title: High levels of serum vitamin D are associated with a decreased risk of metabolic diseases in both men and women, but an increased risk for coronary artery calcification in Korean men.
abstract: There are conflicting results for relationships between serum vitamin D levels and metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum vitamin D levels were associated with various metabolic diseases including insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS), fatty liver (FL), and coronary artery calcification (CAC), along with assessing gender differences for these relationships in Korean adults.
  
  
  
  A total of 180,918 subjects (98,412 men and 82,506 women) who participated in a comprehensive health examination in the 2012-2013 period at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University were included. Serum vitamin D and metabolic markers were analyzed and CAC was estimated. Subjects were divided according to quartile groups of serum vitamin D. To examine the relationships of serum vitamin D to metabolic diseases and metabolic factors, multivariate logistic analysis was conducted.
  
  
  
  High levels of serum vitamin D was associated with lower ORs for MS, IR and FL both in men and women (all p < 0.05). For men, ORs for CAC were significantly higher in third and the highest quartile groups for serum vitamin D in all the analyzed models (all p < 0.05). However, women showed no significant results between serum vitamin D and CAC.
  
  
  
  High levels of serum vitamin D were associated with lower risk of MS, IR and FL in both Korean men and women, but were associated with higher risk of CAC only in men, and not in women.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 110-746, South Korea. kcmd.sung@samsung.com.
authors: Ki-Chul
authors: KC
authors: Sung
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Yoosoo
authors: Y
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors: Seungho
authors: S
authors: Ryu
authors: Severance institute for vascular and metabolic research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea. chk@yuhs.ac.
authors: Hye-Kyung
authors: HK
authors: Chung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D065840:Protective Factors; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Coronary artery calcification; Gender difference; Metabolic diseases; Serum vitamin D