title: Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised: Effects of Education and Age. Normative Data for the Spanish Speaking Population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised is a brief test battery for the detection and classification of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. The aims were to investigate the influence of age and education on the Spanish version of the ACE-R and to propose normative data for the Spanish speaking population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred thirty-four normal healthy volunteers were included in the study. They were classified in three age groups (48-64, 65-75, and 75-89 years of age) and four educational level groups (≤3; 4-8; 9-12, and ≥13 years of education). They were assessed with the version of ACE-R validated in Argentina with some modifications in order to adapt it to the Spanish population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were obtained between all age groups in Total ACE-R, Memory, Fluency, and Language indexes. Differences were observed among the 48-64 and 76-89 age groups in the Attention-Orientation and Visuospatial indexes. Regarding education, significant difference between ≤3 years of education and the remaining groups were obtained in Total ACE-R and in all the indexes. Additionally, the group of 4-8 years of education performed significantly worse than the 9-12 and ≥13 groups in Total, Memory, Fluency, and Language indexes. Adjusted scores by education were obtained and percentiles for each age group were calculated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that both age and education have an important effect on ACE-R performance. Consequently, age and education should be taken into account when interpreting results in ACE-R to improve diagnostic accuracy.
authors.forename: Antonieta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galtier
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barroso
keywords: Assessment; Dementia; Elderly/Geriatric/Aging; Mild cognitive impairment; Norms