title: Hypnosis and movement disorders: State of the art and perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypnosis might represent an interesting complementary therapeutic approach to movement disorders, as it takes into account not only symptoms, but also well-being, and empowers patients to take a more active role in their treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our review of the literature on the use of hypnosis to treat movement disorders was done by systematically searching the PubMed database for reports published between 1984 and November 2015. The following variables were extracted from each selected paper: study design; sample size; type of movement disorder; hypnotic procedure; treatment duration; and efficacy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen papers were selected for detailed analysis. Most concerned tremor in Parkinson's disease and tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Although promising, the data were insufficient to allow conclusions to be drawn on the efficacy of hypnosis in movement disorders or to recommend its use in this setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Well-designed studies taking into account some specific methodological challenges are needed to determine the possible therapeutic utility of hypnosis in movement disorders. In addition to the potential benefits for such patients, hypnosis might also be useful for studying the neuroanatomical and functional underpinnings of normal and abnormal movements.
authors: IFPPC, centre CAMKeys, 7, rue des Cordelières, 75013 Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien, Université Paris Sud, Corbeil-Essonnes, Service de Neurologie et Unité Neurovasculaire, 91100 Corbeil-Essonnes, France. Electronic address: constance.flamand.roze@gmail.com.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Flamand-Roze
authors: IFPPC, centre CAMKeys, 7, rue des Cordelières, 75013 Paris, France.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Célestin-Lhopiteau
authors: Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (UPMC), Faculté de médecine, 75006 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, 75013 Paris, France.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Roze
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Complementary and alternative medicine; Hypnosis; Mind–body medicine; Tics; Tremor