title: Towards the characterisation of carotid plaque tissue toughness: Linking mechanical properties to plaque composition.
abstract: The morphological manifestation of calcification within an atherosclerotic plaque is diverse and the response to cutting balloon angioplasty remains an elusive target to predict in the presence of extensive calcification. This study examines the resistance of plaque tissue to blade penetration by characterising the underlying toughness properties and stratifying the upper and lower scale toughness limits based on the strong mechanical influence of calcification. Mechanical toughness properties of the common, bifurcation and internal carotid artery (n=62) were determined using guillotine-cutting tests measuring the energy required to pass a surgical blade through a unit length of plaque tissue. The corresponding structural composition of the dissected plaque segments was characterised using Fourier transform infrared analysis, electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Mechanical results reveal a clear distinction in toughness properties within each region of the carotid vessel with significantly tougher properties localised in the bifurcation (p=0.004) and internal region (p=0.0003) compared to the common. The severity of the intra-plaque variance is highest in plaques with high toughness localised in the bifurcation region (p<0.05). Structural examination reveals that the diverse mechanical influence of the level of calcification present is characteristic of specific regions within the carotid plaque. The energy required to overcome the calcific resistance and propagate a controlled cut in the calcified tissue at each region varies further with the degree of plaque progression. The identification of the localised calcification characteristics is a key determinant in achieving successful dissection of the severely toughened plaque segments during cutting balloon angioplasty.
  
  
  
  Calcification plays a fundamental role in plaque tissue mechanics and demonstrates a diverse range of material moduli properties. This work addresses the characterisation of the toughness properties in human carotid plaque tissue using a fracture mechanics approach. Toughness determines the energy required to propagate a controlled cut in the plaque material. This parameter is crucial for predicting the cutting forces required during endovascular cutting balloon angioplasty intervention. Results demonstrate that a strong relationship exists between the structural calcification configurations, fracture mechanisms and associated toughness properties that are characteristic of specific regions within the carotid artery plaque. The identification of the morphological characteristics of localised calcification may serve as a valuable quantitative measure for cutting balloon angioplasty treatment.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research (CABER), Health Research Institute (HRI), School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research (CABER), Health Research Institute (HRI), School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cunnane
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research (CABER), Health Research Institute (HRI), School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland. Electronic address: michael.walsh@ul.ie.
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009928:Organ Specificity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
keywords: Calcification; Carotid; Fracture; Structure; Toughness