title: Lutein attenuates oxidative stress markers and ameliorates glucose homeostasis through polyol pathway in heart and kidney of STZ-induced hyperglycemic rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lutein's role on chronic hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and associated glucose homeostasis in heart and kidney is limited. Purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of lutein on cardiac and renal polyol pathway enzymes and oxidative stress markers under hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress condition using streptozotocin (STZ)-injected rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  STZ-induced hyperglycemic (fasting blood glucose ≥11 mM) male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 11/group). Group 1 received micellar lutein (39 nmol/day/rat) and group 2 (negative control) received micelle without lutein for 8 weeks. A separate group (no STZ injected) served as a positive control (n = 11/group). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), biweekly urine glucose and activities of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymes were assessed. Activities of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant level were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lutein-administered hyperglycemic rats showed better glucose tolerance as evidenced with OGTT and biweekly urine glucose when compared to negative control. Activities of AR and SDH were decreased in heart and kidney of lutein-fed hyperglycemic rats. Also, they had significantly (p < 0.05) decreased malondialdehyde levels (66, 34, and 33 %) and increased reduced glutathione level (81, 18 and 92 %) in serum, heart and kidney, respectively. Altered antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase were also affected in serum, heart and kidney of lutein-fed diabetic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lutein prevented cardiac and renal injury in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats due to potential amelioration of altered activities in polyol pathway and oxidative stress markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570 020, India.
authors.forename: Gurunathan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharavana
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570 020, India.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570 020, India. baskaranv@cftri.res.in.
authors.forename: Vallikannan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baskaran
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000097:blood; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase / Q000652:urine; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011108:Polymers / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D011108:Polymers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C024617:polyol; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007064:L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005978:Glutathione; D014975:Lutein
keywords: Diabetes; Lutein; Nephropathy; Oxidative stress; Polyol pathway