title: Astaxanthin intake attenuates muscle atrophy caused by immobilization in rats.
abstract: Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment and has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of oxidative damage. We tested the hypothesis that astaxanthin intake would attenuate immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in rats. Male Wistar rats (14-week old) were fed for 24 days with either astaxanthin or placebo diet. After 14 days of each experimental diet intake, the hindlimb muscles of one leg were immobilized in plantar flexion position using a plaster cast. Following 10 days of immobilization, both the atrophic and the contralateral plantaris muscles were removed and analyzed to determine the level of muscle atrophy along with measurement of the protein levels of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and selected proteases. Compared with placebo diet animals, the degree of muscle atrophy in response to immobilization was significantly reduced in astaxanthin diet animals. Further, astaxanthin supplementation significantly prevented the immobilization-induced increase in the expression of CuZn-SOD, cathepsin L, calpain, and ubiquitin in the atrophied muscle. These results support the postulate that dietary astaxanthin intake attenuates the rate of disuse muscle atrophy by inhibiting oxidative stress and proteolysis via three major proteolytic pathways.
authors.affiliation: Organization of Frontier Science and Innovation, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsubasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Toyo Koso Kagaku Co. Ltd., Urayasu City, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyaji
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Toyohashi City, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai City, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Daijiro
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ohmori
authors.affiliation: Hirosaki Gakuin University, Hirosaki City, Aomori, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshitada
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, Japan takahito@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine
keywords: Astaxanthin; muscle atrophy; oxidative stress; protease