title: Antibiotic perturbation of the preterm infant gut microbiome and resistome.
abstract: The gut microbiota plays important roles in nutrient absorption, immune system development, and pathogen colonization resistance. Perturbations early in life may be detrimental to host health in the short and the long-term. Antibiotics are among the many factors that influence the development of the microbiota. Because antibiotics are heavily administered during the first critical years of gut microbiota development, it is important to understand the effects of these interventions. Infants, particularly those born prematurely, represent an interesting population because they receive early and often extensive antibiotic therapy in the first months after birth. Gibson et al. recently demonstrated that antibiotic therapy in preterm infants can dramatically affect the gut microbiome. While meropenem, ticarcillin-clavulanate, and cefotaxime treatments were associated with decreased species richness, gentamicin and vancomycin had variable effects on species richness. Interestingly, the direction of species richness response could be predicted based on the abundance of 2 species and 2 genes in the microbiome prior to gentamicin or vancomycin treatment. Nonetheless, all antibiotic treatments enriched the presence of resistance genes and multidrug resistant organisms. Treatment with different antibiotics further resulted in unique population shifts of abundant organisms and selection for different sets of resistance genes. In this addendum, we provide an extended discussion of these recent findings, and outline important future directions for elucidating the interplay between antibiotics and preterm infant gut microbiota development.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gasparrini
authors.affiliation: a Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.|b Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Terence S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Crofts
authors.affiliation: a Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Molly K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.|d Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Phillip I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Tarr
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: a Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.|b Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.|d Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA.|e Department of Biomedical Engineering , Washington University , St Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dantas
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D007234:Infant, Premature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; gut microbiota; preterm infants