title: The emotional cost of distance: Geographic social network dispersion and post-traumatic stress among survivors of Hurricane Katrina.
abstract: Social networks offer important emotional and instrumental support following natural disasters. However, displacement may geographically disperse network members, making it difficult to provide and receive support necessary for psychological recovery after trauma.
  
  
  
  We examine the association between distance to network members and post-traumatic stress using survey data, and identify potential mechanisms underlying this association using in-depth qualitative interviews.
  
  
  
  We use longitudinal, mixed-methods data from the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina (RISK) Project to capture the long-term effects of Hurricane Katrina on low-income mothers from New Orleans. Baseline surveys occurred approximately one year before the storm and follow-up surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted five years later. We use a sequential explanatory analytic design. With logistic regression, we estimate the association of geographic network dispersion with the likelihood of post-traumatic stress. With linear regressions, we estimate the association of network dispersion with the three post-traumatic stress sub-scales. Using maximal variation sampling, we use qualitative interview data to elaborate identified statistical associations.
  
  
  
  We find network dispersion is positively associated with the likelihood of post-traumatic stress, controlling for individual-level socio-demographic characteristics, exposure to hurricane-related trauma, perceived social support, and New Orleans residency. We identify two social-psychological mechanisms present in qualitative data: respondents with distant network members report a lack of deep belonging and a lack of mattering as they are unable to fulfill obligations to important distant ties.
  
  
  
  Results indicate the importance of physical proximity to emotionally-intimate network ties for long-term psychological recovery.
authors: Harvard University, Department of Sociology, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States. Electronic address: kmorris@fas.harvard.edu.
authors: Katherine Ann
authors: KA
authors: Morris
authors: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for Research on Poverty, United States.
authors: Nicole M
authors: NM
authors: Deterding
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D055867:Cyclonic Storms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000072858:Psychosocial Support Systems; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Egocentric social networks; Mental illness; Mixed methods; Natural disaster; Network dispersion; Post-traumatic stress; Social support