title: Two dimension (2-D) graphene-based nanomaterials as signal amplification elements in electrochemical microfluidic immune-devices: Recent advances.
abstract: Graphene is a 2-D carbon nanomaterial with many distinctive properties that are electrochemically beneficial, such as large surface-to-volume ratio, lowered power usage, high conductivity and electron mobility. Graphene-based electrochemical immune-devices have recently gained much importance for detecting antigens and biomarkers responsible for cancer diagnosis. This review describes fabrication and chemical modification of the surfaces of graphene for immunesensing applications. We also present a comprehensive overview of current developments and key issues in the determination of some biological molecules with particular emphasis on evaluating the models. This review focuses mostly on new developments in the last 5years in development of chip architecture and integration, different sensing modes that can be used in conjunction with microfluidics, and new applications that have emerged or have been demonstrated; it also aims to point out where future research can be directed to in these areas.
authors: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran. Electronic address: mhmmd_hasanzadeh@yahoo.com.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Hasanzadeh
authors: Department of Nanochemistry, Nano Technology Center and Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
authors: Nasrin
authors: N
authors: Shadjou
authors: School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Ahad
authors: A
authors: Mokhtarzadeh
authors: Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Ramezani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Bioelectronics; Global health; Graphene; Immune-device; Microfluidics