title: Prevalence of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Given the rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Bangladesh, an improved understanding of the epidemiology of CVD risk factors is needed. Therefore, we reviewed published studies on CVD modifiable risk factors e.g., Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia and smoking as well as studies on CVDs and conducted a meta-analysis of risk factors and disease prevalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the GLOBAL HEALTH, MEDLINE, EMBASE 'BanglaJol' databases for all studies in English on CVDs and its associated modifiable risk factors. Random effects meta-analysis methods were used to estimate pooled prevalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 74 eligible studies (outcome: T2DM = 32, HTN = 24, dyslipidaemia = 8 and smoking = 25; CVDs = 10). Due to high between study heterogeneity (p<0.001, I2> 95%) in the prevalence of CVD risk factors, we presented median and interquartile range (IQR) instead of the pooled estimates as the summary measures. Median (IQR) prevalence of T2DM, HTN, dyslipidemia and smoking were 5.9% (1.97%-8.25%); 15.1% (10.52%-17.60%); 34.35% (10.66%-48.50%) and 40.56% (0.80%-55.95%), respectively. The prevalence of T2DM and dyslipidemia were significantly higher in urban compared to rural populations (13.5 vs 6%, p<0.001; 41.5 vs 30%, p = 0.007, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of risk factors for CVDs is high in Bangladesh, more so in urban areas. Ageing of the population may be a factor but urbanization seems to have an influence, possibly related to changes in dietary and physical activity patterns. Further research, in particular longitudinal studies, is needed to explore the complex interaction of these factors and to inform policies and programs for the prevention and management of CVDs in Bangladesh.
authors: The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.|Department of Epidemiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), 125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
authors: Kaniz
authors: K
authors: Fatema
authors: The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Nicholas Arnold
authors: NA
authors: Zwar
authors: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (CCEB), The School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2008, Australia.
authors: Abul Hasnat
authors: AH
authors: Milton
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, BUHS, 125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
authors: Liaquat
authors: L
authors: Ali
authors: The School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Bayzidur
authors: B
authors: Rahman
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology