title: Evolving Immunotherapy Approaches for Renal Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) continues to be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is typically resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy, and while targeted therapies have activity and prolong progression-free and overall survival, responses are usually not durable. Modulating the immune system with cytokine therapy, vaccine therapy, cell therapy, and checkpoint inhibitors offers hope of prolonged survival. Standard and emerging immune therapy approaches and combinations of immune therapies and other modalities are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208028, New Haven, 06510, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Susanna A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208028, New Haven, 06510, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Justine V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208028, New Haven, 06510, CT, USA. Harriet.Kluger@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Harriet M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kluger
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Adoptive cell therapy; Cytokines; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; Immunotherapy; Renal cell carcinoma; Vaccine therapy