title: Assessment of intermittently loaded woodchip and sand filters to treat dairy soiled water.
abstract: Land application of dairy soiled water (DSW) is expensive relative to its nutrient replacement value. The use of aerobic filters is an effective alternative method of treatment and potentially allows the final effluent to be reused on the farm. Knowledge gaps exist concerning the optimal design and operation of filters for the treatment of DSW. To address this, 18 laboratory-scale filters, with depths of either 0.6 m or 1 m, were intermittently loaded with DSW over periods of up to 220 days to evaluate the impacts of depth (0.6 m versus 1 m), organic loading rates (OLRs) (50 versus 155 g COD m(-2) d(-1)), and media type (woodchip versus sand) on organic, nutrient and suspended solids (SS) removals. The study found that media depth was important in contaminant removal in woodchip filters. Reductions of 78% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 95% SS, 85% total nitrogen (TN), 82% ammonium-nitrogen (NH4N), 50% total phosphorus (TP), and 54% dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) were measured in 1 m deep woodchip filters, which was greater than the reductions in 0.6 m deep woodchip filters. Woodchip filters also performed optimally when loaded at a high OLR (155 g COD m(-2) d(-1)), although the removal mechanism was primarily physical (i.e. straining) as opposed to biological. When operated at the same OLR and when of the same depth, the sand filters had better COD removals (96%) than woodchip (74%), but there was no significant difference between them in the removal of SS and NH4N. However, the likelihood of clogging makes sand filters less desirable than woodchip filters. Using the optimal designs of both configurations, the filter area required per cow for a woodchip filter is more than four times less than for a sand filter. Therefore, this study found that woodchip filters are more economically and environmentally effective in the treatment of DSW than sand filters, and optimal performance may be achieved using woodchip filters with a depth of at least 1 m, operated at an OLR of 155 g COD m(-2) d(-1).
authors: Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland; Civil Engineering and Materials Science, University of Limerick, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
authors: J G
authors: JG
authors: Murnane
authors: Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland.
authors: R B
authors: RB
authors: Brennan
authors: Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland. Electronic address: mark.healy@nuigalway.ie.
authors: M G
authors: MG
authors: Healy
authors: Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Environment Research Centre, Co Wexford, Ireland.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Fenton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012987:Soil; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014867:Water; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Dairy soiled water; Organic loading rate; Passive filtration; Sand; Woodchip