title: Vaccinating with conserved Escherichia coli antigens does not alter the mouse intestinal microbiome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrheal disease. Antigenic and structural heterogeneity among ETEC colonization factors has complicated vaccine development efforts. Identifying and characterizing conserved ETEC antigens that induce protective immunity is therefore of interest. We previously characterized three proteins (MipA, Skp, and ETEC_2479) that protected mice in an intranasal ETEC challenge model after vaccination. However, these proteins are conserved not only in multiple ETEC isolates, but also in commensal bacteria. While the impact of inactivated viral vaccines and live-attenuated bacterial vaccines on the host microbiota have been examined, the potential impact of using subunit vaccines consisting of antigens that are also encoded by commensal organisms has not been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We addressed this issue by characterizing changes to mouse intestinal microbiomes as a function of vaccination. We failed to observe significant changes to mouse health, to mouse weight gain as a function of time, or to the diversity or richness of mouse intestinal microbiomes, as measured by analyzing alpha- and beta-diversity, as well as overall community structure, before and after vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that despite the conservation of MipA, Skp, and ETEC_2479 among Gram-negative bacteria, vaccination with these antigens fails to alter significantly the host intestinal microbiome.
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
authors: Michael P
authors: MP
authors: Hays
authors: University of Missouri (MU) Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA.
authors: Aaron C
authors: AC
authors: Ericsson
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. hardwidg@vet.k-state.edu.
authors: Philip R
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3540-7199
authors: PR
authors: Hardwidge
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology*; D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000276:immunology*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G