title: Human exposure and risk assessment associated with mercury pollution in the Caqueta River, Colombian Amazon.
abstract: Mercury (Hg) is a global contaminant posing severe risks to human health worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of total Hg (T-Hg) in human hair and fish in the Caqueta River, at the Colombian Amazon, as well as to determine fish consumption-based risks for T-Hg ingestion. T-Hg levels were measured using a direct mercury analyzer. The overall mean T-Hg level in hair for humans in the Caqueta River sample (n = 200) was 17.29 ± 0.61 μg/g (1.2 to 47.0 μg/g). Ninety-four percent of the individuals had hair T-Hg concentrations greater than the WHO threshold level (5 μg/g), and 79 % displayed levels higher than 10 μg/g. Average Hg concentrations in fish varied between 0.10-0.15 μg/g and 0.10-1.60 μg/g, for noncarnivorous and carnivorous species, respectively. Based on the maximum allowable fish consumption rate for adults, most carnivorous species should be avoided in the diet, as their target hazard quotient ranged from 2.96 up to 31.05, representing a risk for Hg-related health problems. In the light of existing evidence for elevated Hg levels in the indigenous population of the Colombian Amazon, carnivorous fish should be restricted as part of the diet, and breastfeeding should be reduced to protect children health. Most importantly, gold mining activities directly on rivers demand immediate attention from the national government to avoid extensive damage on the environment and human health.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia. joliverov@unicartagena.edu.co.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olivero-Verbel
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carranza-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caballero-Gallardo
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla Campus, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ripoll-Arboleda
authors.affiliation: PNN Yaigojé Apaporis, National Parks of Colombia, Avenida Internacional 4-85, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Sosa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D003105:Colombia; D004032:Diet; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006046:Gold; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006046:Gold; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Breastfeeding; Human health; Pollution; Toxicity