title: Pre- and perinatal complications in relation to Tourette syndrome and co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Pre- and perinatal complications have been implicated in the onset and clinical expression of Tourette syndrome albeit with considerable inconsistencies across studies. Also, little is known about their role in co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with a tic disorder. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of pre- and perinatal complications in relation to the presence and symptom severity of chronic tic disorder and co-occurring OCD and ADHD using data of 1113 participants from the Tourette International Collaborative Genetics study. This study included 586 participants with a chronic tic disorder and 527 unaffected family controls. We controlled for age and sex differences by creating propensity score matched subsamples for both case-control and within-case analyses. We found that premature birth (OR = 1.72) and morning sickness requiring medical attention (OR = 2.57) were associated with the presence of a chronic tic disorder. Also, the total number of pre- and perinatal complications was higher in those with a tic disorder (OR = 1.07). Furthermore, neonatal complications were related to the presence (OR = 1.46) and severity (b = 2.27) of co-occurring OCD and also to ADHD severity (b = 1.09). Delivery complications were only related to co-occurring OCD (OR = 1.49). We conclude that early exposure to adverse situations during pregnancy is related to the presence of chronic tic disorders. Exposure at a later stage, at birth or during the first weeks of life, appears to be associated with co-occurring OCD and ADHD.
authors: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: abdulkadir@dls.rutgers.edu.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Abdulkadir
authors: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors: Jay A
authors: JA
authors: Tischfield
authors: Yale Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: King
authors: Yale Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors: Thomas V
authors: TV
authors: Fernandez
authors: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Lawrence W
authors: LW
authors: Brown
authors: Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Keun-Ah
authors: KA
authors: Cheon
authors: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors: Barbara J
authors: BJ
authors: Coffey
authors: Haga Teaching Hospital, Department of Neurology, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors: Sebastian F T M
authors: SF
authors: de Bruijn
authors: Yulius Academy and Division Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yulius Mental Health Organization, Barendrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Lonneke
authors: L
authors: Elzerman
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Blanca
authors: B
authors: Garcia-Delgar
authors: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors: Donald L
authors: DL
authors: Gilbert
authors: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Dorothy E
authors: DE
authors: Grice
authors: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Hagstrøm
authors: Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT, Kings Health Partners AHSC, London, UK.
authors: Tammy
authors: T
authors: Hedderly
authors: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, and UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors: Isobel
authors: I
authors: Heyman
authors: Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea.
authors: Hyun Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Hong
authors: De Bascule, AMC Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Chaim
authors: C
authors: Huyser
authors: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Ibanez-Gomez
authors: Yonsei Bom Clinic, South Korea.
authors: Young Key
authors: YK
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors: Young-Shin
authors: YS
authors: Kim
authors: Korea Institute for Children's Social Development, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Yun-Joo
authors: YJ
authors: Koh
authors: MyongJi Hospital, Koyang, South Korea.
authors: Sodahm
authors: S
authors: Kook
authors: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Kuperman
authors: Triversum, Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Lamerz
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors: Bennett
authors: B
authors: Leventhal
authors: University of Ulm, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ulm, Germany.
authors: Andrea G
authors: AG
authors: Ludolph
authors: Sección de Neuropediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors: Marcos
authors: M
authors: Madruga-Garrido
authors: Yulius Academy and Division Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Yulius Mental Health Organization, Barendrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Athanasios
authors: A
authors: Maras
authors: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Marieke D
authors: MD
authors: Messchendorp
authors: Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Mir
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIPABS) and Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
authors: Astrid
authors: A
authors: Morer
authors: Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Münchau
authors: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, and UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors: Tara L
authors: TL
authors: Murphy
authors: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Thaïra J C
authors: TJ
authors: Openneer
authors: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Kerstin J
authors: KJ
authors: Plessen
authors: Haga Teaching Hospital, Department of Neurology, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors: Judith J G
authors: JJ
authors: Rath
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Veit
authors: V
authors: Roessner
authors: University Hospital Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Odette
authors: O
authors: Fründt
authors: Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Eun-Young
authors: EY
authors: Shin
authors: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Deborah A
authors: DA
authors: Sival
authors: Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Dong-Ho
authors: DH
authors: Song
authors: National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, South Korea.
authors: Jungeun
authors: J
authors: Song
authors: Accare, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Stolte
authors: Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Tübing
authors: Youth Division, Altrecht, Institute for Mental Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Els
authors: E
authors: van den Ban
authors: Admiraal De Ruyter Ziekenhuis, Department of Neurology, Goes, The Netherlands.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Visscher
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Germany.
authors: Sina
authors: S
authors: Wanderer
authors: Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT, Kings Health Partners AHSC, London, UK.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Woods
authors: University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Samuel H
authors: SH
authors: Zinner
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors: Matthew W
authors: MW
authors: State
authors: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
authors: Gary A
authors: GA
authors: Heiman
authors: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Pieter J
authors: PJ
authors: Hoekstra
authors: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013981:Tic Disorders; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; Delivery; Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Pregnancy; Prenatal; Tourette syndrome