title: Aspirin use for primary prophylaxis: Adverse outcomes in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outcomes of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) taking aspirin for primary prophylaxis to those not taking it.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients not known to have any vascular disease (coronary artery or cerebrovascular disease) who were admitted to the American University of Beirut Medical Center between 1993 and 2010 with NVUGIB were included. The frequencies of in-hospital mortality, re-bleeding, severe bleeding, need for surgery or embolization, and of a composite outcome defined as the occurrence of any of the 4 bleeding related adverse outcomes were compared between patients receiving aspirin and those on no antithrombotics. We also compared frequency of in hospital complications and length of hospital stay between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 357 eligible patients, 94 were on aspirin and 263 patients were on no antithrombotics (control group). Patients in the aspirin group were older, the mean age was 58 years in controls and 67 years in the aspirin group (P < 0.001). Patients in the aspirin group had significantly more co-morbidities, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension [25 (27%) vs 31 (112%) and 44 (47%) vs 74 (28%) respectively, (P = 0.001)], as well as dyslipidemia [21 (22%) vs 16 (6%), P < 0.0001). Smoking was more frequent in the aspirin group [34 (41%) vs 60 (27%), P = 0.02)]. The frequencies of endoscopic therapy and surgery were similar in both groups. Patients who were on aspirin had lower in-hospital mortality rates (2.1% vs 13.7%, P = 0.002), shorter hospital stay (4.9 d vs 7 d, P = 0.01), and fewer composite outcomes (10.6% vs 24%, P = 0.01). The frequencies of in-hospital complications and re-bleeding were similar in the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who present with NVUGIB while receiving aspirin for primary prophylaxis had fewer adverse outcomes. Thus aspirin may have a protective effect beyond its cardiovascular benefits.
authors.affiliation: Karina M Souk, Hani M Tamim, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 11072020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Karina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Souk
authors.affiliation: Karina M Souk, Hani M Tamim, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 11072020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Hani M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Tamim
authors.affiliation: Karina M Souk, Hani M Tamim, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 11072020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Hussein A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Abu Daya
authors.affiliation: Karina M Souk, Hani M Tamim, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 11072020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rockey
authors.affiliation: Karina M Souk, Hani M Tamim, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut 11072020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Kassem A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Barada
keywords: Aspirin; Morbidity; Mortality; Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding; Outcomes