title: Enhanced effect of κ-carrageenan on TNBS-induced inflammation in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As a sulfated polysaccharide, carrageenan has been widely used as common food additive.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present study, we investigated the effects of κ-carrageenan on TNBS-induced gut inflammation in mice. BALB/c mice were pretreated with κ-carrageenan for 14days prior to the administration of TNBS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that κ-carrageenan pretreatment aggravated the loss of body weight and further increased the mortality rate. Histological and morphological analyses revealed that the TNBS-induced colonic inflammation was deteriorated by the κ-carrageenan administration. The ratio of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127dim/CD4(+) of the κ-carrageenan+TNBS groups was significantly lower than that of the TNBS group. The expression of IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6 was significantly increased, whereas the expression of IL-10 was significantly decreased in the κ-carrageenan+TNBS groups. In addition, κ-carrageenan, together with TNBS, decreased the enzyme activity of SOD and GSH-px and up-regulated the expression of TLR4, NF-κB, p-ERK, p-JNK, p-Jun., IL-8 and MDA in the colonic mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  κ-Carrageenan aggravated the TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation, and such an effect could be associated with the oxidative stress and activation of TLR4-NF-κB and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway.
authors: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
authors: Wu
authors: W
authors: Wei
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315041, PR China.
authors: Wang
authors: W
authors: Feng
authors: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
authors: Gao
authors: G
authors: Xin
authors: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
authors: Niu
authors: N
authors: Tingting
authors: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Zhanghe
authors: Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China. Electronic address: haiminch75@hotmail.com.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Haimin
authors: Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Zhejiang 315211, PR China. Electronic address: yanxiaojun@nbu.edu.cn.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Xiaojun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000276:immunology*; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: Aggravate; Intestinal inflammation; TNBS; κ-Carrageenan