title: Using facial electromyography to detect preserved emotional processing in disorders of consciousness: A proof-of-principle study.
abstract: To examine whether emotional functioning can be observed in patients who are behaviourally non-responsive using peripheral markers of emotional functioning.
  
  
  
  We tested two patients, both diagnosed as being in a vegetative state (VS) following hypoxia secondary to cardiac arrest. Thirty-seven healthy participants with no history of neurological illness served as a control group. The activity of two facial muscles (zygomaticus major, corrugator supercilii) was measured using facial electromyography (EMG) to probe for patterned responses that differentiate between auditorily presented joke and non-joke stimuli in VS patients.
  
  
  
  One of the two VS patients we tested demonstrated greater zygomatic and reduced corrugator activity in response to jokes compared with non-jokes. Critically, these responses followed the pattern and temporal profile of muscle activity observed in our healthy control sample.
  
  
  
  Despite their behaviorally non-responsive profile, some patients diagnosed as VS appear to retain some aspects of emotional experience.
  
  
  
  Our findings represent, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that a patient diagnosed as VS can exhibit intact emotional responses to humor as assessed by facial EMG. Therefore, our approach may constitute a feasible bedside tool capable of providing novel insight into the mental and emotional lives of patients who are behaviourally non-responsive.
authors.affiliation: Brain & Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada. Electronic address: cfiacco@uwo.ca.
authors.forename: Chris M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Fiacconi
authors.affiliation: Brain & Mind Institute and Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada.
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Owen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003244:Consciousness Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D014925:Wit and Humor as Topic / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Disorders of consciousness; Emotion; Facial electromyography; Vegetative state