title: A critical review of cosmetic treatment outcomes in body dysmorphic disorder.
abstract: A high proportion of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) undergo cosmetic treatments in an attempt to 'fix' perceived defect/s in their physical appearance. Despite the frequency with which such procedures are sought, few studies have prospectively examined the outcomes of cosmetic procedures in individuals with BDD. This article aims to critically review the literature and discuss the current debate that exists on outcomes of cosmetic treatment for individuals with BDD. An emerging literature suggests the majority of individuals with BDD have poor outcomes after cosmetic interventions; however, based on the current literature, it cannot be fully ruled out that certain individuals with mild BDD and localised appearance concerns may benefit from these interventions. Gaps in the current literature are highlighted, alongside recommendations for future research. Carefully conducted longitudinal studies with well-characterised patient populations are needed.
authors: National and Specialist OCD, BDD and Related Disorders Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK. Electronic address: Laura.Bowyer@slam.nhs.uk.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Bowyer
authors: National and Specialist OCD, BDD and Related Disorders Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK; King's College London, Social, Genetic and Development Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, London SE5 8AF, UK.
authors: Georgina
authors: G
authors: Krebs
authors: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Mataix-Cols
authors: Centre for Anxiety Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neurosciences, London SE5 8AF, UK.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Veale
authors: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neurosciences, London SE5 8AF, UK.
authors: Benedetta
authors: B
authors: Monzani
mesh_terms: D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D001828:Body Image; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Aesthetic surgery; Body dysmorphic disorder; Cosmetic surgery; Dermatologic treatments; Dysmorphophobia