title: Chondrocyte Morphology in Stiff and Soft Agarose Gels and the Influence of Fetal Calf Serum.
abstract: Changes to chondrocyte volume/morphology may have deleterious effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism potentially leading to cartilage deterioration and osteoarthritis (OA). The factors controlling chondrocyte properties are poorly understood, however, pericellular matrix (PCM) weakening may be involved. We have studied the density, volume, morphology, and clustering of cultured bovine articular chondrocytes within stiff (2% w/v) and soft (0.2% w/v) three-dimensional agarose gels. Gels with encapsulated chondrocytes were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; fetal calf serum (FCS) 1-10%;380 mOsm) for up to 7 days. Chondrocytes were fluorescently labeled after 1, 3, and 7 days with 5-chloromethylfluorescein-diacetate (CMFDA) and propidium iodide (PI) or 1,5-bis{[2-(di-methylamino)ethyl]amino}-4,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione (DRAQ5) to identify cytoplasmic space or DNA and imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Chondrocyte density, volume, morphology, and clustering were quantified using Volocity™ software. In stiff gels after 7 d with 10% FCS, chondrocyte density remained unaffected and morphology was relatively normal with occasional cytoplasmic processes. However, in soft gels by day 1, chondrocyte volume increased (P = 0.0058) and by day 7, density increased (P = 0.0080), along with the percentage of chondrocytes of abnormal morphology (P < 0.0001) and enhanced clustering (P < 0.05), compared to stiff gels. FCS exacerbated changes to density (P < 0.01), abnormal morphology (P < 0.001) and clustering (P < 0.01) compared to lower concentrations at the same gel strength. Reduced gel stiffness and/or increased FCS concentrations promoted chondrocyte proliferation and clustering, increased cell volume, and stimulated abnormal morphology, producing similar changes to those occurring in OA. The increased penetration of factors in FCS into soft gels may be important in the development of these abnormal chondrocyte properties. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1041-1052, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Asima
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D048429:Cell Size / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D005782:Gels / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012685:Sepharose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044967:Serum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D012685:Sepharose