title: Clustering of adherence to personalised dietary recommendations and changes in healthy eating index within the Food4Me study.
abstract: To characterise clusters of individuals based on adherence to dietary recommendations and to determine whether changes in Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores in response to a personalised nutrition (PN) intervention varied between clusters.
  
  
  
  Food4Me study participants were clustered according to whether their baseline dietary intakes met European dietary recommendations. Changes in HEI scores between baseline and month 6 were compared between clusters and stratified by whether individuals received generalised or PN advice.
  
  
  
  Pan-European, Internet-based, 6-month randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  
  Adults aged 18-79 years (n 1480).
  
  
  
  Individuals in cluster 1 (C1) met all recommended intakes except for red meat, those in cluster 2 (C2) met two recommendations, and those in cluster 3 (C3) and cluster 4 (C4) met one recommendation each. C1 had higher intakes of white fish, beans and lentils and low-fat dairy products and lower percentage energy intake from SFA (P<0·05). C2 consumed less chips and pizza and fried foods than C3 and C4 (P<0·05). C1 were lighter, had lower BMI and waist circumference than C3 and were more physically active than C4 (P<0·05). More individuals in C4 were smokers and wanted to lose weight than in C1 (P<0·05). Individuals who received PN advice in C4 reported greater improvements in HEI compared with C3 and C1 (P<0·05).
  
  
  
  The cluster where the fewest recommendations were met (C4) reported greater improvements in HEI following a 6-month trial of PN whereas there was no difference between clusters for those randomised to the Control, non-personalised dietary intervention.
authors: 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Institute of Cellular Medicine,Newcastle University,Biomedical Research Building,Campus for Ageing and Vitality,Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL,UK.
authors: Katherine M
authors: 0000-0002-9682-7541
authors: KM
authors: Livingstone
authors: 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Institute of Cellular Medicine,Newcastle University,Biomedical Research Building,Campus for Ageing and Vitality,Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL,UK.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Celis-Morales
authors: 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Institute of Cellular Medicine,Newcastle University,Biomedical Research Building,Campus for Ageing and Vitality,Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL,UK.
authors: Jose
authors: J
authors: Lara
authors: 2UCD Institute of Food and Health,University College Dublin,Dublin,Republic of Ireland.
authors: Clara
authors: C
authors: Woolhead
authors: 2UCD Institute of Food and Health,University College Dublin,Dublin,Republic of Ireland.
authors: Clare B
authors: CB
authors: O'Donovan
authors: 2UCD Institute of Food and Health,University College Dublin,Dublin,Republic of Ireland.
authors: Hannah
authors: H
authors: Forster
authors: 3Department of Human Biology,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors: Cyril Fm
authors: CF
authors: Marsaux
authors: 4Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research,University of Reading,Reading,UK.
authors: Anna L
authors: AL
authors: Macready
authors: 4Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research,University of Reading,Reading,UK.
authors: Rosalind
authors: R
authors: Fallaize
authors: 5Center for Nutrition Research,University of Navarra,Pamplona,Spain.
authors: Santiago
authors: S
authors: Navas-Carretero
authors: 6CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn),Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors: Rodrigo
authors: R
authors: San-Cristobal
authors: 7ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Biochemistry Unit,Technical University of Munich,Munich,Germany.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Kolossa
authors: 8Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Harokopio University,Athens,Greece.
authors: Lydia
authors: L
authors: Tsirigoti
authors: 8Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Harokopio University,Athens,Greece.
authors: Christina P
authors: CP
authors: Lambrinou
authors: 8Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Harokopio University,Athens,Greece.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Moschonis
authors: 9National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ),Warsaw,Poland.
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Surwiłło
authors: 10Department of Nutrition,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,University of Oslo,Oslo,Norway.
authors: Christian A
authors: CA
authors: Drevon
authors: 8Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Harokopio University,Athens,Greece.
authors: Yannis
authors: Y
authors: Manios
authors: 9National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ),Warsaw,Poland.
authors: Iwona
authors: I
authors: Traczyk
authors: 2UCD Institute of Food and Health,University College Dublin,Dublin,Republic of Ireland.
authors: Eileen R
authors: ER
authors: Gibney
authors: 2UCD Institute of Food and Health,University College Dublin,Dublin,Republic of Ireland.
authors: Lorraine
authors: L
authors: Brennan
authors: 2UCD Institute of Food and Health,University College Dublin,Dublin,Republic of Ireland.
authors: Marianne C
authors: MC
authors: Walsh
authors: 4Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research,University of Reading,Reading,UK.
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Lovegrove
authors: 6CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn),Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,Spain.
authors: J Alfredo
authors: JA
authors: Martinez
authors: 3Department of Human Biology,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre,Maastricht,The Netherlands.
authors: Wim Hm
authors: WH
authors: Saris
authors: 7ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Biochemistry Unit,Technical University of Munich,Munich,Germany.
authors: Hannelore
authors: H
authors: Daniel
authors: 2UCD Institute of Food and Health,University College Dublin,Dublin,Republic of Ireland.
authors: Mike
authors: M
authors: Gibney
authors: 1Human Nutrition Research Centre,Institute of Cellular Medicine,Newcastle University,Biomedical Research Building,Campus for Ageing and Vitality,Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL,UK.
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Mathers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003611:Dairy Products; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D002149:Energy Intake; D057140:Fast Foods; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D000069466:Red Meat; D017747:Seafood; D012907:Smoking; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids
keywords: Clustering; Dietary recommendations; Healthy Eating Index; Personalised nutrition