title: A quantitative assessment of source contributions to fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated and hydroxylated derivatives in Hong Kong.
abstract: Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives are of great concern due to their adverse health effects. However, source identification and apportionment of these compounds, particularly their nitrated and hydroxylated derivatives (i.e., NPAHs and OHPAHs), in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Hong Kong are still lacking. In this study, we conducted a 1-year observation at an urban site in Hong Kong. PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivatives were measured, with median concentrations of 4590, 44.4 and 31.6 pg m-3for ∑21PAHs, ∑13NPAHs, and ∑12OHPAHs, respectively. Higher levels were observed on regional pollution days than on long regional transport (LRT) or local emission days. Based on positive matrix factorization analysis, four sources were determined: marine vessels, vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and a mixed source of coal combustion and NPAHs secondary formation. Coal combustion and biomass burning were the major sources of PAHs, contributing over 85% of PAHs on regional and LRT days. Biomass burning was the predominant source of OHPAHs throughout the year, while NPAHs mainly originated from secondary formation and fuel combustion. For benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-based PM2.5toxicity, the mixed source of coal combustion and NPAHs secondary formation was the major contributor, followed by biomass burning and vehicle emissions.
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
authors.forename: Yiqiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
authors.forename: Yubo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China. Electronic address: xhqiu@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xinghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China. Electronic address: dihu@hkbu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D003031:Coal; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D006723:Hong Kong; D006900:Hydroxylation; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D003031:Coal; D009566:Nitrates; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Hong Kong; Marine vessels; PM(2.5)-bound PAHs and the derivatives; Regional transport; Source apportionment