title: Cardiovascular Disease Consequences of CKD.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease, defined as reduced glomerular filtration rate (estimated using serum creatinine- and/or serum cystatin C-based equations) or excess urinary protein excretion, affects approximately 13% of adult Americans and is linked to a variety of clinical complications. Although persons with end-stage renal disease requiring chronic dialysis therapy experience a substantially high cardiovascular burden, whether mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events has been more controversial. This review evaluates the current evidence about the clinical and subclinical cardiovascular consequences associated with chronic kidney disease of varying levels of severity. In addition, it discusses the predictors of adverse cardiovascular outcomes while also focusing on recent insights into the relationships between chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study, a large current prospective cohort study of adults from across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. Electronic address: Alan.S.Go@kp.org.
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D009026:Mortality; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; cardiovascular disease; heart failure; myocardial infarction; risk factor