title: Incretin-Based Therapies for Diabetic Complications: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence.
abstract: An increase in the rates of morbidity and mortality associated with diabetic complications is a global concern. Glycemic control is important to prevent the development and progression of diabetic complications. Various classes of anti-diabetic agents are currently available, and their pleiotropic effects on diabetic complications have been investigated. Incretin-based therapies such as dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are now widely used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. A series of experimental studies showed that incretin-based therapies have beneficial effects on diabetic complications, independent of their glucose-lowering abilities, which are mediated by anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress properties. Based on these findings, clinical studies to assess the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1RA on diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications have been performed. Several but not all studies have provided evidence to support the beneficial effects of incretin-based therapies on diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. We herein discuss the experimental and clinical evidence of incretin-based therapy for diabetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan. daijika@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Daiji
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kawanami
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan. matoba@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matoba
authors.affiliation: Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan. sango-kz@igakuken.or.jp.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sango
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan. kazu-utsunomiya@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Utsunomiya
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054795:Incretins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
keywords: DPP-4; GLP-1; cardiovascular disease; diabetes; diabetic complications; glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP); incretin