title: Patterns in Bacterial- and Viral-Induced Immunosuppression and Secondary Infections in the ICU.
abstract: Immunosuppression renders the host increased susceptible for secondary infections. It is becoming increasingly clear that not only bacterial sepsis, but also respiratory viruses with both severe and mild disease courses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and the human rhinovirus may induce immunosuppression. In this review, the current knowledge on (mechanisms of) bacterial- and virus-induced immunosuppression and the accompanying susceptibility toward various secondary infections is described. In addition, the frequently encountered secondary pathogens and their preferred localizations are presented. Finally, future perspectives in the context of the development of diagnostic markers and possibilities for personalized therapy to improve the diagnosis and treatment of immunocompromised patients are discussed.
authors: *Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands†Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: Rebecca M
authors: RM
authors: Koch
authors: Matthijs
authors: M
authors: Kox
authors: Marien I
authors: MI
authors: de Jonge
authors: Johannes G
authors: JG
authors: van der Hoeven
authors: Gerben
authors: G
authors: Ferwerda
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Pickkers
mesh_terms: D060085:Coinfection / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host / Q000276:immunology*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity