title: Biocompatibility and degradation of LAE442-based magnesium alloys after implantation of up to 3.5years in a rabbit model.
abstract: Magnesium as basic implant material has long been the center of orthopedic research. Latest progress is achieved with a European certification and clinical use of a magnesium based compression screw. However, long term studies with implantation duration that exceed one year considerably do not exist. The present examinations analyzed the degradation progress from nine months to 3.5year after implantation of cylindrical pins into the medullary cavity of New Zealand White rabbits. Evaluation included clinical assessment, in vivo μ-computed tomography, analysis of the implants by three-point-bending and examination of the adjacent tissue by means of histology and of inner organs by mass- and optical emission spectrometry using inductively coupled plasma. Clinical acceptance was without objections in all animals. Immoderate reaction of the surrounding bone could be found in neither of the applied techniques. While in vivo μ-computed tomography showed a very slow degradation rate up to 72weeks, three-point-bending revealed a percentage loss of F(max) of 41.1% for implants after 9months implantation and 88.47% for the implant after 3.5years implantation. Although the total amounts of RE detected in the inner organs were very low, the organs of rabbits with LAE442 cylinders showed 10-20-fold increased concentrations of the alloying elements lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and praseodymium compared to animals without any implanted material.
  
  
  
  This is the first animal study investigating the degradation process of a magnesium alloy in vivo for up to 3.5years. Currently available data from different other in vivo studies cover only implantation durations up to one year. Therefore, the analysis of these long-time effects in the present study is highly significant and of great interest. Comprehensive outcome achieved by different techniques was assessed. The degradation process was slow and homogenous. Maximum applied force (F(max)) reduced by 41.1% for implants after 9months and by 88.47% for the implant after 3.5years implantation. Total amounts of RE detected in the inner organs were very low; the organs of rabbits with LAE442 cylinders showed 10-20-fold increased concentrations.
authors: NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: angrisani.nina@googlemail.com.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Angrisani
authors: NIFE - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Reifenrath
authors: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Zimmermann
authors: Institute of Materials Science, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Eifler
authors: Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Meyer-Lindenberg
authors: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Vano-Herrera
authors: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Vogt
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003343:Corrosion; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D011817:Rabbits; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013977:Tibia / Q000502:physiology; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; C000624404:LAE442; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Alloy accumulation; Inner organs; Long-term study; Systemic reactions; in vivo