title: Usual Vitamin Intakes by Mexican Populations.
abstract: In the past several years, the consumption of high-energy, nutrient-poor foods has increased globally. Dietary intake data collected by the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) 2012 provide information to assess the quality of the Mexican diet and to guide food and nutrition policy.
  
  
  
  The aim was to describe the usual intake and the prevalence of inadequate intakes of vitamins for the overall Mexican population and by subgroups defined by sex, age, region, urban or rural areas, and socioeconomic status (SES).
  
  
  
  ENSANUT 2012 is a cross-sectional probabilistic survey representative of the Mexican population. Dietary information was collected by using the 24-h recall automated multiple-pass method (n = 10,096) with a repeated measurement on a subsample (n = 889) to permit adjustment for intraindividual variability with the use of the Iowa State University method. Mean usual intakes and the prevalence of inadequate intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and vitamins A, D, E, C, B-6, and B-12 were calculated for children aged 1-4 y (CH1-4y), children aged 5-11 y (CH5-11y), adolescents aged 12-19 y, and adults aged ≥20 y.
  
  
  
  In all of the age groups, prevalences of inadequate intakes of vitamins D and E were the highest (77-99% of adults and adolescents and 53-95% of CH5-11y and CH1-4y) and those of folate and vitamin A were intermediate (47-70% of adults and adolescents, 15-23% of CH5-11y and 8-13% of CH1-4y), whereas those of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamins B-6, B-12, and C were the lowest (0-37% of adults, 1-27% of adolescents, and 0-2.4% of CH5-11y and CH1-4y). With few exceptions, the highest prevalences of inadequate intakes for vitamins were observed in the poorest populations (rural South region and the lowest tertile of SES).
  
  
  
  The intake of vitamins among Mexicans is inadequate overall. Information collected by ENSANUT can help target food assistance programs and develop strategies to prevent vitamin deficiencies.
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and.
authors: Andrea
authors: 0000-0002-7158-3667
authors: A
authors: Pedroza-Tobías
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and.
authors: Lucía
authors: 0000-0002-0963-5710
authors: L
authors: Hernández-Barrera
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and.
authors: Nancy
authors: 0000-0002-7528-0954
authors: N
authors: López-Olmedo
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and.
authors: Armando
authors: 0000-0003-0377-8136
authors: A
authors: García-Guerra
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and.
authors: Sonia
authors: 0000-0002-5439-4389
authors: S
authors: Rodríguez-Ramírez
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and.
authors: Ivonne
authors: I
authors: Ramírez-Silva
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and.
authors: Salvador
authors: S
authors: Villalpando
authors: Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
authors: Alicia
authors: A
authors: Carriquiry
authors: Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and jrivera@insp.mx.
authors: Juan A
authors: 0000-0003-2586-4908
authors: JA
authors: Rivera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D001361:Avitaminosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D009525:Niacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013831:Thiamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014505:Urban Population; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D; D014810:Vitamin E; D009525:Niacin; D005492:Folic Acid; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D012256:Riboflavin; D013831:Thiamine
keywords: Mexico; diet; dietary vitamins; nutrition surveys; usual intake