title: Free radical-induced nephrotoxicity following repeated oral exposureto chlorpyrifos alone and in conjunction with fluoride in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic renal disorder is becoming a major health problem worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to investigate alterations in the renal antioxidant system in rats induced by repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) alone and in conjunction with fluoride.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were randomly allocated to seven groups, each consisting of six rats, and were subjected to different treatment regiments for 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases (P < 0.05) in plasma protein, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels indicated alterations in renal functions on repeated exposure to CPF or fluoride; moreover, these changes were more pronounced in animals exposed to both toxicants concurrently. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in malondialdehyde levels and decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in renal tissue were noted, indicating renal damage on exposure to CPF, fluoride, or the combination of those.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations suggested that the concurrent exposure to CPF and fluoride increased the extent of renal damage. These findings indicate that this damage is due to increased free radical formation and a reduced function of the antioxidant system in renal tissue. Thus, the application of CPF as an insecticide should be reduced in areas where the fluoride levels in ground waters are high in order to minimize renal damage in exposed populations.
authors: Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, India.
authors: Naseer
authors: N
authors: Baba
authors: Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, India.
authors: Rajinder
authors: R
authors: Raina
authors: Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, India.
authors: Pawan
authors: P
authors: Verma
authors: Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.S. Pura, Jammu, India.
authors: Mudasir
authors: M
authors: Sultana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants; D002374:Catalase; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D005459:Fluorides; D005609:Free Radicals; D007668:Kidney; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Antioxidant status; chlorpyrifos; fluoride; nephrotoxicity