title: Hand-held dynamometry strength measures for internal and external rotation demonstrate superior reliability, lower minimal detectable change and higher correlation to isokinetic dynamometry than externally-fixed dynamometry of the shoulder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate inter and intra-rater reliability of hand held (HHD) and externally fixed (EFD) dynamometry for shoulder internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength and their correlation to isokinetic testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within participant, inter and intra-rater reliability study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty active, healthy male and female participants underwent testing by two examiners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intra-class coefficients (ICC), percentage standard error of measurement (%SEM), and percentage minimal detectable change (%MDC) were calculated for inter-rater, intra-day and intra-rater, inter-week reliability. Maximum and average of three repetitions were compared to the isokinetic results at three speeds (60°/sec, 180°/sec, 240°/sec) for both concentric and eccentric contractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter and intra-tester values demonstrated good to high agreement (HHD, ICC range = 0.89-0.97, %SEM = 4.80-8.60%, %MDC = 13.29-23.70%; EFD, ICC = 0.88-0.96, %SEM = 6.60-11.00%, %MDC = 18.40-30.04%). HHD and EFD showed moderate to very strong correlations to the isokinetic testing (HHD, r = 0.45-0.86; EFD, r = 0.49-0.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that both EFD and HHD are suitable for clinical practice and research. Hand-held dynamometry is preferred due to its higher intra- and inter-rater reliability and smaller MDC and lower SEM.
authors: Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia. Electronic address: kylie.holt@ausport.gov.au.
authors: K L
authors: KL
authors: Holt
authors: Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Australia.
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Raper
authors: Regent Street Physiotherapy, Newcastle, Australia.
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Boettcher
authors: Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Australia.
authors: G S
authors: GS
authors: Waddington
authors: Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia; Physiotherapy Discipline, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia; Australian Centre for Research Into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University, Australia.
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Drew
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Dynamometry; Reliability; Rotator cuff; Shoulder strength