title: Mild cognitive impairment and risk of depression and anxiety: A population-based study.
abstract: Many people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) suffer from concomitant depression or anxiety. Whether MCI increases the risk of future depression or anxiety is unknown.
  
  
  
  In the Rotterdam Study, cross-sectional (n = 4168) and longitudinal associations (n = 2967) of MCI with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-depressive and anxiety disorders-were assessed (2002-2005 to 2009-2011).
  
  
  
  At baseline, 413 persons had MCI; 125 (22 MCI and 103 non-MCI) had a depressive disorder and 330 had an anxiety disorder (46 MCI and 284 non-MCI). In longitudinal depression analysis, of the 212 persons with prevalent MCI, 6 (2.8%) developed depression compared with 29 (1%) in the nonexposed group. In longitudinal anxiety analysis, 11 (7.3%) of the 151 with prevalent MCI developed anxiety, compared with 75 (3.4%) in nonexposed group. Persons with MCI had more depressive and anxiety disorders and also a higher risk of developing depressive disorder, odds ratio (OR) 3.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26, 7.77), and anxiety disorder, OR 2.59 (95% CI: 1.31, 5.12).
  
  
  
  MCI is a risk factor for dementia and for depressive and anxiety disorders, suggesting common pathological pathways for cognitive and psychiatric outcomes.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Saira Saeed
authors: SS
authors: Mirza
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: M Arfan
authors: MA
authors: Ikram
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Bos
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Raluca
authors: R
authors: Mihaescu
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Hofman
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.tiemeier@erasmusmc.nl.
authors: Henning
authors: H
authors: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Epidemiology; Longitudinal; Mild cognitive impairment; Population based