title: Effect of choline chloride supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Etawah grade goats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of choline chloride supplementation through forced drinking combined with concentrate diets containing Ca-fish oil on milk production and milk composition of Etawah Grade goats was evaluated. Choline chloride is an essential component in ruminant diets as it is required for fat metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three types of treatments and eight replications. The trial had two successive experimental periods; the first, during the eight weeks of late pregnancy, and the second, during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Twenty-four Etawah Grade does in the second gestation period were divided into three treatment groups. Commercial choline chloride 60 % in corncobs-based powder was used as a source of choline chloride. The treatments were no supplementation (control) and supplemented with either 4 g or 8 g/2days of choline chloride. Choline chloride was given to the animals through a forced drinking technique, after dissolving it in 60 ml drinking water. The initial body weight of does was 38.81 ± 3.66 kg. The does were penned individually, and were given fresh chopped King Grass ad libitum and 700 g/day of concentrate diets containing Ca-fish oil, starting eight weeks prior to expecting kidding and continuing for 12 weeks of parturition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All nutrient intakes were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the treatments during the late pregnancy and the lactation periods. Supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) the average daily gains and feed conversion ratio during pregnancy but gave effects (p < 0.05) on the average daily gains, feed conversion ratio and income over feed cost during lactation. The highest average daily milk yields and 4 % fat corrected milk yields were found in goats supplemented with 4 g/2days of choline chloride and increased by 17.00 % and 24.67 %, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, milk composition percentage and milk constituent yields improved significantly (p < 0.05) in those supplemented with 4 g/2days of choline chloride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The supplementation of 4 g/2days of choline chloride through forced drinking increased milk yields, the 4 % fat corrected milk yields, milk composition, milk constituent yields, and improved feed conversion ratio and income over feed cost of Etawah Grade goats.
authors: Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, 16720 Indonesia.
authors: Supriyati
authors: Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, 16720 Indonesia.
authors: I Gusti Made
authors: IG
authors: Budiarsana
authors: Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, 16720 Indonesia.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Praharani
authors: Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, 16720 Indonesia.
authors: Rantan
authors: R
authors: Krisnan
authors: Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, 16720 Indonesia.
authors: I Ktut
authors: IK
authors: Sutama
keywords: Choline chloride supplementation; Etawah Grade does; Forced drinking; Milk composition; Milk production