title: The impact of positive, negative and neutral stimuli in a virtual reality cognitive-motor rehabilitation task: a pilot study with stroke patients.
abstract: Virtual Reality (VR) based methods for stroke rehabilitation have mainly focused on motor rehabilitation, but there is increasing interest in integrating motor and cognitive training to increase similarity to real-world settings. Unfortunately, more research is needed for the definition of which type of content should be used in the design of these tools. One possibility is the use of emotional stimuli, which are known to enhance attentional processes. According to the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, as people age, the emotional salience arises for positive and neutral, but not for negative stimuli.
  
  
  
  For this study we developed a cognitive-motor VR task involving attention and short-term memory, and we investigated the impact of using emotional images of varying valence. The task consisted of finding a target image, shown for only two seconds, among fourteen neutral distractors, and selecting it through arm movements. After performing the VR task, a recall task took place and the patients had to identify the target images among a valence-matched number of distractors. Ten stroke patients participated in a within-subjects experiment with three conditions based on the valence of the images: positive, negative and neutral. Eye movements were recorded during VR task performance with an eye tracking system.
  
  
  
  Our results show decreased attention for negative stimuli in the VR task performance when compared to neutral stimuli. The recall task shows significantly more wrongly identified images (false memories) for negative stimuli than for neutral. Regression and correlation analyses with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Geriatric Depression Scale revealed differential effects of cognitive function and depressive symptomatology in the encoding and recall of positive, negative and neutral images. Further, eye movement data shows reduced search patterns for wrongly selected stimuli containing emotional content.
  
  
  
  The results of this study suggest that it is feasible to use emotional content in a VR based cognitive-motor task for attention and memory training after stroke. Stroke survivors showed less attention towards negative information, exhibiting reduced visual search patterns and more false memories. We have also shown that the use of emotional stimuli in a VR task can provide additional information regarding patient's mood and cognitive status.
authors: Faculdade das Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal. monica.cameirao@m-iti.org.|Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Polo Científico e Tecnológico da Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal. monica.cameirao@m-iti.org.
authors: Mónica S
authors: MS
authors: Cameirão
authors: Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Polo Científico e Tecnológico da Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.|Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Ana Lúcia
authors: AL
authors: Faria
authors: Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Polo Científico e Tecnológico da Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Paulino
authors: Faculdade das Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.|Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Polo Científico e Tecnológico da Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
authors: Júlio
authors: J
authors: Alves
authors: Faculdade das Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.|Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Polo Científico e Tecnológico da Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
authors: Sergi
authors: S
authors: Bermúdez I Badia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D003071:Cognition; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D010865:Pilot Projects; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D063367:Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cognitive and motor rehabilitation; Emotional stimuli; Eye tracking; Stroke; Valence; Virtual Reality