title: Negative ion mode atmospheric pressure ionization methods in lignin mass spectrometry: A comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure ionization is the most promising method for studying the structure of natural lignin, which is the second most abundant biopolymer in nature. The goal of this study is to compare the efficiency and characteristics of different types of ionization techniques (ESI, APCI, and APPI) in the negative ion mode by the example of softwood lignin.
  
  
  METHODS
  As the subjects of the study, we selected a preparation of spruce dioxane lignin and several phenols, simulating the basic structural fragments of the lignin macromolecule. High-resolution mass spectra were recorded using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Acetone was used as a solvent for samples and a dopant in photoionization mode. The ionization conditions were optimized to achieve the maximum intensity of the mass spectra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The formation of deprotonated lignin molecules is characteristic of all the studied types of ionization; partial fragmentation of the biopolymer occurs in all ionization modes. ESI in the presence of ammonia yields low-intensity signals, leads to a significant decrease in ionization efficiency with increasing molecular weight of lignin oligomers, gives high-intensity impurity peaks in the mass spectra, and demonstrates selectivity for more polar structures. The ionization efficiency increases sharply in the order of ESI < APCI < APPI. The two latter methods are characterized by similar mechanisms of ionization; they ensure detection of approximately 1900 spruce lignin oligomers in the range of molecular weights up to 1.8 kDa. The determination of the elemental composition of oligolignols enabled the four main groups of compounds to be distinguished.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photoionization using acetone as a dopant is distinguished by a significantly higher intensity of signals and the lowest sensitivity to contaminants present in the lignin preparation. This ionization method can be considered as preferred for studying the dioxane lignin preparations of woody plants. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.|Institute of Ecological Problems of the North, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5223-6857
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kosyakov
authors.affiliation: Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.|Institute of Ecological Problems of the North, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Nikolay V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Ul'yanovskii
authors.affiliation: Core Facility Center 'Arktika', Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Anikeenko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ecological Problems of the North, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalia S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Gorbova
mesh_terms: D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D008031:Lignin