title: Quality of Life and Medico-Legal Implications Following Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injuries.
abstract: In this review we aimed to evaluate quality of life after bile duct injury and the consequent medico-legal implications. A comprehensive English language literature search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index and Google™ Scholar databases for articles published between January 2000 and April 2016. The last date of search was 11 April 2016. Key search words included bile duct injury, iatrogenic, cholecystectomy, prevention, risks, outcomes, quality of life, litigation and were used in combination with the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT. Long-term survival after bile duct injury is significantly impaired (all-cause long-term mortality approximately 21 %) along with the quality of life (especially psychological/mental state remains affected). Bile duct injury is associated with high rates of litigation. Monetary compensation varied from £2500 to £216,000 in the UK, €9826-€55,301 in the Netherlands and $628,138-$2,891,421 in the USA. Bile duct injuries have profound implications for patients, medical personnel and healthcare providers as they cause significant morbidity and mortality, high rates of litigation and raised healthcare expenditure.
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Psaltis
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Scholefield
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. Dileep.Lobo@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dileep N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Lobo
mesh_terms: D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011788:Quality of Life; D014481:United States