title: Anticholinesterase, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity assessment of Xeranthemum annuum L. and isolation of two cyanogenic compounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Xeranthemum annuum L. (Asteraceae) (XA) is an ornamental and medicinal species with limited bioactivity and phytochemical data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Identification of anticholinesterase, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the flower and root-stem (R-S) extracts of XA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anticholinesterase (at 100 μg mL-1) and antioxidant (at 1000 μg mL-1) effects of various extracts were evaluated via microtiter assays, while anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the R-S extracts were tested using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema (100 and 200 mg kg-1) and p-benzoquinone (PBQ) writhing models (200 mg kg-1) in male Swiss albino mice. The R-S ethanol extract of XA was subjected to isolation studies using conventional chromatographic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the extracts showed inhibition over 85% against butyrylcholinesterase and no inhibition towards acetylcholinesterase. The flower chloroform and the R-S ethyl acetate extracts were most effective (97.85 ± 0.94% and 96.89 ± 1.09%, respectively). The R-S ethanol extract displayed a remarkable scavenging activity against DPPH (77.33 ± 1.99%) and in FRAP assay, while the hexane extract of the R-S parts possessed the highest metal-chelating capacity (72.79 ± 0.33%). The chloroform extract of the R-S caused a significant analgesic effect (24.4%) in PBQ writhing model. No anti-inflammatory effect was observed. Isolation of zierin and zierin xyloside, which were inactive in anticholinesterase assays, was achieved from the R-S ethanol extract.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of anticholinesterase, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and isolation of zierin and zierin xyloside from XA. Therefore, XA seems to contain antioxidant and BChE-inhibiting compounds.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ilkay Erdogan
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Fulya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gulyurdu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kupeli Akkol
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Sezer
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Senol
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arabaci Anul
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Iffet Irem
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Tatli
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Asteraceae; cholinesterase inhibition; zierin; zierin xyloside