title: Fluoride incorporation in high phosphate containing bioactive glasses and in vitro osteogenic, angiogenic and antibacterial effects.
abstract: To manufacture and assess bioactivity of low fluoride/high phosphate (low F(-)/high P2O5) bioglasses (BGs). Then the effects of BG-conditioned medium on osteoblast-like cell behavior and BG particles on bactericidal activity were investigated.
  
  
  
  BGs (0-7% F(-) content, constant 6.33% P2O5 in mol%) were designed and produced. BG particles was immersed in Tris Buffer solution or α-MEM to determine apatite formation and ion (Ca, P, Si and F) release. Osteoblast-like cells MC3T3-E1 were treated with BG-conditioned medium and assessed for cytotoxicity, pre-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic responses. Antibacterial ability was explored by incubating sub-gingival bacteria with BG particulates.
  
  
  
  Rapid apatite formation was observed in F(-) containing BGs after only 2-8h immersion in Tris buffer solution. In the F(-) free group, apatite was not detectable until 72h. Peak Ca, P and F release into Tris buffer was at 2h immersion, and then the levels decreased. In α-MEM, apatite formation in all the BGs was undetectable until 72h immersion. Alkaline phosphatase activity, cell number, collagen formation, bone-like mineral nodules and osteogenic gene expression of MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly promoted in low F(-) BG (P6.33F1) conditioned medium. MC3T3-E1 VEGF gene expression was increased, and protein production was dose-dependently promoted with F(-) BG-conditioned medium. After incubation with BG particulates, the growth of sub-gingival bacteria, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, was significantly inhibited; the antibacterial activity being dependent on the F(-) content of the BGs.
  
  
  
  These results show that low F(-)/high P2O5 BGs significantly accelerated apatite formation and promoted both pre-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic responses of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells and inhibited the growth of periodontal pathogens in vitro. These BGs may prove useful as bone graft substitutes.
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
authors.forename: Simon C F
authors.initials: SCF
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
authors.affiliation: Unit of Dental Physical Sciences, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK. Electronic address: f.fortune@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Farida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fortune
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005459:Fluorides; D005898:Glass; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010710:Phosphates
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010710:Phosphates; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Angiogenesis; Antibacterial; Apatite; Bioactive glass; Fluoride; Osteogenesis; Phosphate