title: Anthocyanins protect against LPS-induced oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the adult mouse cortex.
abstract: Several studies provide evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key mediators of various neurological disorders. Anthocyanins are polyphenolic compounds and are well known for their anti-oxidant and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of anthocyanins (extracted from black soybean) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ROS-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the adult mouse cortex. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS (250 μg/kg) for 7 days triggers elevated ROS and oxidative stress, which induces neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the adult mouse cortex. Treatment with 24 mg/kg/day of anthocyanins for 14 days in LPS-injected mice (7 days before and 7 days co-treated with LPS) attenuated elevated ROS and oxidative stress compared to mice that received LPS-injection alone. The immunoblotting results showed that anthocyanins reduced the level of the oxidative stress kinase phospho-c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 (p-JNK). The immunoblotting and morphological results showed that anthocyanins treatment significantly reduced LPS-induced-ROS-mediated neuroinflammation through inhibition of various inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, TNF-α and the transcription factor NF-kB. Anthocyanins treatment also reduced activated astrocytes and microglia in the cortex of LPS-injected mice, as indicated by reductions in GFAP and Iba-1, respectively. Anthocyanins also prevent overexpression of various apoptotic markers, i.e., Bax, cytosolic cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP-1. Immunohistochemical fluoro-jade B (FJB) and Nissl staining indicated that anthocyanins prevent LPS-induced neurodegeneration in the mouse cortex. Our results suggest that dietary flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, have antioxidant and neuroprotective activities that could be beneficial to various neurological disorders.
authors: Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Muhammad Sohail
authors: MS
authors: Khan
authors: Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tahir
authors: T
authors: Ali
authors: Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Min Woo
authors: MW
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Myeung Hoon
authors: MH
authors: Jo
authors: Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Min Gi
authors: MG
authors: Jo
authors: Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Haroon
authors: H
authors: Badshah
authors: Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mokim@gnu.ac.k.
authors: Myeong Ok
authors: MO
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Anthocyanins; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species (ROS)