title: Radiotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Current Standards and Future Perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multimodal treatment approaches are indispensable for patients with advanced-stage colorectal cancer. Radiotherapy has been established as essential part of perioperative concepts and was introduced as an option to face challenges such as local relapse or oligometastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed to summarize evidence and current standards of radiotherapeutic concepts in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For stage II/III rectal cancer, neoadjuvant radiotherapy is superior to adjuvant treatment. Two preoperative regimens have been established and are commonly used with different objectives: short-course radiotherapy (SC-RT) and long-course chemoradiotherapy (LC-CRT). Both reduce the risk of local relapse. Additionally, LC-CRT aims at downsizing the tumor to potentially reduce radicalness of surgery. There is increasing evidence that not all stage II/III rectal cancer patients need neoadjuvant irradiation but also that in some cases surgery might be omitted. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of the liver shows high rates of local control in oligometastatic patients. Intraoperative and particle radiotherapy extend the spectrum of treatment options for locally recurrent patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiotherapeutic concepts are crucial for the primary management of locally advanced colorectal cancer and can essentially contribute to treatment approaches in locally recurrent, oligometastatic or palliative patients.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Matthias F
authors: MF
authors: Häfner
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Debus
keywords: Chemoradiotherapy; Colorectal cancer; Radiotherapy; Rectal cancer