title: Surgical treatment of pediatric focal cortical dysplasia: Clinical spectrum and surgical outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the clinical presentation and outcomes of surgically treated focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 75 cases of confirmed FCD by pathology after resective surgery. We used the pathologic classification proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy and included clinical profile and seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 11 cases of FCD type I, 34 of type IIa, 19 of type IIb, and 11 of type III. Fifty-one cases (68.0%) presented clinically as focal epilepsy (FE) and 24 (32.0%) as epileptic encephalopathy (EE), including 16 with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and 8 with West syndrome. We observed EE in 7 cases (63.6%) in FCD type I, 14 (41.2%) in type IIa, 2 (10.5%) in type IIb, and 1 (9.1%) in type III. We found the following more frequently in EE: seizure onset occurring at younger than 2 years (EE: 20 [83.3%], FE: 19 [37.3%]; p < 0.001), presence of intellectual disability before surgery (EE: 22 [91.7%], FE: 29 [56.9%]; p = 0.003), and multilobar resections (EE: 19 [79.2%], FE: 15 [29.4%]; p < 0.001). Forty-eight cases (64.0%) were seizure-free; 66.7% (34/51) in FE, 58.3% (14/24) in EE. Neurodevelopmental level showed more improvement (11/48 vs 0/27, p = 0.011) and less deterioration (2/48 vs 9/27, p = 0.001) in the seizure-free group compared to the non-seizure-free group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FCD can cause FE and EE in pediatric age, and resective surgery should be considered as a treatment option for both types of epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (H.E.K.), International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon; and the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery (D.S.K.), the Division of Pediatric Neurology (H.-C.K., J.S.L., H.D.K.), Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute (S.E.), and Department of Pathology (S.H.K.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Eun
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (H.E.K.), International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon; and the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery (D.S.K.), the Division of Pediatric Neurology (H.-C.K., J.S.L., H.D.K.), Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute (S.E.), and Department of Pathology (S.H.K.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eom
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (H.E.K.), International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon; and the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery (D.S.K.), the Division of Pediatric Neurology (H.-C.K., J.S.L., H.D.K.), Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute (S.E.), and Department of Pathology (S.H.K.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon-Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (H.E.K.), International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon; and the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery (D.S.K.), the Division of Pediatric Neurology (H.-C.K., J.S.L., H.D.K.), Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute (S.E.), and Department of Pathology (S.H.K.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joon Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (H.E.K.), International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon; and the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery (D.S.K.), the Division of Pediatric Neurology (H.-C.K., J.S.L., H.D.K.), Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute (S.E.), and Department of Pathology (S.H.K.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (H.E.K.), International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon; and the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery (D.S.K.), the Division of Pediatric Neurology (H.-C.K., J.S.L., H.D.K.), Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute (S.E.), and Department of Pathology (S.H.K.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Seok
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pediatrics (H.E.K.), International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon; and the Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery (D.S.K.), the Division of Pediatric Neurology (H.-C.K., J.S.L., H.D.K.), Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Research Institute (S.E.), and Department of Pathology (S.H.K.), Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. hdkimmd@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Heung Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants