title: The Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (pvl) in Central Australia, 2006-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Central Australian Indigenous population has a high incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) but little is known about the local molecular epidemiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study of bacteremic and nasal colonizing S.aureus isolates between June 2006 to June 2010. All isolates underwent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and testing for the presence of the Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (pvl) gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Invasive isolates (n = 97) were predominantly ST93 (26.6 %) and pvl positive (54.3 %), which was associated with skin and soft tissue infections (OR 4.35, 95 % CI 1.16, 16.31). Non-multiresistant MRSA accounted for 31.9 % of bacteremic samples and showed a trend to being healthcare associated (OR 2.16, 95 % CI 0.86, 5.40). Non-invasive isolates (n = 54) were rarely ST93 (1.9 %) or pvl positive (7.4 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Central Australia, ST93 was the dominant S.aureus clone, and was frequently pvl positive and associated with an aggressive clinical phenotype. Whether non-nasal carriage is more important with invasive clones or whether colonization occurs only transiently remains to be elucidated.
authors: Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT, Australia. sals7au@yahoo.com.au.
authors: S
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-3571
authors: S
authors: Hewagama
authors: Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs, NT, Australia.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Spelman
authors: SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Woolley
authors: Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT, Australia.|NT Pathology, Alice Springs, NT, Australia.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: McLeod
authors: SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Gordon
authors: Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT, Australia.|Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs, NT, Australia.|Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs, NT, Australia.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Einsiedel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007956:Leukocidins / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult; D000095283:Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D005098:Exotoxins; D007956:Leukocidins; C078284:Panton-Valentine leukocidin
keywords: Panton-Valentine Leucocidin; ST93; Staphylococcus aureus