title: Prevalence of Voice Disorders in Iranian Primary School Students.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The voice is the sound produced by vibration of our vocal cords and has an important role in verbal communication. A child's voice disorder may significantly impair his or her ability to be heard and understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of voice disorders in primary school students.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this descriptive-analytical study, a total of 501 fourth through fifth grade primary school students (boys = 51.6%, girls = 48.4%) with the age range of 10-12 years were selected from nine public school systems in Tehran that were assessed in October 2013 through March 2014. Presence of a voice disorder characterized by hoarseness was identified by a dual approach including investigator screening and parent identification. We used the grade of overall dysphonia, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain scale for perceptual evaluation of voice. All children were assessed with video laryngoscopy examination by an otorhinolaryngologist. The recordings were made during spontaneous speech, counting numbers, sustained utterance of the (/a/) vowel, reading a standard passage in Farsi, and the ratio of /s/ and /z/. Statistical analysis was done via chi-square test and t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that the prevalence of voice disorders in primary school students is 53.2%. The results indicated significant differences between gender and subjects with lesions (P = 0.00000), gender and vocal disorders (P = 0.04), and s/z ratio and type of lesion (P = 0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phonotrauma seems to play an important role in child dysphonia, with nodules as main diagnosis.
authors: Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: amzadeh@sbmu.ac.ir.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Mohammadzadeh
authors: Department of Speech, Language and Voice Disorders, Taleghani General Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Nazila
authors: N
authors: Sandoughdar
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013334:Students; D014741:Video Recording; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: gender; hoarseness; prevalence; school-age children; voice disorders