title: Detection and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Strains Producers of Extended-Spectrum and CMY-2 Type Beta-Lactamases, Isolated from Turtles in Mexico.
abstract: Multidrug-resistant bacteria are a growing problem in different environments and hosts, but scarce information exists about their prevalence in reptiles. The aim of this study was to analyze the resistance mechanisms, molecular typing, and plasmid content of cefotaxime-resistant (CTX(R)) Escherichia coli isolates recovered from cloacal samples of 71 turtles sheltered in a herpetarium in Mexico. CTX(R)-E. coli were recovered in 11 of 71 samples (15.5%), and one isolate/sample was characterized. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates were detected in four samples (5.6%): two strains carried the blaCTX-M-2 gene (phylogroup D and ST2732) and two contained the blaCTX-M-15 gene (phylogroup B1 and lineages ST58 and ST156). The blaCMY-2 gene was detected by PCR in E. coli isolates of eight samples (9.8%) (one of them also carried blaCTX-M-2); these isolates were distributed into phylogroups A (n = 1), B1 (n = 6), and D (n = 1) and typed as ST155, ST156, ST2329, and ST2732. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were detected in five isolates [aac(6')Ib-cr, qnrA, qnrB19, and oqxB]. From three to five replicon plasmids were detected among the strains, being IncFIB, IncI1, IncFrep, and IncK the most prevalent. ESBL or pAmpC genes were transferred by conjugation in four strains, and the blaCTX-M-15 and blaCMY-2 genes were localized in IncFIB or IncI1 plasmids by Southern blot hybridization assays. Class 1 and/or class 2 integrons were detected in eight strains with six different structures of gene cassette arrays. Nine pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were found among the 11 studied strains. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of ESBL, CMY-2, PMQR, and mobile determinants of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli of turtle origin, highlighting the potential dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria from these animals to other environments and hosts, including humans.
authors.affiliation: 1 Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cortés-Cortés
authors.affiliation: 1 Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lozano-Zarain
authors.affiliation: 2 Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja , Logroño, Spain .
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: 1 Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.affiliation: 3 Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: Gabriela Moreno
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: 2 Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja , Logroño, Spain .
authors.forename: Carla A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.affiliation: 1 Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: López-Pliego
authors.affiliation: 3 Escuela de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: María G Gutiérrez
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mayen
authors.affiliation: 1 Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: Ygnacio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Martínez-Laguna
authors.affiliation: 1 Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla , Puebla, Mexico .
authors.forename: Rosa Del Carmen
authors.initials: Rdel C
authors.lastname: Rocha-Gracia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002988:Cloaca / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D014426:Turtles / Q000382:microbiology*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: CMY-2; ESBL; Escherichia coli; Mexico; multidrug-resistance; turtles