title: Occurrence of OXA-48 Carbapenemase and Other β-Lactamase Genes in ESBL-Producing Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli from Dogs and Cats in the United States, 2009-2013.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) and carbapenemases among ESBL-producing multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli from dogs and cats in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 2443 E.coli isolated from dogs and cats collected between August 2009 and January 2013, 68 isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producing MDR ones. PCR and sequencing were performed to identify β-lactamases and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, and shed light on the virulence gene profiles, phylogenetic groups and ST types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenic group D and B2 accounted for 69.1% of the isolates. 50 (73.5%) isolates carried CTX-M ESBL gene, and the most predominant specific CTX-M subtype identified was bla CTX-M-15 (n = 33), followed by bla CTX-M-1 (n = 32), bla CTX-M-123 (n = 27), bla CTX-M-9 (n = 19) and bla CTX-M-14 (n = 19), and bla CTX-M-123 was firstly reported in E. coli isolates in the United States alone or in association. Other β-lactamase genes bla TEM, bla SHV, bla OXA-48, and bla CMY-2 were detected in 41.2, 29.4, 19.1, and 17.6% of 68 ESBL-producing MDR isolates, respectively. The bla TEM and bla SHV genes were classfied as ESBLs with the exception of the bla TEM-1 gene. Additionally, 42.6% (29/68) of isolates co-expressed bla CTX-M-15 and PMQR gene aac(6')-Ib-c. The overall occurrence of virulence genes ranged from 11.8 (ireA) to 88.2% (malX), and most of virulence genes were less frequent among CTX-M-producing isolates than non-CTX-M isolates with the exception of malX and iutA. The 68 isolates analyzed were assigned to 31 STs with six being novel. Three pandemic clonal lineages ST131 (n = 10), ST648 (n = 9), and ST405 (n = 9) accounted for more than 41% of the investigated isolates, and ST648 and ST405 of phylogenetic D were firstly reported in E. coli from dogs and cats in the United States.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  bla CTX-M-123 of ESBLs and carbapenemase bla OXA-48 were firstly reported in ESBL-producing MDR E.coli from dogs and cats in the United States, and ST131, ST648, and ST405 were the predominant clonal groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Kamoltip
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thungrat
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Boothe
keywords: ESBL; Escherichia coli; OXA-48 carbapenemase; companion animals; multidrug resistance