title: Associations of dietary calcium intake with metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density among the Korean population: KNHANES 2008-2011.
abstract: Excessive amount of calcium intake increased risk for metabolic syndrome in men. However, modest amount decreased the risk of metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Modest amount of calcium also increased bone mineral density (BMD) in both men and postmenopausal women.
  
  
  
  The present study aimed to evaluate the associations of dietary calcium intake with metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean men and women, especially postmenopausal women.
  
  
  
  The study was performed using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011) and included 14,705 participants (5953 men, 4258 premenopausal women, and 4494 postmenopausal women). Clinical and other objective characteristics, presence of metabolic syndrome, and the BMD of the femur neck and lumbar spine were evaluated according to dietary calcium intake.
  
  
  
  There was a higher tendency for metabolic syndrome in men with a dietary calcium intake of >1200 mg/day than with ≤400 mg of calcium intake; >400 and ≤800 mg of calcium intake was helpful for postmenopausal women to decrease risk for metabolic syndrome. Overall, the group with calcium intake >400 and ≤800 mg daily had significantly increased BMD in both femoral neck and lumbar spine from both men and postmenopausal women. From both femoral neck and lumbar spine, the prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women significantly decreased in the group whose calcium intake was >400 and ≤800 mg daily.
  
  
  
  Excessive dietary calcium may increase the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in men. For postmenopausal women, calcium intake does not increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, but modest amount decreases the risk. It may increase the BMD in men and postmenopausal women, and also reduce the prevalence of both osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.|Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gil Hospital, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Chon
authors: Seoul Rachel Fertility Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: E B
authors: EB
authors: Noe
authors: Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Y H
authors: YH
authors: Roh
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.|Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: B H
authors: BH
authors: Yun
authors: Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Cho
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.|Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Y S
authors: YS
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.|Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: B S
authors: BS
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. TUDEOLSEO@yuhs.ac.|Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. TUDEOLSEO@yuhs.ac.
authors: S K
authors: SK
authors: Seo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary
keywords: BMD; Calcium intake; Metabolic syndrome; Osteoporosis