title: Changes in hydration of the stratum corneum are the most suitable indicator to evaluate the irritation of surfactants on the skin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Irritancy levels of surfactants on human skin have not been clarified completely. The relationships between skin damage and changes of skin properties caused by various surfactants were investigated using non-invasive measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous solutions of seven kinds of anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric surfactants were exposed to the inside of forearm skin of 20 human subjects in two separate studies using the cup method. Hydration of the stratum corneum (SC), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pH, skin surface roughness, and contents of the SC were measured before and after one exposure and after five and nine consecutive exposures to various surfactants. The discontinuation ratio of subjects for testing in each surfactant was determined by skin irritation symptoms and was defined as the degree of skin damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant changes were observed only in hydration, TEWL, and natural moisturizing factors (NMF) content in the SC following surfactant exposure. A significant correlation was observed between the discontinuation ratio of each surfactant and the changes of hydration, TEWL, and NMF. Especially, the change of SC hydration showed an excellent correlation with the discontinuation ratio both for single (r = 0.942, P < 0.001) and for chronic exposures (r = 0.934, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the change of hydration of the SC is equivalent to the skin damage caused by surfactants, and therefore is the most suitable indicator to evaluate the irritation of surfactants on the skin.
authors: Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Fujimura
authors: Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Shimotoyodome
authors: Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Nishijima
authors: Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Sugata
authors: Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Taguchi
authors: Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Moriwaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001834:Body Water / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents
keywords: hydration; skin damage; stratum corneum; surfactants