title: Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota.
abstract: Phytoestrogens are plant-derived polyphenols with a structure similar to human estrogens. The three main groups of phytoestrogens, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans, are transformed into equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively, by bacteria. These metabolites have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activities than their precursors, and they are more bioavailable. The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolism of isoflavones, lignans and ellagitannins by gut microbiota, and to study the possible correlation in the metabolism of these three groups of phytoestrogens. In vitro fermentation experiments were performed with feces samples from 14 healthy adult volunteers, and metabolite formation was measured by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. Only the microbiota of one subject produced equol, while most of them showed production of O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA). Significant inter-subject differences were observed in the metabolism of dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein, while the glucoside isoflavones and their aglycones showed less variability, except for glycitin. Most subjects produced urolithins M-5 and E. Urolithin D was not detected, while uroltithin B was found in half of the individuals analyzed, and urolithins A and C were detected in two and four subjects, respectively. Enterolactone was found in all subjects, while enterodiol only appeared in five. Isoflavone metabolism could be correlated with the metabolism of lignans and ellagitannins. However, the metabolism of ellagitannins and lignans could not be correlated. This the first study where the metabolism of the three groups together of phytoestrogen, isoflavones, lignans, and ellagitannins by gut microbiota is analyzed.
authors: Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain. pgaya@inia.es.
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Gaya
authors: Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain. mmedina@inia.es.
authors: Margarita
authors: M
authors: Medina
authors: Departamento de Matemática Aplicada (Biomatemática), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain. abelsanchez@bio.ucm.es.
authors: Abel
authors: A
authors: Sánchez-Jiménez
authors: Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain. landete.josem@inia.es.
authors: José Mᵃ
authors: JM
authors: Landete
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003374:Coumarins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000378:metabolism*; D017705:Lignans / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003374:Coumarins; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D007529:Isoflavones; D017705:Lignans; D048789:Phytoestrogens; C013515:ellagitannin; C000595064:urolithin B
keywords: enterolignans; equol; microbiota; phytoestrogens; urolithins