title: Limitations to the Dutch cannabis toleration policy: Assumptions underlying the reclassification of cannabis above 15% THC.
abstract: The Netherlands has seen an increase in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations from approximately 8% in the 1990s up to 20% in 2004. Increased cannabis potency may lead to higher THC-exposure and cannabis related harm. The Dutch government officially condones the sale of cannabis from so called 'coffee shops', and the Opium Act distinguishes cannabis as a Schedule II drug with 'acceptable risk' from other drugs with 'unacceptable risk' (Schedule I). Even in 1976, however, cannabis potency was taken into account by distinguishing hemp oil as a Schedule I drug. In 2011, an advisory committee recommended tightening up legislation, leading to a 2013 bill proposing the reclassification of high potency cannabis products with a THC content of 15% or more as a Schedule I drug. The purpose of this measure was twofold: to reduce public health risks and to reduce illegal cultivation and export of cannabis by increasing punishment. This paper focuses on the public health aspects and describes the (explicit and implicit) assumptions underlying this '15% THC measure', as well as to what extent these are supported by scientific research. Based on scientific literature and other sources of information, we conclude that the 15% measure can provide in theory a slight health benefit for specific groups of cannabis users (i.e., frequent users preferring strong cannabis, purchasing from coffee shops, using 'steady quantities' and not changing their smoking behaviour), but certainly not for all cannabis users. These gains should be weighed against the investment in enforcement and the risk of unintended (adverse) effects. Given the many assumptions and uncertainty about the nature and extent of the expected buying and smoking behaviour changes, the measure is a political choice and based on thin evidence.
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute, Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: mlaar@trimbos.nl.
authors.forename: Margriet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Laar
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute, Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Der Pol
authors.affiliation: Trimbos Institute, Da Costakade 45, 3521 VS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Open University of The Nederlands, PO-Box 2960, 6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niesink
mesh_terms: D002188:Cannabis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000032:analysis*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009426:Netherlands; D011634:Public Health
chemical_list: D013759:Dronabinol
keywords: Cannabis; Coffee shops; Legislation; Netherlands; Potency; THC