title: Target and non-target toxicity of botanical insecticide derived from Couroupita guianensis L. flower against generalist herbivore, Spodoptera litura Fab. and an earthworm, Eisenia foetida Savigny.
abstract: Botanical insecticides may provide alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling Spodoptera litura (F.) and they are target specific, biodegradable, and harmless to mammals. Eight natural chemical compounds with larvicidal activity were identified from fraction F6 of C. guianensis flower extract. Probit analysis of 95% confidence level exposed an LC50 of 223ppm against S. litura third instar larvae. The growth and development of S. litura was affected in sub-lethal concentrations of fraction F6 (50, 100, 150 and 200ppm) compared to controls. Similarly nutritional indices values decreased significantly compared to controls. Fraction F6 also damaged the gut epithelial layer and brush border membrane (BBM). This study also resolved the effects of toxicity to non-target earthworm treated with fraction F6 and chemical pesticides (monotrophos and cypermethrin) and the results showed that fraction F6 had no harmful effect on E. fetida. Further, fraction F6 was eluted and sub fractions F6c (50ppm) showed high mortality against S. litura third instar larvae. Octacosane from fraction F6c was established and confirmed using IR spectrum and HPLC. The time of retention of fraction F6c was confirmed with the octacosane standard. Fraction F6 of C. guianensis extract caused dose-dependent mortality towards S. litura. Octacosane in fraction F6c was establish to be the prominent chemical compound associated with causing mortality but other compounds present in the fraction F6 were shown to be associated with changes in development of S. litura at low dosages. S. litura at low dosage. Therefore, these findings suggest that octacosane may be one of the major insecticidal compounds affecting S. litura survival.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Athirstam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponsankar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Prabhakaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasantha-Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: senthil@msuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sengottayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil-Nathan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanigaivel
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Edward-Sam
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selin-Rani
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627802 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kandaswamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalaivani
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Treasure Coast Chemistry Consultants, LLC 107 Lakes End Drive, Apt. B Ft. Pierce, FL 34982, USA.
authors.forename: Rocco T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Alessandro
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21531, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-Megeed
authors.affiliation: Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Crop Science, 181, Hyeoksin-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chae-Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035264:Flowers / Q000187:drug effects; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects; D060434:Herbivory; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin
keywords: Cannonball flower; Earthworm; Food consumption; Histology; Longevity; Octacosane larval mortality; Tropical armyworm secondary metabolites