title: Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 prevents cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane anesthesia in aged rats via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects mediated by the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rg1 is the primary active substance in ginseng, and it has multiple pharmacological actions. Investigations on the pharmacologic action of ginsenoside Rg1 have developed, with a particular focus on the regulation of metabolism. The present study hypothesized that the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 prevent cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane anesthesia via antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑apoptotic effects, mediated by the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase‑3β (GSK‑3β) pathway in aged rats. Sprague‑Dawley rats were divided into isoflurane and ginsenoside Rg1 groups and were treated with 20 mg/kg ginsenoside Rg1 for 7 days. Morris water maze was performed to analyze the cognitive function of the rats. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays were used to analyze the levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and caspase 3. The protein expression levels of AKT, GSK 3β, p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 were measured using western blot analysis. Ginsenoside Rg1 significantly improved cognitive function, and exhibited antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects, demonstrating the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 against the effect of isoflurane anesthesia in the rats. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 significantly reduced caspase‑3 activity, upregulated the expression of PI3K/AKT/GSK‑3β and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 in the aged rats exposed to isoflurane anesthesia. The data obtained in the present study provided evidence that the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 prevented the cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane anesthesia via antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑apoptotic effects, mediated by the PI3K/AKT/GSK‑3β pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yini
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Beidaihe Sanatorium of Beijing Military Command, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haitang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yaoping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shaoqiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Si
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D007530:Isoflurane; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1