title: Trans-pQTL study identifies immune crosstalk between Parkinson and Alzheimer loci.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Given evidence from genetic studies, we hypothesized that there may be a shared component to the role of myeloid function in Parkinson and Alzheimer disease (PD and AD) and assessed whether PD susceptibility variants influenced protein expression of well-established AD-associated myeloid genes in human monocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We repurposed data in which AD-related myeloid proteins CD33, TREM1, TREM2, TREML2, TYROBP, and PTK2B were measured by flow cytometry in monocytes from 176 participants of the PhenoGenetic Project (PGP) and Harvard Aging Brain Study. Linear regression was used to identify associations between 24 PD risk variants and protein expression. The 2 cohorts were meta-analyzed in a discovery analysis, and the 4 most strongly suggestive results were validated in an independent cohort of 50 PGP participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We discovered and validated an association between the PD risk allele rs12456492(G) in the RIT2 locus and increased CD33 expression (p joint = 3.50 × 10(-5)) and found strongly suggestive evidence that rs11060180(A) in the CCDC62/HIP1R locus decreased PTK2B expression (p joint = 1.12 × 10(-4)). Furthermore, in older individuals, increased CD33 expression on peripheral monocytes was associated with a greater burden of parkinsonism (p = 0.047), particularly bradykinesia (p = 6.64 × 10(-3)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find that the rs12456492 PD risk variant affects expression of AD-associated protein CD33 in peripheral monocytes, which suggests that genetic factors for these 2 diseases may converge to influence overlapping innate immune-mediated mechanisms that contribute to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the effect of the rs12456492(G) PD risk allele on increased CD33 suggests that the inhibition of certain myeloid functions may contribute to PD susceptibility, as is the case for AD.
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Gail
authors: G
authors: Chan
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Charles C
authors: CC
authors: White
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Phoebe A
authors: PA
authors: Winn
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Cimpean
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Joseph M
authors: JM
authors: Replogle
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Laura R
authors: LR
authors: Glick
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Nicole E
authors: NE
authors: Cuerdon
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Katie J
authors: KJ
authors: Ryan
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Keith A
authors: KA
authors: Johnson
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Schneider
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Bennett
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Lori B
authors: LB
authors: Chibnik
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Reisa A
authors: RA
authors: Sperling
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Philip L
authors: PL
authors: De Jager
authors: Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Alzheimer's Research and Treatment (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics (G.C., C.C.W., P.A.W., M.C., J.M.R., L.R.G., N.E.C., K.J.R., L.B.C., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA; Harvard Medical School (G.C., J.M.R., K.J.R., K.A.J., L.B.C., R.A.S., P.L.D.J., E.M.B.), Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (K.A.J., R.A.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (J.A.S., D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
authors: Elizabeth M
authors: EM
authors: Bradshaw