title: Testing and Treating Women after Unsuccessful Conservative Treatments for Overactive Bladder or Mixed Urinary Incontinence: A Model-Based Economic Evaluation Based on the BUS Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cost-effectiveness of bladder ultrasonography, clinical history, and urodynamic testing in guiding treatment decisions in a secondary care setting for women failing first line conservative treatment for overactive bladder or urgency-predominant mixed urinary incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model-based economic evaluation from a UK National Health Service (NHS) perspective using data from the Bladder Ultrasound Study (BUS) and secondary sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision tree and a 5-year time horizon based on the outcomes of cost per woman successfully treated and cost per Quality-Adjusted Life-Year (QALY). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and a value of information analysis are also undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bladder ultrasonography is more costly and less effective test-treat strategy than clinical history and urodynamics. Treatment on the basis of clinical history alone has an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £491,100 per woman successfully treated and an ICER of £60,200 per QALY compared with the treatment of all women on the basis of urodynamics. Restricting the use of urodynamics to women with a clinical history of mixed urinary incontinence only is the optimal test-treat strategy on cost-effectiveness grounds with ICERs of £19,500 per woman successfully treated and £12,700 per QALY compared with the treatment of all women based upon urodynamics. Conclusions remained robust to sensitivity analyses, but subject to large uncertainties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment based upon urodynamics can be seen as a cost-effective strategy, and particularly when targeted at women with clinical history of mixed urinary incontinence only. Further research is needed to resolve current decision uncertainty.
authors: Health Economics Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Ilias
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7946-8324
authors: I
authors: Goranitis
authors: Health Economics Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Pelham
authors: P
authors: Barton
authors: Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Lee J
authors: LJ
authors: Middleton
authors: Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.|Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Jonathan J
authors: JJ
authors: Deeks
authors: Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.|School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Jane P
authors: JP
authors: Daniels
authors: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.|Birmingham Women's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Pallavi
authors: P
authors: Latthe
authors: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.|Birmingham Women's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Arri
authors: A
authors: Coomarasamy
authors: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Suneetha
authors: S
authors: Rachaneni
authors: Birmingham Women's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Shanteela
authors: S
authors: McCooty
authors: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.|Birmingham Women's National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Tina S
authors: TS
authors: Verghese
authors: Health Economics Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors: Tracy E
authors: TE
authors: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000072700:Conservative Treatment; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000191:economics*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D014563:Urodynamics / Q000502:physiology*