title: Gingerol activates noxious cold ion channel TRPA1 in gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: TRPA1 channels are non-selective cation channels that could be activated by plant-derived pungent products, including gingerol, a main active constituent of ginger. Ginger could improve the digestive function; however whether ginger improves the digestive function through activating TRPA1 receptor in gastrointestinal tract has not been investigated. In the present study, gingerol was used to stimulate cell lines (RIN14B or STC-1) while depletion of extracellular calcium. TRPA1 inhibitor (rethenium red) and TRPA1 gene silencing via TRPA1-specific siRNA were also used for mechanistic studies. The intracellular calcium and secretion of serotonin or cholecystokinin were measured by fura-2/AM and ELISA. Stimulation of those cells with gingerol increased intracellular calcium levels and the serotonin or cholecystokinin secretion. The gingerol-induced intracellular calcium increase and secretion (serotonin or cholecystokinin) release were completely blocked by ruthenium red, EGTA, and TRPA1-specific siRNA. In summary, our results suggested that gingerol derived from ginger might improve the digestive function through secretion releasing from endocrine cells of the gut by inducing TRPA1-mediated calcium influx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Qi
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Lin-Lan
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ling
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Di
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Ulah-Khan
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Farhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Nawaz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Waqas
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Ding
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing 211800, China. Electronic address: hanltcm@163.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China. Electronic address: zhxhedu@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; C473350:TRPA1 protein, human; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels; C007845:gingerol; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Cholecystokinin; Gingerol; Intracellular calcium; Serotonin; TRPA1