title: Gastroprotective potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Pattanga (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pattanga is botanically equated as Caesalpinia sappan Linn. (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) and is used in Ayurveda system of medicine since ages. According to Ayurveda, useful part is Heartwood, which is bitter, astringent and acrid and is useful in vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, burning sensation, wounds, ulcers, leprosy, skin diseases, menorrhagia, leucorrhea, and diabetes. It is used as a major ingredient in Ayurvedic formulations and preparations like Patrangasava, Chandanadya Thalia, and Karpuradyarka.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study is planned to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of the selected Ayurvedic drug using three different in vivo gastric ulcer models, so as to provide scientific evidence for the Ayurvedic claims.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this study, Wistar albino rats fasted overnight were selected. The hydroalcoholic extract of Caesalpinia sappan heartwood at the dose level 250 and 500mg/kg body weight was selected and administered orally before necrotizing agents. Antioxidant and antiulcer parameters were evaluated and the stomach samples were subjected for histopathological studies. In addition, PGE2 estimation and protein expressions of COX-1, COX-2 and iNOS were analyzed by Western blot. The plant extract was subjected to LCMS/MS analysis. In addition, Cytoprotective effect in isolated gastric mucosal cells, TUNEL Assay, Acid neutralizing capacity assay, H+/K+ATPase inhibitory assay were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ulcer protection was found to be 92%, 86% and 64% against ethanol, NSAID and pylorus ligation induced ulcer respectively. The hydro-alcoholic extract of C. sappan heartwood exhibited cytoprotective effect with 76.82% reduction against indomethacin-induced cytotoxicity at the concentration of 25µg/ml. C. sappan showed 63.91% inhibition in H+/K+ATPase inhibitory assay at the concentration 500µg/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results depict that Caesalpinia sappan heartwood possesses gastroprotective activity, possibly mediated through cytoprotection and antioxidant mechanisms. The data obtained in the present study provides scientific support for the traditional use of Caesalpinia sappan in the management of peptic ulcer.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
authors.forename: David Raj
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Chellappan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Purushothaman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India. Electronic address: brindha@carism.sastra.edu.
authors.forename: Pemiah
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brindha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D029911:Caesalpinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017506:H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D000431:Ethanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496513:Ptgs1 protein, rat; D017506:H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Antiulcer; Caesalpinia sappan; LCMS/MS; Pattanga