title: Botulinum Toxin for Rhinitis.
abstract: Rhinitis is a common clinical entity. Besides nasal obstruction, itching, and sneezing, one of the most important symptoms of rhinitis is nasal hypersecretion produced by nasal glands and exudate from the nasal vascular bed. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory reaction of nasal mucosa after exposure to environmental allergens. Idiopathic rhinitis describes rhinitis symptoms that occur after non-allergic, noninfectious irritants. Specific allergen avoidance, topical nasal decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and sinonasal surgery are the main treatment options. Because the current treatment modalities are not enough for reducing rhinorrhea in some patients, novel treatment options are required to solve this problem.
  
  
  
  Botulinum toxin is an exotoxin generated by Clostridium botulinum. It disturbs the signal transmission at the neuromuscular and neuroglandular junction by inhibiting the acetylcholine release from the presynaptic nerve terminal. It has been widely used in neuromuscular, hypersecretory, and autonomic nerve system disorders. There have been a lot of published articles concerning the effect of this toxin on rhinitis symptoms. Based on the results of these reports, intranasal botulinum toxin A administration appears to be a safe and effective treatment method for decreasing rhinitis symptoms in rhinitis patients with a long-lasting effect. Botulinum toxin type A will be a good treatment option for the chronic rhinitis patients who are resistant to other treatment methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey. cozcan@mersin.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Cengiz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ozcan
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ismi
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Botulinum toxin A; Idiopathic rhinitis; Rhinitis; Vasomotor rhinitis