title: Changes of primary and secondary metabolites in barley plants exposed to CdO nanoparticles.
abstract: The environmental fate of airborne nanoparticles and their toxicity to plants is not yet fully understood. Pot-grown barley plants with second leaves developed were therefore exposed to CdO nanoparticles (CdONPs) of ecologically relevant size (7-60 nm) and concentration (2.03 ± 0.45 × 105particles cm-3) in air for 3 weeks. An experiment was designed to test the effects of different treatments when only leaves (T1); leaves and soil substrate (T2); and leaves, soil, and water supply were exposed to nanoparticles (T3). A fourth, control group of plants was left without treatment (T0). Although CdONPs were directly absorbed by leaves from the air, a part of leaf-allocated Cd was also transported from roots by transpiration flow. Chromatographic assays revealed that CdONPs had a significant effect on total content of primary metabolites (amino acids and saccharides) but no significant effect on total content of secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, Krebs cycle acids, and fatty acids). In addition, the compositions of individual metabolite classes were affected by CdONP treatment. For example, tryptophan and phenylalanine were the most affected amino acids in both analysed organs, while ferulic acid and isovitexin constituted the polyphenols most affected in leaves. Even though CdONP treatment had no effect on total fatty acids content, there were significant changes in the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in both the roots and leaves of treated plants. Although the results indicate the most pronounced effect in T3 plants as compared to T1 and T2 plants, even just leaf exposure to CdONPs has the potential to induce changes in plant metabolism.
authors: Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Kristýna
authors: K
authors: Večeřová
authors: Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Veveří 967/97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Zbyněk
authors: Z
authors: Večeřa
authors: Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Veveří 967/97, CZ-602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Bohumil
authors: B
authors: Dočekal
authors: Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotopic Analyses, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Oravec
authors: Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Pompeiano
authors: Laboratory of Metabolomics and Isotopic Analyses, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Tříska
authors: Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Electronic address: urban.o@czechglobe.cz.
authors: Otmar
authors: O
authors: Urban
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D047310:Apigenin / Q000378:metabolism; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D064210:Secondary Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D010087:Oxides; D010636:Phenols; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants; C029663:cadmium oxide; D047310:Apigenin; C004999:ferulic acid; C049772:isovitexin
keywords: Barley; CdO nanoparticles; Gas chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Plant metabolites