title: Metabolic disturbances in Chinese children with urolithiasis: a single center report.
abstract: Urinary stones and urine composition are the first steps in the process of recurrence prevention, but data concerning the association between the two compositions are scarce in Chinese children with urolithiasis. We retrospectively analyzed the records of children (age range 0-18 years) with urolithiasis in our center between March 2004 and December 2013. Stone analysis was carried out in 382 children and 24-hour urine analysis in 80 children. Analysis of both stone and 24-hour urine composition was completed in 56 children. Stone samples were analyzed by Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry. The major stone constituents were calcium oxalate (78.8 %). Of 80 children with 24 h urine analysis, only 2.5 % were without urinary metabolic abnormalities. Hypocitraturia was recorded in 97.5 %, high sodium excretion in 50.0 %, cystinuria in 48.7 %, hypercalciuria in 18.8 %, small urine volumes in 12.5 %, hyperoxaluria in 5.0 % and hyperuricosuria in 1.3 %. Interestingly, higher urine volumes were recorded in girls than in boys (73.2 ± 58.5 vs 51.3 ± 45.3 mL/kg, p = 0.036). Urine sodium (p = 0.002) and oxalate (p = 0.004) were significantly higher in children >9 year old. Moreover, compared with calcium oxalate stone formers, the urine volume (p = 0.040), citrate (p = 0.007) and cystine (p = 0.004) were higher in patients with cystine stones. Hypocitraturia was the common abnormality among Chinese children with urolithiasis. The surprisingly high incidence of cystinuria is of note.
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.|Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Hanchuan City, Hubei, China.
authors: Dong
authors: D
authors: Yang
authors: Division of Urology, Department of Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Hans-Göran
authors: HG
authors: Tiselius
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Chuangxin
authors: C
authors: Lan
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Dong
authors: D
authors: Chen
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Kang
authors: K
authors: Chen
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Lili
authors: L
authors: Ou
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Shaohong
authors: S
authors: Xu
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Guohua
authors: G
authors: Zeng
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Lei
authors: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China. wwqwml@163.com.
authors: Wenqi
authors: W
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002951:Citrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003553:Cystine / Q000378:metabolism; D003555:Cystinuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D006959:Hyperoxaluria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D065667:Renal Elimination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D002951:Citrates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D003553:Cystine; D012964:Sodium
keywords: 24-h urine analysis; Metabolism; Pediatry; Urolithiasis