title: Have adults lost their sense of play? An observational study of the social dynamics of physical (in)activity in German and Hawaiian leisure settings.
abstract: Physical inactivity is one of the biggest health problems nowadays. Recent research shows that socio-cultural barriers to physical activity are mostly related to modern lifestyles. However, there is a lack of research on how social and group dynamics influence engagement in physical activity. Furthermore, there are few cross-cultural studies that have compared the social dynamics of (in)activity in different cultural settings. This paper therefore aims to analyse how social group dynamics influence physical activity and inactivity in informal social environments and whether physical activity is influenced by the socio-cultural settings.
  
  
  
  The paper presents the qualitative data collected within a covert participant observation study. Data was collected by keeping observational notes in order to record typical, regular patterns regarding physical (in)activity related behaviour of groups at an artificial open air swimming pool in Germany and a natural pond in Hawai'i. The data collection period was eight and a half months. Data was interpreted based on constant comparative analysis in order to identify most generative patterns in the field notes.
  
  
  
  Group structures appear to play a significant role regarding the activity of the group members. In this study, we identified four key factors that influence group based physical activity: 1) Physical activity seems to be a group disturbing behaviour particularly in larger groups of adults; 2) Physical activity appears to be more functional and less joyful in adults than in children; 3) Group activity is influenced by (in)activity anchors, including 'domestication' of a group's site, obesity, and controlling parents. 4) Physical activity is to a certain extent socially contagious, particularly with regard to playful activities.
  
  
  
  Successful promotion of physical activity should target the social structures of inactive individuals' groups. In this regard, one of the main problems is that fun and wellbeing, as very important targets of public health strategies for the adult population, appear not to be compatible with physical activity. Developing strategies to reframe physical activity rather as 'fun' and less as functional may be one way to engage inactive individuals in physical activity in leisure settings.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. ansgar.thiel@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9217-0442
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hendrik K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Thedinga
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Samantha L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barkhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Giel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Olesia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Syra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zipfel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D010988:Play and Playthings; D057181:Pleasure; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Group activity; Leisure settings; Observational study; Physical activity; Social dynamics