title: Leishmania exosomes and other virulence factors: Impact on innate immune response and macrophage functions.
abstract: Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of the leishmaniases, a collection of vector-borne diseases that range from simple cutaneous to fatal visceral forms. Employing potent immune modulation mechanisms, Leishmania is able to render the host macrophage inactive and persist inside its phagolysosome. In the last few years, the role of exosomes in Leishmania-host interactions has been increasingly investigated. For instance, it was reported that Leishmania exosome release is augmented following temperature shift, a condition mimicking parasite's entry into its mammalian host. Leishmania exosomes were found to strongly affect macrophage cell signaling and functions, similarly to whole parasites. Importantly, these vesicles were shown to be pro-inflammatory, capable to recruit neutrophils at their inoculation site exacerbating the pathology. In this review, we provide the most recent insights on the role of exosomes and other virulence factors, especially the surface protease GP63, in Leishmania-host interactions, deepening our knowledge on leishmaniasis and paving the way for the development of new therapeutics.
authors: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Vanessa Diniz
authors: VD
authors: Atayde
authors: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Kasra
authors: K
authors: Hassani
authors: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Alonso
authors: A
authors: da Silva Lira Filho
authors: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Andrezza Raposo
authors: AR
authors: Borges
authors: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Anupam
authors: A
authors: Adhikari
authors: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Martel
authors: Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Heath Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada. Electronic address: martin.olivier@mcgill.ca.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Olivier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055354:Exosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007891:Leishmania / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007896:Leishmaniasis; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D037521:Virulence Factors
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C055146:glycoprotein gp63, Leishmania
keywords: Exosome; GP63; Immune response; Leishmania