title: Characterization of polymeric pigments and pyranoanthocyanins formed in microfermentations of non-Saccharomyces yeasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the influence of non-Saccharomyces yeasts on the pyranoanthocyanins and polymeric pigments formation after the addition of (+)-catechin and procyanidin B2 to fresh red grape must.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fermentation of red grape musts was done with non-Saccharomyces yeasts either alone or in sequential fermentations with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species. The characterization of both pyranoanthocyanin and polymeric pigments has been carried out with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS). Red wines were also characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC-FID) and spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). It has been observed that fermentation with the species Schizosaccharomyces pombe led to higher concentrations of pigments of all types: anthocyanins, polymeric pigments and pyranoanthocyanins, particularly vitisin A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts improve the formation of stable pigments in red wines thanks to the differences in the microbial metabolism from among the yeasts studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colour stability as one of the main organoleptic properties in red wines, may be improved by the controlled use of selected non-Saccharomyces yeasts during red must fermentation.
authors: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Escott
authors: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. antonio.morata@upm.es.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Morata
authors: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Loira
authors: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Tesfaye
authors: enotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agronomic Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Suarez-Lepe
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D002392:Catechin / Q000378:metabolism; D003116:Color; D005285:Fermentation; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D012568:Schizosaccharomyces / Q000378:metabolism; D027843:Vitis; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis; D015003:Yeasts / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D044946:Biflavonoids; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C479580:procyanidin B2; D002392:Catechin
keywords: fermentation biotechnology; polymeric pigments; pyranoanthocyanins; wine; yeasts