title: Modelling of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in the Red River basin (Vietnam).
abstract: Many studies have been published on the use of models to assess water quality through faecal contamination levels. However, the vast majority of this work has been conducted in developed countries and similar studies from developing countries in tropical regions are lacking. Here, we used the Seneque/Riverstrahler model to investigate the dynamics and seasonal distribution of total coliforms (TC), an indicator of faecal contamination, in the Red River (Northern Vietnam) and its upstream tributaries. The results of the model showed that, in general, the overall correlations between the simulated and observed values of TC follow a 1:1 relationship at all examined stations. They also showed that TC numbers were affected by both land use in terms of human and livestock populations and by hydrology (river discharge). We also developed a possible scenario based on the predicted changes in future demographics and land use in the Red River system for the 2050 horizon. Interestingly, the results showed only a limited increase of TC numbers compared with the present situation at all stations, especially in the upstream Vu Quang station and in the urban Ha Noi station. This is probably due to the dominance of diffuse sources of contamination relative to point sources. The model is to our knowledge one of the first mechanistic models able to simulate spatial and seasonal variations of microbial contamination (TC numbers) in the whole drainage network of a large regional river basin covering both urban and rural areas of a developing country.
authors: Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam. huongmtv.ctc@gmail.com.|iEES-Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot), CC237, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France. huongmtv.ctc@gmail.com.
authors: Huong Thi Mai
authors: HT
authors: Nguyen
authors: CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7619 METIS, Box 125, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Billen
authors: CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7619 METIS, Box 125, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
authors: Josette
authors: J
authors: Garnier
authors: iEES-Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot), CC237, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Rochelle-Newall
authors: IRD, UMR 5563 GET, Université Paul Sabatier, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Ribolzi
authors: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Ecologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Campus Plaine, CP221, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium.
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Servais
authors: Institute of Natural Product Chemistry, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors: Quynh Thi Phuong
authors: QT
authors: Le
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011156:Population Density; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D012621:Seasons; D014744:Vietnam; D014873:Water Pollutants; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Faecal coliforms; Future scenarios; Point and non-point sources; Sub-tropical watershed modelling; Water quality