title: Dietary Intake of Vitamins in Different Options of Treatment in Chronic Kidney Disease: Is There a Deficiency?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of diet in the management of kidney transplantation (KT), as well as other treatment options of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is generally acknowledged. However, data regarding vitamin intake are very limited. Vitamins are essential in maintaining good nutritional status and preventing many chronic complications. It is still not clear which treatment modality imposes the highest risk of dietary vitamin deficiency and whether successful KT reverses such a threat.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed this observational study to assess dietary intake of vitamins in CKD patients: after successful KT, not yet dialyzed (ND), treated with hemodialysis (HD), and with peritoneal dialysis (PD). A total of 202 patients were recruited (45 KT, 50 ND, 45 HD, and 62 PD). Vitamin intakes were evaluated through the use of a 24-hour dietary recall and processed with the use of a computerized database. Each record was evaluated by a skilled dietitian. In general, vitamin intakes in all study groups were comparable, with KT and ND groups manifesting lower risk of deficiency than HD and PD groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The content of fat-soluble vitamins in diet was insufficient, with remarkably high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Mean intakes of water-soluble vitamins were close to recommended, with the exception of folic acid, which was profoundly deficient in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CKD patients are at risk of inadequate vitamin intake. Vitamin D and folic acid are universally deficient in diet. KT patients have the most satisfactory content of vitamins in their diet, whereas HD individuals are at highest risk of deficiency.
authors: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: maja@gumed.edu.pl.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Jankowska
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Szupryczyńska
authors: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Dębska-Ślizień
authors: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Borek
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kaczkan
authors: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Rutkowski
authors: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Małgorzewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000032:analysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000032:analysis; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000209:etiology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014807:Vitamin D; D005492:Folic Acid