title: Glaucoma: recent advances in the involvement of autoimmunity.
abstract: Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the most commonly acquired optic neuropathy encountered in clinical practice. It is the second leading cause of blindness globally, after cataracts, but it presents a greater public health challenge than cataracts, because the blindness it causes is irreversible. It has pathogenesis still largely unknown and no established cure. Alterations in serum antibody profiles, upregulation, and downregulation have been described, but it still remains elusive if the autoantibodies seen in glaucoma are an epiphenomenon or causative. Hypertension, diabetes, and hearing disorders also are associated. This review is a glaucoma update with focus about the recent advances in the last 15 years.
authors.affiliation: ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.|Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Ida
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy. armando.devirgilio@gmail.com.|Department of Surgical Science, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy. armando.devirgilio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Virgilio
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ''Sapienza'' University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taverniti
authors.affiliation: ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fusconi
authors.affiliation: ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, ''Sapienza'' University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100, Latina, LT, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pagliuca
authors.affiliation: ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turchetta
authors.affiliation: ENT Section, Department Organs of Sense, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Viale del Policlinico 155, 00100, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Vincentiis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Angle-closure glaucoma; Autoimmunity; Glaucoma; Glaucomatous optic neuropathy; Normal-tension glaucoma; Open-angle glaucoma