title: The role of passive sampling in monitoring the environmental impacts of produced water discharges from the Norwegian oil and gas industry.
abstract: Stringent and periodic iteration of regulations related to the monitoring of chemical releases from the offshore oil and gas industry requires the use of ever changing, rapidly developing and technologically advancing techniques. Passive samplers play an important role in water column monitoring of produced water (PW) discharge to seawater under Norwegian regulation, where they are used to; i) measure aqueous concentrations of pollutants, ii) quantify the exposure of caged organisms and investigate PW dispersal, and iii) validate dispersal models. This article summarises current Norwegian water column monitoring practice and identifies research and methodological gaps for the use of passive samplers in monitoring. The main gaps are; i) the range of passive samplers used should be extended, ii) differences observed in absolute concentrations accumulated by passive samplers and organisms should be understood, and iii) the link between PW discharge concentrations and observed acute and sub-lethal ecotoxicological end points in organisms should be investigated.
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: sarah.hale@ngi.no.
authors: Sarah E
authors: SE
authors: Hale
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Amy M P
authors: AMP
authors: Oen
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (UMB), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 Ås, Norway; Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Gerard
authors: G
authors: Cornelissen
authors: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Michiel T O
authors: MTO
authors: Jonker
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Ivar-Kristian
authors: IK
authors: Waarum
authors: Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Espen
authors: E
authors: Eek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D049872:Bivalvia; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009664:Norway; D000066388:Oil and Gas Industry; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Alkylphenol; Caged organisms; Ecotoxicological effects; Oil industry; Passive sampling; Water column monitoring