title: Retrospective analyses of fox feces by real-time PCR to identify new endemic areas of Echinococcus multilocularis in France.
abstract: Alveolar echinococcosis is considered to be the most serious zoonosis in the Northern Hemisphere's cold or temperate regions. In Europe, the parasite has a sylvatic life cycle based on predator-prey interactions, mainly between red foxes and small rodents. Echinococcus multilocularis has been observed to have spread across Europe over the last three decades. In France, a westward spread of the parasite's known endemic areas has been described. In this study, a retrospective analysis of fox feces by real-time PCR was carried out in four départements not previously investigated and considered free along with two endemic control departments. The fox feces collected from 2000 to 2004 were analyzed by real-time PCR. Fecal prevalence in the two endemic departments of Doubs and Côte d'Or were estimated at 12 % [6.4-20.0 %] and 4.2 % [1.1-10.3 %], respectively. No positive samples were identified among the 72 feces collected in Drôme or the 112 from Allier, which is consistent with the very low expected prevalence should the parasite be present. Three positive samples were recovered in the Seine-Maritime and Hautes-Alpes départements, resulting in a prevalence of 3.5 % [0.7-10.0 %] and 2.5 % [0.5-7.1 %], respectively. From now on, Hautes-Alpes constitutes the new southern border of the endemic areas in France and confirms the southward expansion previously highlighted. Real-time copro-PCR proved useful in identifying new endemic areas even with low prevalence. Due to the spread of E. multilocularis in France and associated zoonotic risk, it is necessary to expand surveillance in order to fully define all the country's endemic areas. On a continental scale, the development and harmonization of surveillance programs are now needed in order to obtain a global overview of the presence of E. multilocularis and to tailor potential countermeasures.
authors: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France. gerald.umhang@anses.fr.
authors: Gérald
authors: G
authors: Umhang
authors: Entente de Lutte Interdépartementale contre les Zoonoses (ELIZ), 54220, Malzéville, France.|School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
authors: Sébastien
authors: S
authors: Comte
authors: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France.
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Hormaz
authors: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France.
authors: Jean-Marc
authors: JM
authors: Boucher
authors: Entente de Lutte Interdépartementale contre les Zoonoses (ELIZ), 54220, Malzéville, France.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Raton
authors: Entente de Lutte Interdépartementale contre les Zoonoses (ELIZ), 54220, Malzéville, France.
authors: Stéphanie
authors: S
authors: Favier
authors: Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS, Université of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030, Besançon, France.
authors: Francis
authors: F
authors: Raoul
authors: Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS, Université of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030, Besançon, France.|Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Giraudoux
authors: Entente de Lutte Interdépartementale contre les Zoonoses (ELIZ), 54220, Malzéville, France.
authors: Benoît
authors: B
authors: Combes
authors: ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France.
authors: Franck
authors: F
authors: Boué
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004444:Echinococcosis, Hepatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D048210:Echinococcus multilocularis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000662:veterinary; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005589:Foxes / Q000469:parasitology*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Echinococcus multilocularis; Fox; France; Real-time copro-PCR; Surveillance