title: Variation and Acquisition of Complex Techniques: Pancreaticoduodenectomy.
abstract: Background Complex procedures often have numerous acceptable approaches; it is unclear how surgical fellows choose between techniques. We used pancreaticoduodenectomy as a model to catalogue variability between surgeons and investigate factors that affect fellows' acquisition of techniques. Materials and methods Semistructured interviews and operative note analysis were conducted to determine techniques of 5 attending surgeons, and these data were mapped to identify variations. Identical interviews and questioning were completed with 4 fellowship graduates whose practice includes pancreaticoduodenectomy. Results All surgeons performed a different operation, both in order and techniques employed. Based on minor variations, there were 21 surgical step data points that differed. Of 5 surgeons, 4 were unable to identify colleagues' techniques. Fellows reported adopting techniques from mentors who had regimented techniques, teaching styles they related to, and with whom they frequently operated. Residency training did not strongly influence their choice of technique; however, senior partners after fellowship did influence technique. Conclusions The number of variants of pancreaticoduodenectomy based on granular, step-by-step differences is larger than previously described. Results hint that variation may be furthered by the fact that surgeons are not aware of the techniques used by colleagues. Fellows choose techniques based on factors not directly related to their own outcomes but rather mentor factors. Whether fellows adopt techniques that will be optimal given their abilities is worthy of further investigation, as are changes in technique over time. Better codification of variation is needed to facilitate these investigations as well as matching of technical variations to patient outcomes.
authors: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Stuart J
authors: SJ
authors: Davidson
authors: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Rojnica
authors: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: Jeffrey B
authors: JB
authors: Matthews
authors: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA alexander.langerman@vanderbilt.edu.
authors: Alexander J
authors: AJ
authors: Langerman
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: pancreaticoduodenectomy; surgical education; variation