title: Long-term survival after chronic subdural haematoma.
abstract: Outcome after chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is invariably assumed favourable: however, little data regarding long term survival (LTS) exists. One study reported excess mortality restricted to year 1, but with expected actuarial rates thereafter. We aimed to determine LTS after CSDH in a retrospective analysis relative to actuarial data from age-matched controls. Data was obtained in n=155, (M:F 97:58, 69.3±2.3years). Follow-up maxima was 14.19years (mean: 4.02±3.07years, median: 5.2years). Mortality in-hospital, at 6months, 1year, 2years and 5years was n=13 (8.39%), n=22 (14.19%), n=31 (20.35%), n=42 (27.1%) and n=54 (34.84%). LTS was significantly worse than controls (5.29±0.59years vs. 17.74±1.8years, hazard ratio [HR]: 3.52, P<0.0001). Death most frequently related to pneumonia/sepsis and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Median modified Rankin score (mRS) in those discharged home (n=94, 60.65%) was 2 [IQR: 1-3]. Discharge mRS in those who died at 6months, 1year, 2years and 5years was 5 [IQR: 3-6], 5 [IQR: 4-6], 3 [IQR: 1-3], 4 [IQR: 2-5]. Discharge mRS was significantly worse with year 1 mortality (P=0.014). LTS related to discharge mRS (HR: 37.006, P<0.001), post-operative motor-score (HR: 0.581, P=0.0026), IHD (HR: 5.186, P=0.005), warfarin-use (HR: 5.93, P=0.036) and dementia (HR: 5.39, P=0.031). No long term recurrences (LTR) were recorded. Although most were discharged home with mRS=2, LTS was markedly less than previously reported: peers lived 12.4years longer. Although greater in year 1, excess mortality was not restricted to year 1, but continued throughout prolonged follow-up. LTS related to discharge disability and dependence, and co-morbid risk factors for cerebral atrophy. No LTR suggests that, once ultimately closed, the 'subdural space' remains closed. CSDH patients represent a vulnerable group who require continued long-term medical surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Townsville Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
authors.forename: Appukutty
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manickam
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Townsville Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia. Electronic address: l.a.g.marshman@btinternet.com.
authors.forename: Laurence A G
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Marshman
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine & Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Douglas, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D003704:Dementia / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D020200:Hematoma, Subdural, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Chronic subdural haematoma; Long-term survival; Modified Rankin scale