title: What is new in tics, dystonia and chorea?
abstract: Movement disorders comprise hyperkinetic involuntary movements (eg tremor, myoclonus, tics, dystonia and chorea) and hypokinetic (parkinsonism) disorders. Tics are cardinal features of primary tic disorders encompassing Tourette syndrome (TS), but are also found in some neurodegenerative conditions and may be induced by psychoactive substances. The first line treatment for tics is pharmacological (mainly dopamine receptor blockers or alpha-2 adrenergic agonists) and behavioural. Dystonia and chorea syndromes are considerably heterogeneous in aetiology, and age at onset, body distribution of the movement disorder, accompanying neurological motor and non-motor features, and systemic manifestations are all important to reach a correct aetiological diagnosis. While symptomatic pharmacological treatment remains the mainstay of treatment for choreas, deep brain stimulation surgery has a well-defined place in the management of medically refractory dystonia.
authors.affiliation: University College of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macerollo
authors.affiliation: National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK and Queen Elizabeth Hospital Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK davidemartino@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D002819:Chorea; D020821:Dystonic Disorders; D006801:Humans; D013981:Tic Disorders
keywords: Chorea; diagnosis; dystonia; hyperkinetic movement disorders; tics; treatments