title: Valorization of food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural: Dual role of metal ions in successive conversion steps.
abstract: This study aimed to transform food waste into a value-added chemical, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and unravel the tangled effects induced by the metal catalysts on each single step of the successive conversion pathway. The results showed that using cooked rice and bread crust as surrogates of starch-rich food waste, yields of 8.1-9.5% HMF and 44.2-64.8% glucose were achieved over SnCl4 catalyst. Protons released from metal hydrolysis and acidic by-products rendered Brønsted acidity to catalyze fructose dehydration and hydrolysis of glycosidic bond. Lewis acid site of metals could facilitate both fructose dehydration and glucose isomerization via promoting the rate-limiting internal hydride shift, with the catalytic activity determined by its electronegativity, electron configuration, and charge density. Lewis acid site of a higher valence also enhanced hydrolysis of polysaccharide. However, the metals also catalyzed undesirable polymerization possibly by polarizing the carbonyl groups of sugars and derivatives, which should be minimized by process optimization.
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Iris K M
authors: IKM
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: dan.tsang@polyu.edu.hk.
authors: Daniel C W
authors: DCW
authors: Tsang
authors: Energy and Environmental Catalysis Group, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors: Alex C K
authors: ACK
authors: Yip
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Season S
authors: SS
authors: Chen
authors: School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science & Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yong Sik
authors: YS
authors: Ok
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Chi Sun
authors: CS
authors: Poon
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D005502:Food; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007477:Ions; D007536:Isomerism; D058116:Lewis Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D007477:Ions; D058116:Lewis Acids; D008670:Metals; D014866:Waste Products; C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D005662:Furaldehyde
keywords: Biomass conversion; Bread/rice; Homogeneous catalysis; Lewis acid; Metal chloride