title: Comparisons of orthodontic root resorption under heavy and jiggling reciprocating forces during experimental tooth movement in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Root mobility due to reciprocating movement of the tooth (jiggling) may exacerbate orthodontic root resorption (ORR). "Jiggling" describes mesiodistal or buccolingual movement of the roots of the teeth during orthodontic treatment. In the present study, buccolingual movement is described as "jiggling." We aimed to investigate the relationship between ORR and jiggling and to test for positive cell expression in odontoclasts in resorbed roots during experimental tooth movement (jiggling) in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were divided into control, heavy force (HF), optimal force (OF), and jiggling force (JF) groups. The expression levels of cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 protein, interleukin (IL)-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1; an IL-8-related protein in rodents), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin protein in the dental root were determined using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On day 21, a greater number of root resorption lacunae, which contained multinucleated odontoclasts, were observed in the palatal roots of rats in the JF group than in rats from other groups. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the numbers of cathepsin K-positive and MMP-9-positive odontoclasts in the JF group on day 21. Immunoreactivities for IL-6, CINC-1, and RANKL were stronger in resorbed roots exposed to jiggling than in the other groups on day 21. Negative reactivity was observed in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that jiggling may induce ORR via inflammatory cytokine production during orthodontic tooth movement, and that jiggling may be a risk factor for ORR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hikida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kikuta
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasai
keywords: Experimental tooth movement; Orthodontic force; Root resorption; Rreciprocating movement