title: Inhibitory effect of the extract of Phellodendron amurense ruprecht root on collagen-induced arthritis in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the dried root of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht (Phellodendri cortex; PC) extract improves arthritic symptoms through anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects in collagen-induced arthritis in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was induced in male DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen (ColII). CIA mice were divided into 5 groups (n=10 per a group) with normal, CIA control, PC extract (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg)-treated, and meloxicam (50 mg/kg)-treated as the reference drug. The PC extract or meloxicam were administered orally in CIA mice once a day for 14 days after arthritis induction. Arthritic score, levels of anti-ColII IgG2aantibody, prostaglandin E2(PGE2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-17 in the sera of CIA mice were measured. Histopathological changes in the ankle joints of CIA mice were also analyzed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E), safranin-O and immunohistochemistry using anti-TNF-α and anti-IL-17 antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The arthritic score was increased in CIA mice in a time-dependent manner, as were the serum levels of anti-ColII IgG2aantibody, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-17. However, the oral administration of PC extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg in CIA mice significantly decreased the arthritic scores, and the serum levels of anti-ColII IgG2a, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-17 compared with those in the CIA group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, histopathological improvement of the joint architecture in CIA mice was observed after administration of PC extract. PC extract also significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-α and IL-17 in the joints of CIA mice by suppressing the expression of their mRNA and proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC extract may improve the pathological progression of RA through the inhibition of joint destruction by synovial inflammation and immune-stimulation, therefore, it would be a potential anti-arthritic agent in RA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea. tenzing2@hanmail.net.|Korean Medicine Research and Development Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea. tenzing2@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hyo Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Acupuncture, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea.|Korean Medicine Research and Development Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 740-814, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000276:immunology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005121:Extremities / Q000473:pathology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007596:Joints / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D032102:Phellodendron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024043:Collagen Type II; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D020381:Interleukin-17; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Phellodendri cortex; Phellodendron amurense; anti-arthritic effect; collagen-induced arthritis