title: Immunotherapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma: Current and future therapies.
abstract: Previously a malignancy with few therapeutic options, metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treatment is rapidly evolving. Although cytokine therapies (interferon-a, interleukin-2) have been used less frequently over the past decade, recent approval of an immune checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab, has led to a resurgence in immune therapy for mRCC. With greater understanding of the complex and dynamic interaction between the tumor and the immune system, numerous new immunotherapies are being studied for mRCC. In this article, we review the mechanism of action, clinical outcomes and toxicity profiles of both clinically approved and selected investigational immunotherapies. Either alone or in combination, these novel agents are encouraging for the future of mRCC therapy.
authors: a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Gill
authors: a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.
authors: Andrew W
authors: AW
authors: Hahn
authors: b University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) , Birmingham , AL , USA.
authors: Guru
authors: G
authors: Sonpavde
authors: c Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.
authors: Neeraj
authors: N
authors: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000628:therapy*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D000077594:Nivolumab; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000077594:Nivolumab
keywords: advanced renal cell carcinoma; checkpoint inhibitors; cytokines; immunotherapy