title: Heterogeneity of B Cell Functions in Stroke-Related Risk, Prevention, Injury, and Repair.
abstract: It is well established that post-stroke inflammation contributes to neurovascular injury, blood-brain barrier disruption, and poor functional recovery in both animal and clinical studies. However, recent studies also suggest that several leukocyte subsets, activated during the post-stroke immune response, can exhibit both pro-injury and pro-recovery phenotypes. In accordance with these findings, B lymphocytes, or B cells, play a heterogeneous role in the adaptive immune response to stroke. This review highlights what is currently understood about the various roles of B cells, with an emphasis on stroke risk factors, as well as post-stroke injury and repair. This includes an overview of B cell functions, such as antibody production, cytokine secretion, and contribution to the immune response as antigen presenting cells. Next, evidence for B cell-mediated mechanisms in stroke-related risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, is outlined, followed by studies that focus on B cells during endogenous protection from stroke. Subsequently, animal studies that investigate the role of B cells in post-stroke injury and repair are summarized, and the final section describes current B cell-related clinical trials for stroke, as well as other central nervous system diseases. This review reveals the complex role of B cells in stroke, with a focus on areas for potential clinical intervention for a disease that affects millions of people globally each year.
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Uma Maheswari
authors: UM
authors: Selvaraj
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Poinsatte
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Torres
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors: Sterling B
authors: SB
authors: Ortega
authors: Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. Ann.Stowe@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors: Ann M
authors: AM
authors: Stowe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Autoreactivity; B lymphocyte; Breg; Hypertension; Ischemic tolerance