title: Effect of changes in intra-abdominal pressure on diameter, cross-sectional area, and distensibility of the lower esophageal sphincter of healthy dogs as determined by use of an endoscopic functional luminal imaging probe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on morphology and compliance of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by use of impedance planimetry in healthy dogs and to quantify the effect of changes in IAP. ANIMALS 7 healthy, purpose-bred sexually intact male hound-cross dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were anesthetized, and cross-sectional area (CSA), minimal diameter (MD), LES length, LES volume, and distensibility index (DI) of the LES were evaluated by use of an endoscopic functional luminal imaging probe. For each dog, measurements were obtained before (baseline) and after creation of a pneumoperitoneum at an IAP of 4, 8, and 15 mm Hg. Order of the IAPs was determined by use of a randomization software program. RESULTS CSA and MD at 4 and 8 mm Hg were not significantly different from baseline measurements; however, CSA and MD at 15 mm Hg were both significantly greater than baseline measurements. The LES length and LES volume did not differ significantly from baseline measurements at any IAP. The DI differed inconsistently from the baseline measurement but was not substantially affected by IAP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pneumoperitoneum created with an IAP of 4 or 8 mm Hg did not significantly alter LES morphology in healthy dogs. Pneumoperitoneum at an IAP of 15 mm Hg caused a significant increase in CSA and MD of the LES. Compliance of the LES as measured by the DI was not greatly altered by pneumoperitoneum at an IAP of up to 15 mm Hg.
authors.forename: Philipp D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mayhew
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steffey
authors.forename: William T N
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kass
authors.forename: Stanley L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005773:Gastroscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D011028:Pneumoperitoneum, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D011312:Pressure; D012016:Reference Values