title: The Role of κ Opioid Receptor in Brain Ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous studies indicated that highly selective κ opioid receptor agonists could protect the brain, indicating an important role of κ opioid receptor agonist in brain ischemia. In this study, we investigated the role and related mechanisms of κ opioid receptor agonists in brain ischemia in a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The middle cerebral artery occlusion model was established by 120 minutes of ischemia followed by 24-hour reperfusion in male adult mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Various doses of salvinorin A, a highly selective and potent κ opioid receptor agonist, were administered intranasally 10 minutes after initiation of reperfusion. Norbinaltorphimine (2.5 mg/kg, IP) as a κ opioid receptor antagonist was administered in one group before administration of salvinorin A (50μg/kg) to investigate the specific role of κ opioid receptor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infarct volume, κ opioid receptor expression, and Evans blue extravasation in the brain, and neurobehavioral outcome were determined. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were performed to detect the activated caspase-3, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels to investigate the role of apoptosis and inflammation. κ opioid receptor expression was elevated significantly in the ischemic penumbral area compared with that in the nonischemic area. Salvinorin A reduced infarct volume and improved neurologic deficits dose-dependently. Salvinorin A at the dose of 50 μg/kg reduced Evans blue extravasation, suggesting reduced impairment of the blood-brain barrier and decreased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the penumbral areas. All these changes were blocked or alleviated by norbinaltorphimine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  κ opioid receptors were up-regulated and played a critical role in brain ischemia and reperfusion. κ opioid receptor activation could potentially protect the brain and improve neurologic outcome via blood-brain barrier protection, apoptosis reduction, and inflammation inhibition.
authors: 1Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.2Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.3Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.4Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors: Chunhua
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: Chunhua
authors: C
authors: Xi
authors: Xuan
authors: X
authors: Liang
authors: Jingyuan
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Diansan
authors: D
authors: Su
authors: Ted
authors: T
authors: Abel
authors: Renyu
authors: R
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D045785:Diterpenes, Clerodane; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; C051844:norbinaltorphimine; D009271:Naltrexone; C090499:salvinorin A