title: Proinflammatory Cytokines, Enolase and S-100 as Early Biochemical Indicators of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Following Perinatal Asphyxia in Newborns.
abstract: Estimation of the neurological prognosis of infants suffering from perinatal asphyxia and signs of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is of great clinical importance; however, it remains difficult to satisfactorily assess these signs with current standard medical practices. Prognoses are typically based on data obtained from clinical examinations and neurological tests, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroimaging, but their sensitivities and specificities are far from optimal, and they do not always reliably predict future neurological sequelae. In an attempt to improve prognostic estimates, neurological research envisaged various biochemical markers detectable in the umbilical cord blood of newborns (NB). Few studies examining these biochemical factors in the whole blood of newborns exist. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the expression and concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and specific CNS enzymes (S-100 and enolase) in infants with perinatal asphyxia. These data were compared between the affected infants and controls and were related to the degree of HIE to determine their utilities as biochemical markers for early diagnosis and prognosis.
  
  
  
  The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Reverse Transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
  
  
  
  The expression and serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, enolase and S-100 were significantly increased in the children with asphyxia compared with the controls.
  
  
  
  The role of cytokines after hypoxic-ischemic insult has been determined in studies of transgenic mice that support the use of these molecules as candidate biomarkers. Similarly, S-100 and enolase are considered promising candidates because these markers have been correlated with tissue damage in different experimental models.
authors: Lab. De Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico.
authors: Verónica
authors: V
authors: Chaparro-Huerta
authors: Lab. De Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico; Laboratorio de Análisis Farmacéutico, Depto. de Farmacología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors: Mario Eduardo
authors: ME
authors: Flores-Soto
authors: Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICB), Fac. de Medicina-Depto. de Bioquímica de la Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors: Mario Ernesto
authors: ME
authors: Merin Sigala
authors: Hospital Materno Infantil López Mateos, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors: Juan Carlos
authors: JC
authors: Barrera de León
authors: Neonatología, Hospital de Pediatría Unidad Médica de Atención Especializada (UMAE) del Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
authors: María de Lourdes
authors: ML
authors: Lemus-Varela
authors: Lab. de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, División de Neurociencias, CIBO, IMSS, Mexico; Departamento de Clínicas Médicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors: Blanca Miriam de Guadalupe
authors: BM
authors: Torres-Mendoza
authors: Lab. De Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico; Lab. de Regeneración y Desarrollo Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico. Electronic address: carlosbeas55@gmail.com.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Beas-Zárate
mesh_terms: D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: S-100; enolase; hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; proinflammatory cytokines