title: Gender differences in the effect of grief reactions and burnout on emotional distress among clinical oncologists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study was conducted to examine gender differences in the effect of grief reactions and burnout on emotional distress among clinical oncologists.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants included a convenience sample of 178 oncologists from Israel (52 of whom were women) and Canada (48 of whom were women). Oncologists completed a questionnaire package that included a sociodemographic survey, the General Health Questionnaire, a burnout measure, and the Adult Oncologists Grief Questionnaire. To examine the effect of grief reactions and burnout on emotional distress while controlling for country and past depression within each gender, 2 hierarchical linear regression analyses were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female oncologists reported significantly more grief responses to patient death (mean, 47.72 [standard deviation (SD), 8.71] and mean, 44.53 [SD, 9.19], respectively), more emotional distress (mean, 12.41 [SD, 4.36] and mean, 10.64 [SD, 3.99], respectively), and more burnout (mean, 2.59 [SD, 1.69] and mean, 1.84 [SD, 1.5], respectively). For both genders, higher levels of grief reactions were associated with greater emotional distress among those who reported high levels of burnout (P<.001). However, for men, the association between grief reactions and emotional distress also was documented at moderate levels of burnout (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient death is a regular part of clinical oncology. It is essential that oncologists be able to cope effectively with this aspect of their work. The findings of the current study highlight the need to take into account the cumulative stressors that oncologists contend with when designing supportive interventions. Gender differences in burnout, reactions to patient death, and emotional distress need to be addressed to ensure the best quality of life for oncologists and the best quality of care for their patients. Cancer 2016;122:3705-14. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
authors: Department of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors: Leeat
authors: L
authors: Granek
authors: Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Monika K
authors: MK
authors: Krzyzanowska
authors: Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, (IDC) Herzliya, Israel.
authors: Ora
authors: O
authors: Nakash
authors: Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, (IDC) Herzliya, Israel.
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Cohen
authors: Department of Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Ariad
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Barbera
authors: Medical School, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors: Rotem
authors: R
authors: Levy
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors: Merav
authors: M
authors: Ben-David
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072103:Oncologists / Q000523:psychology*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: burnout; emotional distress; gender differences; grief reactions; oncologists; oncology; patient death