title: Risk Factors for Gallbladder Cancer in Nepal a Case Control Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gall bladder cancer (GBC) is highly fatal disease with poor prognosis, with a 5 year survival rate of <10%. It is relatively rare cancer worldwide; however it is the sixth cancer and second most common gastrointestinal tract cancer in Nepalese women. The study focused on associations of certain demographic, lifestyle, dietary, and reproductive factors with gall bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a hospitalbased matched case control study on newly diagnosed cases of primary GBC at BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital. Controls were healthy nonGBC relatives of cancer patients, matched for age, sex and marital status (in case of females) with cases at a ratio of 1:2. Data were collected between April 2012April 2013 by semi structured interview from both cases and controls. Analyses were carried out with SPSS. Conditional logistic regression was used to find odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for bivariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 50 cases and 100 controls were enrolled in this study. On bivariate analysis, factors found to be significantly associated with gallbladder cancer were illiteracy (OR= 3.29, CI= 1.0610.2), history of gallstone disease (OR=27.6, CI=6.57, 115.6), current smoker (OR=2.42, CI=1.005 5.86), early menarche <13 years (OR=2.64, CI=1.096.44), high parity more than 3 (OR=3.12, CI=1.25,7.72), and use of mustard oil (OR=3.63, CI=1.40, 9.40). A significant protective effect was seen with high consumption of fruits at least once a week (OR=0.101, CI=0.030.35). On multivariate analysis, history of gallstone disease, early menarche, current smoker and high consumption of fruits persisted as significant factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  History of gallstone disease, cigarette smoking and early menarche were associated with increased risk of gallbladder cancer while high consumption of fruits was found to have a protective effect.
authors: Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal Email : paras.k.pokharel@gmail.com.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Tamrakar
authors: Is
authors: I
authors: Paudel
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Adhikary
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Rauniyar
authors: Pk
authors: P
authors: Pokharel
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate