title: Maternal gestational diabetes and childhood obesity at age 9-11: results of a multinational study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and childhood obesity at age 9-11 years in 12 countries around the world.
  
  
  
  A multinational cross-sectional study of 4740 children aged 9-11 years was conducted. Maternal GDM was diagnosed according to the ADA or WHO criteria. Height and waist circumference were measured using standardised methods. Weight and body fat were measured using a portable Tanita SC-240 Body Composition Analyzer. Multilevel modelling was used to account for the nested nature of the data.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of reported maternal GDM was 4.3%. The overall prevalence of childhood obesity, central obesity and high body fat were 12.3%, 9.9% and 8.1%, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted (maternal age at delivery, education, infant feeding mode, gestational age, number of younger siblings, child unhealthy diet pattern scores, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sleeping time, sedentary time, sex and birthweight) odds ratios among children of GDM mothers compared with children of non-GDM mothers were 1.53 (95% CI 1.03, 2.27) for obesity, 1.73 (95% CI 1.14, 2.62) for central obesity and 1.42 (95% CI 0.90, 2.26) for high body fat. The positive association was still statistically significant for central obesity after additional adjustment for current maternal BMI but was no longer significant for obesity and high body fat.
  
  
  
  Maternal GDM was associated with increased odds of childhood obesity at 9-11 years old but this association was not fully independent of maternal BMI.
authors: Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin, China.
authors: Pei
authors: P
authors: Zhao
authors: Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin, China.
authors: Enqing
authors: E
authors: Liu
authors: Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin, China.|Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
authors: Yijuan
authors: Y
authors: Qiao
authors: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
authors: Peter T
authors: PT
authors: Katzmarzyk
authors: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors: Jean-Philippe
authors: JP
authors: Chaput
authors: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Fogelholm
authors: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
authors: William D
authors: WD
authors: Johnson
authors: St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Kuriyan
authors: St Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
authors: Anura
authors: A
authors: Kurpad
authors: Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Estelle V
authors: EV
authors: Lambert
authors: Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Maher
authors: CIFI2D, Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors: José A R
authors: JAR
authors: Maia
authors: Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Victor
authors: V
authors: Matsudo
authors: Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Olds
authors: Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Onywera
authors: School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors: Olga L
authors: OL
authors: Sarmiento
authors: Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
authors: Martyn
authors: M
authors: Standage
authors: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Tremblay
authors: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.|Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA.
authors: Catrine
authors: C
authors: Tudor-Locke
authors: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA. gang.hu@pbrc.edu.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Hu
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D055105:Waist Circumference / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Children; Gestational diabetes; Obesity