title: Impact of metabolic syndrome on lipid target achievements in the Arabian Gulf: findings from the CEPHEUS study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to determine the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on lipid target achievements in the Arabian Gulf.
  
  
  METHODS
  The centralized pan-middle east survey on the undertreatment of hypercholesterolemia (CEPHEUS) included 4171 high and very high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk patients from six Arabian Gulf countries. Analyses were performed using univariate statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean age was 57 ± 11 years, 41 % were females and 71 % had MetS. MetS patients were less likely to attain their HDL-C (34 vs. 79 %; P < 0.001), LDL-C (27 vs. 37 %; P < 0.001), non HDL-C (35 vs. 55 %; P < 0.001) and Apo B (35 vs. 54 %; P < 0.001) compared to those without MetS. Within the MetS cohort, those with very high ASCVD risk were less likely to attain their lipid targets compared to those with high ASCVD risk [HDL-C (32 vs. 41 %; P < 0.001), LDL-C (24 vs. 43 %; P < 0.001), non HDL-C (32 vs. 51 %; P < 0.001) and Apo B (33 vs. 40 %; P = 0.001)]. In those with MetS and very high ASCVD risk status, females were less likely to attain their HDL-C (27 vs. 36 %; P < 0.001), LDL-C (19 vs. 27 %; P < 0.001) and Apo B (30 vs. 35 %; P = 0.009) compared to males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MetS was associated with low lipid therapeutic targets. Women and those with very high ASCVD risk were also less likely to attain their lipid targets in the Arabian Gulf.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman ; Gulf Health Research, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Zakwani
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Institute-Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Wael
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Al Mahmeed
authors.affiliation: UAE University, Alain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shehab
authors.affiliation: King Saud University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arafah
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Ali T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Al-Hinai
authors.affiliation: Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al Tamimi
authors.affiliation: Al Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al Awadhi
authors.affiliation: King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shorook
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Herz
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al Anazi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al Nemer
authors.affiliation: King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Othman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Metwally
authors.affiliation: King Fahad Hospital of the University, Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Akram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alkhadra
authors.affiliation: King Fahad Hospital of the University, Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fakhry
authors.affiliation: Soliman Fakieh Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hossam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elghetany
authors.affiliation: Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Abdel Razak
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Medani
authors.affiliation: Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Afzal Hussein
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Yusufali
authors.affiliation: Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Obaid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al Jassim
authors.affiliation: American Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Al Hallaq
authors.affiliation: Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Fahad Omar Ahmed S
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Baslaib
authors.affiliation: Bahrain Defense Force Hospital, Manama, Bahrain.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 38, Al-Khod, 123 Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Waili
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Khamis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Hashmi
authors.affiliation: Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raul D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 38, Al-Khod, 123 Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Rasadi
keywords: Arabian Gulf; Blood pressure; Cardiovascular diseases; HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Triglycerides