title: Development of bimetallic (Zn@Au) nanoparticles as potential PET-imageable radiosensitizers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are being investigated actively for various applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. As an effort to improve the imaging of GNPs in vivo, the authors developed bimetallic hybrid Zn@Au NPs with zinc cores and gold shells, aiming to render them in vivo visibility through positron emission tomography (PET) after the proton activation of the zinc core as well as capability to induce radiosensitization through the secondary electrons produced from the gold shell when irradiated by various radiation sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nearly spherical zinc NPs (∼5-nm diameter) were synthesized and then coated with a ∼4.25-nm gold layer to make Zn@Au NPs (∼13.5-nm total diameter). 28.6 mg of these Zn@Au NPs was deposited (∼100 μm thick) on a thin cellulose target and placed in an aluminum target holder and subsequently irradiated with 14.15-MeV protons from a GE PETtrace cyclotron with 5-μA current for 5 min. After irradiation, the cellulose matrix with the NPs was placed in a dose calibrator to assess the induced radioactivity. The same procedure was repeated with 8-MeV protons. Gamma ray spectroscopy using an high-purity germanium detector was conducted on a very small fraction (<1 mg) of the irradiated NPs for each proton energy. In addition to experimental measurements, Monte Carlo simulations were also performed with radioactive Zn@Au NPs and solid GNPs of the same size irradiated with 160-MeV protons and 250-kVp x-rays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors measured 168 μCi of activity 32 min after the end of bombardment for the 14.15-MeV proton energy sample using the (66)Ga setting on a dose calibrator; activity decreased to 2 μCi over a 24-h period. For the 8-MeV proton energy sample, PET imaging was additionally performed for 5 min after a 12-h delay. A 12-h gamma ray spectrum showed strong peaks at 511 keV (2.05 × 10(6) counts) with several other peaks of smaller magnitude for each proton energy sample. PET imaging showed strong PET signals from mostly decaying (66)Ga. The Monte Carlo results showed that radioactive Zn@Au NPs and solid GNPs provided similar characteristics in terms of their secondary electron spectra when irradiated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Zn@Au NPs developed in this investigation have the potential to be used as PET-imageable radiosensitizers for radiotherapy applications as well as PET tracers for molecular imaging applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: Jongmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Lepera
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mawlawi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiation Physics and Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030.
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011522:Protons; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D006046:Gold; D015032:Zinc