title: Phase Equilibria and Crystallography of Ceramic Oxides.
abstract: Research in phase equilibria and crystallography has been a tradition in the Ceramics Division at National Bureau of Standards/National Institute of Standatrds and Technology (NBS/NIST) since the early thirties. In the early years, effort was concentrated in areas of Portland cement, ceramic glazes and glasses, instrument bearings, and battery materials. In the past 40 years, a large portion of the work was related to electronic materials, including ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, ionic conductors, dielectrics, microwave dielectrics, and high-temperature superconductors. As a result of the phase equilibria studies, many new compounds have been discovered. Some of these discoveries have had a significant impact on US industry. Structure determinations of these new phases have often been carried out as a joint effort among NBS/NIST colleagues and also with outside collaborators using both single crystal and neutron and x-ray powder diffraction techniques. All phase equilibria diagrams were included in Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, which are collaborative publications between The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) and NBS/NIST. All x-ray powder diffraction patterns have been included in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF). This article gives a brief account of the history of the development of the phase equilibria and crystallographic research on ceramic oxides in the Ceramics Division. Represented systems, particularly electronic materials, are highlighted.
authors: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Wong-Ng
authors: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520.
authors: R S
authors: RS
authors: Roth
authors: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520.
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Vanderah
authors: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520.
authors: H F
authors: HF
authors: McMurdie
keywords: ceramic oxides; crystal chemistry; crystallography; electronic materials; historical development; phase equilibria