title: Synthesis and evaluation of an (18)F-labeled pyrimidine-pyridine amine for targeting CXCR4 receptors in gliomas.
abstract: Chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4, fusin, CD184) is expressed on several tissues involved in immune regulation and is upregulated in many diseases including malignant gliomas. A radiolabeled small molecule that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier can aid in identifying CXCR4-expressing gliomas and monitoring CXCR4-targeted therapy. In the current work, we have synthesized and evaluated an [(18)F]-labeled small molecule based on a pyrimidine-pyridine amine for its ability to target CXCR4.
  
  
  
  The nonradioactive standards and the nitro precursor used in this study were prepared using established methods. An HPLC method was developed to separate the nitro-precursor from the nonradioactive standard and radioactive product. The nitro-precursor was radiolabeled with (18)F under inert, anhydrous conditions using the [(18)F]-kryptofix 2.2.2 complex to form the desired N-(4-(((6-[(18)F]fluoropyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)benzyl)pyrimidin-2-amine ([(18)F]-3). The purified radiolabeled compound was used in serum stability, partition coefficient, cellular uptake, and in vivo cancer targeting studies.
  
  
  
  [(18)F]-3 was synthesized in 4-10% decay-corrected yield (to start of synthesis). [(18)F]-3 (tR ≈ 27 min) was separated from the precursor (tR ≈ 30 min) using a pentafluorophenyl column with an isocratic solvent system. [(18)F]-3 displayed acceptable serum stability over 2 h. The amount of [(18)F]-3 bound to the plasma proteins was determined to be > 97%. The partition coefficient (LogD7.4) is 1.4 ± 0.5. Competitive in vitro inhibition indicated 3 does not inhibit uptake of (67)Ga-pentixafor. Cell culture media incubation and ex vivo urine analysis indicate rapid metabolism of [(18)F]-3 into hydrophilic metabolites. Thus, in vitro uptake of [(18)F]-3 in CXCR4 overexpressing U87 cells (U87 CXCR4) and U87 WT indicated no specific binding. In vivo studies in mice bearing U87 CXCR4 and U87 WT tumors on the left and right shoulders were carried out using [(18)F]-3 and (68)Ga-pentixafor on consecutive days. The CXCR4 positive tumor was clearly visualized in the PET study using (68)Ga-pentixafor, but not with [(18)F]-3.
  
  
  
  We have successfully synthesized both a radiolabeled analog to previously reported CXCR4-targeting molecules and a nitro precursor. Our in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that [(18)F]-3 is rapidly metabolized and, therefore, does not target CXCR4-expressing tumors. Optimization of the structure to improve the in vivo (and in vitro) stability, binding, and solubility could lead to an appropriate CXCR4-targeted radiodiagnositic molecule.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Dustin Wayne
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Demoin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shindo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Hanwen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serganova
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Naga Vara Kishore
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Pillarsetty
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: blasberg@neuro1.mskcc.org.
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Blasberg
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; D004355:Drug Stability; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D054879:Halogenation; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011854:Radiochemistry; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; C030986:pyrimidine; C023666:pyridine
keywords: (18)F; CXCR4; Dipyrimidine amine; Pyrimidine-pyridine amine; Radiosynthesis