title: Enzymatic assays for detecting lactose and sucrose in urine to reveal intravenous drug abuse with emphasis on buprenorphine.
abstract: Buprenorphine and methadone are commonly used medications for opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), using sublingual and oral administration, respectively. Although beneficial for OMT, these drugs can also be abused by intravenous administration. In intravenous abuse cases, the adjuvants lactose and sucrose are excreted in urine without hydrolysis to monosaccharides, since there are no disaccharidases in the blood. We validated enzymatic methods for the analysis of lactose and sucrose in urine. The analytical performance of both assays was considered appropriate for detecting intravenous drug abuse. The principle was proven by analyzing 93 postmortem (PM) urine samples for lactose, following comprehensive toxicological drug screening. In addition, 32 clinical urine samples from potential drug abusers were analyzed to assess the effect of PM changes on the assay. The mean level of lactose was low in clinical samples and relatively low in PM samples in which no drugs were found. Markedly elevated levels were seen in many of the buprenorphine positive samples, suggesting intravenous administration. Enzymatic methods could provide a simple and cost effective way to assess the intravenous administration of OMT drugs or drugs of abuse. Very high levels of glucose in urine may interfere with the assays. Furthermore, other causes for elevated urine disaccharides, such as hypolactasia and increased intestinal permeability, need to be considered in the interpretation of the results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Keltanen
authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Mariottini
authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Walta
authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: A L
authors: AL
authors: Rahikainen
authors: University of Helsinki, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.|National Institute for Health and Welfare, Forensic Toxicology Unit, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Ojanperä
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000652:urine*; D057075:Enzyme Assays / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007785:Lactose / Q000652:urine*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000652:urine*; D013395:Sucrose / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine; D013395:Sucrose; D007785:Lactose
keywords: intravenous drug abuse; opioid maintenance treatment; urine disaccharides