title: Antibacterial Nanoparticles in Endodontics: A Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major challenge in root canal treatment is the inability of the current cleaning and shaping procedures to eliminate bacterial biofilms surviving within the anatomic complexities and uninstrumented portions of the root canal system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanoparticles with their enhanced and unique physicochemical properties, such as ultrasmall sizes, large surface area/mass ratio, and increased chemical reactivity, have led research toward new prospects of treating and preventing dental infections. This article presents a comprehensive review on the scientific knowledge that is available on the application of antibacterial nanoparticles in endodontics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The application of nanoparticles in the form of solutions for irrigation, medication, and as an additive within sealers/restorative materials has been evaluated to primarily improve the antibiofilm efficacy in root canal and restorative treatments. In addition, antibiotic or photosensitizer functionalized nanoparticles have been proposed recently to provide more potent antibacterial efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increasing interest in this field warrants sound research based on scientific and clinical collaborations to emphasize the near future potential of nanoparticles in clinical endodontics.
authors: Discipline of Endodontics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Shrestha
authors: Discipline of Endodontics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: anil.kishen@utoronto.ca.
authors: Anil
authors: A
authors: Kishen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004708:Endodontics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibacterial; chitosan; functionalized; nanoparticles; silver