title: Cellular Effects of Pyocyanin, a Secreted Virulence Factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: Pyocyanin has recently emerged as an important virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The redox-active tricyclic zwitterion has been shown to have a number of potential effects on various organ systems in vitro, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, urological, and central nervous systems. It has been shown that a large number of the effects to these systems are via the formation of reactive oxygen species. The limitations of studies are, to date, focused on the localized effect of the release of pyocyanin (PCN). It has been postulated that, given its chemical properties, PCN is able to readily cross biological membranes, however studies have yet to be undertaken to evaluate this effect. This review highlights the possible manifestations of PCN exposure; however, most studies to date are in vitro. Further high quality in vivo studies are needed to fully assess the physiological manifestations of PCN exposure on the various body systems.
authors: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. s.hall@griffith.edu.au.|School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. s.hall@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Hall
authors: Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland 4226, Australia. camcderm@bond.edu.au.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: McDermott
authors: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. s.dukie@griffith.edu.au.|School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. s.dukie@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Shailendra
authors: S
authors: Anoopkumar-Dukie
authors: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. a.mcfarland@griffith.edu.au.|School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. a.mcfarland@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Amelia J
authors: AJ
authors: McFarland
authors: Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland 4226, Australia. aforbes@bond.edu.au.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Forbes
authors: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. a.perkins@griffith.edu.au.|School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. a.perkins@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Anthony V
authors: AV
authors: Perkins
authors: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. a.davey@griffith.edu.au.|School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. a.davey@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Andrew K
authors: AK
authors: Davey
authors: Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland 4226, Australia. rchesswi@bond.edu.au.
authors: Russ
authors: R
authors: Chess-Williams
authors: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. m.kiefel@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Milton J
authors: MJ
authors: Kiefel
authors: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. d.arora@griffith.edu.au.|School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. d.arora@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Devinder
authors: D
authors: Arora
authors: Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. g.grant@griffith.edu.au.|School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia. g.grant@griffith.edu.au.
authors: Gary D
authors: GD
authors: Grant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011710:Pyocyanine / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D037521:Virulence Factors; D011710:Pyocyanine
keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; inflammation; oxidative stress; pyocyanin; virulence factor