title: Phylogenic insights into the enucleation of erythroblasts in human.
abstract: Two key questions remain unanswered in the erythropoiesis field: Why and how do erythroblasts enucleate in mammalian species? Recent studies have unveiled the roles of various molecules, cytoskeletal proteins, motor proteins, vesicle transport, signaling pathways, lipid rafts and actomyosin ring contraction in the enucleation process. However, few reports provide insights into the fitness benefit for mammalian species of having anucleate erythrocytes. Herein, we discuss the biological significance of enucleation of human erythroblasts based on our recent results and on evolutionary considerations related to the biology of hemoglobin and the comparative biochemistry of erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal proteins, such as protein 4.1R. We specifically focus on the Mesozoic era, a geological period during which dinosaurs and the ancestors of mammalian species coexisted. Approximately 200 million years ago, at the beginning of this era, the earth's atmosphere was hypoxic. Interestingly, animals adopted different respiration systems to adapt to this hypoxic environment. Recent studies using state-of-the-art technologies have shown that dinosaurs might have had nucleated erythrocytes. After dinosaurs became extinct about 65.5 million years ago, their respiration system was maintained by birds. We propose a new adaptive theory that establishes a correlation between evolution towards nucleated or anucleate erythrocytes depending on organism respiration systems during the Mesozoic era.
authors: Research Center for Science and Engineering, and Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University.
authors: Wataru
authors: W
authors: Nunomura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004900:Erythroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004920:Erythropoiesis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins