
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D065546:Drug Liberation; D007700:Kinetics; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013607:Tablets; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D013607:Tablets; D014867:Water; D014147:Tramadol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Abuse-deterrent; dose dumping; superabsorbent polymers; swellable polymers; tamper resistant