title: Efficacy of Topical Oﬂoxacin 0.3 % Administration on Conjunctival Bacterial Flora in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Intravitreal Injections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective, randomized case series study aims to evaluate the efficacy of ofloxacin 0.3% eye drops in eradication of conjunctival bacterial flora in diabetic patients undergoing intravitreal injections (IVI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two diabetic patients (92 eyes) scheduled to undergo intravitreal injection of ranibizumab due to diabetic macular edema were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to three different groups. Group 1 (n=32) received ofloxacin eye drops the day before before IVI (four times); patients in Group 2 (n=29) were administered ofloxacin one hour before IVI (every 15 minutes), while Group 3 (n=31) comprised patients that received combined administration of ofloxacin both one day and one hour before IVI (eight doses). Samples were collected from the injection site before and after antibiotic administration. Culture results from BACTEC broth and positive cultures in blood agar and Sabouraud's dextrose agar plates were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group 1, BACTEC broth positive cultures decreased from 84.4% at baseline to 50% after ofloxacin administration (p=0.007), and blood agar positive cultures reduced from 65.63% to 34.38% (p=0.02). In Group 2, positive cultures significantly decreased in BACTEC broth (from 79.3% at baseline to 48.28%; p=0.027) and in blood agar (from 68.97% to 37.13%; p=0.034). In Group 3, positive cultures decreased from 77.42% at baseline to 32.26% (p=0.0008) and from 58.06% at baseline to 22.58% (p=0.009) in BACTEC broth and blood agar, respectively. No microorganisms were isolated from Sabouraud's dextrose agar plates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined one day/one hour (eight doses) ofloxacin administration in diabetic patients is extremely effective in reducing conjunctival bacterial flora. The application of topical ofloxacin for one day or one hour before IVI is also significantly effective.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School , University of Patras , Patras , Greece.|b Laboratory of Public Health, School of Medicine , University of Patras , Patras , Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Plotas
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School , University of Patras , Patras , Greece.
authors.forename: Olga E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Makri
authors.affiliation: c Department of Ophthalmology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors.forename: Ilias
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgalas
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School , University of Patras , Patras , Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pharmakakis
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Public Health, School of Medicine , University of Patras , Patras , Greece.
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vantarakis
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School , University of Patras , Patras , Greece.
authors.forename: Constantine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Georgakopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015818:Eye Infections, Bacterial / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D015242:Ofloxacin
keywords: Antibiotics; conjunctival bacterial flora; diabetics; intravitreal injections; ofloxacin