title: Pro-atherogenic mediators and subclinical atherogenesis are related to epicardial adipose tissue thickness in patients with cardiovascular risk.
abstract: Objective To evaluate the relationship between pro-atherogenic biomarkers and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods Plasma nitric oxide (NO), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, EAT thickness, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) were determined in patients aged >18 years who were referred for echocardiography for heart ischemia or non-ischemic diseases. Cardiovascular risk factors (Framingham score [FS] ≥ 20) were weighted. Results Hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus were prevalent (≥55% of 40 patients). Patients with FS ≥ 20 ( n = 21) showed significantly higher EAT and CIMT values. Globally, MDA, CIMT, age, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and FS were associated with EAT thickness. EAT was significantly associated with NO in patients with FS ≥ 20. Significant differences in EAT thickness were found between patients stratified by NO value, FMD, age, smoking status, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and FS. An EAT-associated atherogenic risk (CIMT ≥ 1 mm) model was statistically significant when MDA and type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. Conclusion EAT thickness was associated with MDA, CIMT, age, waist circumference, HDL-C and FS globally, but with NO only in patients with FS≥20. EAT may be used to identify vascular damage stage, possibly influenced by MDA and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors: 1 Division of Echocardiography, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Juan A
authors: JA
authors: Peraza-Zaldívar
authors: 2 Division of Clinical and Biomedical Research, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE and Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.|3 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Xoco, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Juan A
authors: JA
authors: Suárez-Cuenca
authors: 1 Division of Echocardiography, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Rocío
authors: R
authors: Aceves-Millán
authors: 1 Division of Echocardiography, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Ixcamparij-Rosales
authors: 1 Division of Echocardiography, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Lilia
authors: L
authors: Amezcua
authors: 2 Division of Clinical and Biomedical Research, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE and Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Rebeca
authors: R
authors: Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca
authors: 2 Division of Clinical and Biomedical Research, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE and Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Nuria
authors: N
authors: Guerrero-Celis
authors: 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Xoco, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Melchor-López
authors: 2 Division of Clinical and Biomedical Research, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE and Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Mondragón-Terán
authors: 2 Division of Clinical and Biomedical Research, National Medical Center '20 de Noviembre' ISSSTE and Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Sofía L
authors: SL
authors: Alcaráz-Estrada
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010496:Pericardium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Epicardial adipose tissue; atherogenesis; cardiovascular risk; malondialdehyde; nitric oxide