title: Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness-eveningness in German adolescents.
abstract: Background Mobile phones are an important part of adolescents' life. In this study, the relationships among smartphone addiction, age, gender, and chronotype of German adolescents were examined. Materials and methods Two studies focused on two different measures of smartphone addiction. The Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) was applied to 342 younger adolescents (13.39 ± 1.77; 176 boys, 165 girls, and 1 not indicated) in Study 1 and the Smartphone Addiction Scale was applied to 208 older adolescents (17.07 ± 4.28; 146 girls and 62 boys) in Study 2, both samples in southwest Germany. In addition, a demographic questionnaire and the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and sleep measures were implemented. Results The most remarkable result of this study was that morningness-eveningness (as measured by CSM scores) is an important predictor for smartphone addiction; even stronger than sleep duration. Evening oriented adolescents scored higher on both smartphone addiction scales. In addition, gender is an important predictor for smartphone addiction and girls are more prone to become addicted. In addition, while sleep duration on weekdays negatively predicted SAPS, age, sleep duration on weekends, and midpoint of sleep on weekdays and weekends did not predicted smartphone addiction in both scales. The analysis of covariance revealed statistically significant effects of the covariates gender and age in both studies, as well as the main effect of chronotype. According to the t-test results, girls had higher scores than boys in smartphone addiction. Conclusion Evening types and girls are more prone to become smartphone addicted.
authors: 1 Institute of Science, Geography and Technology, University of Education Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany.|2 Department of Biology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Randler
authors: 1 Institute of Science, Geography and Technology, University of Education Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Wolfgang
authors: 1 Institute of Science, Geography and Technology, University of Education Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Matt
authors: 3 Faculty of Education, Department of Special Education, Sakarya University , Hendek, Turkey.
authors: Eda
authors: E
authors: Demirhan
authors: 4 Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Sakarya University , Hendek, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet Barış
authors: MB
authors: Horzum
authors: 5 Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, Sakarya University , Hendek, Turkey.
authors: Şenol
authors: Ş
authors: Beşoluk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017440:Photoperiod; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012890:Sleep; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: adolescents; circadian preference; morningness–eveningness; smartphone addiction proneness