title: Effect ofHippophae rhamnoidesExtract on Oxidative Oropharyngeal Mucosal Damage Induced in Rats Using Methotrexate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the effect ofHippophae rhamnoidesextract (HRE) on oropharyngeal mucositis induced in rats with methotrexate (MTX) through biochemical, gene expression, and histopathological examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental animals were divided into a healthy group (HG), a HRE+MTX (HREM) group, HRE group (HREG), and a control group that received MTX (MTXG). The HREM and HREG groups of rats was administered 50 mg/kg HRE, while the MTXG and HG groups were given an equal volume distilled water with gavage. Then, the HREM and MTXG rat groups were given oral MTX at a dose of 5 mg/kg 1 hour after HRE and distilled water was administered. This procedure was repeated for 1 month. At the end of this period, all of the animals were sacrificed with a high dose of anesthesia. Then, the amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total glutathione (tGSH) were determined in the removed oropharyngeal tissues. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expressions were measured, and all the tissues were studied histopathologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amount of MDA was significantly increased in the MTXG group compared to the HREM, HREG, and HG groups (P<0.001). MTX significantly decreased the amount of tGSH in the MTXG group compared to the HREM, HREG, and HG groups (P<0.001). In this study, there were no visible ulcers in the animal group in which the levels of MDA, IL-1β, and TNF-α were high and the level of tGSH was low. However, histopathologic examination revealed mucin pools in wide areas due to ruptured oropharynx glands, and proliferated, dilated, and congested blood vessels and dilated ductal structures in some areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRE protected oropharyngeal oxidative damage induced by MTX. As an inexpensive and natural product, HRE has important advantages in the prevention of oropharyngeal damage induced by MTX.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors: Ertugrul
authors: E
authors: Erhan
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
authors: Suat
authors: S
authors: Terzi
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rize Education and Research Hospital, Rize, Turkey.
authors: Metin
authors: M
authors: Celiker
authors: Department of Medical Genetics, Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors: Oguzhan
authors: O
authors: Yarali
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Cankaya
authors: Department of Pathology, Mengucek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors: Ferda Keskin
authors: FK
authors: Cimen
authors: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors: Ismail
authors: I
authors: Malkoc
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
authors: Bahadir
authors: B
authors: Suleyman
keywords: Gene Expression; Hippophae; Methotrexate; Oral Mucositis; Rat; Rhamnoides