title: Large animal canine endovascular ischemic stroke models: A review.
abstract: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Recent exciting developments in the field with endovascular treatments have shown excellent outcomes in acute ischemic stroke. Prior to translating these treatments to human populations, a large-animal ischemic stroke model is needed. With the advent of new technologies in digital subtraction angiography, less invasive endovascular stroke models have been developed. Canines have gyrencephalic brain similar to human brain and accessible neurovascular anatomy for stroke model creation. Canine stroke model can be widely utilized to understand the disease process of stroke and to develop novel treatment. Less invasive endovascular internal carotid emboli injection and coil embolization methods can be used to simulate transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Major restriction includes the extensive collateral circulation of canine cerebral arteries that can limit the stroke size. Transient internal carotid artery occlusion can decrease collateral circulation and increase stroke size to some degree. Additional method of manipulating the extent of collateral circulation needs to be studied. Other types of canine stroke models, including vertebral artery occlusion and basilar artery occlusion, can also be accomplished by endovascular thrombi injection.
  
  
  
  We extensively review the literature on endovascular technique of creating canine ischemic stroke models and their application in finding new therapies for ischemic stroke.
authors: Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors: Kunakorn
authors: K
authors: Atchaneeyasakul
authors: Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Guada
authors: Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Ramdas
authors: Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors: Mitsuyoshi
authors: M
authors: Watanabe
authors: Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors: Pallab
authors: P
authors: Bhattacharya
authors: Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
authors: Ami P
authors: AP
authors: Raval
authors: Neurology Department/Interventional Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States. Electronic address: dyavagal@jhsmiami.org.
authors: Dileep R
authors: DR
authors: Yavagal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D057510:Endovascular Procedures; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Basilar artery occlusion; Canine model; Middle cerebral artery occlusion; Stroke; Vertebral artery occlusion