title: Prebiotic inulin supplementation modulates the immune response and restores gut morphology in Giardia duodenalis-infected malnourished mice.
abstract: Malnutrition induces a state of growth retardation and immunologic depression, enhancing the host susceptibility to various infections. In the present study, it was observed that prebiotic supplementation either prior or simultaneously with Giardia infection in malnourished mice significantly reduced the severity of giardiasis and increased the body and small intestine mass, along with increased lactobacilli counts in faeces compared with malnourished-Giardia-infected mice. More specifically, prebiotic supplementation significantly increased the levels of anti-giardial IgG and IgA antibodies and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 and reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, along with increased levels of nitric oxide in both the serum and intestinal fluid of malnourished-prebiotic-Giardia-infected mice compared with malnourished-Giardia-infected mice. Histopathology and scanning electron microscopy of the small intestine also revealed less cellular and mucosal damage in the microvilli of prebiotic-supplemented malnourished-Giardia-infected mice compared with severely damaged mummified and blunted villi of malnourished-Giardia-infected mice. This is the first study to report that prebiotic supplementation modulated the gut morphology and improved the immune status even in malnourished-Giardia-infected mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India. geeta_shukla@pu.ac.in.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1212-2211
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
authors.forename: Ruchika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
authors.forename: Anuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D005872:Giardia / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D007444:Inulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D056692:Prebiotics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007444:Inulin
keywords: Giardiasis; Inflammation; Malnutrition; Microbiome; Prebiotic