title: A Diet Score Assessing Norwegian Adolescents' Adherence to Dietary Recommendations-Development and Test-Retest Reproducibility of the Score.
abstract: Assessment of adolescents' dietary habits is challenging. Reliable instruments to monitor dietary trends are required to promote healthier behaviours in this group. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess adolescents' adherence to Norwegian dietary recommendations with a diet score and to report results from, and test-retest reliability of, the score. The diet score involved seven food groups and one physical activity indicator, and was applied to answers from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered twice. Reproducibility of the score was assessed with Cohen's Kappa (κ statistics) at an interval of three months. The setting was eight lower-secondary schools in Hordaland County, Norway, and subjects were adolescents (n = 472) aged 14-15 years and their caregivers. Results showed that the proportion of adolescents consistently classified by the diet score was 87.6% (κ = 0.465). For food groups, proportions ranged from 74.0% to 91.6% (κ = 0.249 to κ = 0.573). Less than 40% of the participants were found to adhere to recommendations for frequencies of eating fruits, vegetables, added sugar, and fish. Highest compliance to recommendations was seen for choosing water as beverage and limit the intake of red meat. The score was associated with parental socioeconomic status. The diet score was found to be reproducible at an acceptable level. Health promoting work targeting adolescents should emphasize to increase the intake of recommended foods to approach nutritional guidelines.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. khan@nifes.no.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway. khan@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Katina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Handeland
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. mma@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kjellevold
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. mwi@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wik Markhus
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. igr@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eide Graff
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. lfr@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Livar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frøyland
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. oli@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health, Uni Research Health, P.O. Box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway. siv.skotheim@uni.no.
authors.forename: Siv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skotheim
authors.affiliation: Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health, Uni Research Health, P.O. Box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway. kjell.stormark@uni.no.|Department of Health promotion and development, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway. kjell.stormark@uni.no.
authors.forename: Kjell Morten
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stormark
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. lda@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Lisbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway. joye@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Jannike
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Øyen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D017028:Caregivers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D019370:Observation; D010290:Parents; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report
keywords: FFQ; adolescents; dietary assessment; dietary index; reliability