title: Including α s1 casein gene information in genomic evaluations of French dairy goats.
abstract: Genomic best linear unbiased prediction methods assume that all markers explain the same fraction of the genetic variance and do not account effectively for genes with major effects such as the α s1 casein polymorphism in dairy goats. In this study, we investigated methods to include the available α s1 casein genotype effect in genomic evaluations of French dairy goats.
  
  
  
  First, the α s1 casein genotype was included as a fixed effect in genomic evaluation models based only on bucks that were genotyped at the α s1 casein locus. Less than 1 % of the females with phenotypes were genotyped at the α s1 casein gene. Thus, to incorporate these female phenotypes in the genomic evaluation, two methods that allowed for this large number of missing α s1 casein genotypes were investigated. Probabilities for each possible α s1 casein genotype were first estimated for each female of unknown genotype based on iterative peeling equations. The second method is based on a multiallelic gene content approach. For each model tested, we used three datasets each divided into a training and a validation set: (1) two-breed population (Alpine + Saanen), (2) Alpine population, and (3) Saanen population.
  
  
  
  The α s1 casein genotype had a significant effect on milk yield, fat content and protein content. Including an α s1 casein effect in genetic and genomic evaluations based only on male known α s1 casein genotypes improved accuracies (from 6 to 27 %). In genomic evaluations based on all female phenotypes, the gene content approach performed better than the other tested methods but the improvement in accuracy was only slightly better (from 1 to 14 %) than that of a genomic model without the α s1 casein effect.
  
  
  
  Including the α s1 casein effect in a genomic evaluation model for French dairy goats is possible and useful to improve accuracy. Difficulties in predicting the genotypes for ungenotyped animals limited the improvement in accuracy of the obtained estimated breeding values.
authors.affiliation: GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France. celine.carillier@toulouse.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9756-2645
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carillier-Jacquin
authors.affiliation: GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larroque
authors.affiliation: GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Christèle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert-Granié
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002364:Caseins / Q000235:genetics*; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006041:Goats / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins