title: Liver-Directed Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) continues to increase world-wide. Many patients present with advanced disease with extensive local tumor or vascular invasion and are not candidates for traditionally curative therapies such as orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) or resection. Radiotherapy (RT) was historically limited by its inability to deliver a tumoricidal dose; however, modern RT techniques have prompted renewed interest in the use of liver-directed RT to treat patients with primary hepatic malignancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aim of this review was to discuss the use of external beam RT in the treatment of HCC, with particular focus on the use of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). We review the intricacies of SBRT treatment planning and delivery. Liver-directed RT involves accurate target identification, precise and reproducible patient immobilization, and assessment of target and organ motion. We also summarize the published data on liver-directed RT, and demonstrate that it is associated with excellent local control and survival rates, particularly in patients who are not candidates for OLT or resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modern liver-directed RT is safe and effective for the treatment of HCC, particularly in patients who are not candidates for OLT or resection. Liver-directed RT, including SBRT, depends on accurate target identification, precise and reproducible patient immobilization, and assessment of target and organ motion. Further prospective studies are needed to fully delineate the role of liver-directed RT in the treatment of HCC.
authors: Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors: Florence K
authors: FK
authors: Keane
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors: Jennifer Y
authors: JY
authors: Wo
authors: Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors: Andrew X
authors: AX
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA.
authors: Theodore S
authors: TS
authors: Hong
keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver-directed radiotherapy; Stereotactic body radiotherapy