title: Evaluating the quality of shared decision making during the patient-carer encounter: a systematic review of tools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of shared decision making (SDM) has been developing in many countries since the 1990s. The main challenge of SDM, based on the principles of respect for the person's autonomy, is to improve patients' participation, should they so wish, in decisions concerning their personal health. To our knowledge, there is only one SDM evaluation tool validated in metropolitan French that does not measure the entire SDM construct. The aim of this review was to identify existing and validated SDM measurement tools to determine which of them could be adapted in French to cover all the dimensions of SDM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature review was conducted based on articles found in the PubMed and PsycINFO bibliographic databases and published between 2010 and 2014. Studies were included if the main goal of the article was the development and psychometric validation of an SDM measurement tool, not specific to any given disease or situation, in English, French and Spanish. We used the nine essential elements of the Makoul and Clayman's integrative model to describe the different existing tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies were included. Seven new tools had been published since Scholl's previous review in 2011. We observed a recent spread of the multi-appraiser approach, which combines points of view of patients, healthcare professionals and sometimes external observers. Several models were used for the development of the seven newly identified tools. None of the identified tools assessed the nine elements of the Makoul's model. Three of these elements, however, were systematically measured in each of the new tools: "defining/explaining the problem", "patient values/preferences", and "checking/clarifying understanding".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified several potentially interesting tools for the French context which could cover the whole elements of Makoul's model. The next step will be the development of a French-language instrument based on these tools.
authors.affiliation: Medical Evaluation and Epidemiology Department, PHU11, Saint-Jacques University Hospital, 85, rue Saint-Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex, France. nathalie.bouniols@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-8307
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouniols
authors.affiliation: Medical Evaluation and Epidemiology Department, PHU11, Saint-Jacques University Hospital, 85, rue Saint-Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Brice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leclère
authors.affiliation: Medical Evaluation and Epidemiology Department, PHU11, Saint-Jacques University Hospital, 85, rue Saint-Jacques, 44093, Nantes Cedex, France.|EA 4275 SPHERE: biostatistics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Human sciences Research team, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nantes, Rue Gaston Veil, 44000, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Leïla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moret
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Measurement; Methodology; Patient involvement; Questionnaire; Shared decision making; Systematic review