title: Physiological functions and clinical implications of the N-end rule pathway.
abstract: The N-end rule pathway is a unique branch of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in which the determination of a protein's half-life is dependent on its N-terminal residue. The N-terminal residue serves as the degradation signal of a protein and thus called N-degron. N-degron can be recognized and modifed by several steps of post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, deamination, arginylation or acetylation, it then polyubiquitinated by the N-recognin for degradation. The molecular basis of the N-end rule pathway has been elucidated and its physiological functions have been revealed in the past 30 years. This pathway is involved in several biological aspects, including transcription, differentiation, chromosomal segregation, genome stability, apoptosis, mitochondrial quality control, cardiovascular development, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Disturbance of this pathway often causes the failure of these processes, resulting in some human diseases. This review summarized the physiological functions of the N-end rule pathway, introduced the related biological processes and diseases, with an emphasis on the inner link between this pathway and certain symptoms.
authors: College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.|State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors: Yujiao
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. wdong@ouc.edu.cn.
authors: Wen
authors: W
authors: Dong
authors: State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. leways@ioz.ac.cn.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D019881:Aminoacyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001006:Anus, Imperforate / Q000235:genetics*; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000254:growth & development; D004476:Ectodermal Dysplasia / Q000235:genetics*; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000235:genetics*; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics*; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D055495:Neurogenesis; D009666:Nose / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013091:Spermatogenesis
chemical_list: D019881:Aminoacyltransferases; C019727:arginyltransferase
keywords: Ate1; Johanson–Blizzard syndrome; N-end rule pathway; cardiovascular development; neurodegenerative disorders; neurogenesis; spermatogenesis