title: Sodium fluoride induces hypercalcemia resulting from the upregulation of both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities in goldfish, Carassius auratus.
abstract: The influence of sodium fluoride (NaF) on calcium metabolism was examined in goldfish (fresh water teleost). At 2days after administration of NaF (500ng/g body weight; 5μg/g body weight) (around 10(-5) to 10(-4)M in goldfish), we indicated that plasma calcium levels upregulated in both doses of NaF-treated goldfish. To examine the mechanism of hypercalcemia by NaF treatments, therefore, direct effects of NaF on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in goldfish were investigated by an original assay system using teleost scale which has osteoblasts, osteoclasts and bone matrix. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the scales increased with the treatment of NaF (10(-6) and 10(-5)M) during 6h of incubation. Also, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity increased after exposure to NaF (10(-5)M) at the 6h of incubation. To investigate the osteoclastic activation, the mRNA expression of osteoclastogenesis related factors were examined. The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) which is known as a factor for osteoclastogenesis, increased in the NaF-treated scales after 6h of incubation. The ratio of RANKL/osteoprotegerin (osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor) significantly increased after 6h of incubation. Resulting from the increase of RANKL mRNA level, the expression of transcription-regulating factors was significantly increased. Furthermore, the expression of functional genes, cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA, was significantly increased. In our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the effects of NaF on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in teleosts. We concluded that NaF influences calcium metabolism via osteoclastic activation in goldfish.
authors.affiliation: Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
authors.forename: Taizo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanmoto
authors.affiliation: Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yachiguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tabuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitani
authors.affiliation: Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.affiliation: Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan; Institute of Noto SATOUMI Education and Studies, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urata
authors.affiliation: College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tran Ngoc
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273-009, India.
authors.forename: Ajai K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srivastav
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Hygiene, Kochi Gakuen College, Kochi 780-0955, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuhiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.affiliation: Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan. Electronic address: nobuos@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D056657:Cathepsin K / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000633:toxicity*; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D056657:Cathepsin K; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calcium metabolism; Goldfish; OPG; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; RANKL; Scales; Sodium fluoride