title: Altered antibiotic tolerance in anaerobic digesters acclimated to triclosan or triclocarban.
abstract: Bench-scale anaerobic digesters were amended to elevated steady-state concentrations of triclosan (850 mg/kg) and triclocarban (150 mg/kg) using a synthetic feed. After more than 9 solids retention time (SRT) values of acclimatization, biomass from each digester (and a control digester that received no antimicrobials) was used to assess the toxicity of three antibiotics. Methane production rate was measured as a surrogate for activity in microcosms that received doses of antibiotics ranging from no-antibiotic to inhibitory concentrations. Biomass amended with triclocarban was more sensitive to tetracycline compared to the control indicating synergistic inhibitory effects between this antibiotic and triclocarban. In contrast, biomass amended with triclosan was able to tolerate statistically higher levels of ciprofloxacin indicating that triclosan can induce functional resistance to ciprofloxacin in an anaerobic digester community.
authors: Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 1881, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors: Daniel E
authors: DE
authors: Carey
authors: Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 1881, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Electronic address: patrick.mcnamara@mu.edu.
authors: Patrick J
authors: PJ
authors: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D018533:Biomass; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000187:drug effects*; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002224:Carbanilides; D014260:Triclosan; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; C009540:triclocarban
keywords: Antimicrobial; Chloramphenicol; Ciprofloxacin; Cross-resistance; Tetracycline