title: Laboratory and field validation of a simple method for detecting four species of non-native freshwater fish using eDNA.
abstract: This paper presents the first phase in the development and validation of a simple and reliable environmental (e)DNA method using conventional PCR to detect four species of non-native freshwater fish: pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus, fathead minnow Pimephales promelas and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. The efficacy of the approach was demonstrated in indoor tank (44 l) trials in which all four species were detected within 24 h. Validation was through two field trials, in which L. gibbosus was detected 6-12 h after its introduction into outdoor experimental ponds and P. parva was successfully detected in disused fish rearing ponds where the species was known to exist. Thus, the filtration of small (30 ml) volumes of pond water was sufficient to capture fish eDNA and the approach emphasised the importance of taking multiple water samples of sufficient spatial coverage for detecting species of random or patchy distribution.
authors.affiliation: Fisheries and Ecosystems Division, Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, U.K.|Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K.
authors.forename: P I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.affiliation: Fisheries and Ecosystems Division, Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, U.K.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Créach
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K.
authors.forename: W-J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andreou
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.affiliation: Fisheries and Ecosystems Division, Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, U.K.|Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K.|Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Copp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D058865:Introduced Species; D010473:Perciformes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D061005:Ponds / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Lepomis gibbosus; Leucaspius delineatus; Pimephales promelas; Pseudorasbora parva; environmental DNA