title: Struvite crystallization under a marine/brackish aquaculture condition.
abstract: The results in this study show that struvite was formed in the digester at pH 7.7 due to the magnesium naturally present and the released ammonia and phosphate, resulting in low phosphate concentration in the digester. Apparently the digester already provided proper conditions for struvite formation. Under the brackish condition, the estimated thermodynamic solubility product and enthalpy change of struvite formation were 10(-13.06) and 25.7kJmol(-1), respectively. The average crystal size under marine/brackish condition decreased with pH, but increased with temperature. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) and dittmarite (NH4MgPO4·H2O) were predominant phosphorus species produced in filtrates of the digester. However, struvite and newberyite (HMgPO4·3H2O) were the predominant species precipitated from synthetic brackish waters after dosing MgCl2. It is pronounced that (waste)water characteristics played also an important role on the nature of phosphate precipitates. Under high NH4(+) condition, phosphorus precipitates containing ammonia were dominant, compared to other amorphous phosphates.
authors.affiliation: Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands. Electronic address: x.zhang@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Xuedong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jianmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Spanjers
authors.affiliation: Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jules B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Lier
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia; D017756:Aquaculture; D003460:Crystallization; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D000069877:Struvite / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia; D008274:Magnesium; D010758:Phosphorus; D000069877:Struvite; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Marine/brackish aquaculture condition; Particle size distribution; Standard enthalpy; Struvite crystallization; Thermodynamic solubility product