title: Soft tissue norms: Conventional and based on true vertical in a Lebanese population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to establish cephalometric soft tissue norms in a Lebanese population of young adults and profile differences between males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety subjects divided into 43 women and 47 men, aged from 18 to 30 years, were selected based on specific criteria. The lateral cephalograms were taken in the natural head position. Holdaway, Steiner, Merrifield, Ricketts, Epker and Fish analyses were applied as conventional analyses. Scheideman, Spradley, Cooke, Arnett, Bergman, Farkas and Viazis analyses were applied as analyses based on the true vertical.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The specific soft tissue measurements of this sample are reported in six grids. The differences between males and females related especially to the lower facial height and lip thickness, which had higher values in males, who also presented a more retruded lower lip and more protruded nasal tip. Women had higher values for mentolabial and frontonasal angles.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: emihayeck@hotmail.com.
authors: Emilie
authors: E
authors: El Hayeck
authors: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors: Nayla
authors: N
authors: Bassil-Nassif
authors: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Bouserhal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Natural head position; Soft tissue; True vertical