title: Detection of pulmonary fat embolism with dual-energy CT: an experimental study in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of dual-energy CT imaging of the lung perfused blood volume (PBV) for the detection of pulmonary fat embolism (PFE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dual-energy CT was performed in 24 rabbits before and 1 hour, 1 day, 4 days and 7 days after artificial induction of PFE via the right ear vein. CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and lung PBV images were evaluated by two radiologists, who recorded the presence, number, and location of PFE on a per-lobe basis. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CTPA and lung PBV for detecting PFE were calculated using histopathological evaluation as the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 144 lung lobes in 24 rabbits were evaluated and 70 fat emboli were detected on histopathological analysis. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 25.4 %, 98.6 %, and 62.5 % for CTPA, and 82.6 %, 76.0 %, and 79.2 % for lung PBV. Higher sensitivity (p < 0.001) and accuracy (p < 0.01), but lower specificity (p < 0.001), were found for lung PBV compared with CTPA. Dual-energy CT can detect PFE earlier than CTPA (all p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual-energy CT provided higher sensitivity and accuracy in the detection of PFE as well as earlier detection compared with conventional CTPA in this animal model study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Fat embolism occurs commonly in patients with traumatic bone injury. • Dual-energy CT improves diagnostic performance for pulmonary fat embolism detection. • Dual-energy CT can detect pulmonary fat embolism earlier than CTPA.
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors: Chun Xiang
authors: CX
authors: Tang
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors: Chang Sheng
authors: CS
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors: Yan E
authors: YE
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.|Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Ashley River Tower, MSC 226, 25 Courtenay Dr, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
authors: U Joseph
authors: UJ
authors: Schoepf
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Ashley River Tower, MSC 226, 25 Courtenay Dr, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
authors: Stefanie
authors: S
authors: Mangold
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Ashley River Tower, MSC 226, 25 Courtenay Dr, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
authors: B Devon
authors: BD
authors: Ball
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors: Zong Hong
authors: ZH
authors: Han
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Qi
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China. kevinzhlj@163.com.
authors: Long Jiang
authors: LJ
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210002, China.
authors: Guang Ming
authors: GM
authors: Lu
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004620:Embolism, Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011817:Rabbits; D015900:Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Animal model; CT pulmonary angiography; Dual-energy CT; Lung perfusion blood volume; Pulmonary fat embolism