title: Association between sleep bruxism and alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, and drug abuse: A systematic review.
abstract: The aim of this systematic review was to answer the focused question, "In adults, is there any association between sleep bruxism (SB) and alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, or drug abuse?"
  
  
  
  This systematic review included studies in which the investigators assessed SB diagnosis by using questionnaires, clinical assessment, or polysomnography and evaluated its association with alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, or drug abuse. The authors graded SB as possible, probable, or definitive. The authors developed specific search strategies for Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, PsycINFO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The authors searched the gray literature by using Google Scholar and ProQuest. The authors evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies by using the Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument.
  
  
  
  From among 818 studies, the authors selected 7 for inclusion in which samples ranged from 51 through 10,229 participants. SB was associated highly with alcohol and tobacco use. In 1 study, the investigators noted a positive and weak association for heavy coffee drinkers. The odds for SB seem to increase almost 2 times for those who drank alcohol, almost 1.5 times for those who drank more than 8 cups of coffee per day, and more than 2 times for those who were current smokers. The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine associated with SB remained without sufficient evidence.
  
  
  
  On the basis of limited evidence, SB was associated positively with alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco. The association between the studied drugs could not be discredited; however, there is still a need for stronger evidence based on studies with greater methodological rigor.
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Bertazzo-Silveira
authors: Cristian Maikel
authors: CM
authors: Kruger
authors: Isabela
authors: I
authors: Porto De Toledo
authors: André Luís
authors: AL
authors: Porporatti
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Dick
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Flores-Mir
authors: Graziela
authors: G
authors: De Luca Canto
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D020186:Sleep Bruxism / Q000139:chemically induced*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Alcohol abuse; bruxism; caffeine; drug abuse; review literature; tobacco smoking