title: Environmental factors in the etiology of isolated and nonisolated esophageal atresia in a Chinese population: A case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophageal atresia (EA) is a common birth defect that occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), although etiological studies on EA/TEF have produced inconsistent results.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to examine the association between environmental factors during pregnancy and the risk of EA/TEF in a Chinese population. Cases of isolated EA and nonisolated EA and unaffected controls were identified between July 2005 and November 2015, and face-to-face questionnaires concerning exposure to environmental factors were administered to the birth mothers of 130 cases and 400 controls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the association between environmental factors and the risk of EA/TEF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this case-control study suggest that lower maternal education (p < 0.0001), maternal binge drinking (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.05-6.6) and pickled food consumption (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.31-3.71) during pregnancy increase the risk of EA in offspring, while maternal folic acid supplementation (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.71) is significantly associated with a decreased risk of EA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a role for environmental exposures in the etiology of EA/TEF; however, further studies are needed to replicate the observed associations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:840-846, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Feng
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Runsen
authors: R
authors: Chen
authors: Children's Health Care, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Xiaonan
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. mohsuming15@sina.com.
authors: Xuming
authors: X
authors: Mo
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Chinese; case-control study; environmental risk factors; esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula; pickled food consumption