title: Treatment outcomes of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma with hemorrhagic shock: a multicenter study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spontaneous rupture is one of the most fatal complications of HCC. The incidence of HCC still remains a significant health problem in Eastern Asia. Many studies have shown that the in-hospital or 30-day mortality rates are as high as 25-100 %. It is often difficult to stratify these patients based on clinical manifestations and biochemical data, for deciding on an appropriate treatment strategy, especially when the patient's hemodynamic status is unstable. This study aimed to explore the clinical outcomes of treatment of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma with hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty two patients with hemorrhagic shock secondary to spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma were included in this retrospective study. The therapeutic methods included conservative treatment, transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) and hepatectomy. The outcomes in terms of 30 day and 1 year survival were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty five (21.6 %) received only conservative management, TAE was performed in 48 (29.6 %) and partial hepatectomy (emergency and staged) in 106 (65.4 %) patients. The 30-day survival rate was lower in patients receiving conservative treatment (8.6 %) than in those receiving either hepatectomy or TAE (88.2 %; P < 0.001). Conservative treatment was associated with poorer long-term survival (0 % at 1 year) when compared to those receiving either hepatectomy or TAE (54.3 % at 1 year; P < 0.001). The survival rates at 30 days and 1 year were 92.5 % and 59.4 % for the patients who underwent hepatectomy, which were significantly higher (66.7 and 28.6 % respectively) than those receiving TAE alone (P = 0.003 and P = 0.009, respectively). Multivariate Cox-regression analysis showed that hepatectomy and TAE were significant protective factors for survival as compared with conservative treatment (all P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Partial hepatectomy, tended to provide better survival than transcatheter arterial embolization alone or conservative treatment in the management of patients with hemorrhagic shock secondary to spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong Province China ; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518100 Guangdong Province China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong Province China.
authors.forename: Xin-Sheng
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong Province China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong Province China.
authors.forename: Shi-Bo
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong Province China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Jiangmen People's Hospital, Jiangmen, 529000 Guangdong Province China.
authors.forename: Hai-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Conservative treatment; Hemorrhagic shock; Hepatectomy; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Rupture; Transcatheter arterial embolization