title: AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL CARE OF PATIENTS WITH OBESITYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYComplete Guidelines available at https://www.aace.com/publications/guidelines.
abstract: Development of these guidelines is mandated by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Board of Directors and the American College of Endocrinology (ACE) Board of Trustees and adheres to published AACE protocols for the standardized production of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).
  
  
  
  Recommendations are based on diligent review of clinical evidence with transparent incorporation of subjective factors.
  
  
  
  There are 9 broad clinical questions with 123 recommendation numbers that include 160 specific statements (85 [53.1%] strong [Grade A], 48 [30.0%] intermediate [Grade B], and 11 [6.9%] weak [Grade C], with 16 [10.0%] based on expert opinion [Grade D]) that build a comprehensive medical care plan for obesity. There were 133 (83.1%) statements based on strong (best evidence level [BEL] 1 = 79 [49.4%]) or intermediate (BEL 2 = 54 [33.7%]) levels of scientific substantiation. There were 34 (23.6%) evidence-based recommendation grades (Grades A-C = 144) that were adjusted based on subjective factors. Among the 1,788 reference citations used in this CPG, 524 (29.3%) were based on strong (evidence level [EL] 1), 605 (33.8%) were based on intermediate (EL 2), and 308 (17.2%) were based on weak (EL 3) scientific studies, with 351 (19.6%) based on reviews and opinions (EL 4).
  
  
  
  The final recommendations recognize that obesity is a complex, adiposity-based chronic disease, where management targets both weight-related complications and adiposity to improve overall health and quality of life. The detailed evidence-based recommendations allow for nuanced clinical decision-making that addresses real-world medical care of patients with obesity, including screening, diagnosis, evaluation, selection of therapy, treatment goals, and individualization of care. The goal is to facilitate high-quality care of patients with obesity and provide a rational, scientific approach to management that optimizes health outcomes and safety.
  
  
  
  A1C = hemoglobin A1c AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ACE = American College of Endocrinology AMA = American Medical Association BEL = best evidence level BMI = body mass index CCO = Consensus Conference on Obesity CPG = clinical practice guideline CSS = cross-sectional study CVD = cardiovascular disease EL = evidence level FDA = Food and Drug Administration GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease HDL-c = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol IFG = impaired fasting glucose IGT = impaired glucose tolerance LDL-c = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol MNRCT = meta-analysis of non-randomized prospective or case-controlled trials NE = no evidence PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome RCT = randomized controlled trial SS = surveillance study U.S = United States.
authors.forename: W Timothy
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Garvey
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Mechanick
authors.forename: Elise M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Ania M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jastreboff
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nadolsky
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pessah-Pollack
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plodkowski
mesh_terms: D000072097:Endocrinologists; D004704:Endocrinology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life