title: Integrating emotional and psychological support into the end-stage renal disease pathway: a protocol for mixed methods research to identify patients' lower-level support needs and how these can most effectively be addressed.
abstract: As a result of difficulties related to their illness, diagnosis and treatment, patients with end-stage renal disease experience significant emotional and psychological problems, which untreated can have considerable negative impact on their health and wellbeing. Despite evidence that patients desire improved support, management of their psychosocial problems, particularly at the lower-level, remains sub-optimal. There is limited understanding of the specific support that patients need and want, from whom, and when, and also a lack of data on what helps and hinders renal staff in identifying and responding to their patients' support needs, and how barriers to doing so might be overcome. Through this research we therefore seek to determine what, when, and how, support for patients with lower-level emotional and psychological problems should be integrated into the end-stage renal disease pathway.
  
  
  
  The research will involve two linked, multicentre studies, designed to identify and consider the perspectives of patients at five different stages of the end-stage renal disease pathway (Study 1), and renal staff working with them (Study 2). A convergent, parallel mixed methods design will be employed for both studies, with quantitative and qualitative data collected separately. For each study, the data sets will be analysed separately and the results then compared or combined using interpretive analysis. A further stage of synthesis will employ data-driven thematic analysis to identify: triangulation and frequency of themes across pathway stages; patterns and plausible explanations of effects.
  
  
  
  There is an important need for this research given the high frequency of lower-level distress experienced by end-stage renal disease patients and lack of progress to date in integrating support for their lower-level psychosocial needs into the care pathway. Use of a mixed methods design across the two studies will generate a holistic patient and healthcare professional perspective that is more likely to identify viable solutions to enable implementation of timely and integrated care. Based on the research outputs, appropriate support interventions will be developed, implemented and evaluated in a linked follow-on study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. f.taylor@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6164-8386
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baharani
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, New Cross Hospital, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton Road, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP, UK.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Gill
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Combes
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012107:Research Design; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Distress; Emotional; End-stage renal disease; Integrated care; Mixed methods research; Psychological