title: A physical model for low-frequency electromagnetic induction in the near field based on direct interaction between transmitter and receiver electrons.
abstract: A physical model of electromagnetic induction is developed which relates directly the forces between electrons in the transmitter and receiver windings of concentric coaxial finite coils in the near-field region. By applying the principle of superposition, the contributions from accelerating electrons in successive current loops are summed, allowing the peak-induced voltage in the receiver to be accurately predicted. Results show good agreement between theory and experiment for various receivers of different radii up to five times that of the transmitter. The limitations of the linear theory of electromagnetic induction are discussed in terms of the non-uniform current distribution caused by the skin effect. In particular, the explanation in terms of electromagnetic energy and Poynting's theorem is contrasted with a more direct explanation based on variable filament induction across the conductor cross section. As the direct physical model developed herein deals only with forces between discrete current elements, it can be readily adapted to suit different coil geometries and is widely applicable in various fields of research such as near-field communications, antenna design, wireless power transfer, sensor applications and beyond.
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK.
authors: Ray T
authors: RT
authors: Smith
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK.
authors: Fred P M
authors: FP
authors: Jjunju
authors: Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
authors: Iain S
authors: IS
authors: Young
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Taylor
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK.
authors: Simon
authors: 0000-0002-0594-6976
authors: S
authors: Maher
keywords: coils; electromagnetic induction; propagation; solenoids; transformers; wireless power transfer