title: The influence of human papillomavirus on nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although Japan is a non-endemic area with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the proportion of WHO type I NPC in Japan are different from that in non-endemic areas such as North America and Europe. Recently, it is said that not only Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) but also human papillomavirus (HPV) has an influence on NPC in non-endemic areas. The aim of this study is to clarify the influence of HPV on NPC in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were available for 59 patients with NPC diagnosed between 1996 and 2015. We detected the virus status by p16 immunohistochemistry, HPV PCR, and in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare the overall survival by viral status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 59 patients, 49 (83%) were EBV-positive/HPV-negative, 2 (3%) were EBV-positive/HPV-positive, and 8 (16%) were EBV-negative/HPV-negative. All HPV-positive NPCs were co-infected with EBV. There were no significant differences between the overall survival in the three groups (p=0.111).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Japan, HPV was detected in a few patients with NPC, and we suggest that HPV has no influence on NPC carcinogenesis in this population.
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Kano
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan. Electronic address: ksatoru@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Satoru
authors: S
authors: Kondo
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Naohiro
authors: N
authors: Wakisaka
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Makiko
authors: M
authors: Moriyama-Kita
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Yosuke
authors: Y
authors: Nakanishi
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Kazuhira
authors: K
authors: Endo
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Shigeyuki
authors: S
authors: Murono
authors: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Nakamura
authors: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
authors: Tomokazu
authors: T
authors: Yoshizaki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: Epstein–Barr virus; Human papillomaviruses; Japan; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Non-endemic diseases