title: Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Sleep-Related Eating Disorder in Psychiatric Outpatients Taking Hypnotics.
abstract: To clarify the prevalence and clinical features of sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) in psychiatric outpatients taking hypnotics as well as factors associated with the disorder.
  
  
  
  From February 1, 2012, to February 29, 2012, a cross-sectional study was undertaken. A questionnaire addressing demographics, the Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), presence of abnormal behavior during sleep focusing on SRED and sleepwalking, and duration of hypnotic medication and subjective side effects of the drug was distributed to psychiatric outpatients who were taking hypnotics at the time of the survey.
  
  
  
  Of 1,318 patients taking hypnotics, 1,048 patients (79.5%) provided valid responses, and 88 of them (8.4%) had experienced SRED. The SRED group was significantly younger, had a significantly higher total PSQI score, and took higher bedtime diazepam-equivalent doses of hypnotics than the non-SRED group (P < .01 for all comparisons). In the SRED group, subjective side effects due to hypnotics were present at significantly higher proportions than in the non-SRED group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that younger age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96-0.99, P = .021), taking 2 or more kinds of antipsychotics (aOR = 3.41, 95% CI = 1.93-6.05, P < .001), and the bedtime diazepam-equivalent dose of a hypnotic (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01-1.05, P = .039) were significantly associated with the experience of SRED.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of SRED in psychiatric outpatients taking hypnotics is elevated, particularly in younger patients, and the hypnosedative effects of the drugs could be responsible for the occurrence of the disorder in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and bDepartment of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takaesu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and bDepartment of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Komada
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and bDepartment of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and bDepartment of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Futenma
authors.affiliation: Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan. inoue@somnology.com.|Department of Psychiatry and bDepartment of Somnology, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.|Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Tokyo.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives