title: The effects of bupivacaine combined with different adjuvants on block onset and duration and on ion channel expressions (SCN9A, TRPM) in sciatic nerve block in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this experimental study was to examine the effects of epinephrine, dexmedetomidine, and clonidine added as adjuvants to bupivacaine on block onset and effect times, as well as the effects on the Na+ and Ca+2 channel gene expressions, which may indicate cell damage in the sciatic nerve cell membrane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into five groups: Group S (sham), saline solution; Group B, bupivacaine; Group BD, bupivacaine + dexmedetomidine; Group BC, bupivacaine + clonidine; and Group BE, bupivacaine + epinephrine. For each group, 0.2 mL of local anesthetic was injected into the sciatic nerve bifurcation point of the right leg. Sensory (proprioceptive and nociceptive block) and motor block onset and ending times were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shortest onset time for the examined sciatic block was observed in the BC group, whereas the longest sensory and motor block times were observed in the BD group. The present data suggest suppressed TRPM7 and increased TRPM2 in the groups other than the BE group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clonidine is more suitable for fast onset of peripheral nerve blocks, whereas the addition of dexmedetomidine is better in terms of duration. Because the SCN9A and TRPM2,4,7 expression ratios of the BE group showed the least amount of change, this group had the best cellular integrity.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Pazarcık State Hospital, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
authors: Nurgül
authors: N
authors: Dolu
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors: Levent
authors: L
authors: Şahin
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors: Davut Sinan
authors: DS
authors: Kaplan
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors: Tuncer
authors: T
authors: Demir
authors: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey.
authors: Hasan
authors: H
authors: Şimşek
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Dünya Göz Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors: Mehrican
authors: M
authors: Şahin
authors: Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Beyhan
authors: B
authors: Cengiz
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine; D009407:Nerve Block; D051381:Rats; D012584:Sciatic Nerve; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D050053:TRPM Cation Channels; C557080:Trpm2 protein, rat; C486584:Trpm7 protein, rat; D002045:Bupivacaine
keywords: Sciatic nerve block; TRPM; bupivacaine; rat