title: A preliminary nationwide survey of the presence of emerging contaminants in drinking and source waters in Brazil.
abstract: This is the first nationwide survey of emerging contaminants in Brazilian waters. One hundred drinking water samples were investigated in 22 Brazilian state capitals. In addition, seven source water samples from two of the most populous regions of the country were evaluated. Samples were collected from June to September of 2011 and again during the same period in 2012. The study covered emerging contaminants of different classes, including hormones, plasticizers, herbicides, triclosan and caffeine. The analytical method for the determination of the compounds was based on solid-phase extraction followed by analysis via liquid chromatography electrospray triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Caffeine, triclosan, atrazine, phenolphthalein and bisphenol A were found in at least one of the samples collected in the two sampling campaigns. Caffeine and atrazine were the most frequently detected substances in both drinking and source water. Caffeine concentrations in drinking water ranged from 1.8ngL-1to values above 2.0μgL-1while source-water concentrations varied from 40ngL-1to about 19μgL-1. For atrazine, concentrations were found in the range from 2.0 to 6.0ngL-1in drinking water and at concentrations of up to 15ngL-1in source water. The widespread presence of caffeine in samples of treated water is an indication of the presence of domestic sewage in the source water, considering that caffeine is a compound of anthropogenic origin.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: Kelly C
authors: KC
authors: Machado
authors: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: mtgrassi@quimica.ufpr.br.
authors: Marco Tadeu
authors: MT
authors: Grassi
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Cristiane
authors: C
authors: Vidal
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Igor C
authors: IC
authors: Pescara
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Wilson F
authors: WF
authors: Jardim
authors: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PO Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors: Andreia N
authors: AN
authors: Fernandes
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, PO Box 4478, 70910-000 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors: Fernando F
authors: FF
authors: Sodré
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, PO Box 4478, 70910-000 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors: Fernanda V
authors: FV
authors: Almeida
authors: Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, PO Box 4478, 70910-000 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors: Joyce S
authors: JS
authors: Santana
authors: Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Chemical Science, State University of Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Maria Cristina
authors: MC
authors: Canela
authors: Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Chemical Science, State University of Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
authors: Camila R O
authors: CRO
authors: Nunes
authors: Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, PO Box 5093, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors: Kátia M
authors: KM
authors: Bichinho
authors: Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, PO Box 5093, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
authors: Flaviana J R
authors: FJR
authors: Severo
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Atrazine; Caffeine; LC-MS/MS; Natural waters; Raw sewage; Tap water