title: Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of ten flame retardants in a human skin ex vivo model.
abstract: The dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of ten organic flame retardants was measured using an ex vivo human skin model. The studied compounds were DBDPE, BTBPE, TBP-DBPE, EH-TBB, BEH-TEBP, α, β and γ-HBCDD as well as syn- and anti-DDC-CO. Little or none of the applied flame retardants was recovered in either type of the receptor fluids used (physiological and worst-case). However, significant fractions were recovered in the skin depot, particularly in the upper skin layers. The primary effect of the worst-case receptor fluid was deeper penetration into the skin. The recovered mass was used to calculate lower- and upper-bound permeability coefficients kp. Despite large structural variation between the studied compounds, a clear, significant decreasing trend of kp was observed with increasing log Kow. The results indicate that the dermis may provide a significant barrier for these highly lipophilic compounds. However, based on our results, dermal uptake should be considered in exposure assessments, though it may proceed in a time-lagged manner compared to less hydrophobic compounds.
authors: Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark. Electronic address: mfr@sbi.aau.dk.
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Frederiksen
authors: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Vorkamp
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors: Niels Martin
authors: NM
authors: Jensen
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors: Jens Ahm
authors: JA
authors: Sørensen
authors: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors: Lisbeth E
authors: LE
authors: Knudsen
authors: Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
authors: Lars S
authors: LS
authors: Sørensen
authors: Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors: Thomas F
authors: TF
authors: Webster
authors: Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors: Jesper B
authors: JB
authors: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated
keywords: Brominated flame retardants; Dechlorane plus; Dermal exposure; HBCDD; NBFR; Skin deposition