title: Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale and visual analog scale for stress and pain behavior in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stress reaction induced by surgery and associated pain may be detrimental for patient recovery and should be minimized. The neuropeptide chromogranin A (CGA) has shown promise as a sensitive biomarker for stress in humans. Little is known about CGA and its derived peptides, catestatin (CST) and vasostatin (VS), in dogs undergoing surgery. The objectives of this study were to investigate and compare concentrations of CGA epitopes CST and VS, cortisol, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF) and visual analog scales (VAS) for stress and pain behavior in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy privately owned female dogs admitted for elective ovariohysterectomy were included. Physical examination, CMPS-SF, pain behavior VAS, and stress behavior VAS were recorded and saliva and blood samples were collected before surgery, 3 h after extubation, and once at recall 7-15 days after surgery. Dogs were premedicated with morphine and received carprofen as analgesia for 7 days during the postoperative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 h after extubation, CMPS-SF and pain behavior VAS scores had increased (p < 0.0001) and stress behavior VAS scores, temperature, respiratory rate (p < 0.0001), plasma CST concentrations (p = 0.002) had decreased significantly compared to before surgery. No significant differences were observed in the subjective and physiological parameters between before surgery and at recall, but plasma CST (p = 0.04) and serum cortisol (p = 0.009) were significantly lower at recall. Plasma VS, saliva CST, and heart rate did not differ significantly at any observed time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study parameters for evaluating surgery-induced stress and pain changed in dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy. To further evaluate CST and VS usefulness as pain biomarkers, studies on dogs in acute painful situations are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden. thanikul.srithunyarat@slu.se.|Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. thanikul.srithunyarat@slu.se.
authors.forename: Thanikul
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1372-7917
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Srithunyarat
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Odd V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ragnvi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hagman
authors.affiliation: Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stridsberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne-Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lagerstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pettersson
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000097:blood*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000097:blood*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007044:Hysterectomy; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D064232:Visual Analog Scale
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D015415:Biomarkers; D037282:Calreticulin; D002227:Carbazoles; D053379:Chromogranin A; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109084:chromogranin A (344-364); C121986:vasostatin; D009020:Morphine; C007005:carprofen; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Catestatin; Chromogranin A; Cortisol; Dog; Ovariohysterectomy; Pain; Short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale; Stress; Vasostatin; Visual analog scale