title: Combined Coil Embolization and Foam Sclerotherapy for the Management of Varicose Veins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We propose a novel technique for endovenous treatment of varicose veins (VVs) using combined coil embolization and foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein (GSV).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-series analysis on patients undergoing fluoroscopically guided coil embolization of the GSV and foam sclerotherapy of the GSV and below-knee varices at a single Canadian center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients underwent the procedure on 23 legs. Most patients (78.3%) presented for follow-up 57.2 ± 21.9 days postoperatively. Doppler studies demonstrated complete GSV occlusion in all patients. While 3 patients (13.6%) noted skin discoloration overlying the treated VVs, none complained of pain on follow-up or developed leg numbness, deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary emboli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coil embolization and foam sclerotherapy are a novel and effective treatment for VVs that uses existing and readily available angiographic equipment.
authors: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: ahmed.kayssi@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Kayssi
authors: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Oreopoulos
authors: Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Kong T
authors: KT
authors: Tan
authors: Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Jaskolka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D010690:Phlebography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate