title: A Cap-to-Tail Guide to mRNA Translation Strategies in Virus-Infected Cells.
abstract: Although viruses require cellular functions to replicate, their absolute dependence upon the host translation machinery to produce polypeptides indispensable for their reproduction is most conspicuous. Despite their incredible diversity, the mRNAs produced by all viruses must engage cellular ribosomes. This has proven to be anything but a passive process and has revealed a remarkable array of tactics for rapidly subverting control over and dominating cellular regulatory pathways that influence translation initiation, elongation, and termination. Besides enforcing viral mRNA translation, these processes profoundly impact host cell-intrinsic immune defenses at the ready to deny foreign mRNA access to ribosomes and block protein synthesis. Finally, genome size constraints have driven the evolution of resourceful strategies for maximizing viral coding capacity. Here, we review the amazing strategies that work to regulate translation in virus-infected cells, highlighting both virus-specific tactics and the tremendous insight they provide into fundamental translational control mechanisms in health and disease.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; email: ej@mail.ubc.ca.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Jan
authors: Department of Microbiology and New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; email: ian.mohr@med.nyu.edu.
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Mohr
authors: Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; email: derek.walsh@northwestern.edu.
authors: Derek
authors: D
authors: Walsh
mesh_terms: D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E / Q000378:metabolism; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D010442:Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational / Q000235:genetics*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012315:RNA Caps / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics; D019065:Virus Assembly / Q000235:genetics*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E; D012315:RNA Caps; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: IRES; host responses; mRNA structure; protein synthesis; ribosome; signaling; translation factor; virus