title: Defining the sham environment for post-myocardial infarction studies in mice.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sham surgery in a minimally invasive surgical model of permanent coronary artery occlusion used to generate myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. Adult male C57BL/6J mice (3-6 mo old) were divided into five groups: day (D) 0 (no surgical operation), D1 Sham, D1 MI, D7 Sham, and D7 MI. A refined MI surgery technique was used to approach the coronary artery without the ribs being cut. Both sham and MI mice had the left ventricle (LV) exposed through a small incision. To test the effects of surgery alone, the suture was passed around the coronary artery but not ligated. The MI mice were subjected to permanent coronary artery ligation. The mice were killed at D1 or D7 postsurgical procedure. Compared with D0 no surgery controls, the D1 and D7 sham groups exhibited no surgical mortality and similar necropsy and echocardiographic variables. Surgery alone did not induce an inflammatory cell response, as evidenced by the lack of leukocyte infiltration in the sham groups. Analysis of 165 inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix factors in sham revealed that a minor gene response was initiated but not translated to protein levels. Collagen deposition did not occur in the absence of MI. In contrast, the D1 and D7 MI groups showed the expected robust inflammatory and scar formation responses. When a minimally invasive procedure to generate MI in mice was used, the D0 (no surgical operation) control was an adequate replacement for the use of sham surgery groups.
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Rugmani Padmanabhan
authors: RP
authors: Iyer
authors: Brody School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; and.
authors: Lisandra E
authors: LE
authors: de Castro Brás
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Presley L
authors: PL
authors: Cannon
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Yonggang
authors: Y
authors: Ma
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Kristine Y
authors: KY
authors: DeLeon-Pennell
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Mira
authors: M
authors: Jung
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Elizabeth R
authors: ER
authors: Flynn
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Jeffrey B
authors: JB
authors: Henry
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Dustin R
authors: DR
authors: Bratton
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Jared A
authors: JA
authors: White
authors: Center for Comparative Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Linda K
authors: LK
authors: Fulton
authors: Center for Comparative Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
authors: Andrew W
authors: AW
authors: Grady
authors: Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; Research Service, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi mllindsey@umc.edu.
authors: Merry L
authors: 0000-0002-4090-0391
authors: ML
authors: Lindsey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D054059:Coronary Occlusion / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010919:Placebos; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010919:Placebos; D003094:Collagen
keywords: LV remodeling; animal use reduction; animal use refinement; inflammation; ischemia; permanent occlusion; proteomics; scar