title: European longitudinal study on the relationship between adolescents' alcohol marketing exposure and alcohol use.
abstract: This is the first study to examine the effect of alcohol marketing exposure on adolescents' drinking in a cross-national context. The aim was to examine reciprocal processes between exposure to a wide range of alcohol marketing types and adolescent drinking, controlled for non-alcohol branded media exposure.
  
  
  
  Prospective observational study (11-12- and 14-17-month intervals), using a three-wave autoregressive cross-lagged model.
  
  
  
  School-based sample in 181 state-funded schools in Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland.
  
  
  
  A total of 9075 eligible respondents participated in the survey (mean age 14 years, 49.5% male.
  
  
  
  Adolescents reported their frequency of past-month drinking and binge drinking. Alcohol marketing exposure was measured by a latent variable with 13 items measuring exposure to online alcohol marketing, televised alcohol advertising, alcohol sport sponsorship, music event/festival sponsorship, ownership alcohol-branded promotional items, reception of free samples and exposure to price offers. Confounders were age, gender, education, country, internet use, exposure to non-alcohol sponsored football championships and television programmes without alcohol commercials.
  
  
  
  The analyses showed one-directional long-term effects of alcohol marketing exposure on drinking (exposure T1 on drinking T2: β = 0.420 (0.058), P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.324-0.515; exposure T2 on drinking T3: β = 0.200 (0.044), P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.127-0.272; drinking T1 and drinking T2 on exposure: P > 0.05). Similar results were found in the binge drinking model (exposure T1 on binge T2: β = 0.409 (0.054), P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.320-0.499; exposure T2 on binge T3: β = 0.168 (0.050), P = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.086-0.250; binge T1 and binge T2 on exposure: P > 0.05).
  
  
  
  There appears to be a one-way effect of alcohol marketing exposure on adolescents' alcohol use over time, which cannot be explained by either previous drinking or exposure to non-alcohol-branded marketing.
authors.affiliation: STAP (Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy), Utrecht, the Netherlands. adebruijn@eucam.info.|European Centre on Monitoring Alcohol Marketing (EUCAM), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. adebruijn@eucam.info.|Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. adebruijn@eucam.info.
authors.forename: Avalon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Bruijn
authors.affiliation: STAP (Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy), Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanghe
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.|Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rutger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.|Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Eclectica, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beccaria
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (IPIN), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bujalski
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Dipendenze, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celata
authors.affiliation: University of Twente, Enschade, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jordy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gosselt
authors.affiliation: ZEUS (Centre for Applied Psychology, Social and Environment), Hagen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schreckenberg
authors.affiliation: State Agency for Prevention of Alcohol Related Problems (PARPA), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Luiza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Słodownik
authors.affiliation: ZEUS (Centre for Applied Psychology, Social and Environment), Hagen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jördis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wothge
authors.affiliation: State Agency for Prevention of Alcohol Related Problems (PARPA), Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Dalen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D063425:Binge Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D000067088:Direct-to-Consumer Advertising; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Adolescents; Europe; alcohol advertising; alcohol marketing; binge drinking; drinking