title: Comparison of cardiac rehabilitation outcomes in individuals with respiratory, cardiac or no comorbidities: A retrospective review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the prevalence and impact of respiratory comorbidities on patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation (CR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of a CR database (1999 to 2004) of patients with ischemic heart disease with ≥10 pack per year (ppy) smoking history and respiratory comorbidities (RC), non-respiratory comorbidities (NRC) and no comorbidities (NC) was performed. Primary outcomes at zero, six and 12 months included peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), maximum workload, resting heart rate, ventilatory anaerobic threshold and anthropometrics. Analyses were performed on individuals who completed the program, adjusting for age, sex and baseline VO2peak.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 5922 patients, 1247 had ≥10 ppy smoking history: 77 (6.2%) had RC; 957 (76.7%) had NRC; and 213 (17.1%) had NC. The program completion rate for each group was similar for the RC (46.8%), NRC (55.8%) and NC groups (57.3%) (P=0.26). The RC group had the lowest baseline fitness levels (P<0.002). For VO2peak, there were significant differences among groups (P=0.02) and improvements over program duration (P<0.0001). There were no significant differences in other outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a low prevalence of patients with comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in CR when based on physician referral documentation. This is likely underestimated and/or reflects a referral bias. Diagnostic testing at CR entry would provide a more accurate measure of the prevalence and severity of disease. CR participation resulted in significant and similar improvements in most key CR outcomes in all groups including similar completion rate. A CR model was effective for patients with coexisting RCs. Strategies to improve access and diagnosis should be explored.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Mika L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nonoyama
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Susan Marzolini R
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oh
keywords: Aerobic execise; COPD; Cardiac rehabilitation; Comorbidities; Smokers