title: Refining Stroke Prediction in Atrial Fibrillation Patients by Addition of African-American Ethnicity to CHA2DS2-VASc Score.
abstract: Prior studies show that African-American patients have a higher risk of stroke compared with Caucasians.
  
  
  
  This study hypothesized addition of African-American ethnicity to CHA2DS2-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, previous stroke, vascular disease, age 65 to 74, and female sex) score might improve stroke prediction in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  
  Medicare claims from January 2010 to December 2012 identified patients with newly diagnosed AF. The CHA2DS2-VASc was calculated on the basis of diagnoses in claims incurred during 12 months before first AF diagnosis. Ethnicity was identified from the Beneficiary Summary File. CHA2DS2-VASc-R score was calculated by giving 1 additional point for African-American ethnicity. The primary outcome was stroke, defined by primary diagnosis on acute inpatient admissions after the initial AF diagnosis. We used proportional hazards regression to determine the relationship between stroke and the CHA2DS2-VASc or a revised CHA2DS2-VASc-R score.
  
  
  
  Of 460,417 patients with AF, 390,590 (85%) were non-Hispanic whites, 31,702 (7%) were non-Hispanic African Americans, and the remainder were other non-white ethnicities. Mean age was 79.2 ± 8.0 years, with 60% females. Overall, 16,703 stroke events occurred, and 151,441 (32.7%) patients died during a mean follow-up period of 18.0 months. Compared with CHA2DS2-VASc, CHA2DS2-VASc-R score improved the fit of the model significantly as measured by the log likelihood ratio statistic (p < 0.001). Among individual risk factors in CHA2DS2-VASc-R score, only prior stroke, age ≥75 years, and female sex had a stronger association with incident stroke than African-American ethnicity.
  
  
  
  In patients >65 years of age with newly diagnosed AF, the addition of ethnicity to CHA2DS2-VASc score significantly improved stroke prediction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis Tennessee.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kabra
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.
authors.forename: Saket
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girotra
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa; Center for Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa. Electronic address: mary-vaughan-sarrazin@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaughan Sarrazin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: atrial fibrillation; ethnicity; risk score; stroke