title: Risk Stratification for Recurrence and Mortality in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source.
abstract: The risk of stroke recurrence in patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS) is high, and the optimal antithrombotic strategy for secondary prevention is unclear. We investigated whether congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA; CHADS2) and CHA2DS2-VASc scores can stratify the long-term risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence and death in ESUS.
  
  
  
  We pooled data sets of 11 stroke registries from Europe and America. ESUS was defined according to the Cryptogenic Stroke/ESUS International Working Group. Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate if prestroke CHADS2 and congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or TIA, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category (CHA2DS2-VASc) scores were independently associated with the risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence or death. The Kaplan-Meier product limit method was used to estimate the cumulative probability of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence and death in different strata of the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores.
  
  
  
  One hundred fifty-nine (5.6% per year) ischemic stroke/TIA recurrences and 148 (5.2% per year) deaths occurred in 1095 patients (median age, 68 years) followed-up for a median of 31 months. Compared with CHADS2 score 0, patients with CHADS2 score 1 and CHADS2 score >1 had higher risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-4.00 and HR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.68-4.40, respectively) and death (HR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.80-7.12, and HR, 5.45; 95% CI, 2.86-10.40, respectively). Compared with low-risk CHA2DS2-VASc score, patients with high-risk CHA2DS2-VASc score had higher risk of ischemic stroke/TIA recurrence (HR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.94-5.80) and death (HR, 13.0; 95% CI, 4.7-35.4).
  
  
  
  The risk of recurrent ischemic stroke/TIA and death in ESUS is reliably stratified by CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores. Compared with the low-risk group, patients in the high-risk CHA2DS2-VASc group have much higher risk of ischemic stroke recurrence/TIA and death, approximately 3-fold and 13-fold, respectively.
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.). gntaios@med.uth.gr.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Ntaios
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Vemmos
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Gregory Y H
authors: GY
authors: Lip
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Eleni
authors: E
authors: Koroboki
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Efstathios
authors: E
authors: Manios
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Anastasia
authors: A
authors: Vemmou
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Rodríguez-Campello
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Cuadrado-Godia
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Giralt-Steinhauer
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Arnao
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Valeria
authors: V
authors: Caso
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Paciaroni
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Exuperio
authors: E
authors: Diez-Tejedor
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Blanca
authors: B
authors: Fuentes
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Josefa
authors: J
authors: Pérez Lucas
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Arauz
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Sebastian F
authors: SF
authors: Ameriso
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Maximiliano A
authors: MA
authors: Hawkes
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Lucía
authors: L
authors: Pertierra
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Maia
authors: M
authors: Gómez-Schneider
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Bandini
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Chavarria Cano
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Ana Maria
authors: AM
authors: Iglesias Mohedano
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Andrés
authors: A
authors: García Pastor
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Gil-Núñez
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Jukka
authors: J
authors: Putaala
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Turgut
authors: T
authors: Tatlisumak
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Miguel A
authors: MA
authors: Barboza
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Athanasakis
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Konstantinos
authors: K
authors: Makaritsis
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece (G.N., G.A., K.M., V.P.); Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Medical School of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (K.V., E.K., E.M., A.V.); University of Birmingham Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.); Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (A.R.-C., E.C.-G., E.G.-S.); Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Italy (V.A., V.C., M.P.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital - Autónoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Spain (E.D.-T., B.F., J.P.L.); Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico (A.A.); Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina (S.F.A., M.A.H., L.P., M.G.-S.); Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.); Vascular Neurology Section, Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM Health Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (B.C.C., A.M.I.M; A.G.P., A.G.-N.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki university Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Dr. Rafael A. Calderón Guardia, CCSS, University of Costa Rica (M.A.B.); and Stroke Service, Department of Neurosciences, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical School, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.P.).
authors: Vasileios
authors: V
authors: Papavasileiou
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D004617:Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: ischemic attack, transient; mortality; recurrence; stroke