title: Translation and validation of the Cardiac Depression Scale to Arabic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) has been designed to measure depressive symptoms in patients with heart disease. There is no Arabic version of the CDS. We translated and validated the CDS in an Arabic sample of patients with heart disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forward and back translation of the CDS was followed by assessment of cultural relevance and content validity. The Arabic version of the CDS (A-CDS) and the Arabic version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (A-HADS) were then administered to 260 Arab in-patients with heart disease from 18 Arabic countries. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis with polychoric correlations. Internal consistency was assessed using ordinal reliability alpha and item-to-factor polychoric correlations. Concurrent validity was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the A-CDS and the depression subscale of the A-HADS (A-HADS-D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cultural relevance and content validity of the A-CDS were satisfactory. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three robust factors, without cross-loadings, that formed a single dimension. Internal consistency was high (ordinal reliability alpha for the total scale and the three factors were .94, .91, .86, and .87, respectively; item-to-factor correlations ranged from .77 to .91). Concurrent validity was high (r=.72). The A-CDS demonstrated a closer to normal distribution of scores than the A-HADS-D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sensitivity and specificity of the A-CDS were not objectively assessed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The A-CDS appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure depressive symptoms in a representative sample of Arab in-patients with heart disease.
authors: Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Electronic address: tpapasavvas@hamad.qa.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Papasavvas
authors: Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar; Psychiatry Department, Rumeilah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Al-Amin
authors: The Northern Hospital, Northwestern Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: H F
authors: HF
authors: Ghabrash
authors: School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Micklewright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018912:Arabs; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arabic; Cardiac Depression Scale; Cultural relevance; Depression; Heart disease; Scale validation