title: Talonavicular joint arthroscopic portals: A cadaveric study of feasibility and safety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of the study were to evaluate the safety of hypothetical arthroscopic portals from talonavicular joint and to evaluate their reproducibility and enforceability.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 cadaveric feet were marked and four arthroscopic portals were made (medial, dorsomedial, dorsolateral and lateral). The specimens were dissected in layers and the distances between neurovascular structures and the trocars were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medial and dorsomedial portals were in average 8.3 and 8.7, respectively, to the saphenous vein and nerve. Dorsolateral portal was in average 8.1mm to the deep peroneal nerve and dorsalis pedis artery, and 9.1mm to the medial dorsal cutaneous branch of the superficial peroneal nerve. Lateral portal was in average 12.3mm to the intermediate dorsal cutaneous branch of the superficial peroneal nerve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tested portals shown to have a good safety margin for the foot neurovascular deep dorsal structures and an acceptable safety margin for the superficial neurovascular structures.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Espírito Santo de Évora EPE, Largo Senhor da Pobreza, 7000-811 ÉVORA, Portugal. Electronic address: gfxavier@hotmail.com.
authors: Gabriel
authors: G
authors: Xavier
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Clinica del Remei, Calle Escorial, 148, 08024 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Calle Casanova, 143, 08038 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Xavier Martin
authors: XM
authors: Oliva
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital de Basurto, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.
authors: Mauri
authors: M
authors: Rotinen
authors: Department of Anatomy and Human Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Calle Casanova, 143, 08038 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Mariano
authors: M
authors: Monzo
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D020679:Arthroscopes; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D017751:Safety Management; D013640:Tarsal Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Arthroscopic portals; Arthroscopy; Cadaveric study; Navicular; Safety; Talonavicular joint; Talus