title: Nephrologists' likelihood of referring patients for kidney transplant based on hypothetical patient scenarios.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is wide variation in referral for kidney transplant and preemptive kidney transplant (PKT). Patient characteristics such as age, race, sex and geographic location have been cited as contributing factors to this disparity. We hypothesize that the characteristics of nephrologists interplay with the patients' characteristics to influence the referral decision. In this study, we used hypothetical case scenarios to assess nephrologists' decisions regarding transplant referral.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3180 nephrologists were invited to participate. Among those interested, 252 were randomly selected to receive a survey in which nephrologists were asked whether they would recommend transplant for the 25 hypothetical patients. Logistic regression models with single covariates and multiple covariates were used to identify patient characteristics associated with likelihood of being referred for transplant and to identify nephrologists' characteristics associated with likelihood of referring for transplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 252 potential participants, 216 completed the survey. A nephrologist's affiliation with an academic institution was associated with a higher likelihood of referral, and being '>10 years from fellowship' was associated with lower likelihood of referring patients for transplant. Patient age <50 years was associated with higher likelihood of referral. Rural location and smoking history/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with lower likelihood of being referred for transplant. The nephrologist's affiliation with an academic institution was associated with higher likelihood of referring for preemptive transplant, and the patient having a rural residence was associated with lower likelihood of being referred for preemptive transplant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The variability in transplant referral is related to patients' age and geographic location as well as the nephrologists' affiliation with an academic institution and time since completion of training. Future educational interventions should emphasize the benefits of kidney transplant and PKT for all population groups regardless of geographic location and age and should target nephrologists in non-academic settings who are 10 or more years from their fellowship training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Ankita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Surju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nasrollah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghahramani
keywords: case scenarios; disparities; kidney; preemptive; transplant