title: Studying the Propensity of Compounds to Supersaturate: A Practical and Broadly Applicable Approach.
abstract: Supersaturating drug delivery systems can enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drug compounds. Supersaturation of such compounds has been studied in many different ways; however, a more standardized method is required. The rationale of choosing suitable concentrations of supersaturation to study has previously been very inconsistent. This makes comparisons between studies and compounds difficult, as the propensity of compounds to supersaturate varies greatly. This study presents a standardized method to study the supersaturation of drug compounds. The method allows, both, for a ranking of compounds according to their supersaturation propensity and the effectiveness of precipitation inhibitors. The time-concentration profile of supersaturation and precipitation was studied in situ for 4 different concentrations for 6 model compounds (albendazole, aprepitant, danazol, felodipine, fenofibrate, and tadalafil) in the μDISS Profiler™ in fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid. A relation between the induction time of nucleation and the initial supersaturated concentration could be established based on classical nucleation theory. The model compounds had different propensities to upersaturate. The data show that a single degree of supersaturation or concentration would not have described the different systems adequately. The method could be used in early preformulation for characterization of supersaturation propensity of novel compounds or precipitation inhibitor effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palmelund
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cecilie Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plum
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Bioner:FARMA, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. Electronic address: anette.mullertz@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müllertz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rades
mesh_terms: D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: excipients; gastrointestinal; oral drug delivery; precipitation; preformulation; supersaturation