title: Early childhood adversity potentiates the adverse association between prenatal organophosphate pesticide exposure and child IQ: The CHAMACOS cohort.
abstract: Previous studies have observed an adverse association between prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticide (OPs) and child cognition, but few studies consider the potential role of social stressors in modifying this relationship.
  
  
  
  We seek to explore the potential role of early social adversities in modifying the relationship between OPs and child IQ in an agricultural Mexican American population.
  
  
  
  Participants from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a prospective longitudinal pre-birth cohort study, include 329 singleton infants and their mothers followed from pregnancy through age 7. Dialkyl phosphate metabolite concentrations (DAPs), a biomarker of organophosphate pesticide exposure, were measured in maternal urine collected twice during pregnancy and averaged. Child cognitive ability was assessed at 7 years using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition. Demographic characteristics and adversity information were collected during interviews and home visits at numerous time points from pregnancy until age 7.
  
  
  
  Among low-income Latina mothers and their children in the Salinas Valley, total adversity and specific domains of adversity including poor learning environment and adverse parent-child relationships were negatively associated with child cognition. Adverse associations between DAP concentrations and IQ were stronger in children experiencing greater adversity; these associations varied by child sex. For example, the association between prenatal OP exposure and Full-Scale IQ is potentiated among boys who experienced high adversity in the learning environment (β=-13.3; p-value <0.01).
  
  
  
  Greater total and domain-specific adversity modifies negative relationships between prenatal OP exposure and child IQ differently among male and female children. These findings emphasize the need to consider plausible interactive pathways between social adversities and environmental exposures.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children⿿s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children⿿s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Gunier
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children⿿s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children⿿s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogut
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children⿿s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bradman
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Research and Children⿿s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, United States. Electronic address: eskenazi@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eskenazi
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D017058:Mexican Americans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Child IQ; Early life adversity; In utero exposures; Organophosphate pesticides; Pesticides