title: Factors contributing to hearing impairment in patients with cleft lip/palate in Malaysia: A prospective study of 346 ears.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors contributing towards hearing impairment in patients with cleft lip/palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective analysis was conducted on 173 patients (346 ears) with cleft lip and palate (CL/P) who presented to the combined cleft clinic at University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) over 12 months. The patients' hearing status was determined using otoacoustic emission (OAE), pure tone audiometry (PTA) and auditory brainstem response (ABR). These results were analysed against several parameters, which included age, gender, race, types of cleft pathology, impact and timing of repair surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients' age ranged from 1-26 years old. They comprised 30% with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 28% with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), 28% with isolated cleft palate (ICP) and 14% with isolated cleft lip (ICL). Majority of the patients (68.2%) had normal otoscopic findings. Out of the 346 ears, 241 ears (70%) ears had passed the hearing tests. There was no significant relationship between patients' gender and ethnicity with their hearing status. The types of cleft pathology significantly influenced the outcome of PTA and ABR screening results (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the repaired and unrepaired cleft groups and the outcome of hearing tests. However, hearing improvement occurred when palatal repair was performed at the age of <1year old (OR = 2.37, CI 1.2 = 4.6, p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Majority of the cleft patients had normal hearing (70%). Hearing threshold varied significantly between the different types of cleft pathology. Surgery conferred no significant impact on the hearing outcome unless surgery was performed at the age of <1 year old.
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Jack Pein
authors: JP
authors: Cheong
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors: Siew Shuin
authors: SS
authors: Soo
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: anuramanuel@gmail.com.
authors: Anura Michelle
authors: AM
authors: Manuel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D038781:Otoscopy / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Auditory brainstem response; Cleft lip palate; Hearing impairment; Otoacoustic emission; Palatoplasty; Pure tone audiometry