title: Potassium channels in the Cx43 gap junction perinexus modulate ephaptic coupling: an experimental and modeling study.
abstract: It was recently demonstrated that cardiac sodium channels (Nav1.5) localized at the perinexus, an intercalated disc (ID) nanodomain associated with gap junctions (GJ), may contribute to electrical coupling between cardiac myocytes via an ephaptic mechanism. Impairment of ephaptic coupling by acute interstitial edema (AIE)-induced swelling of the perinexus was associated with arrhythmogenic, anisotropic conduction slowing. Given that Kir2.1 has also recently been reported to localize at intercalated discs, we hypothesized that Kir2.1 channels may reside within the perinexus and that inhibiting them may mitigate arrhythmogenic conduction slowing observed during AIE. Using gated stimulated emission depletion (gSTED) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) super-resolution microscopy, we indeed find that a significant proportion of Kir2.1 channels resides within the perinexus. Moreover, whereas Nav1.5 inhibition during AIE exacerbated arrhythmogenic conduction slowing, inhibiting Kir2.1 channels during AIE preferentially increased transverse conduction velocity-decreasing anisotropy and ameliorating arrhythmia risk compared to AIE alone. Comparison of our results with a nanodomain computer model identified enrichment of both Nav1.5 and Kir2.1 at intercalated discs as key factors underlying the experimental observations. We demonstrate that Kir2.1 channels are localized within the perinexus alongside Nav1.5 channels. Further, targeting Kir2.1 modulates intercellular coupling between cardiac myocytes, anisotropy of conduction, and arrhythmia propensity in a manner consistent with a role for ephaptic coupling in cardiac conduction. For over half a century, electrical excitation in the heart has been thought to occur exclusively via gap junction-mediated ionic current flow between cells. Further, excitation was thought to depend almost exclusively on sodium channels with potassium channels being involved mainly in returning the cell to rest. Here, we demonstrate that sodium and potassium channels co-reside within nanoscale domains at cell-to-cell contact sites. Experimental and computer modeling results suggest a role for these channels in electrical coupling between cardiac muscle cells via an ephaptic mechanism working in tandem with gap junctions. This new insight into the mechanism of cardiac electrical excitation could pave the way for novel therapies against cardiac rhythm disturbances.
authors: Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, and Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA. saiv@vt.edu.
authors: Rengasayee
authors: R
authors: Veeraraghavan
authors: Department of Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.
authors: Joyce
authors: J
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, 155 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Keener
authors: Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, and Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA. gourdier@vtc.vt.edu.|School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, VA, USA. gourdier@vtc.vt.edu.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Gourdie
authors: Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, and Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic University, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA. poelzing@vtc.vt.edu.|School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, VA, USA. poelzing@vtc.vt.edu.
authors: Steven
authors: 0000-0002-6979-1264
authors: S
authors: Poelzing
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D062554:NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; C489461:Kir2.1 channel; D062554:NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers
keywords: Arrhythmia; Cardiac conduction; Ephaptic coupling; Gap junctions; Potassium channels; Sodium channels