title: Do gender and birth height of infant affect calorie of human milk? An association study between human milk macronutrient and various birth factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to analyze the macronutrient of human milk (HM) and to find out the various maternal-infantile factors that can affect HM composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  478 HM samples were collected from healthy and exclusively breast-feeding mothers who delivered healthy term neonates within 3 months. Macronutrient of the samples was analyzed and the birth data were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate logistic regression analysis, various maternal-infantile factors were found to be associated with HM composition changes; higher fat: cesarean section (OR = 2.47, p < 0.001) and birth height (OR = 0.84, p = 0.004); higher protein: postpartum age (OR = 0.89, p < 0.001); higher carbohydrate: vaginal delivery (OR = 0.50, p = 0.005) and female infant (OR = 0.56, p = 0.012); higher calorie: postpartum age (OR = 0.95, p = 0.003), female infant (OR = 0.33, p = 0.017), and birth height (OR = 0.74, p < 0.001). Female infant (OR = 0.36, p = 0.029), birth height (OR = 0.73, p = 0.001), and postpartum age (OR = 0.95, p = 0.005) were found as independent risk factors for higher HM calorie.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various maternal-infantile factors were found to affect HM composition. Interestingly, delivery mode, gender of infant, and birth height were associated with changes in HM macronutrient as well as postpartum age.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University, Seoul Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Won-Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pediatrics , School of Medicine, Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan Hospital , Cheonan , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joon-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: c Faculty of Art and Philosophy and Faculty of Political and Social Sciences , Ghent University , Belgium , and.
authors.forename: Seunghyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: d Department of Nursing, Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nam Mi
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D008894:Milk Proteins
keywords: Breast milk; calorie; fat; protein