title: Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Explanatum explanatum in India based on nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ITS2 and the mitochondrial gene nad1.
abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between Explanatum explanatum populations in India and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. Seventy liver amphistomes collected from four localities in India were identified as E. explanatum based on the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ITS2. The flukes were then analyzed phylogenetically based on the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial gene nad1 in comparison with flukes from Bangladesh and Nepal. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, the nad1 haplotypes from India were divided into four clades, and the flukes showing the haplotypes of clades A and C were predominant in India. The haplotypes of the clades A and C have also been detected in Bangladesh and Nepal, and therefore, it seems they occur commonly throughout the Indian subcontinent. The results of AMOVA suggested that gene flow was likely to occur between E. explanatum populations in these countries. These countries are geographically close and have been historically and culturally connected to each other, and therefore, the movements of host ruminants among these countries might have been involved in the migration of the flukes and their gene flow.
authors: Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
authors: Kei
authors: K
authors: Hayashi
authors: Uday K
authors: UK
authors: Mohanta
authors: Yuma
authors: Y
authors: Ohari
authors: Tambireddy
authors: T
authors: Neeraja
authors: T Shantikumar
authors: TS
authors: Singh
authors: Hiromu
authors: H
authors: Sugiyama
authors: Tadashi
authors: T
authors: Itagaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001459:Bangladesh; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000469:parasitology; D002417:Cattle / Q000469:parasitology; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D051456:Gene Flow; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D007194:India; D008099:Liver / Q000469:parasitology; D009390:Nepal; D010250:Paramphistomatidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth