title: Abdo-Man: a 3D-printed anthropomorphic phantom for validating quantitative SIRT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is rapidly increasing, and the need for quantification and dosimetry is becoming more widespread to facilitate treatment planning and verification. The aim of this project was to develop an anthropomorphic phantom that can be used as a validation tool for post-SIRT imaging and its application to dosimetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phantom design was based on anatomical data obtained from a T1-weighted volume-interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) on a Siemens Aera 1.5 T MRI scanner. The liver, lungs and abdominal trunk were segmented using the Hermes image processing workstation. Organ volumes were then uploaded to the Delft Visualization and Image processing Development Environment for smoothing and surface rendering. Triangular meshes defining the iso-surfaces were saved as stereo lithography (STL) files and imported into the Autodesk® Meshmixer software. Organ volumes were subtracted from the abdomen and a removable base designed to allow access to the liver cavity. Connection points for placing lesion inserts and filling holes were also included. The phantom was manufactured using a Stratasys Connex3 PolyJet 3D printer. The printer uses stereolithography technology combined with ink jet printing. Print material is a solid acrylic plastic, with similar properties to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured Hounsfield units and calculated attenuation coefficients of the material were shown to also be similar to PMMA. Total print time for the phantom was approximately 5 days. Initial scans of the phantom have been performed with Y-90 bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT, Y-90 PET/CT and Tc-99m SPECT/CT. The CT component of these images compared well with the original anatomical reference, and measurements of volume agreed to within 9 %. Quantitative analysis of the phantom was performed using all three imaging techniques. Lesion and normal liver absorbed doses were calculated from the quantitative images in three dimensions using the local deposition method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D printing is a flexible and cost-efficient technology for manufacture of anthropomorphic phantom. Application of such phantoms will enable quantitative imaging and dosimetry methodologies to be evaluated, which with optimisation could help improve outcome for patients.
authors: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK. jgear@icr.ac.uk.
authors: Jonathan I
authors: JI
authors: Gear
authors: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Cummings
authors: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Allison J
authors: AJ
authors: Craig
authors: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Antigoni
authors: A
authors: Divoli
authors: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Clive D C
authors: CD
authors: Long
authors: Research and Development, Sirtex, North Sydney, Australia.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Tapner
authors: Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
authors: Glenn D
authors: GD
authors: Flux
keywords: 3D printing; Dosimetry; Microspheres; Phantoms; Quantification; SIRT