title: Clinical Impact Research - how to choose experimental or observational intervention study?
abstract: Interventions directed to individuals by health and social care systems should increase health and welfare of patients and customers.
  
  
  
  This paper aims to present and define a new concept Clinical Impact Research (CIR) and suggest which study design, either randomized controlled trial (RCT) (experimental) or benchmarking controlled trial (BCT) (observational) is recommendable and to consider the feasibility, validity, and generalizability issues in CIR.
  
  
  
  The new concept is based on a narrative review of the literature and on author's idea that in intervention studies, there is a need to cover comprehensively all the main impact categories and their respective outcomes. The considerations on how to choose the most appropriate study design (RCT or BCT) were based on previous methodological studies on RCTs and BCTs and on author's previous work on the concepts benchmarking controlled trial and system impact research (SIR).
  
  
  
  The CIR covers all studies aiming to assess the impact for health and welfare of any health (and integrated social) care or public health intervention directed to an individual. The impact categories are accessibility, quality, equality, effectiveness, safety, and efficiency. Impact is the main concept, and within each impact category, both generic- and context-specific outcome measures are needed. CIR uses RCTs and BCTs.
  
  
  
  CIR should be given a high priority in medical, health care, and health economic research. Clinicians and leaders at all levels of health care can exploit the evidence from CIR. Key messages The new concept of Clinical Impact Research (CIR) is defined as a research field aiming to assess what are the impacts of healthcare and public health interventions targeted to patients or individuals. The term impact refers to all effects caused by the interventions, with particular emphasis on accessibility, quality, equality, effectiveness, safety, and efficiency. CIR uses two study designs: randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (experimental) and benchmarking controlled trials (BCTs) (observational). Suggestions on how to choose between RCT and BCT as the most suitable study design are presented. Simple way of determining the study question in CIR based on the PICO (patient, intervention, control intervention, outcome) framework is presented. CIR creates the scientific basis for clinical decisions. Clinicians and leaders at all levels of health care and those working for public health can use the evidence from CIR for the benefit of patients and the population.
authors: a Centre for Health and Social Economics, National Institute for Health and Welfare , Mannerheimintie 166 , Helsinki , Finland.
authors: Antti
authors: A
authors: Malmivaara
mesh_terms: D019985:Benchmarking; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: Accessibility; benchmarking controlled trial; clinical impact research; effectiveness; efficiency; equality; health care; quality; randomized controlled trial; safety