title: Dual hit lipopolysaccharide & oleic acid combination induced rat model of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite advances in therapy and overall medical care, acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) management remains a problem. Hence the objective of this study was to develop a rat model that mimics human ALI/ARDS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of Wistar rats, 48 per group were treated with (i) intratracheal (IT) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg) dissolved in normal saline (NS), (ii) intravenous (iv) oleic acid (OA) (250 μl/kg) suspension in bovine serum albumin (BSA), (iii) dual hit: IT LPS (2 mg/kg) dissolved in NS and iv OA (100 μl/kg) and (iv) control group: IT NS and iv BSA. From each group at set periods of time various investigations like chest x-rays, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), total cell count, differential cell count, total protein count and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung wet/dry weight ratio and histopathological examination were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was noted that the respiratory rate, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were significantly higher at 4 h in the dual hit group as compared to LPS, OA and control groups. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly higher in the dual hit group as compared to LPS at 8 and 24 h, OA at 8 h and control (at all time intervals) group. IL-1β levels were significantly higher in LPS and dual hit groups at all time intervals, but not in OA and control groups. The injury induced in dual hit group was earlier and more sustained as compared to LPS and OA alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lung pathology and changes in respiration functions produced by the dual hit model were closer to the diagnostic criteria of ALI/ARDS in terms of clinical manifestations and pulmonary injury and the injury persisted longer as compared to LPS and OA single hit model. Therefore, the ARDS model produced by the dual hit method was closer to the diagnostic criteria of ARDS in terms of clinical manifestations and pulmonary injury.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hagawane
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mumbai Veterinary College, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Gaikwad
authors.affiliation: National Chair Clinical Pharmacology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kshirsagar
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019301:Oleic Acid