title: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood neuroblastoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior epidemiological studies suggest a possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood neuroblastoma. A meta-analysis was performed statistically surmising all available observational studies on this topic in order to evaluate the potential correlation of maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood neuroblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published literature was obtained from PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane library, and all studies were inclusive until July 2014. Data from epidemiological studies were combined using a general variance-based meta-analytic method employing 95% confidence intervals. The outcome of interest was shown as odds ratio (OR) reflecting the risk of neuroblastoma development associated with smoking while pregnant. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven case-control studies meeting protocol specified inclusion criteria were obtained through a comprehensive literature search. These studies enrolled a total of 1909 patients and 15,683 controls. Analysis for homogeneity demonstrated that the data were heterogeneous (P < 0.05) and could be statistically combined with randomized effect model. Combining all seven reports yielded an OR of 1.28 (1.01-1.62), a statistically significant result suggesting possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood neuroblastoma development (P = 0.005). There was no association between the dosage of maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of neuroblastoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available epidemiological data support a possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and pediatric neuroblastoma development.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huanmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shujing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yaqiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University; Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yongli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University,, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ni
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D017594:Publication Bias; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*