title: Gender and age effects on risk factor-based prediction of coronary artery calcium in symptomatic patients: A Euro-CCAD study.
abstract: The influence of gender and age on risk factor prediction of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in symptomatic patients is unclear.
  
  
  
  From the European Calcific Coronary Artery Disease (EURO-CCAD) cohort, we retrospectively investigated 6309 symptomatic patients, 62% male, from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and USA. All of them underwent risk factor assessment and CT scanning for CAC scoring.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of CAC among females was lower than among males in all age groups. Using multivariate logistic regression, age, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking were independently predictive of CAC presence in both genders. In addition to a progressive increase in CAC with age, the most important predictors of CAC presence were dyslipidaemia and diabetes (β = 0.64 and 0.63, respectively) in males and diabetes (β = 1.08) followed by smoking (β = 0.68) in females; these same risk factors were also important in predicting increasing CAC scores. There was no difference in the predictive ability of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in either gender for CAC presence in patients aged <50 and 50-70 years. However, in patients aged >70, only dyslipidaemia predicted CAC presence in males and only smoking and diabetes were predictive in females.
  
  
  
  In symptomatic patients, there are significant differences in the ability of conventional risk factors to predict CAC presence between genders and between patients aged <70 and ≥70, indicating the important role of age in predicting CAC presence.
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University and Heart Centre, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Nicoll
authors: Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Wiklund
authors: Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Diederichsen
authors: Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Mickley
authors: Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ovrehus
authors: University Alcala, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Zamorano
authors: University Hospital Henri Mondor, Creteil, Paris, France.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Gueret
authors: Bethanien Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Schmermund
authors: Centre de Recherche & Department of Radiology, Montréal Heart Institute/Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Maffei
authors: Centre de Recherche & Department of Radiology, Montréal Heart Institute/Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Cademartiri
authors: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Budoff
authors: Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University and Heart Centre, Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: michael.henein@umu.se.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Henein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
keywords: Age; Coronary calcification; Gender; Risk factors