title: Economic independence in survivors of cancer diagnosed at a young age: A Norwegian national cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of cancer on socioeconomic outcomes is attracting attention as the number of survivors of cancer in young age continues to rise. This study examines economic independence in a national cohort of survivors of cancer at a young age in Norway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through the linkage of several national registries, the study cohort comprised 1,212,013 individuals born in Norway during 1965 through 1985, of which 5440 had received a cancer diagnosis before age 25 years. Follow-up was through 2007, and the main outcomes were receipt of governmental financial assistance, employment, income, and occupation. Analytic methods included Cox proportional hazard regression, log-binomial regression, and quantile regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals in the cancer survivor group had an increased probability of receiving governmental financial assistance (men: hazard ratio [HR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-1.5; women: HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6) and of not being employed (men: HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.7; women: HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.6) compared with those in the noncancer group. Income discrepancies were particularly pronounced for survivors of central nervous system tumors. There was no difference in representation in higher skilled occupations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survivors of cancer at a young age in Norway had an increased risk of being economically dependent and unemployed. This was evident in several tumor groups and was most pronounced in female survivors. There were only small differences in income or representation in higher skilled occupations for most employed survivors compared with the noncancer group. The current results are important for understanding the impact of a cancer diagnosis at a young age on subsequent job market outcomes. Cancer 2016;122:3873-3882. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
authors: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Maria W
authors: MW
authors: Gunnes
authors: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Rolv Terje
authors: RT
authors: Lie
authors: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Tone
authors: T
authors: Bjørge
authors: Department of Research, Statistics Norway, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Astri
authors: A
authors: Syse
authors: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Ruud
authors: Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Finn
authors: F
authors: Wesenberg
authors: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
authors: Dag
authors: D
authors: Moster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics*; D009664:Norway; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescent; cancer; childhood; cohort studies; employment; income; occupations; socioeconomic factors; survivors; young adult