title: The effect of loading rate on the development of early damage in articular cartilage.
abstract: Experimental reports suggest that cartilage damage depends on strain magnitude. Additionally, because of its poro-viscoelastic nature, strain magnitude in cartilage can depend on strain rate. The present study explores whether cartilage damage may develop dependent on strain rate, even when the presented damage numerical model is strain-dependent but not strain-rate-dependent. So far no experiments have been distinguished whether rate-dependent cartilage damage occurs in the collagen or in the non-fibrillar network. Thus, this research presents a finite element analysis model where, among others, collagen and non-fibrillar matrix are incorporated as well as a strain-dependent damage mechanism for these components. Collagen and non-fibrillar matrix stiffness decrease when a given strain is reached until complete failure upon reaching a maximum strain. With such model, indentation experiments at increasing strain rates were simulated on cartilage plugs and damage development was monitored over time. Collagen damage increased with increasing strain rate from 21 to 42 %. In contrast, damage in the non-fibrillar matrix decreased with increasing strain rates from 72 to 34 %. Damage started to develop at a depth of approximately 20 % of the sample height, and this was more pronounced for the slow and modest loading rates. However, the most severe damage at the end of the compression step occurred at the surface for the plugs subjected to 120 mm/min strain rate. In conclusion, the present study confirms that the location and magnitude of damage in cartilage may be strongly dependent on strain rate, even when damage occurs solely through a strain-dependent damage mechanism.
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Párraga Quiroga
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Wilson
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ito
authors: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. c.c.v.donkelaar@tue.nl.
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: van Donkelaar
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen
keywords: Articular cartilage; Collagen damage; Finite element analysis; Loading rate