title: A Depressive Endophenotype for Predicting Cognitive Decline among Mexican American Adults and Elders.
abstract: Late life depression is a prodromal feature and a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We identified five items in the Geriatric Depression scale (DepE) that are important as a risk for MCI and AD: memory problems, feeling blue, crying, feeling worthless, and trouble concentrating.
  
  
  
  Our goal was to examine the relationship between DepE and cognition in a cohort of Mexican Americans.
  
  
  
  Data from 317 Mexican Americans from the HABLE study were analyzed. DepE scores were dichotomized into two groups: endorsement of 1 item or less, and endorsement of 2 or more items. Cognition was assessed via neuropsychological tests, and diagnosis was based on consensus review. We utilized linear regression to examine the association between DepE and cognitive performance, and logistic regression to examine the utility of DepE in predicting MCI. To examine the impact of DepE on memory over 12 months, we performed ANOVA analysis.
  
  
  
  Elevated DepE scores were associated with poorer performance on various measures of memory and cognition, but not executive or visual spatial skills. Over 12 months, we found a decline in immediate memory among women but not men. Those with high scores were 4 times more likely to have MCI. ANOVA of total scores revealed differences between groups on immediate memory (p < 0.05) in women, with no significant differences on delay recall in either gender.
  
  
  
  DepE can be utilized in Mexican Americans to identify those at risk of memory related cognitive decline.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Leigh A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamboa
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vintimilla
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weiser
authors.affiliation: Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Menaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dickensheets
authors.affiliation: Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sid E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: O'Bryant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D000066492:Cognitive Aging; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D058068:Endophenotypes; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012737:Sex Factors; D013028:Space Perception; D014796:Visual Perception
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Mexican American; cognitive decline; depression; endophenotype; mild cognitive impairment