title: Do 5% changes around maximal lactate steady state lead to swimming biophysical modifications?
abstract: Our purpose was to examine the swimming biophysical responses at velocities (v) of 97.5, 100 and 102.5% of the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Ten elite female swimmers performed three-to-five 30-min constant tests at imposed paces to determine 97.5, 100 and 102.5%MLSS v. Gas exchange, blood lactate concentration ([La-]), stroke rate (SR) and v were determined during each test. The v values at 97.5, 100 and 102.5%MLSS were 1.21±0.07, 1.24±0.07 and 1.27±0.07m.s(-1), respectively. Oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and Pulmonary ventilation (V̇E) increased as function of v. SR and stroke length (v/SR=SL) increased as a function of v. All measured variables were constant as a function of time at 97.5%MLSS and 100%MLSS. At 102.5%MLSS SR increased (3.5%) and stroke length (SL) decreased (3.5%) as a function of time. While V̇O2 was constant at 102.5%MLSS, [La-] and V̇E increased as a function of time, suggesting hyperventilation, at v's of 97.5%MLSS and 100%MLSS swimmers completed the 30min swim in spite of decreased SL and increased SR. However, the decrease in SL and increased SF were accompanied by increased [La-] and V̇E and resulted in the inability of most swimmers to complete the 30min swim presumably due to fatigue at 102.5%MLSS.
authors: University Catholic Center of Quixadá - UNICATÓLICA, Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil; Metropolitan College of Grande Fortaleza - FAMETRO, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: jailtongp@hotmail.com.
authors: Jailton Gregório
authors: JG
authors: Pelarigo
authors: Human Performance Laboratory, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Camila Coelho
authors: CC
authors: Greco
authors: Human Performance Laboratory, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Benedito Sérgio
authors: BS
authors: Denadai
authors: Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors: Ricardo Jorge
authors: RJ
authors: Fernandes
authors: Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors: João Paulo
authors: JP
authors: Vilas-Boas
authors: Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors: David Robert
authors: DR
authors: Pendergast
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Aerobic capacity; Biomechanical parameters; Gas exchange; Oxygen uptake; Oxygen uptake efficiency