title: Counteracting Age-related Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass: a clinical and ethnological trial on the role of protein supplementation and training load (CALM Intervention Study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: Aging is associated with decreased muscle mass and functional capacity, which in turn decrease quality of life. The number of citizens over the age of 65 years in the Western world will increase by 50 % over the next four decades, and this demographic shift brings forth new challenges at both societal and individual levels. Only a few longitudinal studies have been reported, but whey protein supplementation seems to improve muscle mass and function, and its combination with heavy strength training appears even more effective. However, heavy resistance training may reduce adherence to training, thereby attenuating the overall benefits of training. We hypothesize that light load resistance training is more efficient when both adherence and physical improvement are considered longitudinally. We launched the interdisciplinary project on Counteracting Age-related Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass (CALM) to investigate the impact of lifestyle changes on physical and functional outcomes as well as everyday practices and habits in a qualitative context.
  
  
  
  We will randomize 205 participants older than 65 years to be given 1 year of two daily nutrient supplements with 10 g of sucrose and 20 g of either collagen protein, carbohydrates, or whey. Further, two groups will perform either heavy progressive resistance training or light load training on top of the whey supplement.
  
  
  
  The primary outcome of the CALM Intervention Study is the change in thigh cross-sectional area. Moreover, we will evaluate changes in physical performance, muscle fiber type and acute anabolic response to whey protein ingestion, sensory adaptation, gut microbiome, and a range of other measures, combined with questionnaires on life quality and qualitative interviews with selected subjects. The CALM Intervention Study will generate scientific evidence and recommendations to counteract age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass in elderly individuals.
  
  
  
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02034760 . Registered on 10 January 2014. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02115698 . Registered on 14 April 2014. Danish regional committee of the Capital Region H-4-2013-070. Registered on 4 July 2013. Danish Data Protection Agency 2012-58-0004 - BBH-2015-001 I-Suite 03432. Registered on 9 January 2015.
authors: Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Rasmus Leidesdorff
authors: RL
authors: Bechshøft
authors: Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Søren
authors: S
authors: Reitelseder
authors: Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
authors: Grith
authors: G
authors: Højfeldt
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Josué Leonardo
authors: JL
authors: Castro-Mejía
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Bekzod
authors: B
authors: Khakimov
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Hajar Fauzan Bin
authors: HF
authors: Ahmad
authors: Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Kjær
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Søren Balling
authors: SB
authors: Engelsen
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Susanne Margrete Bølling
authors: SM
authors: Johansen
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Morten Arendt
authors: MA
authors: Rasmussen
authors: SAXO Institute, Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Aske Juul
authors: AJ
authors: Lassen
authors: SAXO Institute, Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Tenna
authors: T
authors: Jensen
authors: Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Beyer
authors: Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark.
authors: Anja
authors: A
authors: Serena
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Frederico Jose Armando
authors: FJ
authors: Perez-Cueto
authors: Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Dennis Sandris
authors: DS
authors: Nielsen
authors: Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Astrid Pernille
authors: AP
authors: Jespersen
authors: Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark. larsh@sund.ku.dk.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. larsh@sund.ku.dk.
authors: Lars
authors: 0000-0002-4392-9616
authors: L
authors: Holm
mesh_terms: D001823:Body Composition; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005007:Ethnology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome; D055070:Resistance Training; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Elderly; Gut microbiome; Muscle; Plasma metabolome; Protein; Strength training; Whey