title: Toxicity of beauvericin on porcine oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development.
abstract: Beauvericin (BEA) is one of many toxins produced by Fusarium species that contaminate feed materials. The aim of this study was to assess its effects on porcine oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes and developing embryos were exposed to BEA and cultured until the blastocyst stage. Cumulus cells, oocytes and embryos were examined for viability, progesterone synthesis, multidrug resistance protein (MDR1), ATP content and gene expression related to MDR1 function, oxidative phosphorylation, steroidogenesis and apoptosis. BEA was toxic in embryos, oocytes and cumulus cells at concentrations exceeding 0.5μM, and embryos were most vulnerable after the four-cell stage. Since BEA exerted different effects in embryos, oocytes and cumulus cells, the toxic mechanism is suggested to involve different pathways. Currently there are no consistent data on adverse effects of BEA in pig farms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: E.J.Schoevers@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Schoevers
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Regiane R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fink-Gremmels
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bernard A J
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Roelen
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054885:Cumulus Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000633:toxicity*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D047630:Depsipeptides; C004456:beauvericin; D011374:Progesterone; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: Beauvericin; Mycotoxin; Oocyte; Pig; Preimplantation embryo