title: Levonorgestrel butanoate intramuscular injection does not reliably suppress ovulation for 90 days in obese and normal-BMI women: a pilot study.
abstract: We performed a pilot evaluation of a new formulation of levonorgestrel butanoate (LB) designed to be a long-acting injectable (6 months) contraceptive to determine pharmacodynamic end points in normal-body mass index (BMI) and obese women.
  
  
  
  Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and normal-BMI, otherwise healthy, women received a single intramuscular injection of LB after ovulation was confirmed in a baseline cycle. The primary outcome was return of ovulation in days.
  
  
  
  A total of 14 women enrolled and completed the study [normal BMI n=9, median BMI 22.7kg/m2(range 19.4-25.8); obese n=5, median BMI 35.7kg/m2(30.1-39.2)]. The first 6 subjects (normal BMI=4/9, obese BMI=2/5) received 40 mg of LB, and the remaining 8 received 20 mg. All women except one returned to ovulation prior to 6 months. Return to ovulation occurred earlier in the obese group; 3/5 obese and 0/9 normal BMI subjects returned to ovulation within 90 days (p=.03). No serious adverse events were reported during the study.
  
  
  
  Return to ovulation was earlier than 6 months in both BMI groups but more so in the obese BMI group.
  
  
  
  Since return of ovulation was earlier than expected for this LB injectable formulation, additional steps are needed to develop a preparation suitable as a longer-lasting product.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR. Electronic address: edelmana@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: Alison B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; CONRAD, Arlington, VA.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cherala
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pau
authors.affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
authors.forename: Diana L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Blithe
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR.
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D009644:Norgestrel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D009922:Oregon; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D009644:Norgestrel; C095485:levonorgestrel butanoate
keywords: Body weight; Contraception; Contraceptive injection; Levonorgestrel butanoate; Obesity; Pharmacokinetics