title: Orofacial Movement Disorders.
abstract: Orofacial movement disorders (OMDs) include dystonia, dyskinesia, drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions, and bruxism. The definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and management are detailed. OMDs are often disabling and affect patients' overall quality of life with pain, difficulty chewing food, speech difficulty, drooling, and social embarrassment. Management involves medications, botulinum toxin injections, and peripheral or central surgery. Botulinum toxin injections are the most effective management, often used in conjunction with medications. Surgery is the last resort for patients who fail to respond to medications or develop resistance to botulinum toxin type A.
authors.affiliation: Orofacial Pain Graduate Residency Program, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Oral Medicine Graduate Residency Program, 925 West 34th Street, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0641, USA. Electronic address: saravanr@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ram
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002012:Bruxism; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D009057:Stomatognathic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Bruxism; Drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions; Orofacial dyskinesia; Orofacial dystonia; Tardive dyskinesia