title: Elevated estimated arterial age is associated with metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation.
abstract: Arterial age can be estimated from equations relating arterial stiffness to age and blood pressure in large cohorts. We investigated whether estimated arterial age (eAA) was elevated in patients with the metabolic syndrome and/or known cardiovascular disease (CVD), which factors were associated with eAA and whether eAA added prognostic information.
  
  
  
  In 1993, 2366 study participants, 41, 51, 61, and 71 years old, had traditional cardiovascular risk factors and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) measured. Risk groups were identified based on known CVD and components of metabolic syndrome, Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation, or Framingham risk score. From age, mean blood pressure, and cfPWV, eAA and estimated cfPWV (ePWV) were calculated. In 2006, the combined cardiovascular endpoint (CEP) of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and hospitalization for ischemic heart disease was registered.
  
  
  
  cfPWV and ePWV increased with ageing and cardiovascular risk (all P < 0.001), but ePWV increased more with ageing than cfPWV. The difference between eAA and chronological age was associated with male sex (β = 0.14), higher heart rate (β = 0.16 both P < 0.001), fasting glucose (β = 0.08) soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (β = 0.06, both P < 0.01), and known CVD (β = 0.06, P < 0.05) independently of age, SBP, and heart rate. Independently of Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation, eAA (hazard ratio = 1.20, P < 0.01) predicted CEP, but not as accurately as ePWV (hazard ratio = 1.58, P < 0.001) and cfPWV (hazard ratio = 1.32, P < 0.001) among apparently healthy study participants.
  
  
  
  Elevated eAA was associated with male sex, higher plasma glucose, and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and known CVD independently of age, SBP, and heart rate.
authors: aDepartment of Endocrinology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Preventive Clinic, Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark bHypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa cDepartment of Cardiology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen dDepartment of Diagnostic Imaging, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup eResearch Centre for Prevention and Health, Copenhagen fDepartment of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark gDepartment of Pharmacology, HEGP, AP-HP, INSERM U970, Paris, France hCentre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense iCardiology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark.
authors: Sara V
authors: SV
authors: Greve
authors: Marie K
authors: MK
authors: Blicher
authors: Ruan
authors: R
authors: Kruger
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Sehestedt
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Gram-Kampmann
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Rasmussen
authors: Julie K K
authors: JK
authors: Vishram
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Boutouyrie
authors: Stephane
authors: S
authors: Laurent
authors: Michael H
authors: MH
authors: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator