title: Ex vivo testing of intact eye globes under inflation conditions to determine regional variation of mechanical stiffness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The eye globe exhibits significant regional variation of mechanical behaviour. The aim of this present study is to develop a new experimental technique for testing intact eye globes in a form that is representative of in vivo conditions, and therefore suitable for determining the material properties of the complete outer ocular tunic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A test rig has been developed to provide closed-loop control of either applied intra-ocular pressure or resulting apical displacement; measurement of displacements across the external surface of the eye globe using high-resolution digital cameras and digital image correlation software; prevention of rigid-body motion and protection of the ocular surface from environmental drying. The method has been demonstrated on one human and one porcine eye globe, which were cyclically loaded. Finite element models based on specimen specific tomography, free from rotational symmetry, were used along with experimental pressure-displacement data in an inverse analysis process to derive the mechanical properties of tissue in different regions of the eye's outer tunic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test method enabled monitoring of mechanical response to intraocular pressure variation across the surface of the eye globe. For the two eyes tested, the method showed a gradual change in the sclera's stiffness from a maximum at the limbus to a minimum at the posterior pole, while in the cornea the stiffness was highest at the centre and lowest in the peripheral zone. Further, for both the sclera and cornea, the load-displacement behaviour did not vary significantly between loading cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The first methodology capable of mechanically testing intact eye globes, with applied loads and boundary conditions that closely represent in vivo conditions is introduced. The method enables determination of the regional variation in mechanical behaviour across the ocular surface.
authors: School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH UK.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Whitford
authors: School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH UK ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Akram
authors: A
authors: Joda
authors: School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH UK.
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Jones
authors: Eye Hospital, WenZhou Medical University, WenZhou, China.
authors: Fangjun
authors: F
authors: Bao
authors: Ophthalmology Department, San Raffaelle Hospital, Milan, Italy.
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Rama
authors: School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH UK ; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Elsheikh
keywords: Digital image correlation; Experimental testing; Ocular biomechanics