title: Cadaver-Based Simulation Increases Resident Confidence, Initial Exposure to Fundamental Techniques, and May Augment Operative Autonomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical simulation is an important adjunct in surgical education. The majority of operative procedures can be simplified to core components. This study aimed to quantify a cadaver-based simulation course utility in improving exposure to fundamental maneuvers, resident and attending confidence in trainee capability, and if this led to earlier operative independence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A list of fundamental surgical procedures was established by a faculty panel. Residents were assigned to a group led by a chief resident. Residents performed skills on cadavers appropriate for PGY level. A video-recorded examination where they narrated and demonstrated a task independently was then graded by attendings using standardized rubrics. Participants completed surveys regarding improvements in knowledge and confidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The course was conducted at the Emory University School of Medicine and the T3 Laboratories in Atlanta, GA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 133 residents and 41 attendings participated in the course. 133 (100%) participating residents and 32 (78%) attendings completed surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resident confidence in completing the assigned skill independently increased from 3 (2-3) to 4 (3-4), p < 0.01. Residents stated that a median of 40% (interquartile range: 20%-60%) of procedures were performed for the first time in the course, and the same number had been performed only in the course. The percentage of skills attendings believed residents could perform independently increased from 40% (40%-60%) to 60% (60%->80%), p < 0.04. Attendings were more likely to grant autonomy in the operating room after this exercise (4 [3-5]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A cadaveric skills course focused on fundamental maneuvers with objective confirmation of success is a viable adjunct to clinical operative experience. Residents were formally exposed to fundamental surgical maneuvers earlier as a result of this course. This activity improved both resident and attending confidence in trainee operative skill, resulting in increased attending willingness to grant a higher level of autonomy in the operating room.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Jeremy G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Delman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hinman
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: jsrini2@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Jahnavi K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D005845:Georgia; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009873:Operating Rooms; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Patient Care; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; autonomy; cadaver; confidence; simulation