title: Rice ingestion is a major pathway for human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in China.
abstract: Although organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been shown to accumulate in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments, data about OPFRs concentrations in various foods are limited and are none in humans through diets. In this work, the concentrations of 6 typical OPFRs were investigated in 50 rice samples, 75 commonly consumed foods and 45 human hair samples from China. The dietary intakes of OPFRs for adult people via food ingestion were estimated. The concentrations of ΣOPFRs in foods ranged from 0.004ng/g to 287ng/g. OPFRs were detected in 53.3% of the human hair samples. The highest OPFRs concentrations were found in rice and vegetables. Tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP), and tri(2-ethyltexyl)phosphate(TEHP) were predominant in all food samples. OPFRs concentrations in foods were not significantly affected by the packaging materials. The mean dietary intakes of ΣOPFRs for adult males and females were 539 and 601ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. The greatest contribution to these values is from rice, accounting for approximately 60% of the total intake, particularly from rice protein. Rice ingestion was considered a potential major pathway for human exposure to OPFRs, and regional differences in the levels of OPFRs in foods and dietary differences should be given more attention in the future.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Xingli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agro-environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Chaoxiu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. Electronic address: huxiangang@nankai.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiangang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. Electronic address: qxzhou523@163.com.
authors.forename: Qixing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D004032:Diet; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005504:Food Analysis; D018857:Food Packaging; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D010755:Organophosphates
keywords: Dietary intake; Food; Human exposure; OPFRs; Rice