title: Associations of Cough Prevalence with Ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen and Sulphur Dioxide: A Longitudinal Study.
abstract: Information on potential cough triggers including environmental irritants is vital for successful management of chronic cough in patients. We investigated the relationship between ambient levels of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) exposures with cough prevalence. Eighty-three adult patients, who had been physician diagnosed with at least asthma, cough variant asthma and/or atopic cough, were divided into asthma and non-asthma groups. They recorded daily cough symptoms during 4 January-30 June 2011 study period while daily samples of total suspended particles were simultaneously collected by use of glass fiber filters and the particulate PAH content determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. Ambient concentrations of NO₂ and SO₂ were obtained from a local monitoring site. Logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations were used to determine population-averaged estimates of association between cough prevalence and ambient pollutant exposures for the two groups. Fully adjusted odds ratios from single pollutant models were 1.083 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.029, 1.140) and 1.097 (95% CI: 1.016, 1.185) per 0.57 ng/m³ for lag2 PAH exposure, while only for asthma group had significant associations with NO₂ and SO₂ exposures for both lag2 and lag02. Similar associations were observed in multipollutant models. This finding suggests that ambient PAH, NO₂, and SO₂ exposure even at low levels is related to cough prevalence in adult chronic cough patients and may be considered as aggravating factor during clinical management of the condition.
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. enolany@yahoo.com.
authors: Enoch Olando
authors: EO
authors: Anyenda
authors: Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. tomotomo@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Tomomi
authors: T
authors: Higashi
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. ykamba@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Yasuhiro
authors: Y
authors: Kambayashi
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. toi_fs@yahoo.com.
authors: Thao Thi Thu
authors: TT
authors: Nguyen
authors: Environment Preservation Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan. mitigami@t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Yoshimasa
authors: Y
authors: Michigami
authors: Respiratory Medicine, Cellular Transplantation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. fujimura@nanao.hosp.go.jp.|Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nanao Hospital, 3-1 Mattou-machi Yabe, Nanao, Ishikawa 926-8531, Japan. fujimura@nanao.hosp.go.jp.
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Fujimura
authors: Respiratory Medicine, Cellular Transplantation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. hara0728@gmail.com.
authors: Johsuke
authors: J
authors: Hara
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. t-hiromasa@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Hiromasa
authors: H
authors: Tsujiguchi
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. m-ymzk16@stu.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Masami
authors: M
authors: Kitaoka
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. heros@stu.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Hiroki
authors: H
authors: Asakura
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. hori_d@mbr.nifty.com.
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Hori
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. yamada503597@gmail.com.
authors: Yohei
authors: Y
authors: Yamada
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. orihciok1003@gmail.com.
authors: Koichiro
authors: K
authors: Hayashi
authors: Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan. hayakawa@p.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Kazuichi
authors: K
authors: Hayakawa
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan. hiro-n@po.incl.ne.jp.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D003371:Cough / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
keywords: adult patients; asthma; chronic cough; generalized estimating equation; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; total suspended particles