title: Utilization of phosphorus loaded alkaline residue to immobilize lead in a shooting range soil.
abstract: The alkaline residue generated from the production of soda ash using the ammonia-soda method has been successfully used in removing phosphorus (P) from aqueous solution. But the accumulation of P-containing solid after P removal is an undesirable menace to the environment. To achieve the goal of recycling, this study explored the feasibility of reusing the P loaded alkaline residue as an amendment for immobilization of lead (Pb) in a shooting range soil. The main crystalline phase and micromorphology of amendments were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-electron dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) methods. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), sequential extraction procedure, and physiologically based extraction test (PBET) were employed to evaluate the effectiveness of Pb immobilization in soil after 45 d incubation. Treatment with P loaded alkaline residue was significantly effective in reducing the TCLP and PBET extractable Pb concentrations in contrast to the untreated soil. Moreover, a positive change in the distribution of Pb fractions was observed in the treated soil, i.e., more than 60% of soil-Pb was transformed to the residual fraction compared to the original soil. On the other hand, P loaded amendments also resulted in a drastic reduction in phytoavailable Pb to the winter wheat and a mild release of P as a nutrient in treated soil, which also confirmed the improvement of soil quality.
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors: Yubo
authors: Y
authors: Yan
authors: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors: Fangjie
authors: F
authors: Qi
authors: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors: Balaji
authors: B
authors: Seshadri
authors: Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
authors: Yilu
authors: Y
authors: Xu
authors: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors: Jiexi
authors: J
authors: Hou
authors: Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yong Sik
authors: YS
authors: Ok
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
authors: Xiaoli
authors: X
authors: Dong
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
authors: Qiao
authors: Q
authors: Li
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China. Electronic address: sunxyun@njust.edu.cn.
authors: Xiuyun
authors: X
authors: Sun
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
authors: Lianjun
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: nanthi.bolan@newcastle.edu.au.
authors: Nanthi
authors: N
authors: Bolan
mesh_terms: D005389:Firearms; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D010758:Phosphorus; D007854:Lead
keywords: Alkaline residue; Bioavailability; Pb immobilization; Phosphorus (P); Shooting range soil