title: Educational attainment, gender and health inequalities among older adults in Catalonia (Spain).
abstract: Health expectancies vary worldwide according to socioeconomic status (SES), with health disadvantages being evident among lower SES groups. Using educational attainment as a proxy of SES, we seek to identify trends in SES differentials in health by gender, with a particular focus on individuals with low educational attainment in the adult Catalan population (Spain) aged 55 or older.
  
  
  
  Using cross-sectional data for 1994 and 2010-2014 drawn from the Catalan Health Survey, we examined three health indicators to document social health inequalities: self-perceived health, functional limitations, and restrictions on activities of daily living (ADL). We applied logistic models for each indicator, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, health coverage and health behaviours.
  
  
  
  Among the less-educated, females presented a greater improvement in their self-perceived health over time than did their male counterparts, there being no significant variations among the medium/high educated. Regardless of education, males showed an increase in the prevalence of functional problems (as did the women, but the increase was not statistically significant). Both genders presented a higher prevalence of limitations when performing ADL in the second time period. The gender health gap was reduced slightly both for the low and the medium/high educated, expect in the case of ADL restrictions. Health and functioning differences by education level persisted, but showed significant signs of reduction.
  
  
  
  Less-educated females constitute the most disadvantaged group in terms of health and personal autonomy, though there are encouraging signs that the gap is closing both in terms of gender and level of education. Health policymakers need to devote particular attention to the aging population with low SES, especially to women. Public programmes promoting greater protection and equity, while fostering preventive and healthy practices, need to target the most underprivileged.
authors: Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005, Barcelona, Spain. aida.sole@upf.edu.
authors: Aïda
authors: A
authors: Solé-Auró
authors: Riskcenter, Department of Econometrics, Statistics and Applied Economy, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 690, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Manuela
authors: M
authors: Alcañiz
mesh_terms: D000076363:Academic Success; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D015995:Prevalence; D012649:Self Concept; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012923:Social Class; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Aging population; Education; Health inequalities; Logistic models; Socioeconomic status; Spain