title: Effect of clonazepam and clonidine on primary sleep bruxism: a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of clonazepam and clonidine on rhythmic masticatory muscle activity in young adults with primary sleep bruxism, as well as accompanying effects on sleep architecture and cardiac activity. This study used a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled design. Polysomnography was performed on 19 subjects [nine men and 10 women; mean age (±SE): 25.4 ± 2.7 years] for 5 nights. The first 2 nights were used for the habituation and diagnosis of sleep bruxism. The other 3 nights were randomly assigned for clonazepam (1.0 mg), clonidine (0.15 mg) or placebo (all administered 30 min before bedtime). Sleep, oromotor activity and cardiac activity variables were assessed and compared among the three drug conditions. Clonidine significantly reduced the median percentage of time spent in the rapid eye movement sleep stage compared with placebo and clonazepam. The number of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity episodes was reduced with clonidine by >30% compared with placebo and clonazepam. The reduction of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity index by clonidine was associated with an increase of mean RR intervals (slower heart rate) during quiet sleep periods and during a 70-s period before the onset of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity episodes. However, no changes in cardiac activity variables were observed for clonazepam. In young adults with primary sleep bruxism, clonidine was significantly more effective in suppressing sleep bruxism than clonazepam. The acute effects of clonidine on rhythmic masticatory muscle activity episodes may be mediated by suppression of autonomic nervous system activity and non-rapid eye movement-rapid eye movement sleep processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.|Sleep Medicine Center, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suganuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takaba
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Yumino Heart Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Fusae
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kawana
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002998:Clonazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000379:methods*; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D002998:Clonazepam; D003000:Clonidine
keywords: clonazepam; clonidine; polysomnography; primary sleep bruxism; rhythmic masticatory muscle activity