title: Plasma vitamin D status and recurrent depressive symptoms in the French SU.VI.MAX cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a major public health issue because it is a common cause of disability worldwide. It has been suggested that an optimal vitamin D status may be related to fewer depressive symptoms, but findings are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the association between plasma vitamin D at midlife and recurrent depressive symptoms and to test for a modulating effect by overall dietary quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The relationship between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and recurrent depressive symptoms was evaluated among 1196 participants of the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants cohort with available data on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) at baseline (1996-1997) and follow-up (2007-2009). Recurrent depressive symptoms were defined as a CES-D score ≥16 at baseline and follow-up. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 %-CI) were estimated using extensively adjusted Poisson regression models. Dietary quality was estimated using an index measuring adherence to the French national recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Having 25(OH)D concentrations above 10 ng/mL was related to a lower probability of recurrent depressive symptoms: PR (95 %-CI) = 0.48 (0.33; 0.69); P < 0.0001). When comparing individuals with concentrations < versus ≥20 or < versus ≥30 ng/mL, no significant results were obtained. In contrast, among individuals with low dietary quality, a better vitamin D status was related to a lower probability of recurrent depressive symptoms independently of the applied cutoff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma vitamin D might have a preventive role against recurrent depressive symptoms, notably among individuals with poor dietary quality. Our findings are relevant for the development of depression prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France. k.assmann@eren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3618-9573
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Assmann
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deschasaux
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Valentina A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Andreeva
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.|Service de Psychiatrie de l'adulte et du sujet âgé, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, Paris, France.|Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm, U894, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemogne
authors.affiliation: Département de Biochimie, Inserm U698, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Université Paris 13, Bondy, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Charnaux
authors.affiliation: Département de Biochimie, Inserm U698, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Université Paris 13, Bondy, France.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.|Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touvier
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kesse-Guyot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Depression; Diet; Mental health; Vitamin D