title: Eave tubes for malaria control in Africa: an introduction.
abstract: In spite of massive progress in the control of African malaria since the turn of the century, there is a clear and recognized need for additional tools beyond long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticides, to progress towards elimination. Moreover, widespread and intensifying insecticide resistance requires alternative control agents and delivery systems to enable development of effective insecticide resistance management strategies. This series of articles presents a novel concept for malaria vector control, the 'eave tube', which may fulfil these important criteria. From its conceptualization to laboratory and semi-field testing, to demonstration of potential for implementation, the stepwise development of this new vector control approach is described. These studies suggest eave tubes (which comprise a novel way of delivering insecticides plus screening to make the house more 'mosquito proof') could be a viable, cost-effective, and acceptable control tool for endophilic and endophagic anophelines, and possibly other (nuisance) mosquitoes. The approach could be applicable in a wide variety of housing in sub-Saharan Africa, and possibly beyond, for vectors that use the eave as their primary house entry point. The results presented in these articles were generated during an EU-FP7 funded project, the mosquito contamination device (MCD) project, which ran between 2012 and 2015. This was a collaborative project undertaken by vector biologists, product developers, modellers, materials scientists, and entrepreneurs from five different countries.
authors: In2Care BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands. bart@in2care.org.
authors: Bart G J
authors: BG
authors: Knols
authors: In2Care BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Marit
authors: M
authors: Farenhorst
authors: In2Care BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Rob
authors: R
authors: Andriessen
authors: In2Care BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Janneke
authors: J
authors: Snetselaar
authors: In2Care BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Remco A
authors: RA
authors: Suer
authors: In2Care BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Anne J
authors: AJ
authors: Osinga
authors: In2Care BV, Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Johan M H
authors: JM
authors: Knols
authors: CTF2000, Baaikensstraat 11, 9240, Zele, Belgium.
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Deschietere
authors: Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
authors: Kija R
authors: KR
authors: Ng'habi
authors: Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
authors: Issa N
authors: IN
authors: Lyimo
authors: Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
authors: Stella T
authors: ST
authors: Kessy
authors: Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
authors: Valeriana S
authors: VS
authors: Mayagaya
authors: Biogents AG, Weißenburgstraße 22, 93055, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: Sergej
authors: S
authors: Sperling
authors: Biogents AG, Weißenburgstraße 22, 93055, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Cordel
authors: Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
authors: Eleanore D
authors: ED
authors: Sternberg
authors: CTF2000, Baaikensstraat 11, 9240, Zele, Belgium.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Hartmann
authors: Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania.
authors: Ladslaus L
authors: LL
authors: Mnyone
authors: Biogents AG, Weißenburgstraße 22, 93055, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Rose
authors: Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
authors: Matthew B
authors: MB
authors: Thomas
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000818:Animals; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Africa; Eave tube; House modification; Malaria elimination; Resistance; Vector control