title: Normal multiplanar movement of the spinal cord during unilateral and bilateral straight leg raise: Quantification, mechanisms, and overview.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to provide a full set of normal data describing neural biomechanics within the vertebral canal in all three planes with unilateral and bilateral SLR tests to allow for clinical comparison with clinical cases. This is done following the notion that, due to neural continuum, tensile forces are transmitted through the lumbosacral nerve roots and dura to the conus medullaris (linear dependency principle). In this controlled radiologic study 10 asymptomatic volunteers were scanned with 1.5T magnetic resonance scanner (Siemens Magnetom Aera, Erlangen, Germany) using different scanning sequences for planning and for measurement purposes. Conus displacement in both antero-posterior direction (sagittal slices) and lateral direction (axial slices) was quantified during unilateral passive left, right SLR, and bilateral SLR and compared with the position of the conus in the neutral (anatomic) position. It is shown that the conus medullaris displaced laterally and anteroposteriorly in response to unilateral and bilateral SLRs. Pearson's correlations were higher than 0.95 for both intra- and inter-observer reliability. The observed power was higher than 0.99 for all the variables tested. Following this, the authors conclude that lateral and antero-posterior displacement of conus medullaris into the vertebral canal occurs consistently with unilateral and bilateral SLRs following directions predicted by tension vectors. Summative information collected in this line of research in neuroradiology is here presented. We believe we have presented the first conclusive and complete full set of normal data on non-invasive, in vivo, normative measurement of spinal cord displacement with the SLR ever presented. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1335-1342, 2017.
authors: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Hospital "Prim. dr.Martin Horvat", Rovinj, Croatia.
authors: Marinko
authors: M
authors: Rade
authors: Neurodynamic Solutions, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Shacklock
authors: Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Mervi
authors: M
authors: Könönen
authors: Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Jarkko
authors: J
authors: Marttila
authors: Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Ritva
authors: R
authors: Vanninen
authors: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors: Markku
authors: M
authors: Kankaanpää
authors: Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Olavi
authors: O
authors: Airaksinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: SLR; straight leg raise; nerve root; sciatica; radiculopathy; spinal cord; diagnostic imaging; muscle; nerve; novel and functional imaging