title: Genetic Structure in a Small Pelagic Fish Coincides with a Marine Protected Area: Seascape Genetics in Patagonian Fjords.
abstract: Marine environmental variables can play an important role in promoting population genetic differentiation in marine organisms. Although fjord ecosystems have attracted much attention due to the great oscillation of environmental variables that produce heterogeneous habitats, species inhabiting this kind of ecosystem have received less attention. In this study, we used Sprattus fuegensis, a small pelagic species that populates the inner waters of the continental shelf, channels and fjords of Chilean Patagonia and Argentina, as a model species to test whether environmental variables of fjords relate to population genetic structure. A total of 282 individuals were analyzed from Chilean Patagonia with eight microsatellite loci. Bayesian and non-Bayesian analyses were conducted to describe the genetic variability of S. fuegensis and whether it shows spatial genetic structure. Results showed two well-differentiated genetic clusters along the Chilean Patagonia distribution (i.e. inside the embayment area called TicToc, and the rest of the fjords), but no spatial isolation by distance (IBD) pattern was found with a Mantel test analysis. Temperature and nitrate were correlated to the expected heterozygosities and explained the allelic frequency variation of data in the redundancy analyses. These results suggest that the singular genetic differences found in S. fuegensis from inside TicToc Bay (East of the Corcovado Gulf) are the result of larvae retention bya combination of oceanographic mesoscale processes (i.e. the west wind drift current reaches the continental shelf exactly in this zone), and the local geographical configuration (i.e. embayment area, islands, archipelagos). We propose that these features generated an isolated area in the Patagonian fjords that promoted genetic differentiation by drift and a singular biodiversity, adding support to the existence of the largest marine protected area (MPA) of continental Chile, which is the Tic-Toc MPA.
authors: Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile.|Laboratorio de EcologíaEvolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile.|Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue 6 km, Puerto Montt, Chile.
authors: Cristian B
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8468-6139
authors: CB
authors: Canales-Aguirre
authors: Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile.|Laboratorio de EcologíaEvolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Ferrada-Fuentes
authors: Laboratorio de Genética y Acuicultura, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de CienciasNaturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Chile.
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Galleguillos
authors: Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue 6 km, Puerto Montt, Chile.
authors: Cristián E
authors: CE
authors: Hernández
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D009792:Oceans and Seas