title: Peripheral biomarkers of stroke: Focus on circulatory microRNAs.
abstract: Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world. Stroke occurs when blood flow stops, and that stoppage results in reduced oxygen supply to neurons in the brain. The occurrence of stroke increases with age, but anyone at any age can suffer from stroke. Recent research has implicated multiple cellular changes in stroke patients, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and changes in mRNA and proteins. Recent research has also revealed that stroke is associated with modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Stroke can be controlled by modifiable risk factors, including diet, cardiovascular, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, depression and traumatic brain injury. Stroke is the major risk factor for vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this article is to review the latest developments in research efforts directed at identifying 1) latest developments in identifying biomarkers in peripheral and central nervous system tissues, 2) changes in microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with stroke, 3) miRNA profile and function in animal brain, and 4) protein biomarkers in ischemic stroke. This article also reviews research investigating circulatory miRNAs as peripheral biomarkers of stroke.
authors: Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States.
authors: Murali
authors: M
authors: Vijayan
authors: Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Garrison Institute on Aging, South West Campus, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 6630 S. Quaker Ste. E, MS 7495, Lubbock, TX 79413, United States. Electronic address: hemachandra.reddy@ttuhsc.edu.
authors: P Hemachandra
authors: PH
authors: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Circulatory microRNA; Plasma; Protein biomarker; Serum; Stroke; Vascular dementia