title: Differences in Facial Emotion Recognition between First Episode Psychosis, Borderline Personality Disorder and Healthy Controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facial emotion recognition (FER) is essential to guide social functioning and behaviour for interpersonal communication. FER may be altered in severe mental illness such as in psychosis and in borderline personality disorder patients. However, it is unclear if these FER alterations are specifically related to psychosis. Awareness of FER alterations may be useful in clinical settings to improve treatment strategies. The aim of our study was to examine FER in patients with severe mental disorder and their relation with psychotic symptomatology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Socio-demographic and clinical variables were collected. Alterations on emotion recognition were assessed in 3 groups: patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) (n = 64), borderline personality patients (BPD) (n = 37) and healthy controls (n = 137), using the Degraded Facial Affect Recognition Task. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Structured Interview for Schizotypy Revised and Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences scales were used to assess positive psychotic symptoms. WAIS III subtests were used to assess IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed a significant difference between groups on the FER of neutral faces score between FEP, BPD patients and controls and between FEP patients and controls in angry face recognition. No significant differences were found between groups in the fear or happy conditions. There was a significant difference between groups in the attribution of negative emotion to happy faces. BPD and FEP groups had a much higher tendency to recognize happy faces as negatives. There was no association with the different symptom domains in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FEP and BPD patients have problems in recognizing neutral faces more frequently than controls. Moreover, patients tend to over-report negative emotions in recognition of happy faces. Although no relation between psychotic symptoms and FER alterations was found, these deficits could contribute to a patient's misinterpretations in daily life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.|Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0418-7904
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catalan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: Maider
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez de Artaza
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.|Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orgaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Virxinia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Angosto
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.affiliation: Research Unit, Basurto University Hospital, Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bilbao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Arantza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Madrazo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|King's College London, King's Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.|Department of Psychiatry, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Torres
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult