title: Through experience to boldness? Deactivation of neophobia towards novel and aposematic prey in three European species of tits (Paridae).
abstract: European tits (Paridae) exhibit species-specific levels of initial wariness towards aposematic prey. This wariness may be caused by neophobia, dietary conservatism or innate bias against particular prey traits. We assessed the contribution of these three mechanisms to the behaviour of juvenile tits towards novel palatable prey and novel aposematic prey. We compared levels of initial wariness in great tits (Parus major), blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) and coal tits (Periparus ater), and tested how the wariness can be deactivated by experience with a palatable prey. One group of birds was pre-trained to attack familiar naturally coloured mealworms the other one, novel red-painted mealworms. Then all the birds were offered a novel palatable prey of different colour and shape: cricket (Acheta domestica) with blue sticker, and then a novel aposematic firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus). The three species of tits differed in how the experience with a novel palatable prey affected their behaviour towards another novel prey. Great tits and coal tits from experienced groups significantly decreased their neophobia towards both palatable prey and aposematic prey while blue tits did not change their strongly neophobic reactions. The interspecific differences may be explained by differences in body size, geographic range, and habitat specialisation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic. Electronic address: adamova.jezova@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adamová-Ježová
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Eliška
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hospodková
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fuchsová
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Štys
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Exnerová
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000067558:Biological Mimicry / Q000502:physiology*; D005060:Europe; D046109:Passeriformes; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Aposematism; Dietary conservatism; Innate wariness; Interspecific difference; Neophobia; Paridae