title: Parental migration and smoking behavior of left-behind children: evidence from a survey in rural Anhui, China.
abstract: Parental migration is most an important factor affecting children's behaviors. Few studies have addressed the association between parental migration and children's smoking behavior in China. This study aims to estimate the current smoking prevalence among children, evaluate the association of parental migration and the smoking behavior of children and identify factors associated with smoking behavior among left-behind children (LBC).
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 cities in Anhui province during July and August, 2012. All participants were interviewed face-to-face using a standardized questionnaire. Only children 10 to 14 years old that live in rural villages for at least 6 months during the previous year were included in the study.
  
  
  
  A total of 1343 children met the sampling criteria and participated in the study. Of these, 56 % are LBC and 44 % live with both parents. The average rate of smoking is 3.4 %. The rate of smoking is statistically higher for LBC with both parents out (rate = 6.1 %; OR = 5.59, P < 0.001) than for children living with both parents (1.4 %). Similarly, the rate of LBC with father home only (rate = 5.0 %; OR = 5.60, P = 0.005) is also statistically higher than for children living with both parents when controlling other variables. Factors affecting the smoking behavior of LBC, include gender (i.e., boys), (perceived) school performance and primary caregiver.
  
  
  
  Parental migration is associated with a significant increase in smoking behavior among children. Intervention studies that target LBC would help to develop strategies to reduce smoking among rural children. Gender-specific strategies and anti-smoking education also appears to be needed to reduce tobacco use among rural LBC.
authors: School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wen-hua-xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
authors: Tingting
authors: T
authors: Yang
authors: School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wen-hua-xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
authors: Cuicui
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wen-hua-xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. zhouchengchao@sdu.edu.cn.
authors: Chengchao
authors: C
authors: Zhou
authors: School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wen-hua-xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
authors: Shan
authors: S
authors: Jiang
authors: Shandong Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China.
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Chu
authors: Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors: Alexis
authors: A
authors: Medina
authors: Freeman Spogli Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Rozelle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000067697:Adolescent Health; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D000067576:Child Health; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D010290:Parents; D010333:Paternal Deprivation; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants
keywords: Cross-sectional study; Current smoking; Left-behind children; Parental migration; Risk factors