title: Clinical outcomes and safety of distal biceps repair using a modified entry point.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study is to determine the safety of a one-incision technique for distal biceps repair with modified repair entry point in regards to the distance from the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN). Secondly, we present the clinical results of patients having undergone this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten cadaveric specimens were dissected to reveal the radial tuberosity. Two 1.6-mm guidewires were inserted into the radial tuberosity, one centrally, and one 5-mm more proximal. Both guidewires penetrated the dorsal cortex, and posterior dissection revealed their exit points. The distance from the PIN and each wire was determined using a vernier calliper. The functional outcomes of 10 patients' post repair were reviewed. Performance was determined using strength and range of motion (ROM) measurements. Functional impairment was assessed using the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand outcome measure (DASH score). The uninjured side was used as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean distance from the centre of the radial tuberosity to the PIN was 7.33 mm with a centrally placed wire, compared with 10.92 mm when measuring from the proximal guidewire (P < 0.05). Supination and flexion strengths were 83 and 90% of the uninjured side, respectively. There was a mean of 1.5° loss of flexion and 0° loss of extension. Loss of pronation and supination ROM were 0.5° and 4.5° on average, respectively. Average DASH score was 6.3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend a 5-mm more proximal entry point for insertion of the guidewire during distal biceps repair. This poses less risk to the PIN without significant functional impairment. Our outcomes are comparable with those reported in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Johanna Viktoria
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-3973
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Symes
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dorrestijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatic Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001864:Bone Wires / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005542:Forearm / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery; D005543:Forearm Injuries; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D011884:Radius / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012421:Rupture / Q000601:surgery; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000092464:Elbow Injuries
keywords: distal biceps repair; entry point; posterior interosseous nerve