title: Effects of a Bioactive Scaffold Containing a Sustained Transforming Growth Factor-β1-releasing Nanoparticle System on the Migration and Differentiation of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This 2-part study hypothesized that a bioactive scaffold containing a sustained transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-releasing nanoparticle system will promote migration and enhance differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP). The study aimed to develop and characterize a novel modified chitosan-based scaffold containing TGF-β1-releasing chitosan nanoparticles (TGF-β1-CSnp) to enhance migration and differentiation of SCAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Part I concerns the synthesis and characterization of a carboxymethyl chitosan-based scaffold and TGF-β1-CSnp. Part II examines the effect of sustained TGF-β1 release from scaffold containing TGF-β1-CSnp on odontogenic differentiation of SCAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scaffold demonstrated properties conducive to cellular activities. The incorporation of TGF-β1 in CSnp allowed sustained release of TGF-β1, facilitating delivery of a critical concentration of TGF-β1 at the opportune time. TGF-β1 bioactivity was maintained for up to 4 weeks. SCAP showed greater viability, migration, and biomineralization in the presence of TGF-β1-CSnp than in the presence of free TGF-β1. SCAP cultured in TGF-β1-CSnp + scaffold showed significantly higher dentin matrix protein-1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein signals compared with free TGF-β1 + scaffold or CSnp + scaffold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experiments highlighted the potential of a carboxymethyl chitosan-based scaffold with growth factor releasing nanoparticles to promote migration and differentiation of SCAP. The results of this study may have direct application to improve current endodontic regenerative protocols.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Suja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torneck
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: akishen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kishen
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003771:Dental Papilla / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009805:Odontogenesis; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: Cell migration; chitosan nanoparticles; odontogenic differentiation; regenerative endodontic procedures; stem cells from apical papilla; transforming growth factor-β1