title: The Association between Coffee Consumption and Bone Status in Young Adult Males according to Calcium Intake Level.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between coffee consumption and bone status (bone mineral density and bone metabolism-related markers) according to calcium intake level in Korean young adult males. Healthy and nonsmoking males (19-26 years, n = 330) participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes were surveyed. Bone status of the calcaneus was measured by using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Bone metabolism-related markers including serum total alkaline phosphatase activity (TALP), N-mid osteocalcin (OC), and type 1 collagen C-terminal telopeptide (1CTP) were analyzed. The subjects were divided into two groups based on daily calcium intake level: a calcium-sufficient group (calcium intake ≥ 75% RI, n = 171) and a calcium-deficient group (calcium intake < 75% RI, n = 159). Each group was then further divided into three subgroups based on daily average coffee consumption: no-coffee, less than one serving of coffee per day, and one or more servings of coffee per day. There were no significant differences in height, body weight, body mass index, energy intake, or calcium intake among the three coffee consumption subgroups. QUS parameters and serum 1CTP, TALP, and OC were not significantly different among either the two calcium-intake groups or the three coffee consumption subgroups. Our results may show that current coffee consumption level in Korean young men is not significantly associated with their bone status and metabolism according to the calcium intake level.
authors.affiliation: Devision of Food Science, Kongju National University, Gongju 32439, Korea .
authors.forename: Mi-Kyeong
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Korea .
authors.forename: Mi-Hyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1828-0955
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Bone status; Calcium intake; Coffee consumption; Young adult males