title: Breast Cancer in Pakistan a Critical Appraisal of the Situation Regarding Female Health and Where the Nation Stands?
abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy of women worldwide. In the past it was considered as disease of older middle aged women, but the incidence of BC in young females is growing in recent years concordant with studies in Pakistan. In this paper, we reviewed the mutant functions of tumor suppressor genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, ATM and PTEN), epigenetic transformation and involvement of estrogen receptors in development of breast cancer. We further reviewed the current situation of BC in Pakistan that depicts a higher incidence in young females. According to SKMCH and RC data, age group 4549 years is more prone to BC with high rate of incidence 45.42%. A few studies explored the high expression of ER, PR and HER2/neu in Pakistani females. Moreover, presence of BRCA1 (c.1961dupA) mutation in Pakistani shows concordance with data in different areas of world. But we are unable to find an authentic study that can explore epigenetic based transformation of breast tumors in Pakistan. This area of research needs more attention to explore the complete picture of BC in Pakistan.
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of The Punjab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan Email : asimbasra@gmail.com.
authors: Muhammad Asim R
authors: MA
authors: Basra
authors: Manzoor
authors: M
authors: Saher
authors: Muhammad Makshoof
authors: MM
authors: Athar
authors: Muhammad Hashim
authors: MH
authors: Raza
mesh_terms: D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human