title: Female rats are not more variable than male rats: a meta-analysis of neuroscience studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Not including female rats or mice in neuroscience research has been justified due to the variable nature of female data caused by hormonal fluctuations associated with the female reproductive cycle. In this study, we investigated whether female rats are more variable than male rats in scientific reports of neuroscience-related traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and Web of Science were searched for the period from August 1, 2010, to July 31, 2014, for articles that included both male and female rats and that measured diverse aspects of brain function. Only empirical articles using both male and female gonad-intact adult rats, written in English, and including the number of subjects (or a range) were included. This resulted in 311 articles for analysis. Data were extracted from digital images from article PDFs and from manuscript tables and text. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were determined for each data point and their quotient provided a coefficient of variation (CV) as a measure of trait-specific variability for each sex. Additionally, the results were coded for the type of research being measured (behavior, electrophysiology, histology, neurochemistry, and non-brain measures) and for the strain of rat. Over 6000 data points were extracted for both males and females. Subsets of the data were coded for whether male and female mean values differed significantly and whether animals were grouped or individually housed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all traits, there were no sex differences in trait variability, as indicated by the CV, and there were no sex differences in any of the four neuroscience categories, even in instances in which mean values for males and females were significantly different. Female rats were not more variable at any stage of the estrous cycle than male rats. There were no sex differences in the effect of housing conditions on CV. On one of four measures of non-brain function, females were more variable than males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that even when female rats are used in neuroscience experiments without regard to the estrous cycle stage, their data are not more variable than those of male rats. This is true for behavioral, electrophysiological, neurochemical, and histological measures. Thus, when designing neuroscience experiments to include both male and female rats, power analyses based on variance in male measures are sufficient to yield accurate numbers for females as well, even when the estrous cycle is not taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ; Department of Psychiatry, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
authors.forename: Jill B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Prendergast
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY USA.
authors.forename: Jing W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Liang
keywords: Neurobiology; Rattus norvegicus; Sex bias; Sex differences