title: Seventy two-hour glucose monitoring profiles in mild gestational diabetes mellitus: differences from healthy pregnancies and influence of diet counseling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study glucose profiles of gestational diabetes (GDM) patients with 72 h of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) either before (GDM1) or after (GDM2) dietary counseling, comparing them with nondiabetic (NDM) controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed CGM on 22 GDM patients; 11 before and 11 after dietary counseling and compared them to 11 healthy controls. Several physiological and clinical characteristics of the glucose profiles were compared across the groups, including comparisons for pooled 24-h measures and hourly median values, summary measures representing glucose exposure (area under the median curves) and variability (amplitude, standard deviation, interquartile range), and time points related to meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most women (81.8%) in the GDM groups had fasting glucose <95mg/dL, suggesting mild GDM. Variability, glucose levels 1 and 2h after breakfast and dinner, peak values after dinner and glucose levels between breakfast and lunch, were all significantly higher in GDM1 than NDM (P<0.05 for all comparisons). The GDM2 results were similar to NDM in all aforementioned comparisons (P>0.05). Both GDM groups spent more time with glucose levels above 140mg/dL when compared with the NDM group. No differences among the groups were found for: pooled measurements and hourly comparisons, exposure, nocturnal, fasting, between lunch and dinner and before meals, as well as after lunch (P>0.05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main differences between the mild GDM1 group and healthy controls were related to glucose variability and excursions above 140mg/dL, while glucose exposure was similar. Glucose levels after breakfast and dinner also discerned the GDM1 group. Dietary counseling was able to keep glucose levels to those of healthy patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of EndocrinologyFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina Pimenta
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Carreiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of EndocrinologyFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcio W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lauria
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of EndocrinologyFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Nino T
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Naves
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Endocrinologia da Santa CasaBelo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Augusto C
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Endocrinologia da Santa CasaBelo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Barsaglini
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of EndocrinologyFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kamilla Maria Araújo Brandão
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rajão
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of EndocrinologyFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Regina Amélia Lopes Pessoa
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of EndocrinologyFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anelise Impeliziere
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of EndocrinologyFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil antoniorojr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antônio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003376:Counseling; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D004032:Diet; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose