title: Neuropathophysiology of Brain Injury.
abstract: Every year in the United States, millions of individuals incur ischemic brain injury from stroke, cardiac arrest, or traumatic brain injury. These acquired brain injuries can lead to death or long-term neurologic and neuropsychological impairments. The mechanisms of ischemic and traumatic brain injury that lead to these deficiencies result from a complex interplay of interdependent molecular pathways, including excitotoxicity, acidotoxicity, ionic imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This article reviews several mechanisms of brain injury and discusses recent developments. Although much is known from animal models of injury, it has been difficult to translate these effects to humans.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors: Nidia
authors: N
authors: Quillinan
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors: Paco S
authors: PS
authors: Herson
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Electronic address: richard.traystman@ucdenver.edu.
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Traystman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002450:Cell Communication; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
keywords: Apoptosis; Excitotoxicity; Mechanisms of ischemic brain injury; Neuroinflammation; Neurovascular unit; Oxidative stress; Synaptic plasticity; Translation