title: Inflammatory Biomarkers Predict Domain-Specific Cognitive Decline in Older Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular risk factors, including inflammation, may contribute to dementia development. We investigated the associations between peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive decline in five domains (memory, construction, language, psychomotor speed, and executive function).
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling older adults from the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study (n = 1,159, aged 75 or older) free of dementia at baseline were included and followed for up to 7 years. Ten biomarkers were measured at baseline representing different sources of inflammation: vascular inflammation (pentraxin 3 and serum amyloid P), endothelial function (endothelin-1), metabolic function (adiponectin, resistin, and plasminogen activating inhibitor-1), oxidative stress (receptor for advanced glycation end products), and general inflammation (interleukin-6, interleukin-2, and interleukin-10). A combined z-score was created from these biomarkers to represent total inflammation across these sources. We utilized generalized estimating equations that included an interaction term between z-scores and time to assess effect of inflammation on cognitive decline, adjusting for demographics (such as age, race/ethnicity, and sex), cardiovascular risk factors, and apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier status. A Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of .01 was used. We explored associations between individual biomarkers and cognitive decline without adjustment for multiplicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined inflammation z-score was significantly associated with memory and psychomotor speed (p < .01). Pentraxin 3, serum amyloid P, endothelin-1, and interleukin-2 were associated with change in at least one cognitive domain (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that total inflammation is associated with memory and psychomotor speed. In particular, systemic inflammation, vascular inflammation, and altered endothelial function may play roles in domain-specific cognitive decline of nondemented individuals.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle.
authors: Gloria C
authors: GC
authors: Chi
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle.|Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.|Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle.
authors: Annette L
authors: AL
authors: Fitzpatrick
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle.
authors: Monisha
authors: M
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington.
authors: Nancy S
authors: NS
authors: Jenny
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania.
authors: Oscar L
authors: OL
authors: Lopez
authors: McKnight Brain Institute and Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville.
authors: Steven T
authors: ST
authors: DeKosky
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000097:blood; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000032:analysis; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D019332:Endothelin-1; D007378:Interleukins; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D052243:Resistin; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D000099153:Pentraxins
keywords: Biomarkers; Cognitive decline; Inflammation; Longitudinal; Vascular