title: Chronic Pain in Neurosurgery.
abstract: This review includes a summary of contemporary theories of pain processing and advocates a multimodal analgesia approach for providing perioperative care. A summary of various medication classes and anesthetic techniques is provided that highlights evidence emerging from neurosurgical literature. This summary covers opioid management, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatories, ketamine, lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, corticosteroids, gabapentin, and regional anesthesia for neurosurgery. At present, there is not enough investigation into these areas to describe best practices for treating or preventing chronic pain in neurosurgery; but providers can identify a wider range of options available to personalize perioperative care strategies.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street 5th Floor Dulles, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: Samuel.grodofsky@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Grodofsky
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D019990:Perioperative Care
keywords: Adjunctive analgesics; Chronic pain; Craniotomy; Multimodal analgesia; Neurosurgery; Opioid sparing; Spinal surgery