title: Fatty acid status and antioxidant defense system in mothers and their newborns after salmon intake during late pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to assess the maternal and newborn status of erythrocyte fatty acids and the antioxidant defense system after the intake of two portions of salmon per week during late pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women (N = 123) were randomly assigned to continue their habitual diet, which was low in oily fish (control group, n = 61) or to consume two 150-g salmon portions per week (salmon group, n = 62) beginning at 20 wk of gestation and lasting until delivery. Fatty acids, selenium, and glutathione concentrations and antioxidant defense enzyme activities were measured in maternal erythrocytes at 20, 34, and 38 wk of pregnancy, and in cord erythrocytes collected at birth. Plasma concentrations of antioxidant molecules were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group, consuming salmon had little effect on erythrocyte fatty acids in either mothers or newborns. Components of the antioxidant defense system did not differ between groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity and the concentrations of tocopherols, retinol, and coenzyme Q10 were significantly lower in cord blood compared with maternal blood at week 38 in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal and newborn erythrocyte fatty acids are not strongly affected by the intake of two portions of salmon per week during the second half of pregnancy, although erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid might be increased in newborns. Maternal and newborn antioxidant defense systems are not impaired by intake of salmon from 20 wk gestation.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors: Cruz E
authors: CE
authors: Garcia-Rodriguez
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain. Electronic address: Jolza@ugr.es.
authors: Josune
authors: J
authors: Olza
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain; RETICS funded by the PN I+D+I 2008-2011 (SPAIN), ISCIII- subdirectorate general for research assessment and promotion and the European regional development fund (ERDF), REF. RD12/0026.
authors: Maria D
authors: MD
authors: Mesa
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
authors: Concepcion M
authors: CM
authors: Aguilera
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Miles
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors: Paul S
authors: PS
authors: Noakes
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Vlachava
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors: Lefkothea-Stella
authors: LS
authors: Kremmyda
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors: Norma D
authors: ND
authors: Diaper
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors: Keith M
authors: KM
authors: Godfrey
authors: Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors: Philip C
authors: PC
authors: Calder
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Spain.
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Gil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D004739:England; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D012474:Salmon; D017747:Seafood; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Antioxidants; Fatty acids; Fish oils; Newborn; Pregnancy; ω-3