title: Association between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 variants and the risk of end stage renal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are some evidences indicating DNA damage by oxidant and mutant agents has an essential role in the chronic renal failure and end stage renal disease (ESRD). To investigate the possible association of GSTs variants with ESRD, we investigated the frequency of GST- T1, M1, and P1 genotypes, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with ESRD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present case-control study consisted of 136 ESRD patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis and 137 gender- and age-matched, unrelated healthy controls from the population of west of Iran. The GST- T1, M1, and P1 genotypes were determined in all individuals using multiplex-PCR and PCR-RFLP. The level of MDA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (GSTT1-/GSTM1-) increased the risk of ESRD by 1.8 times (p < 0.001) and the increased risk of ESRD for GSTM-null (T1+-M1-) genotype was 3.04 times (p = 0.002). ESRD patients carriers the GST (GSTM1-null + GSTT1-null + GST-null) genotypes compared to GST normal genotype increased the risk of ESRD by 3.3 (p < 0.001) times. ESRD patients carriers of GST-null, GSTM1-null, and GSTT1-null genotypes had greater MDA concentration compared with the same genotypes of control subjects. Our results indicated that the GST-null allele (GSTT1-null/GSTM1-null) is a risk factor for ESRD and carriers of this allele have high levels of MDA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that oxidative stress, impairment of the antioxidant system and abnormal lipid metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of ESRD and its related complications. These data suggest that patients with ESRD are more susceptible to vascular diseases.
authors: a Fertility and Infertility Center Research, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Hamid
authors: H
authors: Nomani
authors: a Fertility and Infertility Center Research, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Lida
authors: L
authors: Hagh-Nazari
authors: a Fertility and Infertility Center Research, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|e Biotechnology and Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Aidy
authors: a Fertility and Infertility Center Research, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Asad
authors: A
authors: Vaisi-Raygani
authors: a Fertility and Infertility Center Research, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Amir
authors: A
authors: Kiani
authors: c Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Zohreh
authors: Z
authors: Rahimi
authors: a Fertility and Infertility Center Research, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Fariborz
authors: F
authors: Bahrehmand
authors: a Fertility and Infertility Center Research, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Ebrahim
authors: E
authors: Shakiba
authors: f Department of Oral Medicine , School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.
authors: Hamid Reza
authors: HR
authors: Mozaffari
authors: g Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.
authors: Heidar
authors: H
authors: Tavilani
authors: d Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA.
authors: Tayebeh
authors: T
authors: Pourmotabbed
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D051549:Glutathione S-Transferase pi; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C413545:glutathione S-transferase T1; C496556:GSTP1 protein, human
keywords: Glutathione s-transferase; end stage renal disease; hemodialysis; malondialdehyde; polymorphism