title: Beyond Contact Tracing: Community-Based Early Detection for Ebola Response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa raised many questions about the control of infectious disease in an increasingly connected global society. Limited availability of contact information made contact tracing diffcult or impractical in combating the outbreak.
  
  
  METHODS
  We consider the development of multi-scale public health strategies that act on individual and community levels. We simulate policies for community-level response aimed at early screening all members of a community, as well as travel restrictions to prevent inter-community transmission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis shows the policies to be effective even at a relatively low level of compliance and for a variety of local and long range contact transmission networks. In our simulations, 40% of individuals conforming to these policies is enough to stop the outbreak. Simulations with a 50% compliance rate are consistent with the case counts in Liberia during the period of rapid decline after mid September, 2014. We also find the travel restriction to be effective at reducing the risks associated with compliance substantially below the 40% level, shortening the outbreak and enabling efforts to be focused on affected areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the multi-scale approach can be used to further evolve public health strategy for defeating emerging epidemics.
authors.affiliation: New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.affiliation: New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yaneer
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bar-Yam