title: Association of echocardiographic parameters with mortality in hospitalized patients with lupus nephritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increasing evidence shows that the cardiac involvement attributes to the mortality of patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and echocardiography provides a valid measurement for cardiac disease. However, the association between echocardiographic parameters and mortality in LN patients without cardiac disease history remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between echocardiographic parameters and the mortality in hospitalized LN patients without cardiac disease history.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 436 LN patients without cardiac disease history who underwent echocardiography at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2014, were enrolled into this study. The association between echocardiographic parameters and all-cause and cardiac mortality of LN patients was examined by the Cox proportional hazards model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this cohort study, the median duration of follow-up was 18 months. Among 436 hospitalized LN patients, 88 patients (20.2%) died. Of them, 38 patients (43.2%) died of cardiac disease. Cardiac symptoms, high systolic blood pressure, high serum levels of C-reactive protein, low serum albumin, low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were found to be independently associated with increased all-cause mortality. Furthermore, the cardiac symptoms, low eGFR, increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and decreased LVEF were independently correlated with an increased cardiac mortality risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased LVEF was associated with increased all-cause and cardiac mortality and increased LVMI was an independent risk factor for cardiac mortality in hospitalized LN patients without cardiac disease history.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Junzhe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Mingsheng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Huizhen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Cunjie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Anping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
keywords: all-cause mortality; cardiac mortality; left ventricular ejection fraction; left ventricular mass index; lupus nephritis