title: Sexual objectification in women's daily lives: A smartphone ecological momentary assessment study.
abstract: Sexual objectification, particularly of young women, is highly prevalent in modern industrialized societies. Although there is plenty of experimental and cross-sectional research on objectification, prospective studies investigating the prevalence and psychological impact of objectifying events in daily life are scarce. We used ecological momentary assessment to track the occurrence of objectifying events over 1 week in the daily lives of young women (N = 81). Participants reported being targeted by a sexually objectifying event - most often the objectifying gaze - approximately once every 2 days and reported witnessing sexual objectification of others approximately 1.35 times per day. Further, multilevel linear regression analyses showed that being targeted by sexual objectification was associated with a substantial increase in state self-objectification. Overall, individual differences had little impact in moderating these effects.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6550-3811
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.|Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koval
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stratemeyer
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haslam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D032981:Dehumanization; D000072860:Ecological Momentary Assessment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012649:Self Concept; D000068997:Smartphone; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ecological momentary assessment/experience sampling; self-objectification; sexual objectification; street harassment