title: The in vivo antineoplastic and therapeutic efficacy of troxerutin on rat preneoplastic liver: biochemical, histological and cellular aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Troxerutin (TXER), a trihydroxyethylated derivative of the natural bioflavonoid rutin, abundantly found in tea, various fruits and vegetables, is known to exhibit ample pharmacological properties. In the present investigation, we examined the antineoplastic, therapeutic efficacy and furthermore the possible mechanisms of action of TXER against NAFLD/NASH progression to hepatocarcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of TXER (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg b.w/day) was evaluated on the nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) model of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats, after 16 weeks of oral treatment, with special focus on liver specific enzymes, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation profile, DNA damage, fibrosis, cell proliferation and inflammatory status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of TXER to hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing rats restored the enzyme activities and the hepatic architecture. Furthermore, TXER significantly curtailed NDEA-induced DNA damage, cell proliferation, inflammation, fibrosis and hepatic hyperplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the evidence that troxerutin exerts a significant therapeutic effect against liver cancer by modulating liver function enzymes, xenobiotic enzymes, oxidative damage, inhibiting cell proliferation, suppressing inflammatory response and induction of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India.
authors.forename: Nisha Susan
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India.
authors.forename: Sivaranjani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arivalagan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India.
authors.forename: Aktarul Islam
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India. nalininam@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Namasivayam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006896:Hydroxyethylrutoside / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006896:Hydroxyethylrutoside; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; C005865:troxerutin
keywords: Cell proliferation; DNA damage; Fibrosis; Oxidative stress; Troxerutin; Xenobiotic metabolism