title: Identification of food-grade subtilisins as gluten-degrading enzymes to treat celiac disease.
abstract: Gluten are proline- and glutamine-rich proteins present in wheat, barley, and rye and contain the immunogenic sequences that drive celiac disease (CD). Rothia mucilaginosa, an oral microbial colonizer, can cleave these gluten epitopes. The aim was to isolate and identify the enzymes and evaluate their potential as novel enzyme therapeutics for CD. The membrane-associated R. mucilaginosa proteins were extracted and separated by DEAE chromatography. Enzyme activities were monitored with paranitroanilide-derivatized and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates, and by gliadin zymography. Epitope elimination was determined in R5 and G12 ELISAs. The gliadin-degrading Rothia enzymes were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS as hypothetical proteins ROTMU0001_0241 (C6R5V9_9MICC), ROTMU0001_0243 (C6R5W1_9MICC), and ROTMU0001_240 (C6R5V8_9MICC). A search with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed that these are subtilisin-like serine proteases belonging to the peptidase S8 family. Alignment of the major Rothia subtilisins indicated that all contain the catalytic triad with Asp (D), His (H), and Ser (S) in the D-H-S order. They cleaved succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-paranitroanilide, a substrate for subtilisin with Pro in the P2 position, as in Tyr-Pro-Gln and Leu-Pro-Tyr in gluten, which are also cleaved. Consistently, FRET substrates of gliadin immunogenic epitopes comprising Xaa-Pro-Xaa motives were rapidly hydrolyzed. The Rothia subtilisins and two subtilisins from Bacillus licheniformis, subtilisin A and the food-grade Nattokinase, efficiently degraded the immunogenic gliadin-derived 33-mer peptide and the immunodominant epitopes recognized by the R5 and G12 antibodies. This study identified Rothia and food-grade Bacillus subtilisins as promising new candidates for enzyme therapeutics in CD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Guoxian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts;
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Genomics Group, Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands;
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Siezen
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schuppan
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; helmer@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Eva J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Helmerhorst
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology*; D002457:Cell Extracts; D000939:Epitopes / Q000378:metabolism; D005903:Gliadin / Q000378:metabolism; D005983:Glutens / Q000378:metabolism*; D013381:Subtilisins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D000939:Epitopes; D005983:Glutens; D005903:Gliadin; D013381:Subtilisins
keywords: Bacillus; Rothia; celiac disease; gluten; therapy