title: Predicting Glucose Effectiveness in Chinese Participants Using Routine Measurements.
abstract: Glucose effectiveness (GE) is the capacity of glucose to increase its own uptake and to maintain endogenous hepatic glucose output under basal insulin levels. In addition to decreased insulin sensitivity (IS) and impaired insulin secretion, GE plays a critical role in glucose balance in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In the study, we developed an equation for predicting GE.
  
  
  
  We enrolled 227 participants with glucose tolerances ranging from normal glucose tolerance to diabetes. Of the participants, 75% (171) participants were randomly assigned to the study group, whose data were used to construct the equation for estimating GE. The remaining 56 participants comprised the validation group. All participants underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test; IS, GE, and the acute insulin response after the glucose load were determined.
  
  
  
  Age, triglyceride (TG), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were independently correlated with GE and selected for inclusion in multiple linear regression analysis. We constructed the following equation: GE = (29.196 - 0.103 × age - 2.722 × TG - 0.592 × FPG) × 10-3. Using this same equation, we also calculated the GE of the validation group. The calculated GE was significantly correlated with the measured GE (r = 0.430, P = 0.001).
  
  
  
  Using the equation based on routine measurements enabled the GE to be predicted with acceptable accuracy (r = 0.430). This method of predicting GE may aid clinicians in further understanding the underlying pathological mechanisms of T2DM.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Medical School, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Yen-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 2 Cardinal Tien College of Healthcare and Management , New Taipei City, Taiwan .|3 Graduate Institute of Nursing, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Shu-Fen
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 4 Graduate School of Gerontic Technology and Service Management, Nan Kai University of Technology , Nan Tou County, Taiwan .|5 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: 6 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Medical School, Fu-Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Dee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: 7 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chien-Hsing
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 7 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chih-Tsueng
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: 8 Department of Institute of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University , New Taipei City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Yao-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: 9 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University , New Taipei City, Taiwan .|10 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Jiunn-Diann
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D005947:Glucose
keywords: frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test; glucose effectiveness; insulin sensitivity