title: Phytochemicals and potential health effects of Sambucus williamsii Hance (Jiegumu).
abstract: Sambucus williamsii Hance (Jiegumu) is traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat bone and joint diseases. The major phytochemicals in S. williamsii are lignans, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, together with trace amounts of essential oils, minerals, amino acids, and natural pigments. In this review, a database search for studies published from 1990 to November 2015 was conducted using PubMed, the China Academic Journals Full-Text Database, and Google Scholar with the keywords "Sambucus williamsii Hance", "Sambucus williamsii", "Sambucus williamsii + clinic", "Sambucus williamsii + biology", "Sambucus williamsii + chemicals", and "Jiegumu", which covered chemical studies, cell culture studies, animal experiments, and clinical studies. This article reviewed the compounds isolated from S. williamsii that may reduce the risk of cancer, and exert antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bone fracture healing, and antiosteoporotic effects.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 China ; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Hui
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Spine Research Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China.
authors.forename: Xin-Sheng
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Shenzhen Research Institute of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518057 China ; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Man-Sau
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wong