title: Technical Report: Evaluation of peripheral dose for flattening filter free photon beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a comprehensive peripheral dose (PD) dataset for the two unflattened beams of nominal energy 6 and 10 MV for use in clinical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements were made in a 40 × 120 × 20 cm(3) (width × length × depth) stack of solid water using an ionization chamber at varying depths (dmax, 5, and 10 cm), field sizes (3 × 3 to 30 × 30 cm(2)), and distances from the field edge (5-40 cm). The effects of the multileaf collimator (MLC) and collimator rotation were also evaluated for a 10 × 10 cm(2) field. Using the same phantom geometry, the accuracy of the analytic anisotropic algorithm (AAA) and Acuros dose calculation algorithm was assessed and compared to the measured values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PDs for both the 6 flattening filter free (FFF) and 10 FFF photon beams were found to decrease with increasing distance from the radiation field edge and the decreasing field size. The measured PD was observed to be higher for the 6 FFF than for the 10 FFF for all field sizes and depths. The impact of collimator rotation was not found to be clinically significant when used in conjunction with MLCs. AAA and Acuros algorithms both underestimated the PD with average errors of -13.6% and -7.8%, respectively, for all field sizes and depths at distances of 5 and 10 cm from the field edge, but the average error was found to increase to nearly -69% at greater distances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the known inaccuracies of peripheral dose calculations, this comprehensive dataset can be used to estimate the out-of-field dose to regions of interest such as organs at risk, electronic implantable devices, and a fetus. While the impact of collimator rotation was not found to significantly decrease PD when used in conjunction with MLCs, results are expected to be machine model and beam energy dependent. It is not recommended to use a treatment planning system to estimate PD due to the underestimation of the out-of-field dose and the inability to calculate dose at extended distances due to the limits of the dose calculation matrix.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Owrangi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Prisciandaro
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*