title: Community-acquired hyperkalemia in elderly patients: risk factors and clinical outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the risk and related factors of hyperkalemia developed in the hospital are known in elderly, risk and related factors of community-acquired hyperkalemia (CAH) in this population are not well known. This study was performed to investigate the risk of CAH in elderly and evaluate the related factors and clinical outcomes. Study design, setting and participants, intervention: Patients (aged ≥65 years) with hyperkalemia were screened. Group 1 (young-old); 65-74 years/old, Group 2 (middle-old); 75-84 years/old, Group 3 (oldest-old); ≥85 years/old, and Group 4 (control group); ≥65 years/old (normal serum potassium levels). The relation between CAH and hospital expenses (HE), the number of comorbid diseases (NCD), and all-cause of mortality rates (MR) were evaluated. We also investigated whether drugs, sex, and NCD are risk factors for the development of CAH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a positive correlation between serum potassium levels and length of hospital stay, MR, HE, and NCD (p < 0.001). Risk factors for CAH were the use of non-steroidal-anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.679), spironolactone (OR: 2.530), and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) (OR: 2.242), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) (OR: 2.679), ≥2 comorbid diseases (OR: 2.221), female gender (OR: 2.112), and renal injury (OR: 5.55). CAH risk was found to be increased 30.03 times when any of ACEI, ARB, NSAIDs, or spironolactone is given to a patient with a renal injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of NSAIDs, ACEI, ARB, spironolactone and increased NCD are all independent risk factors for CAH in the elderly, especially in patients with kidney diseases.
authors: a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey.
authors: Kenan
authors: K
authors: Turgutalp
authors: a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey.
authors: Simge
authors: S
authors: Bardak
authors: b Department of Business Information Management , Silifke School of Applied Technology and Management , Mersin , Turkey.
authors: Ilter
authors: I
authors: Helvacı
authors: a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey.
authors: Gizem
authors: G
authors: İşgüzar
authors: a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey.
authors: Ezgi
authors: E
authors: Payas
authors: a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey.
authors: Serap
authors: S
authors: Demir
authors: a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology , Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey.
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Kıykım
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium
keywords: Community-acquired hyperkalemia; elderly; hospital expenses; mortality; risk factors