title: Impact of pharmacist administration of influenza vaccines on uptake in Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uptake of influenza vaccination in Canada remains suboptimal despite widespread public funding. To increase access, several provinces have implemented policies permitting pharmacists to administer influenza vaccines in community pharmacies. We examined the impact of such policies on the uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination in Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  We pooled data from the 2007-2014 cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey (n= 481 526). To determine the impact of influenza vaccine administration by pharmacists, we estimated the prevalence ratio for the association between the presence of a pharmacist policy and individual-level vaccine uptake using a modified Poisson regression model (dependent variable: vaccine uptake) with normalized weights while controlling for numerous health and sociodemographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across all survey cycles combined, 28.8% of respondents reported receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine during the 12 months before survey participation. Introduction of a policy for pharmacist administration of influenza vaccine was associated with a modest increase in coverage (2.2%) and an individual's likelihood of uptake (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uptake of influenza immunization was modestly increased in Canadian jurisdictions that allowed pharmacists to administer influenza vaccines.
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Sarah A
authors: SA
authors: Buchan
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Laura C
authors: LC
authors: Rosella
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Finkelstein
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Juurlink
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Isenor
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Fawziah
authors: F
authors: Marra
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Anik
authors: A
authors: Patel
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Margaret L
authors: ML
authors: Russell
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Quach
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Waite
authors: Epidemiology Division (Buchan, Rosella, Kwong), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto Public Health (Finkelstein); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Juurlink, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine (Isenor), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Marra) and Faculty of Medicine (Patel), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Russell), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Ontario (Rosella, Quach, Kwong), Toronto, Ont.; School of Pharmacy (Waite), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont. jeff.kwong@utoronto.ca.
authors: Jeffrey C
authors: JC
authors: Kwong
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines