title: Depression during the perimenopause: A meta-analysis.
abstract: Women are believed to be more vulnerable to develop a depression or depressive symptoms during the perimenopause. Estimates from individual studies are heterogeneous and hence true risk estimate is unknown.
  
  
  
  This study investigated the risk on clinical depression and depressive symptoms during the perimenopause when compared to other female hormonal stages.
  
  
  
  We performed a meta-analysis of 11 studies identified in Pubmed, Web of Science and the Cochrane library (up to July 2015). Studies were included when the perimenopause was defined according the criteria of Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). The outcome measures were Odds Ratio's (OR) on depression diagnosis and depressive symptoms and standardized mean difference (Hedges's g) in depression scores during each menopausal stage.
  
  
  
  The odds to develop a depression were not significantly higher during the perimenopause than in the premenopause (OR=1.78 95% CI=0.99-3.2; p=0.054). A higher risk was found on depressive symptoms during the perimenopause as compared to the premenopause (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.48-2.71; p<0.001) but not compared to the postmenopause (OR=1.07, 95% CI=0.737-1.571; p=0.70). There was a higher symptom severity of depression in the perimenopause when compared to the premenopause (Hedges's g=0.44, 95% CI=0.11-0.73, p=0.007). The odds on vasomotor symptoms and depression were 2.25 (95% CI=1.14-3.35; p<0.001) during the perimenopause.
  
  
  
  Time interval in measuring the depressive symptoms was different in studies. Menopausal symptoms possibly may have confounded our results by increasing the scores on depression questionnaires. Publication bias needs to be considered.
  
  
  
  The perimenopause is a phase in which women are particular vulnerable to develop depressive symptoms and have higher symptom severity compared to the premenopause. There are indications that vasomotor symptoms are positively related to depressive symptoms during menopausal transition.
authors.affiliation: PsyQ Depression Department, Women's Mental Health, Lijnbaan 4, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.dekruif@psyq.nl.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Kruif
authors.affiliation: PsyQ Depression Department, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Spijker
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Molendijk
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Depression; Menopause; Woman