title: Comparative Evaluation of Three TSPO PET Radiotracers in a LPS-Induced Model of Mild Neuroinflammation in Rats.
abstract: Over the past 20 years, neuroinflammation (NI) has increasingly been recognised as having an important role in  many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. As such, being able to image NI non-invasively in patients is critical to monitor pathological processes and potential therapies targeting neuroinflammation. The translocator protein (TSPO) has proven a reliable NI biomarker for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. However, if TSPO imaging in acute conditions such as stroke provides strong and reliable signals, TSPO imaging in neurodegenerative diseases has proven more challenging. Here, we report results comparing the recently developed TSPO tracers [18F]GE-180 and [18F]DPA-714 with (R)-[11C]PK11195 in a rodent model of subtle focal inflammation.
  
  
  
  Adult male Wistar rats were stereotactically injected with 1 μg lipopolysaccharide in the right striatum. Three days later, animals underwent a 60-min PET scan with (R)-[11C]PK11195 and [18F]GE-180 (n = 6) or [18F]DPA-714 (n = 6). Ten animals were scanned with either [18F]GE-180 (n = 5) or [18F]DPA-714 (n = 5) only. Kinetic analysis of PET data was performed using the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) with a contralateral reference region or a novel data-driven input to estimate binding potential BPND. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were performed to confirm in vivo results.
  
  
  
  At 40-60 min post-injection, [18F]GE-180 dual-scanned animals showed a significantly increased core/contralateral uptake ratio vs. the same animals scanned with (R)-[11C]PK11195 (3.41 ± 1.09 vs. 2.43 ± 0.39, p = 0.03); [18]DPA-714 did not (2.80 ± 0.69 vs. 2.26 ± 0.41). Kinetic modelling with a contralateral reference region identified significantly higher binding potential (BPND) in the core of the LPS injection site with [18F]GE-180 but not with [18F]DPA-714 vs. (R)-[11C]PK11195. A cerebellar reference region and novel data-driven input to the SRTM were unable to distinguish differences in tracer BPND.
  
  
  
  Second-generation TSPO-PET tracers are able to accurately detect mild-level NI. In this model, [18F]GE-180 shows a higher core/contralateral ratio and BPNDwhen compared to (R)-[11C]PK11195, while [18F]DPA-714 did not.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sridharan
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Francois-Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Lepelletier
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, The Grove Centre, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Trigg
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banister
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Tristan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reekie
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.|Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kassiou
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerhard
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hinz
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK. herve.boutin@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boutin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001345:Autoradiography; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D062507:Claudin-5 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000473:pathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000737:chemistry*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002227:Carbazoles; D062507:Claudin-5; C571664:GE-180; D007546:Isoquinolines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C530129:N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; C037850:PK 11195
keywords: Inflammation; LPS; Preclinical kinetic modelling; Second-generation tracers; TSPO