title: 3D morphometry aids facial analysis of individuals with a childhood cancer.
abstract: A group of patients who had cancer as a child were previously found to have distinct patterns of morphological abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the added value of 3D shape analysis to characterize their facial morphology. Primarily, we showed in an objective and quantitative manner that the overall facial dysmorphism of the individuals who had had a childhood cancer was significantly greater than that of the controls. We also demonstrated how the same approach can be used to detect a similar disparity for a more localized malar region comprising customized disconnected patches defined on both sides of the face. In addition, by comparing original face surfaces to their mirrored forms, we confirmed that the patient group had significantly greater facial asymmetry than the controls. Each of these results made use of surface shape differences not detectable by simple linear or angular characteristics as might be used in analyses based on measures captured manually or derived from landmarks annotating 2D photographic images. We conclude that 3D morphometric analysis of a relatively small heterogeneous patient group can further delineate face shape differences from typically developing individuals that are too subtle or geometrically complex to identify or quantify objectively with conventional clinical and anthropometric approaches. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia M J
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hopman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Merks
authors.affiliation: Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suttie
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raoul C M
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hennekam
authors.affiliation: Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. p.hammond@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005145:Face / Q000473:pathology*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 3D; childhood cancer; face shape differences; morphological abnormalities; morphometric analysis; three-dimensional imaging