title: Ochratoxin A production by Penicillium thymicola.
abstract: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by some Aspergillus and Penicillium species that grow on economically important agricultural crops and food products. OTA is classified as Group 2B carcinogen and is potently nephrotoxic, which is the basis for its regulation in some jurisdictions. Using high resolution mass spectroscopy, OTA and ochratoxin B (OTB) were detected in liquid culture extracts of Penicillium thymicola DAOMC 180753 isolated from Canadian cheddar cheese. The genome of this strain was sequenced, assembled and annotated to probe for putative genes involved in OTA biosynthesis. Known OTA biosynthetic genes from Penicillium verrucosum or Penicillium nordicum, two related Penicillium species that produce OTA, were not found in P. thymicola. However, a gene cluster containing a polyketide synthase (PKS) and PKS-nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) hybrid encoding genes were located in the P. thymicola genome that showed a high degree of similarity to OTA biosynthetic enzymes of Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus ochraceus. This is the first report of ochratoxin from P. thymicola and a new record of the species in Canada.
authors: University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada. Electronic address: hai.nguyen.1984@gmail.com.
authors: Hai D T
authors: HDT
authors: Nguyen
authors: Carleton University, Department of Chemistry, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: McMullin
authors: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors: Ekaterina
authors: E
authors: Ponomareva
authors: US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Riley
authors: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
authors: Kyle R
authors: KR
authors: Pomraning
authors: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
authors: Scott E
authors: SE
authors: Baker
authors: University of Ottawa, Department of Biology, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
authors: Keith A
authors: KA
authors: Seifert
mesh_terms: D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D002170:Canada; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D005810:Multigene Family; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; C045354:ochratoxin B
keywords: Fumiquinazoline F; Mycotoxin; Non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS); Polyketide synthase (PKS)