title: Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Bocaviruses 1-4 in Pediatric Patients with Various Infectious Diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Viral infections caused by human bocaviruses 1-4 (HBoV1-4) are more complicated than previously believed. A retrospective, large-scale study was undertaken to explore the prevalence of HBoV1-4 in pediatric patients with various infectious diseases and delineate their phylogenetic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical samples from four specimen types, including 4,941 respiratory, 2,239 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 2,619 serum, and 1,121 fecal specimens, collected from pediatric patients with various infectious diseases were screened for HBoV1-4. A 690-nt fragment in each specimen was then amplified and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Clinical characteristics of HBoV-positive patients with different specimen types available were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 1.2% of patients were confirmed as HBoV-positive, with the highest positive rate in patients with gastrointestinal infection (2.2%), followed by respiratory (1.65%), central nervous system (0.8%), and hematological infections (0.2%). A single genetic lineage of HBoV1 circulated among children over the 8-year period, while a new cluster of HBoV2, via intra-genotype recombination between HBoV2A and HBoV2B, was prevalent. Some patients had HBoV1-positive respiratory and serum specimens or fecal specimens. Several cases became HBoV1-positive following the appearance of respiratory infection, while several cases were positive for HBoV2 only in CSF and serum specimens, rather than respiratory specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single genetic lineage of HBoV1 is speculated as a viral pathogen of respiratory infection and causes both comorbid infection and acute gastroenteritis. Additionally, a new cluster of HBoV2 is prevalent in China, which may infect the host through sites other than the respiratory tract.
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Runan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huijin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Key Beijing Laboratory of Viral Disease Etiology, Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Linqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D056661:Human bocavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral