title: CLOSING MACULAR HOLES WITH "MACULAR PLUG" WITHOUT GAS TAMPONADE AND POSTOPERATIVE POSTURING.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the surgical results of macular hole surgery without gas tamponade or postoperative posturing in patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 macular holes with ≥500 μm mean base diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective interventional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 macular holes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six eyes of 26 patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 macular holes and a mean base diameter of 892.8 ± 349 μm underwent pars plana 23-gauge vitrectomy with broad internal limiting membrane peel (ILM peel), inverted ILM flap repositioning (ILMR), and use of autologous gluconated blood clumps as a macular plug to close the macular hole. No fluid-air exchange, endotamponade, or postoperative posturing was used. The subjects were followed up for 12 months. The anatomical outcome of the procedure was evaluated by fundus examination and optical coherence tomography. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to study the restoration of the outer retinal layer integrity in the postoperative period. The preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuities in logMAR units were compared to evaluate functional outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macular hole closure and best-corrected visual acuity before and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients with mean age 62.8 ± 7.3 years, preoperative median best-corrected visual acuity 6/60 (1.0 logMAR units), and a mean base diameter of 892.8 ± 349 μm underwent surgery to close macular holes without gas tamponade or postoperative posturing. Twenty patients (76.9%) were phakic. Twenty eyes (76.92%) had Stage 3 macular holes and 6 eyes (23.10%) had Stage 4 macular holes. After a single surgery, hole closure was achieved in 100% of eyes. The median best-corrected visual acuity improved from 6/60 (1.0 logMAR units) to 6/18 (0.50 logMAR units) (P < 0.001). Three patients needed cataract surgery at 12-month follow-up. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-three-gauge pars plana vitrectomy combined with broad ILM peeling, use of ILMR and autologous gluconated blood clumps as a macular plug is effective in achieving satisfactory hole closure with statically significant functional improvement for large Stage 3 and Stage 4 macular holes.
authors.affiliation: Chakrabarti Eye Care Centre, Trivandrum, India.
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Preethi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Keya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.forename: Arup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000601:surgery; D001769:Blood; D058450:Endotamponade; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D016684:Prone Position; D012167:Retinal Perforations / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons