title: The case for investigating social context in laboratory studies of smoking.
abstract: With increasing frequency, addiction is conceived of as a brain disease, and such accounts seem especially pertinent with regard to the rapid delivery of nicotine to the brain via cigarette smoke. Moreover, drug administration trials (cigarette puffs) suggest that the behavior of smoking becomes automatized, with individuals developing prototypical approaches to smoking a cigarette. Compared with presumably more social activities, such as drinking alcohol, there may be little opportunity for social processes to influence smoking behavior. However, survey research examining smoking motivation often reveals a broadly defined 'social' factor and field research suggests that social context does influence smoking.
  
  
  
  We posit that laboratory smoking research has largely ignored social contextual factors that may help to understand better the precise mechanisms underlying smoking behavior and smoking motivation.
  
  
  
  We reviewed laboratory studies examining the effect of social context (operationalized as modeling) on smoking behavior. Studies were identified by searching PsychInfo and Medline using the following keywords: smoking, nicotine, tobacco, cigarette, consumption, topography, puff, smoking behavior, cigarettes smoked, modeling, imitation, social context, social influence and peer pressure. The reference and citation lists of these studies were then searched to identify additional studies.
  
  
  
  Few laboratory smoking studies target social context. Those few studies indicate that smoking behavior can be influenced by the presence of others. There is also some evidence that social context influences the effects of smoking as well as processes related to self-perception and self-regulation that reinforce smoking and hamper smoking cessation efforts.
authors: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Dimoff
authors: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Sayette
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Cigarette; effects of smoking; emotion; laboratory; modeling; nicotine; smoking; social context; social identification; tobacco