title: Epidemiological and Drug-Resistance Types of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated From Surgical and Transplantation Ward Patients During 2010 to 2011.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing prevalence of multi-drug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a substantial problem in hospitals worldwide, especially in wards with immunocompromised patients undergoing organ transplant. Epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of hospital-acquired (HA) MRSA strains isolated from surgical/transplantation ward patients were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 26 HA-MRSA strains isolated from 22 patients hospitalized at 3 different surgical and transplantation wards at a Warsaw clinical hospital during 2010 to 2011. Eleven patients were MRSA-asymptomatic carriers. Strain relatedness was evaluated through the use of multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and random amplified polymorphic DNA/arbitrarily primed PCR (RAPD) methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed the use of routine diagnostic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evaluated strains belonged to 4 clonal complexes (CCs) and 4 sequence types (STs): CC30/ST36 (65.4%), CC8/ST8 (15.4%), CC5/ST1827 (11.5%), and CC1/ST1 (7.7%). Six MLVA types and 6 RAPD types were isolated. A ciprofloxacin-, erythromycin-, and clindamycin-resistant CC30/ST36 clone (MLVA type 1, RAPD type 1A) was isolated in all wards. The isolated HA-MRSA strains were most often resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%), erythromycin (96.2%), clindamycin (84.6%), and gentamycin (30.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A ciprofloxacin-, erythromycin-, and clindamycin-resistant HA-MRSA ST36 CC30 clone, which prevailed on transplantation wards in the years 2010 to 2011, is probably one of the international epidemic clones named UK EMRSA-16 or USA200.
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: xenia.szymanek@wum.edu.pl.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Szymanek-Majchrzak
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Mlynarczyk
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Dobrzaniecka
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Majchrzak
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Mierzwinska-Nastalska
authors: Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Chmura
authors: Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kwiatkowski
authors: Department of Transplant Medicine and Nephrology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Durlik
authors: Department of Transplant Medicine and Nephrology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Deborska-Materkowska
authors: Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Paczek
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Mlynarczyk
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital