title: Sex-Specific Associations of Maternal Gestational Glycemia with Hormones in Umbilical Cord Blood at Delivery.
abstract: BackgroundFew studies have examined sex-specific associations of maternal gestational glycemia with cord blood hormones, which might predict later health.MethodsIn 976 women without pre-existing diabetes in the Project Viva cohort, we used linear regression to examine associations of maternal gestational glycemia with cord hormone concentrations, adjusted for maternal characteristics and stratified by infant sex.ResultsA total of 6.1% of women had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 8.8% isolated hyperglycemia, 3.2% gestational impaired glucose tolerance, and 81.9% were normoglycemic. In boys, compared with infants of normoglycemic mothers, infants of GDM mothers had higher cord levels of IGF-2 (β 35.55 ng/mL; 95% CI: 2.60, 68.50), IGFBP-3 (111.2 ng/mL; 5.53, 216.8), insulin (4.66 uU/mL; 2.38, 6.95), C-peptide (0.46 ng/mL; 0.25, 0.67), and leptin (3.51 ng/mL; 1.37, 5.64), but lower IGF-1 (-6.71 ng/mL; -12.7, - 0.76, adjusted for IGFBP-3). In girls, GDM offspring had higher cord blood levels of IGF-1 adjusted for IGFBP-3 (12.45 ng/mL; 4.85, 20.04). Boys, but not girls, of mothers with abnormal glucose tolerance but not GDM also had higher levels of some hormones.ConclusionGDM was associated with growth factors and adipokines in cord blood from boys, but only IGF-1 in girls. These findings suggest sex differences in responses to fetal overnutrition.
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oken
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morton-Eggleston
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Switkowski
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Marie-France
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hivert
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Abby F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fleisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D036801:Parturition; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; C583557:IGF1 protein, human; C035170:IGF2 protein, human; C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D020738:Leptin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II