title: Structural and Physicochemical Characterization of Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) Nanoparticles by High-Resolution Electron Microscopic Techniques.
abstract: The objective of this work was to obtain Spirulina (Arthrospira maxima) nanoparticles (SNPs) by using high-impact mechanical milling and to characterize them by electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. The milling products were analyzed after various processing times (1-4 h), and particle size distribution and number mean size (NMS) were determined by analysis of high-resolution scanning electron microscopic images. The smallest particles are synthesized after 3 h of milling, had an NMS of 55.6±3.6 nm, with 95% of the particles being smaller than 100 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed lattice spacing of ~0.27±0.015 nm for SNPs. The corresponding chemical composition was obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and showed the presence of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn. The powder flow properties showed that the powder density was higher when the average nanoparticle size is smaller. They showed free flowability and an increase in their specific surface area (6.89±0.23 m2/g) up to 12-14 times larger than the original material (0.45±0.02 m2/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that chemical damage related to the milling is not significant.
authors: 1Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,07738 México D.F.,Mexico.
authors: Elier Ekberg
authors: EE
authors: Neri-Torres
authors: 1Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,07738 México D.F.,Mexico.
authors: Jorge J
authors: JJ
authors: Chanona-Pérez
authors: 2Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional Edificio 9,U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,07738 México D.F.,Mexico.
authors: Hector A
authors: HA
authors: Calderón
authors: 3Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, IPN, Calzada Legaria, No. 694, Colonia Irrigación, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Código Postal 11500, México Distrito Federal,Mexico.
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Torres-Figueredo
authors: 5Departamento de Toxicología,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,07738 México D.F.,Mexico.
authors: German
authors: G
authors: Chamorro-Cevallos
authors: 1Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,07738 México D.F.,Mexico.
authors: Georgina
authors: G
authors: Calderón-Domínguez
authors: 1Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Wilfrido Massieu s/n. U. Profesional Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,07738 México D.F.,Mexico.
authors: Hugo
authors: H
authors: Velasco-Bedrán
mesh_terms: D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010316:Particle Size; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*
keywords: Spirulina nanoparticles; high-impact mechanical milling; high-resolution electron microscopy; specific surface area