title: The genetic architecture of body mass index from infancy to adulthood modified by parental education.
abstract: A higher prevalence of obesity in lower socioeconomic classes is common in Western societies. This study examined the role of gene-environment interactions in the association between parental education and body mass index (BMI) from infancy to the onset of adulthood.
  
  
  
  Parentally reported BMI from 1 to 13 and self-reported BMI from 14 to 20 years of age were collected in 16,646 complete Dutch twin pairs and analyzed by genetic twin modeling.
  
  
  
  At 7 to 8 years of age, children whose parents had middle or low educational levels had more excess weight than the children of more highly educated parents, and the difference increased until 18 to 20 years of age. The major part of the BMI variation was explained by additive genetic factors (a(2)  = 0.55-0.85), but environmental factors common for co-twins also played a significant role, especially from 3 to 7-8 years of age (c(2)  = 0.15-0.29). The genetic variation in BMI was higher in children whose parents had middle or low educational levels compared with children whose parents had a high educational level.
  
  
  
  The interaction between genetic factors and the childhood social environment may contribute to the formation of socioeconomic differences in obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Karri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silventoinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huppertz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Catharina E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: van Beijsterveldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gonneke
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014427:Twins / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult