title: Three-dimensional corrective osteotomies of complex malunited humeral fractures using patient-specific guides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corrective osteotomies of malunited fractures of the proximal and distal humerus are among the most demanding orthopedic procedures. Whereas the restoration of the normal humeral anatomy is the ultimate goal, the quantification of the deformity as well as the transfer of the preoperative plan is challenging. The purpose of this study was to provide a guideline for 3-dimensional (3D) corrective osteotomies of malunited intra-articular fractures of the humerus and a detailed overview of existing and novel instruments to enlarge the toolkit for 3D preoperative planning and intraoperative realization using patient-specific guides.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe the preoperative 3D deformity analysis, relevant considerations for the preoperative plan, design of the patient-specific guides, and surgical technique of corrective osteotomies of the humerus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presented technique demonstrates the benefit of computer-assisted surgery for complex osteotomies of the humerus from a preoperative deformity analysis to the creation of feasible surgical procedures and the generation of patient-specific guides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 3D analysis of a post-traumatic deformity of the humerus, 3D preoperative planning, and use of patient-specific guides facilitate corrective osteotomies of complex malunited humeral fractures.
authors: Computer Assisted Research and Development Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Computer Vision Laboratory, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: lvlachopoulos@card.balgrist.ch.
authors: Lazaros
authors: L
authors: Vlachopoulos
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Schweizer
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Dominik C
authors: DC
authors: Meyer
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Gerber
authors: Computer Assisted Research and Development Group, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Fürnstahl
mesh_terms: D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
keywords: Three-dimensional; capitulum; corrective osteotomy; fan-shaped; humerus; intra-articular; patient-specific guides; ramp