title: Lanthanum deposition in the gastrointestinal mucosa and regional lymph nodes in dialysis patients: Analysis of surgically excised specimens and review of the literature.
abstract: Lanthanum carbonate (LC) is one of the most potent phosphate binders currently used to reduce serum phosphate levels in dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). LC forms insoluble complexes with dietary phosphate that pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with little absorption. GI lesions due to lanthanum deposition in biopsy specimens or those in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in dialysis patients have been recently identified. Here, we describe more detailed histopathological findings in the gastroduodenal mucosa and regional lymph nodes in three patients with gastric cancer. Three patients with ESRD, two elderly women and one man, underwent dialysis and were treated with LC for 3-36 months. The patients underwent laparoscopic distal gastrectomy and lymph node dissection due to gastric cancer. Many subepithelial histiocyte aggregates or small foreign body granulomas, which contained gray or brown pigments or crystal-like structures, were mostly present in non-neoplastic areas of the upper GI. Lanthanum accumulation was noted in the duodenal mucosa and the antral and body mucosae of the gastric lesser curvature. Lanthanum was also deposited in the regional lymph nodes of the three patients. Electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed lanthanum and phosphorus deposits in histiocytes. Long-term prognosis of patients and the excretion or the metabolic pathway of accumulated lanthanum remain unclear.
authors: Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan. Electronic address: kyabuki@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors: Kei
authors: K
authors: Yabuki
authors: Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
authors: Eisuke
authors: E
authors: Shiba
authors: Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Harada
authors: Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
authors: Kazuyoshi
authors: K
authors: Uchihashi
authors: Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan. Electronic address: amatsu@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors: Atsuji
authors: A
authors: Matsuyama
authors: Division of Pathology, Saiseikai Yahata General Hospital, 5-9-27 Harunomachi, Yahatanhigashi-ku, Kitakyushu 805-0050, Japan.
authors: Joji
authors: J
authors: Haratake
authors: Department of Pathology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan. Electronic address: hisaoka@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors: Masanori
authors: M
authors: Hisaoka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000032:analysis*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: C119467:lanthanum carbonate; D007811:Lanthanum
keywords: Deposition; Dialysis; Gastrointestinal; Granuloma; Lanthanum carbonate; Regional lymph node