title: Metabolites of the PAH diol epoxide pathway and other urinary biomarkers of phenanthrene and pyrene in workers with and without exposure to bitumen fumes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the diol epoxide pathway of phenanthrene (PHE) together with phenolic metabolites of PHE and pyrene (PYR) in workers with and without exposure to bitumen fumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The metabolite concentrations were determined in urine samples collected from 91 mastic asphalt workers and 42 construction workers as reference group before and after shift. During shift, vapours and aerosols of bitumen were measured according to a German protocol in the workers' breathing zone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median concentration of vapours and aerosols of bitumen in mastic asphalt workers was 6.3 mg/m3. Metabolite concentrations were highest in post-shift urines of smokers with bitumen exposure and showed an increase during shift. The Spearman correlations between the creatinine-adjusted concentrations of metabolites and vapours and aerosols of bitumen in non-smokers were weak (e.g. sum of Di-OH-PYR: 0.28) or negligible (e.g. 1,2-PHE-diol: 0.08; PHE-tetrol: 0.12). Metabolites from the diol epoxide pathway of PHE were excreted in higher concentrations than phenolic metabolites (post-shift, non-smoking asphalt workers: 1,2-PHE-diol 2.59 µg/g crea vs. sum of all OH-PHE 1.87 µg/g crea). 1,2-PHE-diol was weakly correlated with PHE-tetrol (Spearman coefficient 0.30), an endpoint of the diol epoxide pathway. By contrast, we found a close correlation between the sum of 1,6-DiOH-PYR and 1,8-DiOH-PYR with 1-OH-PYR (Spearman coefficient 0.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most urinary PAH metabolites were higher after shift in bitumen-exposed workers, although the association with bitumen was weak or negligible likely due to the small PAH content. The additional metabolites of PHE and PYR complete the picture of the complex metabolic pathways. Nevertheless, none of the PAH metabolites can be considered to be a specific biomarker for bitumen exposure.
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Lotz
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Beate
authors: B
authors: Pesch
authors: Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Lurup 4, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Dettbarn
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Raulf
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Welge
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Hans-Peter
authors: HP
authors: Rihs
authors: Institute for Occupational Safety of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
authors: Dietmar
authors: D
authors: Breuer
authors: Institute for Occupational Safety of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Gabriel
authors: Institute for Occupational Safety of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Alte Heerstraße 111, 53757, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
authors: Jens-Uwe
authors: JU
authors: Hahn
authors: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Brüning
authors: Biochemical Institute for Environmental Carcinogens, Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation, Lurup 4, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany. albrecht.seidel@biu-grimmer.de.
authors: Albrecht
authors: A
authors: Seidel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D060389:Construction Industry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000652:urine*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D011721:Pyrenes; C456879:mastic asphalt; C031181:phenanthrene; C006647:asphalt; C030984:pyrene
keywords: Biomonitoring; Bitumen; Mastic asphalt; Phenanthrene metabolites; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Pyrene metabolites