title: Roadmap for cardiovascular circulation model.
abstract: Computational models of many aspects of the mammalian cardiovascular circulation have been developed. Indeed, along with orthopaedics, this area of physiology is one that has attracted much interest from engineers, presumably because the equations governing blood flow in the vascular system are well understood and can be solved with well-established numerical techniques. Unfortunately, there have been only a few attempts to create a comprehensive public domain resource for cardiovascular researchers. In this paper we propose a roadmap for developing an open source cardiovascular circulation model. The model should be registered to the musculo-skeletal system. The computational infrastructure for the cardiovascular model should provide for near real-time computation of blood flow and pressure in all parts of the body. The model should deal with vascular beds in all tissues, and the computational infrastructure for the model should provide links into CellML models of cell function and tissue function. In this work we review the literature associated with 1D blood flow modelling in the cardiovascular system, discuss model encoding standards, software and a model repository. We then describe the coordinate systems used to define the vascular geometry, derive the equations and discuss the implementation of these coupled equations in the open source computational software OpenCMISS. Finally, some preliminary results are presented and plans outlined for the next steps in the development of the model, the computational software and the graphical user interface for accessing the model.
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Soroush
authors: 0000-0001-5734-243X
authors: S
authors: Safaei
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Christopher P
authors: 0000-0001-6554-1463
authors: CP
authors: Bradley
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Vinod
authors: 0000-0002-7198-1446
authors: V
authors: Suresh
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Kumar
authors: K
authors: Mithraratne
authors: ENSEEIHT, National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors: Alexandre
authors: A
authors: Muller
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Harvey
authors: H
authors: Ho
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Ladd
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Leif R
authors: LR
authors: Hellevik
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Stig W
authors: SW
authors: Omholt
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors: J Geoffrey
authors: JG
authors: Chase
authors: LNCC/MCTI, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Brazil.
authors: Lucas O
authors: LO
authors: Müller
authors: UFRPE, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil.
authors: Sansuke M
authors: SM
authors: Watanabe
authors: LNCC/MCTI, National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Brazil.
authors: Pablo J
authors: PJ
authors: Blanco
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK.
authors: Bernard
authors: B
authors: de Bono
authors: Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Hunter
mesh_terms: D001775:Blood Circulation; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D012984:Software
keywords: CellML; FieldML; cardiovascular; circulation model; physiome project; virtual physiological human (VPH)