title: Protective Effects and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Temperature Mapping of Systemic and Focal Hypothermia in Cerebral Ischemia.
abstract: Hypothermia is potentially the most effective protective therapy for brain ischemia; however, its use is limited because of serious side effects. Although focal hypothermia (FH) has a significantly lower stress profile than systemic hypothermia (SH), its efficacy in ischemia has been poorly studied. We aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of each treatment on various short- and long-term clinically relevant end points.
  
  
  
  Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient (45 minutes) occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. One hour after arterial reperfusion, animals were randomly assigned to groups for treatment with SH or FH (target temperature: 32°C) for 4 or 24 hours. Lesion volume, edema, functional recovery, and histological markers of cellular injury were evaluated for 1 month after ischemic injury. Effects of SH and FH on cerebral temperature were also analyzed for the first time by magnetic resonance thermometry, an approach that combines spectroscopy with gradient-echo-based phase mapping.
  
  
  
  Both therapeutic approaches reduced ischemic lesion volume (P<0.001), although a longer FH treatment (24 hours) was required to achieve similar protective effects to those induced by 4 hours of SH. In addition, magnetic resonance thermometry demonstrated that systemic hypothermia reduced whole-brain temperature, whereas FH primarily reduced the temperature of the ischemic region.
  
  
  
  Focal brain hypothermia requires longer cooling periods to achieve the same protective efficacy as SH. However, FH mainly affects the ischemic region, and therefore represents a promising and nonstressful alternative to SH.
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Alba
authors: A
authors: Vieites-Prado
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Ramón
authors: R
authors: Iglesias-Rey
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Héctor
authors: H
authors: Fernández-Susavila
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Andrés
authors: A
authors: da Silva-Candal
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Emilio
authors: E
authors: Rodríguez-Castro
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Olli H J
authors: OH
authors: Gröhn
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Wellmann
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.).
authors: Tomás
authors: T
authors: Sobrino
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.). jose.castillo.sanchez@sergas.es francisco.campos.perez@sergas.es.
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Castillo
authors: From the Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (A.V.-P., R.I.-R., H.F.-S., A.d.S.-C., E.R.-C., T.S., J.C., F.C.); Department of Neurobiology, AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (O.H.J.G.); and Division of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB), Switzerland (S.W.). jose.castillo.sanchez@sergas.es francisco.campos.perez@sergas.es.
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Campos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function
keywords: focal hypothermia; ischemia; magnetic resonance imaging; middle cerebral artery; systemic hypothermia; temperature