title: Action Sport Cameras as an Instrument to Perform a 3D Underwater Motion Analysis.
abstract: Action sport cameras (ASC) are currently adopted mainly for entertainment purposes but their uninterrupted technical improvements, in correspondence of cost decreases, are going to disclose them for three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis in sport gesture study and athletic performance evaluation quantitatively. Extending this technology to sport analysis however still requires a methodologic step-forward to making ASC a metric system, encompassing ad-hoc camera setup, image processing, feature tracking, calibration and 3D reconstruction. Despite traditional laboratory analysis, such requirements become an issue when coping with both indoor and outdoor motion acquisitions of athletes. In swimming analysis for example, the camera setup and the calibration protocol are particularly demanding since land and underwater cameras are mandatory. In particular, the underwater camera calibration can be an issue affecting the reconstruction accuracy. In this paper, the aim is to evaluate the feasibility of ASC for 3D underwater analysis by focusing on camera setup and data acquisition protocols. Two GoPro Hero3+ Black (frequency: 60Hz; image resolutions: 1280×720/1920×1080 pixels) were located underwater into a swimming pool, surveying a working volume of about 6m3. A two-step custom calibration procedure, consisting in the acquisition of one static triad and one moving wand, carrying nine and one spherical passive markers, respectively, was implemented. After assessing camera parameters, a rigid bar, carrying two markers at known distance, was acquired in several positions within the working volume. The average error upon the reconstructed inter-marker distances was less than 2.5mm (1280×720) and 1.5mm (1920×1080). The results of this study demonstrate that the calibration of underwater ASC is feasible enabling quantitative kinematic measurements with accuracy comparable to traditional motion capture systems.
authors: Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors: Gustavo R D
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-9504
authors: GR
authors: Bernardina
authors: Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Itália.
authors: Pietro
authors: P
authors: Cerveri
authors: Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors: Ricardo M L
authors: RM
authors: Barros
authors: Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors: João C B
authors: JC
authors: Marins
authors: Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors: Amanda P
authors: AP
authors: Silvatti
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002138:Calibration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D009068:Movement; D013177:Sports; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water; D057188:Workflow
chemical_list: D014867:Water