title: Chloroquine Analog Interaction with C2- and Iota-Toxin in Vitro and in Living Cells.
abstract: C2-toxin from Clostridium botulinum and Iota-toxin from Clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary A-B-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit A and a binding component B that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. The enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin ADP-ribosyltransferases that modify R177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. Following their binding to host cells' receptors and internalization, the two binding components form heptameric channels in endosomal membranes which mediate the translocation of the enzymatic components Iota a and C2I from endosomes into the cytosol of the target cells. The binding components form ion-permeable channels in artificial and biological membranes. Chloroquine and related 4-aminoquinolines were able to block channel formation in vitro and intoxication of living cells. In this study, we extended our previous work to the use of different chloroquine analogs and demonstrate that positively charged aminoquinolinium salts are able to block channels formed in lipid bilayer membranes by the binding components of C2- and Iota-toxin. Similarly, these molecules protect cultured mammalian cells from intoxication with C2- and Iota-toxin. The aminoquinolinium salts did presumably not interfere with actin ADP-ribosylation or receptor binding but blocked the pores formed by C2IIa and Iota b in living cells and in vitro. The blocking efficiency of pores formed by Iota b and C2IIa by the chloroquine analogs showed interesting differences indicating structural variations between the types of protein-conducting nanochannels formed by Iota b and C2IIa.
authors: Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany. ange.kronhardt@web.de.
authors: Angelika
authors: A
authors: Kronhardt
authors: Rudolf Virchow Center, Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany. christoph.beitzinger@web.de.
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Beitzinger
authors: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany. holger.barth@uni-ulm.de.
authors: Holger
authors: H
authors: Barth
authors: Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs-University Bremen, Campus-Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. r.benz@jacobs-university.de.
authors: Roland
authors: R
authors: Benz
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites; D001692:Biological Transport; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011485:Protein Binding; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; C050737:iota toxin, Clostridium perfringens; D002738:Chloroquine; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C; C001920:4-aminoquinoline
keywords: C2-toxin; aminoquinolinium salts; binding components; black lipid bilayer; chloroquine; iota-toxin