title: Registering imaged ECoG electrodes to human cortex: A geometry-based technique.
abstract: The accurate localization of implanted ECoG electrodes over the brain is of critical importance to invasive diagnostic work-up for the surgical treatment of intractable epileptic seizures. The implantation of subdural electrodes is an invasive procedure which typically introduces non-uniform deformations of a subject's brain, increasing the difficulty of determining the precise location of the electrodes vis-à-vis cortex. Formalization of this problem is used to define a novel solution for the optimal localization of subdural electrodes.
  
  
  
  We demonstrate that nonlinear transformation is required to accurately register the implanted electrodes to the non-deformed pre-surgical cortical surface, and that this problem is accommodated by utilizing known features of electrode geometry. Techniques to register chronically implanted subdural electrodes to the undistorted brain image are described and evaluated using simulated and clinical data.
  
  
  
  Principal Axis, our novel analysis method that estimates an electrode's orientation by the moment of inertia of the solid electrode volume, proved to be the most reliable measure in both the simulated and clinical datasets.
  
  
  
  This method of electrode translation along its principal axis is an improvement over other techniques, such as the limited view provided by intraoperative photography, and the image degradation inherent in post-operative MRI.
  
  
  
  This technique compensates for alterations due to post-operative brain edema, and translates subdural electrodes to their original location on pre-operative MRI 3D models. This is helpful in the correct localization of seizure foci and functional mapping of epilepsy patients.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Brang
authors: Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 2030, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors: Zhongtian
authors: Z
authors: Dai
authors: College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 1853 W. Polk Street, Room 131, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors: Weili
authors: W
authors: Zheng
authors: Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC 2030, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Electronic address: towle@uchicago.edu.
authors: Vernon L
authors: VL
authors: Towle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain deformation; Electrocorticography (ECoG); Electrode registration; Epilepsy surgery; Geometric modeling; Subdural electrodes