title: Apitherapy products enhance the recovery of CCL4-induced hepatic damages in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to identify the antioxidant properties of honeybee products from Turkey, chestnut honey, pollen, propolis, and royal jelly, and their hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were fed with honeybee products for 7 days following CCl4 injection. Development of liver damage and oxidative stress were monitored by measuring the activities of the enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Antioxidant capacities of the bee products were identified using FRAP and DPPH assays, as well as by measuring total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The antioxidant activities of the honeybee products were highest in propolis, followed, in order, by pollen, honey, and royal jelly. Despite their different levels of antioxidant capacity, their roles in the prevention of liver damage induced by CCl4 were very similar, which can be explained through their bioavailability to the treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that honey, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly significantly enhanced the healing of CCl4-induced liver damage, partially due to their antioxidant properties and bioavailability.
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors: Özlem
authors: Ö
authors: Saral
authors: Maçka Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors: Oktay
authors: O
authors: Yildiz
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors: Rezzan
authors: R
authors: Aliyazicioğlu
authors: Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors: Esin
authors: E
authors: Yuluğ
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors: Sinan
authors: S
authors: Canpolat
authors: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Canik Başarı University, Samsun, Turkey.
authors: Ferhat
authors: F
authors: Öztürk
authors: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
authors: Sevgi
authors: S
authors: Kolayli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants; D056705:Apitherapy; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D006722:Honey; D008099:Liver; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011429:Propolis; D051381:Rats; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011429:Propolis
keywords: Liver damage; apitherapy; honey; pollen; propolis; royal jelly