title: Multi-mycotoxin contamination of couscous semolina commercialized in Morocco.
abstract: The multi-mycotoxin contamination of ninety-eight (98) couscous semolina samples collected from various areas in Morocco was investigated in this study. Samples were surveyed for the presence of 22 mycotoxins (four aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, diacetoxiscyrpenol (DAS), three fumonisins, beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), sterigmatocystin (STG), zearalenone (ZEA), four enniatins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins). Results showed that 96 out of 98 total couscous samples (98%) were contaminated by at least one mycotoxin. Enniatin B (ENB), Enniatin B1 (ENB1), Enniatin A1 (ENA1) and zearalenone (ZEA) have shown the highest incidences in contaminated samples. The dietary exposure was estimated to be 1.02, 0.57, 0.06, 0.57 and 0.3μg/kgbw/day for the sum of (DON+3-ADON+15-ADON), fumonisins (FB1+FB2+FB3), the sum of (T2+HT-2), NIV and ZEA, respectively.
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco. Electronic address: zinedineab@yahoo.fr.
authors: Abdellah
authors: A
authors: Zinedine
authors: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors: Mónica
authors: M
authors: Fernández-Franzón
authors: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Mañes
authors: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
authors: Lara
authors: L
authors: Manyes
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000737:chemistry*; D009018:Morocco; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C012351:HT-2 toxin
keywords: Couscous semolina; Dietary intake; Morocco; Multi-mycotoxin; Occurrence