title: Translating Neurodevelopmental Care Policies Into Practice: The Experience of Neonatal ICUs in France-The EPIPAGE-2 Cohort Study.
abstract: To describe the implementation of neurodevelopmental care for newborn preterm infants in neonatal ICUs in France in 2011, analyze changes since 2004, and investigate factors associated with practice.
  
  
  
  Prospective national cohort study of all births before 32 weeks of gestation.
  
  
  
  Twenty-five French regions.
  
  
  
  All neonatal ICUs (n = 66); neonates surviving at discharge (n = 3,005).
  
  
  
  None.
  
  
  
  Neurodevelopmental care policies and practices were assessed by structured questionnaires. Proportions of neonates initiating kangaroo care during the first week of life and those whose mothers expressed breast milk were measured as neurodevelopmental care practices. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to investigate relationships between kangaroo care or breast-feeding practices and unit policies, taking into account potential confounders. Free visiting policies, bed availability for parents, and kangaroo care encouragement significantly improved between 2004 and 2011 but with large variabilities between units. Kangaroo care initiation varied from 39% for neonates in the most restrictive units to 68% in less restrictive ones (p < 0.001). Individual factors associated with kangaroo care initiation were gestational age (odds ratio, 5.79; 95% CI, 4.49-7.48 for babies born at 27-31 wk compared with babies born at 23-26 wk) and, to a lesser extent, single pregnancy, birthweight above the 10th centile, and mother's employment before pregnancy. At unit level, policies and training in neurodevelopmental care significantly influenced kangaroo care initiation (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.8-7.0 for Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program implementation compared with no training). Breast milk expression by mothers was greater in units with full-time availability professionals trained for breast-feeding support (60% vs 73%; p < 0.0001).
  
  
  
  Dissemination of neurodevelopmental practices occurred between 2004 and 2011, but large variabilities between units persist. Practices increased in units with supportive policies. Specific neurodevelopmental care training with multifaceted interventions strengthened the implementation of policies.
authors: 1Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center (U1153), INSERM, Paris, France.2Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.3CHU Lille, Department of Neonatal Medicine, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille, France.4Research Unit of Perinatal Epidemiology, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.5Department of Neonatology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.6Department of Neonatology, Femme Mère Enfant Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.7EAM 4128, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1,Villeurbanne, France.8Clinical Research Unit, Center for Clinical Investigation P1419, Cochin Broca Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France.9Inserm U 1027, Toulouse, France.10Paul-Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.11Purpan, Clinical epidemiology Unit, Toulouse, France.
authors: Veronique
authors: V
authors: Pierrat
authors: Anaëlle
authors: A
authors: Coquelin
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Cuttini
authors: Babak
authors: B
authors: Khoshnood
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Glorieux
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Claris
authors: Mélanie
authors: M
authors: Durox
authors: Monique
authors: M
authors: Kaminski
authors: Pierre-Yves
authors: PY
authors: Ancel
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Arnaud
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000639:trends; D002657:Child Development; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D060127:Kangaroo-Mother Care Method / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D016015:Logistic Models; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies