title: Diabetes and exposure to peritoneal dialysis solutions alter tight junction proteins and glucose transporters of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate alterations in tight junction (TJ) proteins and glucose transporters in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMC) from diabetic rats and after treatment with peritoneal dialysis solutions (PDS) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in female Wistar rats by streptozotocin (STZ)-injection. Twenty-one days after STZ-injection, peritoneal thickness and mesothelial cell morphology were studied by light microscopy and microvilli length and density by atomic force microscopy. RPMC were obtained from healthy and diabetic rats. Mesothelial phenotype, evaluated by cytokeratin and pan-cadherin, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), evaluated by alpha-smooth muscle action (α-SMA) and vimentin, TJ proteins, claudins-1 and -2, and occludin, and glucose transporters, sodium and glucose co-transporters (SGLT) -1 and -2 and facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) -1 and -2 were analyzed. Also, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured. Oxidative stress was estimated by measuring reactive oxygen species production, and protein carbonylation, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor erythroid related factor-2 (Nrf-2), and expression of antioxidant enzymes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peritoneal damage was present 21days after STZ-injection. Diabetes induced changes in TJ and glucose transporters in RPMC together with decreased TER. RPMC from diabetic rats showed oxidative stress, which was enhanced by exposure to PDS. In addition, RPMC from diabetic rats showed early EMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows changes in TJ proteins and glucose transporters of RPMC from diabetic rats. All these alterations might explain the increased peritoneal permeability observed in diabetic patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.
authors: Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Yazmin
authors: Y
authors: Debray-García
authors: Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Elsa I
authors: EI
authors: Sánchez
authors: Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Rodríguez-Muñoz
authors: RHK Technology Inc., Imaging the future of nanosciences staff scientific 1050 East maple road, Troy, Michigan 48083, USA.
authors: Miguel A
authors: MA
authors: Venegas
authors: Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Josue
authors: J
authors: Velazquez
authors: Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), 07360 Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: jreyes@fisio.cinvestav.mx.
authors: José L
authors: JL
authors: Reyes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005260:Female; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins
keywords: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition; Oxidative stress; Peritoneal dialysis; Tight junctions; Transepithelial electrical resistance