title: Deviations of different systems for guided implant surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the deviation of different systems for Guided Implant Surgery (GIS) related to the specific tolerance between drills and sleeves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different systems for GIS and their appropriate sleeves were used: Camlog Guide (CG), Straumann Guided Surgery (SG), SIC Guide (SIG), and NobelGuide (NG). System-appropriate metal sleeves were inserted into plexiglass boxes, and guided drilling procedure was performed (i) holding the drills in the most centric position of the sleeves and (ii) applying forces eccentrically. Digital microscope images of the plexiglass boxes were taken and axial deviations were calculated based on the Pythagorean Theorem, whereas coronal and apical deviations were measured with a corresponding software-device and calculated by subtracting the measured deviations from the original diameter of the drills. Statistically significant differences between centric and eccentric drilling were determined applying the t-test for independent data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The axial deviation ranged from 0° (SG) to 5.64° (CG). The apical deviations varied between 0.01 mm (SIG) and 3.2 mm (NG) and the coronal deviations ranged from 0.01 mm (SIG) to 1.60 mm (NG). In terms of angular deviation, there were statistically significant differences between centric and eccentric drilling for all four systems. Coronal and apical deviations, showed no statistical significance between centric and eccentric drilling for SIG and NG, in contrast to CG and SG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinician may have considerable impact on the accuracy of GIS when applying eccentric forces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Laederach
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mukaddam
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Payer
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Radiology and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kühl
mesh_terms: D003757:Dental Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D003762:Dental Instruments; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
keywords: accuracy; drill guide; guided surgery; sleeve; tolerance