title: Shining light on neurosurgery diagnostics using Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Surgical excision of brain tumors provides a means of cytoreduction and diagnosis while minimizing neurologic deficit and improving overall survival. Despite advances in functional and three-dimensional stereotactic navigation and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging, delineating tissue in real time with physiological confirmation is challenging. Raman spectroscopy is a promising investigative and diagnostic tool for neurosurgery, which provides rapid, non-destructive molecular characterization in vivo or in vitro for biopsy, margin assessment, or laboratory uses. The Raman Effect occurs when light temporarily changes a bond's polarizability, causing change in the vibrational frequency, with a corresponding change in energy/wavelength of the scattered photon. The recorded inelastic scattering results in a "fingerprint" or Raman spectrum of the constituent under investigation. The amount, location, and intensity of peaks in the fingerprint vary based on the amount of vibrational bonds in a molecule and their ensemble interactions with each other. Distinct differences between various pathologic conditions are shown as different intensities of the same peak, or shifting of a peak based on the binding conformation. Raman spectroscopy has potential for integration into clinical practice, particularly in distinguishing normal and diseased tissue as an adjunct to standard pathologic diagnosis. Further, development of fiber-optic Raman probes that fit through the instrument port of a standard endoscope now allows researchers and clinicians to utilize spectroscopic information for evaluation of in vivo tissue. This review highlights the need for such an instrument, summarizes neurosurgical Raman work performed to date, and discusses the future applications of neurosurgical Raman spectroscopy.
authors: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors: Brandy
authors: B
authors: Broadbent
authors: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Tseng
authors: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Kast
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Noh
authors: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Brusatori
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. skalkan1@hfhs.org.|Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. skalkan1@hfhs.org.
authors: Steven N
authors: SN
authors: Kalkanis
authors: Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.|Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
authors: Gregory W
authors: GW
authors: Auner
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Diagnostics; In vivo; Intraoperative; Molecular signature; Raman spectroscopy