title: Complement Component 1, s Subcomponent Overexpression is an Independent Poor Prognostic Indicator in Patients with Urothelial Carcinomas of the Upper Urinary Tract and Urinary Bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and upper tract is prevalent. By subjecting a documented transcriptome data set of urothelial carcinoma of bladder (GSE31684) to data mining and focusing on genes linked to peptidase activity (GO:0008233), we recognized C1S as the most significantly upregulated gene related to an advanced tumor status and metastasis. We subsequently analyzed the association of both C1S mRNA and its encoded protein expression with the clinical and pathological significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect C1S transcription levels in 20 cases each of urothelial carcinoma of bladder and upper tract. An immunohistochemical stain was conducted to determine C1s protein expression levels in patients with urothelial carcinoma of upper tract (n = 340) and urinary bladder (n = 295). Furthermore, we examined the correlation of C1s expression with clinicopathological characteristics, disease-specific survival, and metastasis-free survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C1S transcription levels were significantly high in patients with advanced-stage tumors of both groups (all P < .05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that C1s expression levels were significantly associated with adverse clinicopathological parameters in both groups of urothelial carcinoma (all P < .05). C1s overexpression predicted poor disease-specific and metastasis-free survival rates for both urothelial carcinoma groups in the univariate analysis, and it was also an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis (all P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C1s may play a pivotal role in urothelial carcinoma progress and can represent a vital prognostic marker and a promising new therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: I-Wei
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Victor Chia-Hsiang
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Wen-Jen
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Peir-In
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Wei-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Bi-Wen
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Hong-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Alex Chien-Hwa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;
authors.forename: Ti-Chun
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan;; Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: C1S gene; Complement component 1s; Prognosis.; Urothelial carcinoma