title: Identification and Quantitative Assessment of Uremic Solutes as Inhibitors of Renal Organic Anion Transporters, OAT1 and OAT3.
abstract: One of the characteristics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the accumulation of uremic solutes in the plasma. Less is known about the effects of uremic solutes on transporters that may play critical roles in pharmacokinetics. We evaluated the effect of 72 uremic solutes on organic anion transporter 1 and 3 (OAT1 and OAT3) using a fluorescent probe substrate, 6-carboxyfluorescein. A total of 12 and 13 solutes were identified as inhibitors of OAT1 and OAT3, respectively. Several of them inhibited OAT1 or OAT3 at clinically relevant concentrations and reduced the transport of other OAT1/3 substrates in vitro. Review of clinical studies showed that the active secretion of most drugs that are known substrates of OAT1/3 deteriorated faster than the renal filtration in CKD. Collectively, these data suggest that through inhibition of OAT1 and OAT3, uremic solutes contribute to the decline in renal drug clearance in patients with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.|Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation & Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation & Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation & Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation & Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation & Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.
authors.forename: Shiew-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Giacomini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D027362:Organic Anion Transport Protein 1; D029362:Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent; C114338:organic anion transport protein 3; C024098:6-carboxyfluorescein
keywords: chronic kidney disease; organic anion transporter; regulatory science; uremic solute