title: Orthostatic Hypotension in the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) Blood Pressure Trial: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognostic Significance.
abstract: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, in populations with both hypertension and diabetes mellitus, its prevalence, the effect of intensive versus standard systolic blood pressure (BP) targets on incident OH, and its prognostic significance are unclear. In 4266 participants in the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) BP trial, seated BP was measured 3×, followed by readings every minute for 3 minutes after standing. Orthostatic BP change, calculated as the minimum standing minus the mean seated systolic BP and diastolic BP, was assessed at baseline, 12 months, and 48 months. The relationship between OH and clinical outcomes (total and cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, heart failure hospitalization or death and the primary composite outcome of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular death) was assessed using proportional hazards analysis. Consensus OH, defined by orthostatic decline in systolic BP ≥20 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥10 mm Hg, occurred at ≥1 time point in 20% of participants. Neither age nor systolic BP treatment target (intensive, <120 mm Hg versus standard, <140 mm Hg) was related to OH incidence. Over a median follow-up of 46.9 months, OH was associated with increased risk of total death (hazard ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.36) and heart failure death/hospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.85, 95% confidence interval, 1.17-2.93), but not with the primary outcome or other prespecified outcomes. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, OH was common, not associated with intensive versus standard BP treatment goals, and predicted increased mortality and heart failure events.
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.). flegj@nhlbi.nih.gov.
authors: Jerome L
authors: JL
authors: Fleg
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Gregory W
authors: GW
authors: Evans
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Karen L
authors: KL
authors: Margolis
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Joshua
authors: J
authors: Barzilay
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Jan N
authors: JN
authors: Basile
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: J Thomas
authors: JT
authors: Bigger
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Jeffrey A
authors: JA
authors: Cutler
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Grimm
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Carolyn
authors: C
authors: Pedley
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Peterson
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: Rodica
authors: R
authors: Pop-Busui
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: JoAnn
authors: J
authors: Sperl-Hillen
authors: From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (J.L.F., J.A.C.); Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (G.W.E., C.P.); Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN (K.L.M., J.S.-H.); Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta (J.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.N.B.); Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.T.B.); Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN (R.G.); University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (K.P.); University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.).
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: Cushman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; clinical trials; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; hypotension; orthostatic; randomized; type 2