title: Prostate cancer progression and mortality: a review of diet and lifestyle factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review and summarize evidence on the role of diet and lifestyle factors and prostate cancer progression, with a specific focus on habits after diagnosis and the risk of subsequent disease recurrence, progression, or death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Given the well-documented heterogeneity of prostate cancer and the long survivorship of the majority of diagnoses, our goal was to summarize and describe modifiable risk factors for clinically relevant prostate cancer. We focused where possible on epidemiologic studies of post-diagnostic habits and prostate cancer progression, defined as recurrence (e.g., PSA risk, secondary treatment), metastasis, or death. Where data were limited, we also describe evidence on risk factors and indicators of prostate cancer aggressiveness at diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A variety of dietary and lifestyle factors appear to affect prostate cancer progression. Several generally widely recommended lifestyle factors such as not smoking, maintaining a healthy body weight, and regular vigorous physical exercise also appear to affect prostate cancer progression. Several dietary factors, such as tomato sauce/lycopene, cruciferous vegetables, healthy sources of vegetable fats, and coffee, may also have a role in reducing risk of prostate cancer progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet and lifestyle factors, in particular exercise and smoking cessation, may reduce the risk of prostate cancer progression and death. These promising findings warrant further investigation, as their overall impact might be large.
authors: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Sam F
authors: SF
authors: Peisch
authors: Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: Erin L
authors: EL
authors: Van Blarigan
authors: Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors: June M
authors: JM
authors: Chan
authors: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Meir J
authors: MJ
authors: Stampfer
authors: Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. stacey.kenfield@ucsf.edu.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. stacey.kenfield@ucsf.edu.
authors: Stacey A
authors: SA
authors: Kenfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D018450:Disease Progression; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis
keywords: Diet; Lethal prostate cancer; Lifestyle; Prostate cancer progression