title: Modulation of postprandial lipaemia by a single meal containing a commonly consumed interesterified palmitic acid-rich fat blend compared to a non-interesterified equivalent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interesterification of palm stearin and palm kernal (PSt/PK) is widely used by the food industry to create fats with desirable functional characteristics for applications in spreads and bakery products, negating the need for trans fatty acids. Previous studies have reported reduced postprandial lipaemia, an independent risk factor for CVD, following interesterified (IE) palmitic and stearic acid-rich fats that are not currently widely used by the food industry. The current study investigates the effect of the most commonly consumed PSt/PK IE blend on postprandial lipaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised, controlled, crossover (1 week washout) double-blind design study (n = 12 healthy males, 18-45 years), compared the postprandial (0-4 h) effects of meals containing 50 g fat [PSt/PK (80:20); IE vs. non-IE] on changes in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), glucose, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), insulin, gastric emptying (paracetamol concentrations) and satiety (visual analogue scales).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postprandial increase in plasma TAG was higher following the IE PSt/PK versus the non-IE PSt/PK, with a 51 % greater incremental area under the curve [mean difference with 95 % CI 41 (23, 58) mmol/L min P = 0.001]. The pattern of lipaemia was different between meals; at 4-h plasma TAG concentrations declined following the IE fat but continued to rise following the non-IE fat. Insulin, glucose, paracetamol, PYY and GIP concentrations increased significantly after the test meals (time effect; P < 0.001 for all), but did not differ between test meals. Feelings of fullness were higher following the non-IE PSt/PK meal (diet effect; P = 0.034). No other significant differences were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interesterification of PSt/PK increases early phase postprandial lipaemia (0-4 h); however, further investigation during the late postprandial phase (4-8 h) is warranted to determine the rate of return to baseline values.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02365987.
authors: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors: Wendy L
authors: WL
authors: Hall
authors: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Iqbal
authors: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Gray
authors: Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK. sarah.e.berry@kcl.ac.uk.
authors: Sarah E E
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5819-5109
authors: SEE
authors: Berry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D019894:Peptide YY; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Interesterified fat; Palm kernel; Palm stearin; Postprandial lipaemia