title: Evaluation of emotion-based messages designed to motivate Hispanic and Asian parents of early adolescents to engage in calcium-rich food and beverage parenting practices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Setting healthful beverage expectations, making calcium-rich foods and beverages (CRF/B) available, and role modeling are parenting practices promoting calcium intake among early adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate emotion-based messages designed to motivate parents of early adolescents to perform these practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emotion-based messages were developed for each parenting practice and tested in 35 parents from 5 states. Findings were used to modify messages and develop a survey administered via Amazon MechanicalTurk to a convenience sample of Asian (n = 166) and Hispanic (n = 184) parents of children 10-13 years. Main outcome measures were message comprehension, motivation, relevance, acceptability, and novelty. Engagement in the parenting practices was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Message comprehension was acceptable for the majority of parents. Most also agreed that messages were motivational (setting healthful beverage expectations (69.0%), making CRF/B available (67.4%), and role modeling (80.0%)), relevant and acceptable. About 30-50% indicated they had not seen the information before. Many parents indicated they were already engaging in the practices (> 70%). No racial/ethnic differences were observed for responses to messages or engaging in parenting practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that emotion-based messages designed to motivate parents to engage in parenting practices that promote calcium intake among early adolescents were motivating, relevant, and acceptable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, 1955 East West Road, Agricultural Sciences 216, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors.forename: Jinan Corinne
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Banna
authors.affiliation: Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Marla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gunther
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Rickelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Center for Consumer Research, Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruhn
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cluskey
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
authors.forename: Siew Sun
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Scottie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misner
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hongu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: N Paul
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Johnston
keywords: Asian; Emotion-based message; Hispanic; calcium; early adolescent