title: Ethnopharmacological study and topical anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract from Poikilacanthus glandulosus (Nees) Ariza leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethnopharmacological studies are important tools as records and documentation of the empirical uses of medicinal plants in traditional communities with the purpose of generating useful knowledge to lead to the development of new medicines, biodiversity conservation and enhancement of knowledge and local culture. Poikilacanthus glandulosus is widely used by the population of City of Santiago, in Brazil, nevertheless, it does not have any validation regarding its use and its medicinal effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to perform one ethnopharmacological survey about P. glandulosus in the City of Santiago and determine the anti-inflammatory activity in order to prove its uses in popular medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Personal and ethnopharmacological data were collected through a prepared questionnaire. The phytochemical analysis was performed observing the individual methodology for each reaction and by HPLC-UV. The antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory (cell infiltration and histological procedure) activities of the P. glandulosus (0.01-1000μg/ear) were evaluated in the ear edema model induced by topical application of croton oil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P. glandulosus is known in City of Santiago as "Gaiana" and its macerated leaves and branches are prepared with alcohol or sugarcane liquor especially for insect bites, cicatrization and inflammation. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of maslinic acid (2.024±0.10mg/g), uvaol (0.124±0.02mg/g) and sitosterol (0.502±0.05mg/g). The topical application of crude extract of P. glandulosus reduced in a dose-dependent manner the croton oil-induced ear edema and myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophils infiltration marker) with maximum inhibition of 87±2% and 64±12%, respectively at 1000µg/ear. Dexamethasone (100µg/ear), used as a positive control, inhibited croton oil-induced ear edema in 89±3% and decreased myeloperoxidase activity in 50±3%. Both P. glandulosus as dexamethasone reduced cell infiltration when evaluated by histological procedure CONCLUSION: This work allowed us to understand the specie P. glandulosus through ethnopharmacological study and it showed that the crude extract presented antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory actions, proving their traditional use as anti-inflammatory.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. Electronic address: thichaim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thiele Faccim
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: de Brum
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camponogara
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: da Silva Jesus
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bianca Vargas
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Belke
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piana
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Augusti
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Brum
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sara Marchesan
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Barcellos
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: da Rosa
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Camobi Campus, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Freitas Bauermann
mesh_terms: D027901:Acanthaceae; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003436:Croton Oil / Q000009:adverse effects; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D003436:Croton Oil
keywords: Acanthaceae; Anti-inflammatory activity; Gaiana; Secondary metabolites; Traditional knowledge