title: Interactions between genetic variants associated with adiposity traits and soft drinks in relation to longitudinal changes in body weight and waist circumference.
abstract: Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with obesity, and this association may be modified by a genetic predisposition to obesity.
  
  
  
  We examined the interactions between a molecular genetic predisposition to various aspects of obesity and the consumption of soft drinks, which are a major part of sugar-sweetened beverages, in relation to changes in adiposity measures.
  
  
  
  A total of 4765 individuals were included in the study. On the basis of 50 obesity-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or the waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRBMI), the following 4 genetic predisposition scores (GRSs) were constructed: a complete genetic predisposition score including all 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (GRSComplete), a genetic predisposition score including BMI-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (GRSBMI), a genetic predisposition score including waist circumference-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (GRSWC), and a genetic predisposition score including the waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (GRSWHR). Associations between soft drink intake and the annual change (Δ) in body weight (BW), WC, or waist circumference adjusted for BMI (WCBMI) and possible interactions with the GRSs were examined with the use of linear regression analyses and meta-analyses.
  
  
  
  For each soft drink serving per day, soft drink consumption was significantly associated with a higher ΔBW of 0.07 kg/y (95% CI: 0.01, 0.13 kg/y; P = 0.020) but not with the ΔWC or ΔWCBMI In analyses of the ΔBW, we showed an interaction only with the GRSWC (per risk allele for each soft drink serving per day: -0.06 kg/y; 95% CI: -0.10, -0.02 kg/y; P = 0.006). In analyses of the ΔWC, we showed interactions only with the GRSBMI and GRSComplete [per risk allele for each soft drink serving per day: 0.05 cm/y (95% CI: 0.02, 0.09 cm/y; P = 0.001) and 0.05 cm/y (95% CI: 0.02, 0.07 cm/y; P = 0.001), respectively]. Nearly identical results were observed in analyses of the ΔWCBMI CONCLUSIONS: A genetic predisposition to a high WC may attenuate the association between soft drink intake and BW gain. A genetic predisposition to high BMI as well as a genetic predisposition to high BMI, WC, and WHRBMI combined may strengthen the association between soft drink intake and WC gain. However, the public health impact may be limited.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; nanna.julie.olsen@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Nanna J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ängquist
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Sofus C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linneberg
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skaaby
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Lise Lotte N
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Husemoen
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.affiliation: Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark;
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjær
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and.
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;
authors.forename: Tarunveer S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Thorkild Ia
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4821-430X
authors.initials: TIa
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute and Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Berit L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Heitmann
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054647:Nutrigenomics / Q000379:methods; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000208:ethnology; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: adiposity traits; genetic variants; interactions; obesity; soft drinks