title: Recruitment methods in a clinical trial of provoked vulvodynia: Predictors of enrollment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful recruitment in clinical trials for chronic pain conditions is challenging, especially in women with provoked vulvodynia due to reluctance in discussing pain associated with sexual intercourse. The most successful recruitment methods and the characteristics of women reached with these methods are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness and efficiency of four recruitment methods and to determine socioeconomic predictors for successful enrollment in a National Institutes of Health-sponsored multicenter clinical trial evaluating a gabapentin intervention in women with provoked vulvodynia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recruitment methods utilized mass mailing, media, clinician referrals and community outreach. Effectiveness (number of participants enrolled) and efficiency (proportion screened who enrolled) were determined. Socioeconomic variables including race, educational level, annual household income, relationship status, age, menopausal status and employment status were also evaluated regarding which recruitment strategies were best at targeting specific cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 868 potential study participants, 219 were enrolled. The most effective recruitment method in enrolling participants was mass mailing ( p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in efficiency between recruitment methods ( p = 0.11). Relative to clinician referral, black women were 13 times as likely to be enrolled through mass mailing (adjusted odds ratio 12.5, 95% confidence interval, 3.6-43.1) as white women. There were no differences in enrollment according to educational level, annual income, relationship status, age, menopausal status, or employment status and recruitment method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this clinical trial, mass mailing was the most effective recruitment method. Race of participants enrolled in a provoked vulvodynia trial was related to the recruitment method.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Candi C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bachour
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Gloria A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jim Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rawlinson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Candace S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000588:Amines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D000077206:Gabapentin; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D017533:Marital Status; D008402:Mass Media; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011177:Postal Service; D044469:Racial Groups; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D056650:Vulvodynia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D044465:White People; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin
keywords: Recruitment methods; predictors; provoked vulvodynia