title: LBW and IUGR temporal trend in 4 population-based birth cohorts: the role of economic inequality.
abstract: Low/medium income countries, with health inequalities present high rates of neonates having low birthweight and/or are small for the gestational age. This study aims to analyze the absolute and relative income inequality in the occurrence of low birthweight and small size for gestational age among neonates in four birth cohorts from southern Brazil in 1982, 1993, 2004, and 2011.
  
  
  
  The main exhibit was monthly family income. The outcomes were birth with low birthweight or small for the gestational age. The inequalities were calculated using the Slope Index of Inequality and the Relative Index of Inequality adjusted for maternal skin color, schooling, age, and marital status.
  
  
  
  In all birth cohorts, poorer mothers were at greater odds of having neonates with low birthweight or small for the gestational age. There was a tendency to decrease the prevalence of small for gestational age in poorer families associated with the reduction of inequalities over the past decades, which was not observed regarding low birthweight.
  
  
  
  Economic inequalities occurred in neonates with low birthweight and with intrauterine growth restriction in the four studies, with a higher incidence of inadequate neonatal outcomes in the poorer families.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Marechal Campos Ave., 1468 - Maruipe, Vitória, ES, Zip code: 29040-091, Brazil. adisadovsky@gmail.com.|Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil. adisadovsky@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana D I
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sadovsky
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.|Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matijasevich
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iná S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelica E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariangela F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Silveira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D016015:Logistic Models; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Income; Inequality; Intrauterine growth restriction; Low birthweight; Poverty; Preterm; Small for the gestational age