title: Effectiveness of repetitive trancranial or peripheral magnetic stimulation in neuropathic pain.
abstract: Maladaptive plasticity in the sensorimotor system, following neurological lesions or diseases, plays a central role in the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Repetitive magnetic stimulation of the central and peripheral nervous system has gained relevance as noninvasive approach for neuromodulation and pain relief. Systematic reviews that evaluate the effectiveness and specificity of different protocols of repetitive magnetic stimulation to control neuropathic pain in clinical populations have the potential to improve the therapeutic applicability of this technique.
  
  
  
  Studies whose primary goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of repetitive magnetic stimulation for the treatment of various types of neuropathic pain published in PubMed until August 2015 have been included in this systematic review.
  
  
  
  A total of 39 articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were analyzed of which 37 studies investigated pain modulation using repetitive magnetic stimulation over the motor or non-motor cortices and two studies evaluated pain modulation using repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation protocols.
  
  
  
  Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex using high frequency stimulation protocols can effectively reduce neuropathic pain, particularly in individuals with pain related to non-cerebral lesions. The application of multiple sessions can lead to long-lasting pain modulation and cumulative effects. Implications for Rehabilitation Maladaptive plasticity plays a central role in sensitization of nociceptive pathways, generation and maintainance of neuropathic pain; Most neuropathic pain conditions are refractory to pharmacological therapies; Repetitive magnetic stimulation of the central and peripheral nervous system has gained relevance as noninvasive approach for neuromodulation and pain relief.
authors: a Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Adscrit a la UAB , Badalona, Barcelona , Spain.|b Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain.|c Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona, Barcelona , Spain.
authors: Hatice
authors: H
authors: Kumru
authors: d Texas A&M University, TAMU , TX , USA.
authors: Sergiu
authors: S
authors: Albu
authors: a Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Adscrit a la UAB , Badalona, Barcelona , Spain.|b Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain.|c Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona, Barcelona , Spain.
authors: Joan
authors: J
authors: Vidal
authors: a Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Adscrit a la UAB , Badalona, Barcelona , Spain.|b Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès , Spain.|c Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona, Barcelona , Spain.
authors: Josep Maria
authors: JM
authors: Tormos
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
keywords: Analgesia; neuropathic pain; repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; treatment