title: Sleep Spindles as an Electrographic Element: Description and Automatic Detection Methods.
abstract: Sleep spindle is a peculiar oscillatory brain pattern which has been associated with a number of sleep (isolation from exteroceptive stimuli, memory consolidation) and individual characteristics (intellectual quotient). Oddly enough, the definition of a spindle is both incomplete and restrictive. In consequence, there is no consensus about how to detect spindles. Visual scoring is cumbersome and user dependent. To analyze spindle activity in a more robust way, automatic sleep spindle detection methods are essential. Various algorithms were developed, depending on individual research interest, which hampers direct comparisons and meta-analyses. In this review, sleep spindle is first defined physically and topographically. From this general description, we tentatively extract the main characteristics to be detected and analyzed. A nonexhaustive list of automatic spindle detection methods is provided along with a description of their main processing principles. Finally, we propose a technique to assess the detection methods in a robust and comparable way.
authors.affiliation: GIGA In Silico Medicine, CRC (B30), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (B28), 4000 Liège, Belgium; GIGA CRC In Vivo Imaging, CRC (B30), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8840-9657
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coppieters 't Wallant
authors.affiliation: GIGA In Silico Medicine, CRC (B30), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; GIGA CRC In Vivo Imaging, CRC (B30), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University of Liège Hospital (B35), 4000 Liège, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maquet
authors.affiliation: GIGA In Silico Medicine, CRC (B30), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (B28), 4000 Liège, Belgium; GIGA CRC In Vivo Imaging, CRC (B30), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4990-425X
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*