title: Laparoscopy in the Surgical Treatment of Disorders of Sexual Development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disorder of sexual development (DSD) is a rare condition. The surgical treatment of these patients includes investigation of the internal genitalia, evaluation of the gonads, and if necessary gonadectomy. The prevention of germ cell tumors is the most important issue in the surgical treatment of this varied and special group of patients. This study aimed to evaluate the role of laparoscopy in the surgical treatment of patients with DSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 4-year-period, all patients presenting with DSD who underwent laparoscopic surgery at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Operative procedure, age at the time of surgery, and histopathological results were evaluated. In addition, karyotypes and phenotypes were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether, 12 patients undergoing 14 laparoscopic procedures were included. Median age at the time of surgery was 6 years with a range from 9 months to 17 years. Explorative laparoscopy was performed in all patients. In seven children, laparoscopic gonadectomy was necessary. Histopathologic examination revealed germ cell tumors in four children. In two patients, a gonadoblastoma was identified; in two patients, a dysgerminoma was found. Inguinal exploration was performed in four patients and led to removal of gonadal remnants in one case and gonadopexy in three cases. In two patients presenting with repeated urinary tract infections, laparoscopic removal of an utriculus was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic gonadal biopsy, gonadopexy, and gonadectomy can be performed successfully, even in patients with germ cell tumors. To define guidelines for the surgical treatment of patients with DSD, further prospective and multicenter studies are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm , Ulm, Germany .
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burgmeier
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm , Ulm, Germany .
authors.forename: Clothilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leriche
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003949:Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D004407:Dysgerminoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D018238:Gonadoblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D059785:Karyotype; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010641:Phenotype; D012189:Retrospective Studies