title: High Frequency and Diversity of Antimicrobial Activities Produced by Nasal Staphylococcus Strains against Bacterial Competitors.
abstract: The human nasal microbiota is highly variable and dynamic often enclosing major pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. The potential roles of bacteriocins or other mechanisms allowing certain bacterial clones to prevail in this nutrient-poor habitat have hardly been studied. Of 89 nasal Staphylococcus isolates, unexpectedly, the vast majority (84%) was found to produce antimicrobial substances in particular under habitat-specific stress conditions, such as iron limitation or exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Activity spectra were generally narrow but highly variable with activities against certain nasal members of the Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, or several groups of bacteria. Staphylococcus species and many other Firmicutes were insusceptible to most of the compounds. A representative bacteriocin was identified as a nukacin-related peptide whose inactivation reduced the capacity of the producer Staphylococcus epidermidis IVK45 to limit growth of other nasal bacteria. Of note, the bacteriocin genes were found on mobile genetic elements exhibiting signs of extensive horizontal gene transfer and rearrangements. Thus, continuously evolving bacteriocins appear to govern bacterial competition in the human nose and specific bacteriocins may become important agents for eradication of notorious opportunistic pathogens from human microbiota.
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Janek
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zipperer
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbiology/Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulik
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krismer
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peschel
mesh_terms: D000898:Antibiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001430:Bacteriocins