title: The Extended Family of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases.
abstract: In higher eukaryotes, the Tyr phosphorylation status of cellular proteins results from the coordinated action of Protein Tyrosine Kinases (PTKs) and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs have emerged as highly regulated enzymes with diverse substrate specificity, and proteins with Tyr-dephosphorylation or Tyr-dephosphorylation-like properties can be clustered as the PTPome. This includes proteins from the PTP superfamily, which display a Cys-based catalytic mechanism, as well as enzymes from other gene families (Asp-based phosphatases, His-based phosphatases) that have converged in protein Tyr-dephosphorylation-related functions by using non-Cys-based catalytic mechanisms. Within the Cys-based members of the PTPome, classical PTPs dephosphorylate specific phosphoTyr (pTyr) residues from protein substrates, whereas VH1-like dual-specificity PTPs dephosphorylate pTyr, pSer, and pThr residues, as well as nonproteinaceous substrates, including phosphoinositides and phosphorylated carbohydrates. In addition, several PTPs have impaired catalytic activity as a result of amino acid substitutions at their active sites, but retain regulatory functions related with pTyr signaling. As a result of their relevant biological activity, many PTPs are linked to human disease, including cancer, neurodevelopmental, and metabolic diseases, making these proteins important drug targets and molecular markers in the clinic. Here, a brief overview on the biochemistry and physiology of the different groups of proteins that belong to the mammalian PTPome is presented.
authors: Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain. andres@ibgm.uva.es.
authors: Andrés
authors: A
authors: Alonso
authors: Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.|Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
authors: Caroline E
authors: CE
authors: Nunes-Xavier
authors: Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.
authors: Yolanda
authors: Y
authors: Bayón
authors: Biocruces Health Research Institute, Pza Cruces s/n, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain. rpulidomurillo@gmail.com.|IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. rpulidomurillo@gmail.com.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Pulido
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
keywords: Asp-phosphatase; Dephosphorylation; His-based phosphatase; Lipid phosphatase; Phosphorylation; Tyrosine phosphatase