title: Effects of injectable trace minerals on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to Bovine viral diarrhea virus, Bovine herpes virus 1 and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus following administration of a modified-live virus vaccine in dairy calves.
abstract: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of an injectable trace mineral (ITM) supplement containing zinc, manganese, selenium, and copper on the humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses to vaccine antigens in dairy calves receiving a modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine containing BVDV, BHV1, PI3V and BRSV. A total of 30 dairy calves (3.5 months of age) were administered a priming dose of the MLV vaccine containing BHV1, BVDV1 & 2, BRSV, PI3V, and an attenuated-live Mannheimia-Pasteurella bacterin subcutaneously (SQ). Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (1) administration of ITM SQ (ITM, n=15) or (2) injection of sterile saline SQ (Control; n=15). Three weeks later, calves received a booster of the same vaccine combination SQ, and a second administration of ITM, or sterile saline, according to the treatment group. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 90 post-vaccination for determination of antibody titer, viral recall antigen-induced IFN-γ production, and viral antigen-induced proliferation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Administration of ITM concurrently with MLV vaccination resulted in higher antibody titers to BVDV1 on day 28 after priming vaccination compared to the control group (P=0.03). Calves treated with ITM showed an earlier enhancement in PBMC proliferation to BVDV1 following vaccination compared to the control group. Proliferation of PBMC after BVDV stimulation tended to be higher on day 14 after priming vaccination in calves treated with ITM than in the control group (P=0.08). Calves that received ITM showed higher PBMC proliferation to BRSV stimulation on day 7 after priming vaccination compared to the control group (P=0.01). Moreover, calves in the ITM group also had an enhanced production IFN-γ by PBMC after stimulation with BRSV on day 21 after priming vaccination compared to day 0 (P<0.01). In conclusion, administration of ITM concurrently with MLV vaccination in dairy calves resulted in increased antibody titer to BVDV1, and greater PBMC proliferation to BVDV1 and BRSV recall stimulation compared to the control group, suggesting that ITM might represent a promising tool to enhance the humoral and CMI responses to MLV vaccines in cattle.
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States; Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602 United States. Electronic address: palomnr@uga.edu.
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Palomares
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States; Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602 United States.
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Hurley
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: J H J
authors: JH
authors: Bittar
authors: Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States.
authors: J T
authors: JT
authors: Saliki
authors: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States.
authors: A R
authors: AR
authors: Woolums
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Moliere
authors: Multimin USA, Inc. Fort Collins, CO, United States.
authors: L J
authors: LJ
authors: Havenga
authors: Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602 United States.
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Norton
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Clifton
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: A B
authors: AB
authors: Sigmund
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Barber
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: M L
authors: ML
authors: Berger
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Clark
authors: Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Fratto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000276:immunology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D018112:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine / Q000276:immunology*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014131:Trace Elements; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: BRD; Dairy calves; Immune response; Modified-live virus vaccine; Trace minerals