title: Cold Sintering: A Paradigm Shift for Processing and Integration of Ceramics.
abstract: This paper describes a sintering technique for ceramics and ceramic-based composites, using water as a transient solvent to effect densification (i.e. sintering) at temperatures between room temperature and 200 °C. To emphasize the incredible reduction in sintering temperature relative to conventional thermal sintering this new approach is named the "Cold Sintering Process" (CSP). Basically CSP uses a transient aqueous environment to effect densification by a mediated dissolution-precipitation process. CSP of NaCl, alkali molybdates and V2 O5 with small concentrations of water are described in detail, but the process is extended and demonstrated for a diverse range of chemistries (oxides, carbonates, bromides, fluorides, chlorides and phosphates), multiple crystal structures, and multimaterial applications. Furthermore, the properties of selected CSP samples are demonstrated to be essentially equivalent as samples made by conventional thermal sintering.
authors: Materials Research Institute and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Guo
authors: Materials Research Institute and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors: Hanzheng
authors: H
authors: Guo
authors: Materials Research Institute and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors: Amanda L
authors: AL
authors: Baker
authors: Materials Research Institute, Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors: Michael T
authors: MT
authors: Lanagan
authors: Materials Research Institute and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors: Elizabeth R
authors: ER
authors: Kupp
authors: Materials Research Institute and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors: Gary L
authors: GL
authors: Messing
authors: Materials Research Institute and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. car4@psu.edu.
authors: Clive A
authors: 0000-0002-5478-2699
authors: CA
authors: Randall
keywords: ceramics; cold sintering; composites; hydrothermal synthesis; sintering