title: The Impact of Perinatal Depression on Children's Social-Emotional Development: A Longitudinal Study.
abstract: Objectives This longitudinal population study aimed to investigate if maternal depression at different time points during the perinatal period impacts children's social-emotional development at 2 years of age. Methods Participants were women (n = 1235) who gave birth at Akershus University Hospital in Norway. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at pregnancy week 32 and at 8 weeks and 2 years postpartum, whereas children's social-emotional development at the age of 2 years was assessed by using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional. Bi- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the linkage between maternal perinatal depression and children's early social-emotional development. Results Multivariate analyses showed that social-emotional problems in the child 2 years after birth were strongly associated with maternal depression at pregnancy week 32 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.4; 95 % CI 1.4-8.0), depression at 8 weeks postpartum (aOR 3.8; 95 % CI 1.7-8.6), and with depression at both time points (aOR 3.7; 95 % CI 1.5-10.1). Conclusion Findings indicate pre- and postnatal depression each bears an independent, adverse impact on children's social-emotional development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. Junge.Carolin@googlemail.com.|Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Junge.Carolin@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Junge
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.|Institute and Outpatient Clinics of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garthus-Niegel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|National Network for the Infant Mental Health, The Region Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Slinning
authors.affiliation: Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polte
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.|Health Services Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
authors.forename: Tone Breines
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Health Services Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eberhard-Gran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012922:Social Change; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Ages and Stages Questionnaire; Onset timing; Perinatal depression; Social-emotional development