title: Low-frequency deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.
abstract: Traditionally, deep brain stimulation (DBS) for movement disorders (MDs) is provided using stimulation frequencies equal to or above 100 Hz. However, recent evidence suggests that relatively low-frequency stimulation (LFS) below 100 Hz is an option to treat some patients with MDs.
  
  
  
  We aimed to review the clinical and pathophysiological evidence supporting the use of stimulation frequencies below 100 Hz in different MDs.
  
  
  
  Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus at 60 Hz has provided benefit in gait and other axial symptoms such as swallowing and speech. Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus between 20 and 45 Hz can provide benefit in freezing of gait, cognition, and sleep quality in select patients with Parkinson's disease. Stimulation of the globus pallidus internus below 100 Hz in patients with dystonia has provided benefit at the beginning of the therapy, although progressively higher stimulation frequencies seem to be necessary to maintain the clinical benefit. Relative LFS can lower energy requirements and reduce battery usage-a useful feature, particularly in patients treated with high current energy.
  
  
  
  DBS at frequencies below 100 Hz is a therapeutic option in select cases of Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait and other axial symptoms, and in select patients with dystonia and other hyperkinetic movements, particularly those requiring an energy-saving strategy.
authors: Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: baizabaljf@hotmail.com.
authors: José Fidel
authors: JF
authors: Baizabal-Carvallo
authors: National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Marlene
authors: M
authors: Alonso-Juarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001703:Biophysics; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Dystonia; Globus pallidus internus; Parkinson's disease; Programming strategies; Subthalamic nucleus