title: Impact of Virtual and Augmented Reality Based on Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Functional Neuronavigation in Glioma Surgery Involving Eloquent Areas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The utility of virtual and augmented reality based on functional neuronavigation and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for glioma surgery has not been previously investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 79 glioma patients and 55 control subjects. Preoperatively, the lesion and related eloquent structures were visualized by diffusion tensor tractography and blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI. Intraoperatively, microscope-based functional neuronavigation was used to integrate the reconstructed eloquent structure and the real head and brain, which enabled safe resection of the lesion. Intraoperative MRI was used to verify brain shift during the surgical process and provided quality control during surgery. The control group underwent surgery guided by anatomic neuronavigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virtual and augmented reality protocols based on functional neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI provided useful information for performing tailored and optimized surgery. Complete resection was achieved in 55 of 79 (69.6%) glioma patients and 20 of 55 (36.4%) control subjects, with average resection rates of 95.2% ± 8.5% and 84.9% ± 15.7%, respectively. Both the complete resection rate and average extent of resection differed significantly between the 2 groups (P < 0.01). Postoperatively, the rate of preservation of neural functions (motor, visual field, and language) was lower in controls than in glioma patients at 2 weeks and 3 months (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combining virtual and augmented reality based on functional neuronavigation and intraoperative MRI can facilitate resection of gliomas involving eloquent areas.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Guo-Chen
authors: GC
authors: Sun
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Fei
authors: F
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Xiao-Lei
authors: XL
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Electronic address: sjwk301@yeah.net.
authors: Xin-Guang
authors: XG
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Xiao-Dong
authors: XD
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Ding-Biao
authors: DB
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Ru-Yuan
authors: RY
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors: Bai-Nan
authors: BN
authors: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Augmented reality; Diffusion tensor imaging; Functional neuronavigation; Intraoperative MRI; Virtual reality