title: Prevention and Treatment of White Spot Lesions During and After Treatment with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: a Systematic Literature Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the systematic literature review is to update the evidence for the prevention of white spot lesions, using materials containing fluoride and/or casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate during and after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information search for controlled studies on humans published between January 2008 and February 2016 was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, The Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were: the English language, study on humans, patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, randomized or quasi-randomized controlled clinical studies fluoride-containing product or casein derivates used throughout the appliance therapy or straightaway after debonding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  326 articles were reviewed (Embase 141, PubMed 129, ScienceDirect 41, Cochrane 15). Twelve clinical studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Use of fluoridated toothpaste had a remineralizing effect on white spot lesions (WSLs) (P < 0.05); fluoride varnish and casein supplements were effective in prevention and early treatment of WSLs (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early detection of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment would allow implementing preventive measures to control the demineralization process before lesions progress. The systemic review has showed that the usage of fluoride and casein supplements in ameliorating white spot lesions during and after fixed orthodontic treatment is significantly effective. However the use of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate can be more beneficial than fluoride rinse in the reduction of demineralization spots.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas Lithuania.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lopatiene
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas Lithuania.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borisovaite
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas Lithuania.
authors.forename: Egle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lapenaite
keywords: casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex; dental white spot; fluoride; orthodontic brackets; orthodontics