title: Stigma and its correlates among patients with bipolar disorder: A study from a tertiary care hospital of North India.
abstract: This study aimed to assess stigma and its sociodemographic and clinical correlates among patients with bipolar disorder while in remission. 185 patients currently in remission were assessed on Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMIS) for internalized stigma, Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue Stigma Scale for perceived stigma and Participation scale for restriction of activities. About 28% patients reported moderate to high level of self stigma as assessed by ISMIS total score. Discrimination experience (38.9%) was reported to be the most commonly experienced self stigma followed by alienation (28.6%) and social withdrawal (28.6%). On the participation scale, about two-fifth (42%) of the participants had severe restriction of activities. Internalized stigma was higher among those with lower age and lesser income. Higher level of stigma was associated with shorter mean duration of remission, income, mean duration of depressive episodes, higher severity of residual depressive symptoms and current level of functioning. Higher internalized stigma was associated with greater restriction in participation of activities. To conclude, present study suggests that self stigma is highly prevalent among patients with bipolar disorder in India and is associated with clinical variables like duration of depressive episodes and level of functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India. Electronic address: drsandeepg2002@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grover
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hazari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Jitender
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aneja
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Subho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakrabarti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avasthi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report; D057545:Social Stigma; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Internalized stigma; Perceived stigma; Stigma