title: The Ultrasonographic Determination of the Position of the Mental Foramen and its Relation to the Mandibular Premolar Teeth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The position of the mental foramen has been well researched in cadaver specimens, radiographically as well as intraoperatively. To our knowledge, this landmark study is the first to make use of ultrasonography in a study population to determine the position of the mental foramen in relation to the mandibular premolar teeth. Ultrasonography has great potential to further revolutionize the practice of medicine and dento-maxillofacial surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To make use of ultrasound to determine the position of the mental foramen and its relation to the mandibular premolar teeth.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred Black and Caucasian subjects were enrolled. A high frequency (8MHz) transducer (PLF.805ST) of a diagnostic ultrasound system (model SSA-510A) was applied above the inferior border of the mandible, just lateral to the mentum. With the marker of the transducer pointing cranially, the position of the mental foramen in relation to the closest mandibular premolar tooth was determined. The position was compared across race, sex and age groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All mental foramina (100%) were visualised. Overall the most frequent position of the mental foramen was in line with the long axis of the second premolar on the right (44%) and between the first and second premolars on the left (44%). There were no statistical differences (p >0.05) between race groups, sex and age groups with regard to the position of the mental foramen in relation to the mandibular premolars. However, in Blacks, the most frequent position of the mental foramen was in line with the long axis of the second premolar and in Caucasians the most common position was between the first and second premolars. The most frequent position of the mental foramen in females was in line with the long axis of the second premolar on the right and between the first and second premolars on the left. In males, the most frequent position of the mental foramen was in line with the long axis of the second premolar bilaterally. The most common position of the mental foramen in the age group category 18-30 years was between the first and second premolars. In patients aged 31-60 years the most frequent position was in line with the long axis of the second premolar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound is a sensitive modality to locate the mental foramen. There are differences in the most common position of the mental foramen with regard to the long axis of the premolar teeth. Ultrasonography has the potential to revolutionize the practice of dento-maxillofacial surgery.
authors: Lecturer and Senior Consultant, University of the Witwatersrand and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , Johannesburg, South Africa .
authors: Abdullah Ebrahim
authors: AE
authors: Laher
authors: Head of Academic and Clinical Department, University of the Witwatersrand and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , Johannesburg, South Africa .
authors: Feroza
authors: F
authors: Motara
authors: Lecturer and Senior Consultant, University of the Witwatersrand and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , Johannesburg, South Africa .
authors: Muhammed
authors: M
authors: Moolla
keywords: Dentistry; Emergency medicine; Mental nerve; Ultrasound