title: Cost of microbial larviciding for malaria control in rural Tanzania.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microbial larviciding may be a potential supplement to conventional malaria vector control measures, but scant information on its relative implementation costs and effectiveness, especially in rural areas, is an impediment to expanding its uptake. We perform a costing analysis of a seasonal microbial larviciding programme in rural Tanzania.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the financial and economic costs from the perspective of the public provider of a 3-month, community-based larviciding intervention implemented in twelve villages in the Mvomero District of Tanzania in 2012-2013. Cost data were collected from financial reports and invoices and through discussion with programme administrators. Sensitivity analysis explored the robustness of our results to varying key parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 2-year study period, approximately 6873 breeding sites were treated with larvicide. The average annual economic costs of the larviciding intervention in rural Tanzania are estimated at 2014 US$ 1.44 per person protected per year (pppy), US$ 6.18 per household and US$ 4481.88 per village, with the larvicide and staffing accounting for 14% and 58% of total costs, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found the costs pppy of implementing a seasonal larviciding programme in rural Tanzania to be comparable to the costs of other larviciding programmes in urban Tanzania and rural Kenya. Further research should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of larviciding relative to, and in combination with, other vector control strategies in rural settings.
authors: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. rifatsrahman@gmail.com.
authors: Rifat
authors: R
authors: Rahman
authors: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors: Adriane
authors: A
authors: Lesser
authors: National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors: Leonard
authors: L
authors: Mboera
authors: Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.|Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors: Randall
authors: R
authors: Kramer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000191:economics*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D012424:Rural Population; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Tanzania; Tanzanie; control vectorial; costes; costs; coûts; larvicidas microbianos; larvicides microbiens; lutte antivectorielle; malaria; microbial larviciding; paludisme; vector control