title: Open data set of live cyanobacterial cells imaged using an X-ray laser.
abstract: Structural studies on living cells by conventional methods are limited to low resolution because radiation damage kills cells long before the necessary dose for high resolution can be delivered. X-ray free-electron lasers circumvent this problem by outrunning key damage processes with an ultra-short and extremely bright coherent X-ray pulse. Diffraction-before-destruction experiments provide high-resolution data from cells that are alive when the femtosecond X-ray pulse traverses the sample. This paper presents two data sets from micron-sized cyanobacteria obtained at the Linac Coherent Light Source, containing a total of 199,000 diffraction patterns. Utilizing this type of diffraction data will require the development of new analysis methods and algorithms for studying structure and structural variability in large populations of cells and to create abstract models. Such studies will allow us to understand living cells and populations of cells in new ways. New X-ray lasers, like the European XFEL, will produce billions of pulses per day, and could open new areas in structural sciences.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gijs
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Schot
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Svenda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Filipe R N C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2141-438X
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Max F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hantke
authors.affiliation: LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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authors.initials: DP
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M Marvin
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Seibert
authors.affiliation: LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
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authors.affiliation: European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
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authors.affiliation: Arizona State University, Physics Department, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA.
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authors.affiliation: LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|I.N.F.N. and Physics Department, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stellato
authors.affiliation: European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.|Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sadia
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authors.lastname: Bari
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iwan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.|ELI beamlines, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jakob
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authors.lastname: Andreasson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.|Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nicusor
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7328-0400
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.|Center for Technology Transfer and Innovation, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Duško
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Dirk
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunilla H
authors.initials: GH
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Daniel S D
authors.initials: DS
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authors.affiliation: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew V
authors.initials: AV
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authors.affiliation: Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'orme des Merisiers roundabout of St Aubin, 91190 Saint Aubin, France.
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authors.affiliation: LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sascha W
authors.initials: SW
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Benedikt
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authors.affiliation: Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
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authors.affiliation: PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
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authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut Halbleiterlabor, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, 85741 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Nils
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authors.affiliation: PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
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authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, 85741 Garching, Germany.|Ultrafast Coherent Dynamics Group, University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4 Blk S1 A, Singapore 117546, Singapore.
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authors.affiliation: Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.|University of Hamburg, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4655-1743
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.|European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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mesh_terms: D002477:Cells; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D004583:Electrons; D007834:Lasers; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011506:Proteins; D011674:Pulse; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins