title: Once a clinician, always a clinician: a systematic review to develop a typology of clinician-researcher dual-role experiences in health research with patient-participants.
abstract: Many health researchers are clinicians. Dual-role experiences are common for clinician-researchers in research involving patient-participants, even if not their own patients. To extend the existing body of literature on why dual-role is experienced, we aimed to develop a typology of common catalysts for dual-role experiences to help clinician-researchers plan and implement methodologically and ethically sound research.
  
  
  
  Systematic searching of Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase and Scopus (inception to 28.07.2014) for primary studies or first-person reflexive reports of clinician-researchers' dual-role experiences, supplemented by reference list checking and Google Scholar scoping searches. Included articles were loaded in NVivo for analysis. The coding was focused on how dual-role was evidenced for the clinician-researchers in research involving patients. Procedures were completed by one researcher (MB) and independently cross-checked by another (JHS). All authors contributed to extensive discussions to resolve all disagreements about initial coding and verify the final themes.
  
  
  
  Database searching located 7135 records, resulting in 29 included studies, with the addition of 7 studies through reference checks and scoping searches. Two overarching themes described the most common catalysts for dual-role experiences - ways a research role can involve patterns of behaviour typical of a clinical role, and the developing connection that starts to resemble a clinician-patient relationship. Five subthemes encapsulated the clinical patterns commonly repeated in research settings (clinical queries, perceived agenda, helping hands, uninvited clinical expert, and research or therapy) and five subthemes described concerns about the researcher-participant relationship (clinical assumptions, suspicion and holding back, revelations, over-identification, and manipulation). Clinician-researchers use their clinical skills in health research in ways that set up a relationship resembling that of clinician-patient. Clinicians' ingrained orientation to patients' needs can be in tension with their research role, and can set up ethical and methodological challenges.
  
  
  
  The typology we developed outlines the common ways dual-role is experienced in research involving clinician-researchers and patient-participants, and perhaps the inevitability of the experience given the primacy accorded to patient well-being. The typology offers clinician-researchers a framework for grappling with the ethical and methodological implications of dual-role throughout the research process, including planning, implementation, monitoring and reporting.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. jean.hay-smith@otago.ac.nz.
authors: E Jean C
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9009-2812
authors: EJC
authors: Hay-Smith
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand.
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Brown
authors: Bioethics Centre, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.
authors: Lynley
authors: L
authors: Anderson
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.
authors: Gareth J
authors: GJ
authors: Treharne
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024382:Professional Role; D012107:Research Design; D012108:Research Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058028:Research Report
keywords: Clinician-researcher; Dual role; Meta-synthesis; Reflexivity; Research ethics; Systematic review