title: Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Associated With Endurance Exercise on Muscle Fibres and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1 α Isoforms.
abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to improve muscle hypertrophy, steroidogenesis, physical activity, and endurance capacity in mice, although the molecular mechanisms of its actions are not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to identify whether CLA alters the expression of any of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) isoforms, and to evaluate the possible existence of fibre-type-specific hypertrophy in the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles. Mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: placebo sedentary, CLA sedentary, placebo trained, or CLA trained. The CLA groups were gavaged with 35 μl per day of Tonalin® FFA 80 food supplement containing CLA throughout the 6-week experimental period, whereas the placebo groups were gavaged with 35 μl sunflower oil each day. Each administered dose of CLA corresponded to approximately 0.7 g/kg or 0.5%, of the dietary daily intake. Trained groups ran 5 days per week on a Rota-Rod for 6 weeks at increasing speeds and durations. Mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and hind limb posterior muscle groups were dissected and used for histological and molecular analyses. Endurance training stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC1α isoforms (tot, α1, α2, and α3) but CLA supplementation did not stimulate PGC1α isoforms or mitochondrial biogenesis in trained or sedentary mice. In the plantaris muscle, CLA supplementation induced a fibre-type-specific hypertrophy of type IIx muscle fibres, which was associated with increased capillary density and was different from the fibre-type-specific hypertrophy induced by endurance exercise (of types I and IIb muscle fibres). J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1086-1094, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barone
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sangiorgi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marino Gammazza
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cappello
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.|Department of Anatomy, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: Cristoforo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pomara
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zummo
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Felicia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Felice
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.|eCampus University, Novedrate (CO), Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macaluso
mesh_terms: D000263:Adenylate Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000187:drug effects; D037102:Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037102:Lectins; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C485290:Ppargc1a protein, mouse; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D000263:Adenylate Kinase