title: Knockdown Resistance Mutations in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Puerto Rico.
abstract: Permethrin resistance is widespread in Aedes aegypti (L.), the main dengue, zika, and chikungunya virus vector in Latin America and the Caribbean. A common mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids-knockdown resistance (kdr)-is conferred through mutations in the insect's voltage-dependent sodium channel. In this mosquito, around 10 replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc) have been reported in pyrethroid-resistant strains. Two of these mutations, named Ile1,016 and Cys1,534, are widespread in mosquito populations from Latin America and the Caribbean. This study assessed the levels of permethrin resistance and the frequency of two kdr mutations in eight Ae. aegypti populations collected in Puerto Rico in 2013. Permethrin resistance factors ranged from 33-214-fold relative to the New Orleans reference strain. The frequency of kdr mutation Ile1,016 ranged from 0.65 to fixation (1.0), and for Cys1,534 frequencies varied from 0.8 to fixation. Alarmingly, two populations-Carolina and Caguas-reached fixation at both loci. Our results suggest that permethrin effectiveness for Ae. aegypti control is compromised in these collections from Puerto Rico.
authors: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (gponcealfa@gmail.com; samdelriog@hotmail.com; karinaypwm@gmail.com; adriana.floressr@uanl.edu.mx).|gponcealfa@gmail.com.
authors: Gustavo
authors: G
authors: Ponce-García
authors: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (gponcealfa@gmail.com; samdelriog@hotmail.com; karinaypwm@gmail.com; adriana.floressr@uanl.edu.mx).
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Del Río-Galvan
authors: Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, San Juan, Puerto Rico (amz9@cdc.gov; ckn5@cdc.gov; maa4@cdc.gov).
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Barrera
authors: Laboratory of Insect Genetics, Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521 (karlasaav@gmail.com).
authors: Karla
authors: K
authors: Saavedra-Rodriguez
authors: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (gponcealfa@gmail.com; samdelriog@hotmail.com; karinaypwm@gmail.com; adriana.floressr@uanl.edu.mx).
authors: Karina
authors: K
authors: Villanueva-Segura
authors: Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, San Juan, Puerto Rico (amz9@cdc.gov; ckn5@cdc.gov; maa4@cdc.gov).
authors: Gilberto
authors: G
authors: Felix
authors: Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, San Juan, Puerto Rico (amz9@cdc.gov; ckn5@cdc.gov; maa4@cdc.gov).
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Amador
authors: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, México (gponcealfa@gmail.com; samdelriog@hotmail.com; karinaypwm@gmail.com; adriana.floressr@uanl.edu.mx).
authors: Adriana E
authors: AE
authors: Flores
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009154:Mutation; D026023:Permethrin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000235:genetics; D011647:Puerto Rico
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D026023:Permethrin
keywords: Aedes aegypti; Puerto Rico; kdr; permethrin resistance