title: The undescended testis: Clinical management and scientific advances.
abstract: Undescended testes (UDT), where one or both testes fail to migrate to the base of the scrotum, can be congenital (2-5% of newborn males) or acquired (1-2% of males). The testis may be found in any position along its usual line of descent. Cryptorchidism affects the developing testicular germ cells and increases the risk of infertility and malignancy. Clinical management aims to preserve spermatogenesis and prevent the increased risk of seminoma. Examination to document the testicular position will guide the need for imaging, medical management and the surgical approach to orchidopexy.
authors: Douglas Stephens Surgical Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Jaya
authors: J
authors: Vikraman
authors: Douglas Stephens Surgical Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Urology, The Royal Children׳s Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Electronic address: john.hutson@rch.org.au.
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Hutson
authors: Douglas Stephens Surgical Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Ruili
authors: R
authors: Li
authors: Department of Paediatric Surgery and Surgical Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Jorgen
authors: J
authors: Thorup
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
keywords: Classification; Cryptorchidism; Imaging; Surgical management; Testicular descent; Undescended testis