title: Enhancement for trace analysis of sulfonamide antibiotics in water matrices using bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE).
abstract: In this study, the enhancement for trace analysis of sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine) and trimethoprim in water matrices is proposed using bar adsorptive microextraction combined with micro-liquid desorption followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (BAμE-μLD/HPLC-DAD). By comparing different polymers and activated carbons as sorbent coatings for BAμE, the polystyrene-divinylbenzene polymer (PS-DVB) showed the best selectivity for the compounds under study. Assays performed through BAμE(PS-DVB)-μLD on 25mL of ultrapure water samples spiked at the 8.0μgL(-1) level showed recoveries ranging from 63.8±1.5% to 84.2±1.9%, under optimized experimental conditions. The validated method provided satisfactory limits of detection (0.08-0.16μgL(-1)) and good linear dynamic ranges (0.16-8.00μgL(-1)) with determination coefficients higher than 0.9958. The proposed analytical methodology was applied to real matrices, such as tap, estuarine and wastewater samples using the standard addition method. It showed to be easy to implement, with good reproducibility, sensitivity and requiring small amount of sample. Furthermore, negligible consumption of organic solvents was used in compliance with the green analytical chemistry principles. When compared to other well-established microextraction approaches, BAμE demonstrated better performance concerning recovery yields and sensitivity.
authors: Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: A H
authors: AH
authors: Ide
authors: Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Ahmad
authors: Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: ndneng@fc.ul.pt.
authors: N R
authors: NR
authors: Neng
authors: Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: nogueira@fc.ul.pt.
authors: J M F
authors: JMF
authors: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods; D000077145:Sulfanilamide; D013424:Sulfanilamides / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000077145:Sulfanilamide; D013424:Sulfanilamides; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: BAμE; Floating sampling technology; HPLC-DAD; Sulfonamide antibiotics; Water matrices