title: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Measures of Self-reported Psychosocial States and Traits during Pregnancy.
abstract: BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine whether racial/ethnic differences in psychosocial measures, independent of economic status, exist among a large population of pregnant nulliparas.MethodsBetween October 2010 and September 2013, nulliparous women at eight U.S. medical centers were followed longitudinally during pregnancy and completed validated instruments to quantify several psychosocial domains: Cohen Perceived Stress Scale, trait subscale of the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Krieger Racism Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and the Pregnancy Experience Scale. Scores were stratified and compared by self-reported race, ethnicity, and income.ResultsComplete data were available for 8,128 of the 10,038 women enrolled in the study. For all measures, race and ethnicity were significantly associated (p< 0.001) with survey scores. Non-Hispanic black (NHB) women were most likely to score in the most unfavorable category for all measures, with the exception of the Pregnancy Experience Scale. The magnitude of these differences did not differ by income status (interaction,p> 0.05) except on the Krieger racism survey and the Edinburgh depression survey, which were exacerbated among NHB women with higher income (interaction,p< 0.001).ConclusionSignificant racial/ethnic disparities, independent of income status, exist in psychosocial measures during pregnancy.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: William A
authors: WA
authors: Grobman
authors: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors: Corette
authors: C
authors: Parker
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California.
authors: Pathik D
authors: PD
authors: Wadhwa
authors: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Marian
authors: M
authors: Willinger
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Hyagriv
authors: H
authors: Simhan
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors: Bob
authors: B
authors: Silver
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors: Ron J
authors: RJ
authors: Wapner
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Parry
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Mercer
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Haas
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
authors: Alan M
authors: AM
authors: Peaceman
authors: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
authors: Shannon
authors: S
authors: Hunter
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California.
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Wing
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Caritis
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors: Sean
authors: S
authors: Esplin
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware.
authors: Matt
authors: M
authors: Hoffman
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Ludmir
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Iams
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: Long
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Saade
authors: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Uma M
authors: UM
authors: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057566:Self Report; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult