title: Moderate Physical Activity in Healthy Adults Is Associated With Cardiac Remodeling.
abstract: Cardiac mass and volumes are often elevated in athletes, but it is not known whether moderate physical activity is also associated with cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy in a healthy adult population.
  
  
  
  In total, 1096 adults (54% female, median age 39 years) without cardiovascular disease or cardiomyopathy-associated genetic variants underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to determine biventricular volumes and function. Physical activity was assessed using a validated activity questionnaire. The relationship between cardiac parameters and activity was assessed using multiple linear regression adjusting for age, sex, race, and systolic blood pressure. Logistic regression was performed to determine the effect of activity on the likelihood of subjects having cardiac dilatation or hypertrophy according to standard cardiac magnetic resonance normal ranges. Increasing physical activity was associated with greater left ventricular (LV) mass (β=0.23; P<0.0001) and elevated LV and right ventricular volumes (LV: β=0.26, P<0.0001; right ventricular: β=0.26, P<0.0001). Physical activity had a larger effect on cardiac parameters than systolic blood pressure (0.06≤β≤0.21) and a similar effect to age (-0.20≤β≤-0.31). Increasing physical activity was a risk factor for meeting imaging criteria for LV hypertrophy (adjusted odds ratio 2.1; P<0.0001), LV dilatation (adjusted odds ratio 2.2; P<0.0001), and right ventricular dilatation (adjusted odds ratio 2.2; P<0.0001).
  
  
  
  Exercise-related cardiac remodeling is not confined to athletes, and there is a risk of overdiagnosing cardiac dilatation or hypertrophy in a proportion of active, healthy adults.
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.).
authors: Timothy J W
authors: TJ
authors: Dawes
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.).
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Corden
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.).
authors: Sorcha
authors: S
authors: Cotter
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.).
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: de Marvao
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.).
authors: Roddy
authors: R
authors: Walsh
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.).
authors: James S
authors: JS
authors: Ware
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.).
authors: Stuart A
authors: SA
authors: Cook
authors: From the MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom (T.J.W.D., B.C., A.d.M., J.S.W., S.A.C., D.P.O.); Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (S.C.); NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and the National Heart & Lung Institute at Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.W., J.S.W., S.A.C.); National Heart Centre and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.). declan.oregan@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: Declan P
authors: DP
authors: O'Regan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D059267:Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; exercise physiology; left ventricular remodeling; remodeling; right ventricle