title: Severe hyperkalemia following adrenalectomy for aldosteronoma: prediction, pathogenesis and approach to clinical management- a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the field of Primary Aldosteronism (PA) becomes ever expanded, diagnosis of PA is increasingly diagnosed by endocrinologists. With increased PA screening, many of the cases are now found in patients with complex co-morbidities in addition to their hypertension. Post adrenalectomy renal impairment with hyperkalemia is now increasingly seen in these complex patients, as evidenced by the numerous reports on this issue that have appeared within the past 3 years. We present a small case series to illustrate the breadth of the problem, along with a discussion about how such CKD/hyperkalemic events may be predicted.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present three cases of primary aldosteronism with long standing hypertension (more than 10 years) hypokalemia (2.0-3.0 mmol/l). Serum aldosterone was high with low renin activity leading to high aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR). They underwent abdominal CT scan revealing adrenal mass and adrenal vein sample confirmed lateralization. None of the patients had evidence of renal disease before surgery (as evident by normal eGFR and serum creatinine). Post adrenalectomy they had reduction in the blood pressure and became eukalemic. Serum aldosterone and renin activity were low leading to a low ARR. Case 1 developed hyperkalemia and increased serum creatinine 6 weeks post operatively which resolved with initiation of fludrocortisone and every attempt to discontinue fludrocortisone resulted in hyperkalemia and rising creatinine. Her hyperkalemia is under control with oral sodium bicarbonate. Case 2 developed hyperkalemia and increasing creatinine 2 months post operatively transiently requiring fludrocortisone and later on managed with furosemide for hyperkalemia. Case 3 developed renal impairment and hyperkalemia 2 weeks post operatively requiring fludrocortisone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post APA resection severe hyperkalemia may be a common entity and screening should be actively considered in high risk patients. Older age, longer duration of hypertension, impaired pre-op and post-op GFR and higher levels of pre-op aldosterone and are all risk factors which predict the likelihood of developing post-operative hyperkalemia. Fludrocortisone, sodium bicarbonate, loop diuretics and potassium binders can be used for treatment. Treatment choice should be tailored to patient characteristics including fluid status, blood pressure and serum creatinine. Potassium binders should be avoided in patients with history of recent abdominal surgery, opioid use and constipation. Serum electrolytes and creatinine should be monitored every 1-2 weeks after starting treatment to ensure an adequate response. Prolonged management may be necessary in some cases and at-risk patients should be counselled as to the meaning and importance of post-operative changes in measured renal function and potassium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Medicine- University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Taffan01@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4804-3256
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Cummings School of Medicine- University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Cummings School of Medicine- University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kline
mesh_terms: D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006929:Hyperaldosteronism / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications
keywords: Adrenalectomy; Aldosteronoma; Case report; Hyperkalemia