title: Associations of gestational and early life exposures to ambient air pollution with childhood atopic eczema in Shanghai, China.
abstract: Whether ambient air pollution is associated with childhood atopic eczema is controversial. In this paper, we selected 3358 preschool children who had not altered residences since pregnancy from a cross-sectional study during 2011-2012 in Shanghai, China, and obtained parent-reported data regarding childhood atopic eczema using an improved ISAAC questionnaire. We recorded daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, and PM10throughout the child's lifetime (2006-2012), and calculated period-averaged concentrations for each district where the child lived to represent the child's exposure levels of these pollutants during different periods. In the multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders as well as for the other pollutants in the same periods, childhood atopic eczema was significantly associated with increments of NO2in the approximate interquartile range (20μg/m3) during gestational period (adjusted OR, 95% CI for eczema lifetime-ever: 1.80, 1.29-2.49; for eczema in the year prior to the survey: 2.32, 1.57-3.43) and during the first year of life (2.00, 1.40-2.84; 2.16, 1.43-3.28). Exposure to elevated NO2in the first two years, three years and total lifetime, as well as exposure to mixtures containing NO2in each of these periods, were consistently associated with increased likelihood of childhood eczema. The highest odds ratios were found between exposure to a mixture of SO2and NO2during total lifetime (increment: 35μg/m3) and childhood eczema (adjusted OR, 95% CI: 2.80, 1.75-4.48; 3.50, 1.98-6.19). No significant associations were found between childhood eczema and ambient SO2and PM10individually or in mixtures. This study indicates that gestational and lifetime exposures to ambient NO2are risk factors for atopic eczema in childhood. Exposure to ambient SO2and PM10may enhance the effect of NO2exposure on childhood eczema.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China. Electronic address: hcyhyywj@163.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Company Limited (TJAD), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center (SEMC), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qingyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chanjuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: R&B Technology (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center (SEMC), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center (SEMC), Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yanmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; Department of Thermal Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhuohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yuexia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundell
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: Ambient air pollution; Atopic eczema; China; Nitrogen dioxide; Preschool children