title: Combination Use of Clopidogrel and Proton Pump Inhibitors Increases Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Published data indicated that combination use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). This has been a highly controversial topic for years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study was performed to evaluate whether combination therapy of clopidogrel and PPIs is associated with increased risk of MACEs than with clopidogrel alone in patients with coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was conducted for studies recording the occurrence of MACEs in patients with exposure to concomitant use of clopidogrel and PPIs up to February 2015. Odds ratios (ORs) were combined using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients receiving combination therapy with PPIs and clopidogrel were at significantly increased risk of MACEs (OR: 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-1.55). Adding a PPI to clopidogrel treatment was associated with a higher rate of MACE occurrence in rapid metabolizers (RMs, *1/*1) of CYP2C19 (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.12-1.81), but there was no obviously increased rate (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.89-2.28) in decreased metabolizers (with 1 or 2 loss-of-function allele). The increased risk of MACEs was similar in 4 classes of PPIs (omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, and pantoprazole), but rabeprazole (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.55-1.95) wasn't.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination use of clopidogrel and certain types of PPIs (omeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole) increases the risk of MACE in patients with coronary artery disease. Only in the RMs of CYP2C19, PPIs were associated with significantly increased MACE in patients coadministered with clopidogrel.
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.|2 Department of Clinical Medicine (Seven-Year), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Niu
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Zhongsu
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Jiangrong
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Pei
authors: P
authors: Zhang
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Cong
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Xiangcui
authors: X
authors: Yin
authors: 1 Department of Cardiology, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors: Yinglong
authors: Y
authors: Hou
keywords: clopidogrel; cytochrome P450 CYP2C19; major adverse cardiovascular events; meta-analysis; proton pump inhibitors