title: Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside rich extract of L. usitatissimum prevents diabetic colon cancer through inhibition of CDK4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increased risk of colon cancer in both men and women having diabetes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside rich extract(SRE) of L.usissatisimum(flaxseed) in colon cancer associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced by administering high fat diet with low dose streptozotocin model. After 6 weeks, diabetes was confirmed and 1,2 dimethylhydrazine(25mg/kg, sc) weekly administration was from 6th to 18th weeks. Rats were treated with the SRE(500mg/kg) orally from 6th to 24th week. After 24 weeks, various biochemical and enzymatic parameters were estimated. Animals were sacrificed and colon tissue was separated and subjected to analysis of histopathological, PCNA studies and mRNA expression of CDK4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Disease control rats depicted hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and cancer biomarker levels, and marked presence of proliferating cells. Treatment with SRE controlled hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and cancer biomarker levels, and decreased no. of proliferating cells. We found that disease control rats depicted over expression of CDK4 mRNA levels which were reduced by SRE treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SRE of L. usitatissimum exhibited chemopreventive effect in colon cancer associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus which might be mediated through inhibition of CDK4.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481, India.
authors.forename: Niyati R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481, India. Electronic address: drbhoomikampatel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bhoomika M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002072:Butylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002072:Butylene Glycols; D016207:Cytokines; D005960:Glucosides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495903:Cdk4 protein, rat; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; C090142:secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
keywords: CDK4; Colon cancer associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus; DMH; L. usitatissimum; Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside