title: Risk Factors and Outcome Analysis in Children with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.
abstract: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the common causes of poisoning in patients and can result in significant morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have focused on the pediatric group.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively reviewed children (age < 18 years) with CO poisoning from nonfire accidents at a tertiary medical center in Taiwan from 2002 to 2010. We analyzed the patients' characteristics, management, and outcome; compared the data of patients who received hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) to those who received normobaric oxygen (NBO) therapy; and identified the ri0sk factors for patients who developed delayed neurological sequelae (DNS) or permanent neurological sequelae (PNS).
  
  
  
  A total of 81 children were enrolled. The annual case number increased from five cases in 2002 to 20 in 2010, particularly during the cold months (December to February). The most common source of exposure was an indoor heating system (54.3%). The most common presenting symptoms were vomiting (32.1%) and consciousness changes (30.9%). HBO treatment tended to be administered to patients with a higher initial COHb (%) (p < 0.001), an initial Glasgow coma scale change (p < 0.001), and admission to the hospital (p = 0.002). After multivariate analysis, treatment in the intensive care unit because of prolonged loss of consciousness (p = 0.002) was the only independent risk factor for patients with DNS; only rescue by a ventilator (p < 0.001) was an independent risk factor for patients with PNS. In comparison to the NBO therapy, HBO treatment did not show benefit or harm to patients according to the incidence of inducing DNS or PNS after multivariate analysis.
  
  
  
  For those with treatment in the intensive care unit because of prolonged loss of consciousness and rescue by a ventilator, special attention should be given and follow-up should be performed to determine whether DNS or PNS occurs, particularly epilepsy and cognitive deficits.
authors: Division of Pediatric General Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Ching
authors: YC
authors: Chang
authors: Division of Pediatric General Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Hao-Yuan
authors: HY
authors: Lee
authors: Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Jing-Long
authors: JL
authors: Huang
authors: College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Cheng-Hsun
authors: CH
authors: Chiu
authors: Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors: Chyi-Liang
authors: CL
authors: Chen
authors: Division of Pediatric General Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Electronic address: wct0722@gmail.com.
authors: Chang-Teng
authors: CT
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology; D002249:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan
keywords: carbon monoxide poisoning; neurological sequelae; outcome; risk factors