title: Evaporation of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion Sunscreen Films.
abstract: We recently showed (Binks et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02696) how evaporation of sunscreen films consisting of solutions of molecular UV filters leads to loss of UV light absorption and derived sun protection factor (SPF). In the present work, we investigate evaporation-induced effects for sunscreen films consisting of particle-stabilized emulsions containing a dissolved UV filter. The emulsions contained either droplets of propylene glycol (PG) in squalane (SQ), droplets of SQ in PG or droplets of decane in PG. In these different emulsion types, the SQ is involatile and shows no evaporation, the PG is volatile and evaporates relatively slowly, whereas the decane is relatively very volatile and evaporates quickly. We have measured the film mass and area, optical micrographs of the film structure, and the UV absorbance spectra during evaporation. For emulsion films containing the involatile SQ, evaporation of the PG causes collapse of the emulsion structure with some loss of specular UV absorbance due to light scattering. However, for these emulsions with droplets much larger than the wavelength of light, the light is scattered only at small forward angles so does not contribute to the diffuse absorbance and the film SPF. The UV filter remains soluble throughout the evaporation and thus the UV absorption by the filter and the SPF remain approximately constant. Both PG-in-SQ and SQ-in-PG films behave similarly and do not show area shrinkage by dewetting. In contrast, the decane-in-PG film shows rapid evaporative loss of the decane, followed by slower loss of the PG resulting in precipitation of the UV filter and film area shrinkage by dewetting which cause the UV absorbance and derived SPF to decrease. Measured UV spectra during evaporation are in reasonable agreement with spectra calculated using models discussed here.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bernard P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Binks
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul D I
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marinopoulos
authors.affiliation: GSK Consumer Healthcare (U.K.) Ltd. , 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, TW8 9GS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.affiliation: GSK Consumer Healthcare , 184 Liberty Corner Road, Warren, New Jersey 07059, United States.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thompson
keywords: SPF; emulsion; evaporation; precipitation; spectrophotometry; sunscreen