title: Empty nano and micro-structured lipid carriers of virgin coconut oil for skin moisturisation.
abstract: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the finest grade of coconut oil, rich in phenolic content, antioxidant activity and contains medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). In this work formulation, characterisation and penetration of VCO-solid lipid particles (VCO-SLP) have been studied. VCO-SLP were prepared using ultrasonication of molten stearic acid and VCO in an aqueous solution. The electron microscopy imaging revealed that VCO-SLP were solid and spherical in shape. Ultrasonication was performed at several power intensities which resulted in particle sizes of VCO-SLP ranged from 0.608 ± 0.002 µm to 44.265 ± 1.870 µm. The particle size was directly proportional to the applied power intensity of ultrasonication. The zeta potential values of the particles were from -43.2 ± 0.28 mV to -47.5 ± 0.42 mV showing good stability. The cumulative permeation for the smallest sized VCO-SLP (0.608 µm) was 3.83 ± 0.01 µg/cm(2) whereas for larger carriers it was reduced (3.59 ± 0.02 µg/cm(2)). It is concluded that SLP have the potential to be exploited as a micro/nano scale cosmeceutical carrying vehicle for improved dermal delivery of VCO.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norhayati Mohamed
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shehzad, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abid Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rosnani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hasham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shehzad, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talib
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Roji
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sarmidi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioproduct Development (N22), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ramlan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia. azila@ibd.utm.my.
authors.forename: Azila Abd
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Aziz
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002214:Capsules / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D063465:Skin Cream / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D008081:Liposomes; D053769:Nanocapsules; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074263:Coconut Oil