title: Kinetic Resolution of the Interactions between Agrochemical Products and Adjuvant Systems upon Mixing.
abstract: The addition of an adjuvant to a pesticide usually occurs in a mix-tank, before spray application to the crop. Their interaction is potentially crucial to overall efficacy but has received little attention from a physical-chemical perspective. Study was undertaken by laser diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering to resolve these physical processes. It was shown that migration of the pesticide into the adjuvant droplet occurred in all cases studied. The level of transfer was dependent upon adjuvant level, adjuvant solubility, and surfactant level. For suspension pesticides, dissolution of crystallites within the droplet occurred to a degree limited by solubility. The results directly demonstrate the transfer of the pesticide into the adjuvant carrier. This indicates that for emulsion-based pesticides, application to the target is likely as a homogeneously mixed droplet, whereas for suspension pesticides, solubility may limit transfer and dissolution, leading to heterogeneity in the applied particles.
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Graham R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Bisset
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong Campus at Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.affiliation: Victorian Chemicals Pty., 83 Maffra Street, Coolaroo, Victoria 3048, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Victorian Chemicals Pty., 83 Maffra Street, Coolaroo, Victoria 3048, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Killick
authors.affiliation: SAXS/WAXS Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hawley
authors.affiliation: Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.|ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010316:Particle Size; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals; D010575:Pesticides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
keywords: adjuvant; mix-tank; pesticide; transfer