title: Haloalkane induced hepatic insult in murine model: amelioration by Oleander through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, an in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nerium oleander L. (syn. Nerium indicum Mill, Nerium odorum Aiton) belongs to the family Apocynaceae. It is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective activities in traditional medicine. Previous pharmacognostic studies suggested that 70 % hydro-methanolic extracts of oleander possess potent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities, both of which are helpful against hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydro-methanolic extracts of oleander stem and root were evaluated for their hepatoprotective activities in acute CCl4 intoxicated mouse through in vitro and in vivo studies. Silymarin was used as positive reference. Antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory markers and liver enzymatic and biochemical parameters were studied. The extracts were further chemically characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCl4 toxicity caused fatty liver formation by increase of relative liver weight (32.53 g) compared to control group (16.08 g). The elevated liver enzymatic and biochemical parameters due to CCl4 toxicity were considerably normalized by the extracts treatment under both in vivo and in vitro models. Oleander stem (NOSE) and root (NORE) extracts increased the reduced hepatic catalase activity 27.37 and 25.25 %, whereas peroxidase activity was increased 18.19 and 22.78 %, respectively. The extent of lipid peroxidation was significantly (p < 0.01) lowered 20.76 % (NOSE) and 21.12 % (NORE) compared to CCl4 group. The levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was lowered 71.33 % (NOSE) and 61.60 % (NORE). Histopathological study demonstrated substantial reduction of hepatocellular necrosis, fatty infiltration, sinusoidal dilation, bile duct proliferation, vascular congestion, leukocyte infiltration in the silymarin and extract treated groups. Furthermore, various bioactive compounds were identified in the extracts such as apocynin, tocopherol, squalene, vanillin, isoeugenol, amyrin, lupeol etc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study provided convincing evidence that oleander extracts possess potent hepatoprotective capacity which was primarily governed by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The collegial bioactivities of the phytochemicals may be accredited behind the hepatoprotective activity of oleander.
authors: Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Life Science Building, University of North Bengal, PO: Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, 734013, West Bengal, India.
authors: Priyankar
authors: P
authors: Dey
authors: Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Life Science Building, University of North Bengal, PO: Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, 734013, West Bengal, India.
authors: Somit
authors: S
authors: Dutta
authors: Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, India.
authors: Anashuya
authors: A
authors: Biswas-Raha
authors: Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, India.
authors: Mousumi Poddar
authors: MP
authors: Sarkar
authors: Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Life Science Building, University of North Bengal, PO: Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, 734013, West Bengal, India. dr_tkc_nbu@rediffmail.com.
authors: Tapas Kumar
authors: TK
authors: Chaudhuri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D030007:Nerium / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride
keywords: Hepatoprotective; Inflammation; Liver; Nerium; Oxidative stress; Xenobiotic