title: Modulatory effects of levamisole and garlic oil on the immune response of Wistar rats: Biochemical, immunohistochemical, molecular and immunological study.
abstract: Levamisole (LEVA) and garlic are prevalent immunomodulators in humans and animals. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory effects of LEVA and garlic oil (GO) alone or in combination on the immune response of Wistar rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were allocated into four equal groups: Control group, which was given ad libitum access to food and water; and groups 2‑4, which were orally administered LEVA [2.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) every 2 days], GO, (5 ml/kg BW daily), or LEVA plus GO, respectively for 4 consecutive weeks. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM levels were measured using a radial immunodiffusion assay. Serum cytokine levels, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, were measured using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay kits. Total blood counts were measured automatically using a cell counter. Serum lysozyme enzymatic activity was determined by measuring the diameters of the zones of clearance relative to lysozyme. Immunohistochemical detection of CD4 and CD8 was carried out using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of IL‑4, IL‑5 and IL‑12 were measured in the leukocytes and thymus gland by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that LEVA increased serum levels of IFN‑γ, IL‑5 and TNF‑α cytokines, whereas co‑administration of LEVA and GO decreased the stimulatory action of LEVA alone. LEVA and GO alone increased the serum levels of IgG, IgM and total blood cell counts, and co‑administration of GO and LEVA inhibited the effects of LEVA. At the cellular level, in the spleen, LEVA increased immunoreactivity of CD4 and CD8, whereas co‑administration of GO with LEVA decreased this strong expression. At the molecular level, in leukocytes, LEVA upregulated the mRNA expression levels of IL‑2, IL‑4 and IL‑5, whereas GO alone downregulated mRNA expression. Co‑administration of GO with LEVA inhibited the LEVA‑induced upregulation of IL‑2, IL‑4 and IL‑5 mRNA expression. In the thymus, both LEVA and GO upregulated the mRNA expression levels of IL‑4 and IL‑5, whereas LEVA alone did not affect IL‑12 mRNA expression. Co‑administration of GO with LEVA inhibited LEVA‑induced upregulation of IL‑4 and GO‑induced upregulation of IL‑12 expression, and had an additive upregulatory effect on IL‑5 expression. In conclusion, LEVA stimulated T‑helper (Th)1 cytokines, whereas GO stimulated a Th2 response, and co‑administration of GO with LEVA inhibited the stimulatory effects of LEVA and balanced the Th1/Th2 response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
authors.forename: Essam Hassan
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed Abdel-Aziz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baiomy
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Zein Shaban
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratories, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Turabah 21974, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Mohamed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007978:Levamisole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009113:Muramidase / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013440:Sulfides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D013440:Sulfides; D007978:Levamisole; C038491:allyl sulfide; D009113:Muramidase