title: Venous thromboembolism has the same risk factors as atherosclerosis: A PRISMA-compliant systemic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have shown that idiopathic pulmonary embolism is positively associated with other cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, suggesting a potentially important association between atherosclerosis risk factors and venous thromboembolism (VTE). We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation between risk factors for atherosclerosis and VTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  In December 2014, we searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies evaluating the associations between VTE and risk factors for atherosclerosis and pooled outcome data using random-effects meta-analysis. In addition, we analyzed publication bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three case-control and cohort studies with a total of 185,124 patients met the inclusion criteria. We found that participants with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m had a significantly higher prevalence of VTE than those with BMI <30 kg/m in both case-control studies (odds ratio [OR] = 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.78-3.35) and cohort studies (relative risk [RR] = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.79-3.17). VTE was more prevalent in patients with hypertension than without hypertension (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.06-1.84; RR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.11-1.67). The findings were similar for VTE prevalence between patients with and without diabetes (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.17-2.69; RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.20-1.66). Current smoking was significantly associated with VTE prevalence in case-control studies (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01-1.77), but not in cohort studies (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.96-1.72). In addition, we found that total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in patients with VTE than without VTE (weighted mean differences [WMD] = 8.94 mg/dL, 95% CI: 3.52-14.35 mg/dL, and WMD = 14.00 mg/dL, 95% CI: 8.85-19.16 mg/dL, respectively). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in patients with VTE than without VTE (WMD = -2.03 mg/dL, 95% CI: -3.42 to -0.63 mg/dL). Higher quality studies were more homogeneous, but confirmed the same significant associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our systematic review and meta-analysis, we observed a significant association between VTE and the risk factors for atherosclerosis. These results may make an important contribution to clinical practice regarding VTE treatment.
authors: Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Disease, Beijing, China Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors: Yuhong
authors: Y
authors: Mi
authors: Shufeng
authors: S
authors: Yan
authors: Yanhui
authors: Y
authors: Lu
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Chunsheng
authors: C
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol