title: SPECT and PET imaging of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in pre-clinical models of myocardial ischemia and peripheral vascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The extent of neovascularization determines the clinical outcome of coronary artery disease and other occlusive cardiovascular disorders. Monitoring of neovascularization is therefore highly important. This review article will elaborately discuss preclinical studies aimed at validating new nuclear angiogenesis and arteriogenesis tracers. Additionally, we will briefly address possible obstacles that should be considered when designing an arteriogenesis radiotracer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured medline search was the base of this review, which gives an overview on different radiopharmaceuticals that have been evaluated in preclinical models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neovascularization is a collective term used to indicate different processes such as angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. However, while it is assumed that sensitive detection through nuclear imaging will facilitate translation of successful therapeutic interventions in preclinical models to the bedside, we still lack specific tracers for neovascularization imaging. Most nuclear imaging research to date has focused on angiogenesis, leaving nuclear arteriogenesis imaging largely overlooked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although angiogenesis is the process which is best understood, there is no scarcity in theoretical targets for arteriogenesis imaging.
authors: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Geert
authors: G
authors: Hendrikx
authors: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Vöö
authors: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Bauwens
authors: Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Post
authors: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Postbox 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. fmottaghy@ukaachen.de.|Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 31, Aachen, 52072, Germany. fmottaghy@ukaachen.de.
authors: Felix M
authors: FM
authors: Mottaghy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055420:Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Angiogenesis; Arteriogenesis; Myocardial infarction; Peripheral vascular disease; Radiotracer imaging