title: Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) during Continuous and High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: Continuous exercise (CON) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) can be safely performed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Additionally, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems may serve as a tool to reduce the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia. It is unclear if CGM is accurate during CON and HIIE at different mean workloads. Seven T1DM patients performed CON and HIIE at 5% below (L) and above (M) the first lactate turn point (LTP₁), and 5% below the second lactate turn point (LTP₂) (H) on a cycle ergometer. Glucose was measured via CGM and in capillary blood (BG). Differences were found in comparison of CGM vs. BG in three out of the six tests (p < 0.05). In CON, bias and levels of agreement for L, M, and H were found at: 0.85 (-3.44, 5.15) mmol·L(-1), -0.45 (-3.95, 3.05) mmol·L(-1), -0.31 (-8.83, 8.20) mmol·L(-1) and at 1.17 (-2.06, 4.40) mmol·L(-1), 0.11 (-5.79, 6.01) mmol·L(-1), 1.48 (-2.60, 5.57) mmol·L(-1) in HIIE for the same intensities. Clinically-acceptable results (except for CON H) were found. CGM estimated BG to be clinically acceptable, except for CON H. Additionally, using CGM may increase avoidance of exercise-induced hypoglycemia, but usual BG control should be performed during intense exercise.
authors: Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11/III, Graz 8010, Austria. othmar.moser@hotmail.com.|Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz 8036, Austria. othmar.moser@hotmail.com.|Institute of Health and Tourism Management, Sports Science Laboratory, FH JOANNEUM-University of Applied Sciences, Kaiser-Franz-Josef Straße 24, Bad Gleichenberg 8344, Austria. othmar.moser@hotmail.com.|Center of Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 12, Potsdam 14469, Germany. othmar.moser@hotmail.com.
authors: Othmar
authors: O
authors: Moser
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz 8036, Austria. julia.mader@medunigraz.at.
authors: Julia K
authors: JK
authors: Mader
authors: Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11/III, Graz 8010, Austria. gerhard.tschakert@uni-graz.at.
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Tschakert
authors: Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11/III, Graz 8010, Austria. alexander.mueller@uni-graz.at.
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Mueller
authors: Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11/III, Graz 8010, Austria. werner.groeschl@gmail.com.
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: Groeschl
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz 8036, Austria. thomas.pieber@medunigraz.at.
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Pieber
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz 8036, Austria. gerd.koehler@klinikum-graz.at.
authors: Gerd
authors: G
authors: Koehler
authors: Department of Haematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Charlottenstraße 72, Potsdam 14467, Germany. janin.messerschmidt@gmx.de.
authors: Janin
authors: J
authors: Messerschmidt
authors: Institute of Sports Sciences, Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, University of Graz, Max-Mell-Allee 11/III, Graz 8010, Austria. peter.hofmann@uni-graz.at.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D000072696:High-Intensity Interval Training / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061266:Insulin, Short-Acting / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D061266:Insulin, Short-Acting; D019344:Lactic Acid; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C571886:insulin degludec
keywords: blood glucose; continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes; exercise