title: The updated AMSA scorecard of conflict-of-interest policies: a survey of U.S. medical schools.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Best practices for conflict-of-interest (COI) policies in medical schools have evolved rapidly over the past decade, in part motivated by the American Medical Student Association (AMSA) scorecard that has publicly graded schools since 2007. This report describes the methodological update and impact of revisions to the scorecard in 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original AMSA scorecard (used annually from 2008 to 2013) was revised by a work group to improve its methodology and to increase the stringency of its criteria for scoring COI policies. All U.S. medical schools (both allopathic and osteopathic; n = 160) were invited to submit their COI policies to AMSA for scoring with the new scorecard; web site searches were used to acquire policy information for schools that did not submit. The authors developed a codebook and analyzed 14 distinct categories of COI policies, pertaining to activities such as industry-funded gifts, meals, educational events, site access for sales reps, and conflict-of-interest disclosure requirements. The analysis yielded four possible grades for each school: A, B, C, or I (incomplete). The authors compared 2014 grades with 2013 grades, and compared the distribution of grades of schools by type (allopathic vs. osteopathic) and geographical region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27 (16.9 %) medical schools scored A grades, indicating that their COI policies were strong, 81 (50.6 %) scored B, 25 (15.6 %) scored C and 26 (16.3 %) policies scored I. As compared to 2013, in 2014 fewer schools qualified for A grades (17.0 % vs. 26.0 %; p = 0.05). The grade distributions of allopathic and osteopathic schools were significantly different (p < 0.0001), with osteopathic schools more likely than allopathic schools to have incomplete policies. There were no significant grade differences by geographical region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The revised 2014 AMSA scorecard, with its more stringent criteria for evaluating COI policies, assigned fewer As and more Bs and Cs than in years past. This was the first study to identify schools with COI policies stronger than those recommended in 2008 by the Association of American Medical Colleges. Developing more stringent COI policies should be helpful in reducing the influence of pharmaceutical and device industry marketing on both trainees and faculty in American medical schools.
authors: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. daniel.carlat@gmail.com.|, P.O. Box 626, Newburyport, MA, 01950, USA. daniel.carlat@gmail.com.
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Carlat
authors: Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Teddy
authors: T
authors: Fagrelius
authors: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Reshma
authors: R
authors: Ramachandran
authors: Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors: Joseph S
authors: JS
authors: Ross
authors: The Pew Charitable Trusts, Washington DC, USA.
authors: Sallyann
authors: S
authors: Bergh
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000941:ethics; D037921:Gift Giving / Q000941:ethics; D006801:Humans; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D007396:Internship and Residency; D011050:Policy Making; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards*; D012952:Societies; D013337:Students, Medical; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014481:United States
keywords: Conflict of interest; Medical schools; Pharmaceutical industry interactions; Policies