title: Unique Clones of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor with Haitian Type ctxB Allele Implicated in the Recent Cholera Epidemics from Nigeria, Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genetic characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O1, which is responsible for several cholera epidemics in Nigeria, are not reported in detail since 2007. In this study, we screened V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype isolates from cholera cases and water samples from different states to investigate their phenotypic and genetic attributes with special reference to their clonality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor isolates isolated during 2007-2013 were susceptible to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline, the drugs currently used in the treatment of cholera cases in Nigeria. Emergence of CT genotype 7 (Haitian type of ctxB allele) was predominantly seen among Ogawa serotype and the CT genotype 1 (classical ctxB allele) was mostly found in Inaba serotype. Overall, V. cholerae O1 from clinical and water samples were found to be closely related as determined by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. V. cholerae isolates from Abia, Kano and Bauchi were found to be genetically distinct from the other states of Nigeria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fecal contamination of the water sources may be the possible source of the cholera infection. Combined prevalence of Haitian and classical ctxB alleles were detected in Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, respectively. This study further demonstrated that V. cholerae O1 with the ctxB has been emerged similar to the isolates reported in Haiti. Our findings suggest that the use of fluoroquinolones or tetracycline/doxycycline may help in the effective management of acute cholera in the affected Nigerian states. In addition, strengthening the existing surveillance in the hospitals of all the states and supply of clean drinking water may control cholera outbreaks in the future.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Science Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Akinsinde Kehinde
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9500-006X
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Adewale
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Gururaja Perumal
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pazhani
authors.affiliation: Molecular biology & Biotechnology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Iwalokun Bamidele
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Abiodun
authors.affiliation: Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluwadun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Afolabi
authors.affiliation: Danifol foundation, Onipanu, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olukoya Daniel
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Kolawole
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Asish K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Thanadarayan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramamurthy
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002771:Cholera / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D065288:Serogroup; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D041241:Vibrio cholerae O1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D002772:Cholera Toxin; D013752:Tetracycline