title: Solvent bar micro-extraction with graphite atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of silver in ocean water.
abstract: Main drawbacks for silver determination in seawater are the effects of samples matrix and that Ag appears in the sub ng L(-1). Available methods for sample preparation in Ag analysis are based on solid and liquid extraction using tedious process that increase the cost of analysis and the risk of sample contamination, producing important waste amounts. Solvent bar micro-extraction (SBME) allows the pre-concentration of Ag in a micro-volume of the ionic liquid Aliquat 336® in kerosene solution. For this reason, it is considered as a green alternative to standard methods. The method has been optimized using synthetic seawater samples, offering the highest response for samples at pH=2, using 5% Aliquat 336® dissolved in kerosene containing 5% dodecan-1-ol as acceptor solution and after 1h stirring at 800rpm. The method exhibited linearity up to 50ngL(-1), with a limit of detection of 0.09ngL(-1), covering the concentration range of interest for environmental studies. Finally, it was applied for determination of Ag in real seawater samples, and the results were compared with the reference method of liquid-liquid extraction with 1-pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate and diethylammonium-diethyldithiocarbamate, showing the applicability of ionic liquid based SBME using Aliquat 336(®) for the simple monitoring of silver ultra-traces in seawater analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: joseantonio.lopezlopez@uca.es.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: López-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herce-Sesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moreno
keywords: Ionic liquid; Seawater; Silver; Solvent bar micro-extraction; Ultra-trace analysis