title: Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review.
abstract: Three interrelated world trends may be exacerbating emerging zoonotic risks: income growth, urbanization, and globalization. Income growth is associated with rising animal protein consumption in developing countries, which increases the conversion of wild lands to livestock production, and hence the probability of zoonotic emergence. Urbanization implies the greater concentration and connectedness of people, which increases the speed at which new infections are spread. Globalization-the closer integration of the world economy-has facilitated pathogen spread among countries through the growth of trade and travel. High-risk areas for the emergence and spread of infectious disease are where these three trends intersect with predisposing socioecological conditions including the presence of wild disease reservoirs, agricultural practices that increase contact between wildlife and livestock, and cultural practices that increase contact between humans, wildlife, and livestock. Such an intersection occurs in China, which has been a "cradle" of zoonoses from the Black Death to avian influenza and SARS. Disease management in China is thus critical to the mitigation of global zoonotic risks.
authors: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, LSA 123, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. twu11@asu.edu.
authors: Tong
authors: T
authors: Wu
authors: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, LSA 127, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Perrings
authors: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, LSA 124, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.|Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, 800 South Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Kinzig
authors: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, LSC 402, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Collins
authors: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, LSA 262, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
authors: Ben A
authors: BA
authors: Minteer
authors: EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street - 17th Floor, New York, NY, 10001, USA.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Daszak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D057217:Economic Development / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D012306:Risk; D012931:Social Environment; D014507:Urbanization / Q000639:trends*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Avian influenza; China; Emerging infectious diseases; Globalization; Urbanization; Zoonosis