title: Bubbles Quantified In vivo by Ultrasound Relates to Amount of Gas Detected Post-mortem in Rabbits Decompressed from High Pressure.
abstract: The pathophysiological mechanism of decompression sickness is not fully understood but there is evidence that it can be caused by intravascular and autochthonous bubbles. Doppler ultrasound at a given circulatory location is used to detect and quantify the presence of intravascular gas bubbles as an indicator of decompression stress. In this manuscript we studied the relationship between presence and quantity of gas bubbles by echosonography of the pulmonary artery of anesthetized, air-breathing New Zealand White rabbits that were compressed and decompressed. Mortality rate, presence, quantity, and distribution of gas bubbles elsewhere in the body was examined postmortem. We found a strong positive relationship between high ultrasound bubble grades in the pulmonary artery, sudden death, and high amount of intra and extra vascular gas bubbles widespread throughout the entire organism. In contrast, animals with lower bubble grades survived for 1 h after decompression until sacrificed, and showed no gas bubbles during dissection.
authors: Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Department of Morphology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain.
authors: Yara
authors: Y
authors: Bernaldo de Quirós
authors: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Møllerløkken
authors: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Marianne B
authors: MB
authors: Havnes
authors: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Alf O
authors: AO
authors: Brubakk
authors: Physical and Chemical Instrumental Center for the Development of Applied Research Technology and Scientific Estate, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain.
authors: Oscar
authors: O
authors: González-Díaz
authors: Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Department of Morphology, Veterinary School, Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Fernández
keywords: blockage of circulation; bubble grade; decompression sickness; gas bubbles; gas emboli