title: Design and evaluation of a portable intra-operative unified-planning-and-guidance framework applied to distal radius fracture surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During a standard fracture reduction and fixation procedure of the distal radius, only fluoroscopic images are available for planning of the screw placement and monitoring of the drill bit trajectory. Our prototype intra-operative framework integrates planning and drill guidance for a simplified and improved planning transfer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Guidance information is extracted using a video camera mounted onto a surgical drill. Real-time feedback of the drill bit position is provided using an augmented view of the planning X-rays. We evaluate the accuracy of the placed screws on plastic bones and on healthy and fractured forearm specimens. We also investigate the difference in accuracy between guided screw placement versus freehand. Moreover, the accuracy of the real-time position feedback of the drill bit is evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 166 screws were placed. On 37 plastic bones, our obtained accuracy was [Formula: see text] mm, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in tip position and orientation (azimuth and elevation), respectively. On the three healthy forearm specimens, our obtained accuracy was [Formula: see text] mm, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. On the two fractured specimens, we attained: [Formula: see text] mm, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. When screw plans were applied freehand (without our guidance system), the achieved accuracy was [Formula: see text] mm, [Formula: see text], while when they were transferred under guidance, we obtained [Formula: see text] mm, [Formula: see text].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that our framework is expected to increase the accuracy in screw positioning and to improve robustness w.r.t. freehand placement.
authors: Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany. jessica.magaraggia@cs.fau.de.|Graduiertenkolleg 1773 "Heterogene Bildsysteme", Cauerstr. 11, 91058, Erlangen, Germany. jessica.magaraggia@cs.fau.de.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Magaraggia
authors: Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Roethelheimpark Alle 2, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Wei
authors: Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Roethelheimpark Alle 2, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Weiten
authors: Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Roethelheimpark Alle 2, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Kleinszig
authors: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Straße 13, 67071, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Vetter
authors: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Straße 13, 67071, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
authors: Jochen
authors: J
authors: Franke
authors: Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: John
authors: Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: Egli
authors: Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Roethelheimpark Alle 2, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Barth
authors: Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Elli
authors: E
authors: Angelopoulou
authors: Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Hornegger
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011859:Radiography; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Intra-operative guidance; Intra-operative planning; Orthopedic surgery; Trauma surgery