title: Development of a neurofeedback protocol targeting the frontal pole using near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neurofeedback has been studied with the aim of controlling cerebral activity. Near-infrared spectroscopy is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used for measuring hemoglobin concentration changes in cortical surface areas with high temporal resolution. Thus, near-infrared spectroscopy may be useful for neurofeedback, which requires real-time feedback of repeated brain activation measurements. However, no study has specifically targeted neurofeedback, using near-infrared spectroscopy, in the frontal pole cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed an original near-infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback system targeting the frontal pole cortex. Over a single day of testing, each healthy participant (n = 24) received either correct or incorrect (Sham) feedback from near-infrared spectroscopy signals, based on a crossover design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under correct feedback conditions, significant activation was observed in the frontal pole cortex (P = 0.000073). Additionally, self-evaluation of control and metacognitive beliefs were associated with near-infrared spectroscopy signals (P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neurofeedback system developed in this study might be useful for developing control of frontal pole cortex activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yahata
authors.affiliation: Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Homae
authors.affiliation: Department of Language Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuichiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Business Unit, Section 7, Product Solution Department, Hitachi, Ltd., Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.|Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000067489:Metacognition / Q000502:physiology*; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000379:methods*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D000068356:Self-Control; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*
keywords: metacognition; near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); neurofeedback; neuroimaging; prefrontal cortex