title: An integrated model for the effects of self-reflection and clinical experiential learning on clinical nursing performance in nursing students: A longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of clinical simulation in undergraduate nursing programs in Taiwan has gradually increased over the past 5years. Previous research has shown that students' experience of anxiety during simulated laboratory sessions influences their self-reflection and learning effectiveness. Thus, further study that tracks what influences students' clinical performance in actual clinical sites is vital.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study is to develop an integrated model that considers the associations among anxiety, self-reflection, and learning effectiveness and to understand how this model applies to student nurses' clinical performance while on clinical placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a correlational and longitudinal study design.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 80 nursing students, who ranged in age from 19 to 21 (mean=20.38, SD=0.56), were recruited from a nursing school in southern Taiwan. Data were collected during three phases of implementation using four questionnaires. During the first phase, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Simulation Learning Effectiveness Scale (SLES), and Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) were used after students completed the simulation course in the school simulation laboratory. Nursing students also completed the Holistic Nursing Competence Scale at 2months (Phase 2) and 4months (Phase 3) after clinical practice experience. In Phase 3, students again completed the STAI and SRIS. Partial least squares (PLS), a structural equation modeling (SEM) procedure, was used to test the research model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed that: (1) at the start of the simulation laboratory, anxiety had a significant negative effect on students' simulation learning effectiveness (SLE; β=-0.14, p<0.05) and on self-reflection with insight (SRI; β=-0.52, p<0.01). Self-reflection also had a significant positive effect on simulation learning effectiveness (β=0.37, p<0.01). Anxiety had a significant negative effect on students' nursing competence during the first 2months of practice in a clinical nursing site (β=-0.20, p<0.01). Simulation learning effectiveness and self-reflection and insight also had a significant positive effect on nursing competence during the first 2months of practice in a clinical site (β=0.13; β=0.16, p<0.05), respectively; and (2) when students practice in a clinical setting, their previous experience of nursing competence during the first 2months of clinical care and their self-reflection and insight have a significant positive effect on their 4-month nursing competence (β=0.58; β=0.27, p<0.01). Anxiety, however, had a negative effect on 4-month nursing competence but not significantly. Overall, 41% of the variance in clinical nursing performance was accounted for by the variables in the integrated model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights that self-reflection with insight and clinical experience may help students to deflect anxiety that may influence the development of clinical competence. Of note is that real-life clinical experience has a stronger effect on enhancing clinical performance than does a simulation experience.
authors: Department of Nursing, Chung-Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C. Electronic address: pai55215@ms41.hinet.net.
authors: Hsiang-Chu
authors: HC
authors: Pai
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D013624:Taiwan; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Competence; Experiential learning; Insight; Nursing students; Self-reflection