title: Dorsal anterior cingulate glutamate is associated with engagement of the default mode network during exposure to smoking cues.
abstract: When exposed to smoking cues, nicotine dependent individuals activate brain regions overlapping with the default mode network (DMN), a network of regions involved in internally-focused cognition. The salience network (SN), which includes the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), is thought to interact with the DMN and aids in directing attention toward salient internal or external stimuli. One possibility is that neurochemical variation in SN regions such as the dACC impact DMN reactivity to personally relevant stimuli such as smoking cues. This is consistent with emerging evidence suggesting an association between midline cortical glutamate (Glu) and activity in brain regions overlapping with the DMN.
  
  
  
  In 18 nicotine-dependent individuals, we assessed the relationship between DMN activation to smoking relative to neutral cues using functional magnetic resonance imaging and dACC Glu as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This association also was tested in a replication sample of 14 nicotine-dependent participants.
  
  
  
  Not only was the DMN significantly less suppressed during smoking cue exposure, but also there was a positive association between DMN reactivity to smoking relative to neutral cues and dACC Glu (r=0.56, p<0.02). This finding was confirmed in the independent replication cohort (r=0.64, p<0.02).
  
  
  
  The current findings confirm that the DMN is less suppressed when smokers view smoking relative to neutral cues, suggesting that smoking cues engage self-relevant processing. Furthermore, these results indicate that dACC Glu is associated with enhanced DMN engagement when nicotine-dependent individuals are exposed to self-relevant smoking cues.
authors: McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States. Electronic address: ajanes@mclean.harvard.edu.
authors: Amy C
authors: AC
authors: Janes
authors: McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, United States.
authors: Jennifer
authors: J
authors: Betts
authors: McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
authors: J Eric
authors: JE
authors: Jensen
authors: McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
authors: Scott E
authors: SE
authors: Lukas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000502:physiology*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid
keywords: Default mode network; Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; Glutamate; Nicotine; fMRI