title: Etiology of Pain and Its Association with Quality of Life among Patients with Heart Failure.
abstract: Describe the etiology of pain among HF patients and examine the relationship between pain and QoL.
  
  
  
  Little is known about the etiology of pain in patients with heart failure (HF) and the impact it has on quality of life (QoL).
  
  
  
  A prospective cohort study of outpatients with NYHA Class II or III HF were surveyed at baseline and at three-month follow-up. The study was conducted in Heart Failure clinics affiliated with a large, urban, academic medical center.
  
  
  
  Of 104 patients that completed a baseline survey, 73 (70%) completed a follow-up survey. At baseline, 48% of patients reported having pain the previous week. Patients on prescription pain medication (n = 16) had more severe pain (Mean = 4.5 vs. 2.6; p = 0.001). Physician documented pain etiologies included: musculoskeletal (50%, n = 16), cardiac (22%, n = 7), and headache/neurological (22%, n = 7). Linear regression revealed that significant contributions to QoL included HF Class (p = 0.0001), dyspnea (p = 0.0001), and depression (p = 0.01). Pain was not independently associated with QoL (p = 0.17), but moderately correlated with depression (r = 0.49). Although 15% (n = 11) of patients reported a clinically meaningful improvement in pain scores, it was not associated with improvements in QoL (χ2= 1.6, p = 0.2).
  
  
  
  Pain is prevalent and persistent, due largely to non-cardiac causes. Although pain did not predict QOL, it was associated with depression, which did adversely affect QoL. Clinicians should screen for and treat both symptoms.
authors: 1 Palliative Care Program, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.|2 School of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors: Steven Z
authors: SZ
authors: Pantilat
authors: 1 Palliative Care Program, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.|2 School of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: O'Riordan
authors: 1 Palliative Care Program, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.|2 School of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors: Megan A
authors: MA
authors: Rathfon
authors: 3 School of Nursing, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors: Kathleen A
authors: KA
authors: Dracup
authors: 2 School of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: De Marco
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires