title: Green and sustainable remediation (GSR) evaluation: framework, standards, and tool. A case study in Taiwan.
abstract: Taiwan has a large number of poorly managed contaminated sites in need of remediation. This study proposes a framework, a set of standards, and a spreadsheet-based evaluation tool for implementing green and sustainable principles into remediation projects and evaluating the projects from this perspective. We performed a case study to understand how the framework would be applied. For the case study, we used a spreadsheet-based evaluation tool (SEFA) and performed field scale cultivation tests on a site contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). The site was divided into two lots: one treated by chemical oxidation and the other by bioremediation. We evaluated five core elements of green and sustainable remediation (GSR): energy, air, water resources, materials and wastes, and land and ecosystem. The proposed evaluation tool and field scale cultivation test were found to efficiently assess the effectiveness of the two remediation alternatives. The framework and related tools proposed herein can potentially be used to support decisions about the remediation of contaminated sites taking into account engineering management, cost effectiveness, and social reconciliation.
authors: Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: Wen-Yen
authors: WY
authors: Huang
authors: National Cheng Kung University, Department of Resources Engineering, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: Weiteng
authors: W
authors: Hung
authors: Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: Chi Thanh
authors: CT
authors: Vu
authors: Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: Wei-Ting
authors: WT
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors: Jhih-Wei
authors: JW
authors: Lai
authors: Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan, Republic of China. ctlin@webmail.nkmu.edu.tw.
authors: Chitsan
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7349-6890
authors: C
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum
keywords: Bioremediation; Chemical oxidation; Energy consumption; Green and sustainable remediation (GSR); Spreadsheet for environmental footprint assessment (SEFA); TPH contaminated soils