title: Evaluation of antifungal activity of standardized extract of Salvia rhytidea Benth. (Lamiaceae) against various Candida isolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Salvia species have long been described in traditional medicine for various indications. Owing to the widespread use of this genus by ethnic populations, especially for various infections ranging from skin disease to gastrointestinal disorders, we were encouraged to determine whether Salvia rhytidea could be effective against fungal infections. Given the increased incidence of candidiasis in the past decade, limits on the use of antifungal drugs, emergence of azole-resistant Candida species and increased incidence of treatment failures, it is necessary to identify a novel agent with antifungal properties. Aim of the study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of S. rhytidea against various Candida isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, at first rosmarinic acid content of plant extract was determined. A total of 96 Candida isolates were tested, including the following species: Candida albicans (n=42), Candida glabrata (n=16), Candida tropicalis (n=11), Candida krusei (n=9), Candida parapsilosis (n=9), Candida lusitaniae (n=7) and Candida guilliermondii (n=2). The in vitro antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of S. rhytidea Benth. was evaluated against Candida isolates and compared with that of the standard antifungal drug nystatin by using a broth microdilution method, according to CLSI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phytochemical screening results showed that the methanolic extract of S. rhytidea Benth. was rich in flavonoids and tannins. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of S. rhytidea Benth. ranged from 3.125 to>100μg/ml and 6.25 to>100μg/ml respectively. The growth inhibition value displayed that C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. albicans isolates were most susceptible to S. rhytidea.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings show that S. rhytidea possesses an antifungal effect against Candida isolates.
authors: Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Electronic address: sa_salari@kmu.ac.ir.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Salari
authors: Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Bakhshi
authors: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Sharififar
authors: Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Naseri
authors: Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Ghasemi Nejad Almani
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000382:microbiology*; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D053630:Depsides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000592:standards; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D002934:Cinnamates; D053630:Depsides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000097123:Rosmarinic Acid
keywords: Antifungal susceptibility; Broth microdilution method; Candida; La méthode de microdilution en bouillon; Salvia rhytidea; Sensibilité aux antifongiques