title: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional left ventricular deformation analysis: a study in competitive athletes.
abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has clarified functional adaptations accompanying the morphological features of 'athlete's heart'. However, 2D STE has some limitations, potentially overcome by three-dimensional (3D) STE. Unfortunately, discrepancies between 2D- and 3D STE have been described. We therefore sought to evaluate whether dimensional and functional differences exist between athletes and controls and whether 2D and 3D left ventricular (LV) strains differ in athletes. One hundred sixty-one individuals (91 athletes, 70 controls) were analysed. Athletes were members of professional sports teams. 2D and 3D echocardiography and STE were used to assess LV size and function. Bland-Altman analysis was used to estimate the level of agreement between 2D and 3D STE. Athletes had greater 2D and 3D-derived LV dimensions and LV mass (p < 0.0001 for all), while 2D- and 3D-derived LV ejection fraction did not differ as compared with controls (p = 0.82 and p = 0.89, respectively). Longitudinal, radial, and circumferential strains did not differ between athletes and controls, neither by 2D nor by 3D STE. Three-dimensional longitudinal and circumferential strain values were lower (p < 0.0001 for both) while 3D radial strain was greater, as compared with 2D STE (p < 0.001). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated the presence of an absolute systematic error between 2D and 3D STE to analyse LV myocardial deformation. 3D STE is a useful and feasible technique for the assessment of myocardial deformation with the potential to overcome the limitations of 2D imaging. However, discrepancies exist between 2D and 3D-derived strain suggesting that 2D and 3D STE are not interchangeable.
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy. flavio.dascenzi@unisi.it.
authors: Flavio
authors: F
authors: D'Ascenzi
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Solari
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Mazzolai
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Cameli
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Lisi
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Andrei
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Focardi
authors: Department of Medicine, Surgery, and NeuroScience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Bonifazi
authors: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Viale M. Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Mondillo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D059267:Cardiomegaly, Exercise-Induced; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Athlete’s heart; Exercise; Remodeling; Speckle-tracking echocardiography; Strain; Training