title: Parenteral exposure to pesticides and occurence of congenital malformations: hospital-based case-control study.
abstract: Most fetal defects are associated with genetic and environmental causes, among them, exposure of pregnant women to intensive pesticide use. Agribusiness is the economic basis of the state of Mato Grosso, the largest consumer of pesticides of all Brazilian states. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between past parental exposure to pesticides and the occurrence of congenital malformations in children in Mato Grosso, Brazil.
  
  
  
  This hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Cuiabá, the capital of Mato Grosso, from March to October 2011. Data was collected in all public, private, and health plan referral hospitals that provide care for pregnant women in the state of Mato Grosso and were situated in Cuiabá. Cases were children under 5 years of age with congenital malformations classified in Chapter XVIII of the International Classification of Diseases-10 and controls were children within the same age range, without congenital malformations, treated at the same hospitals. Malformation-related data was obtained from the patients' medical records. Socioeconomic data and information about parental exposure to pesticides were obtained in an interview with the mother using a standardized questionnaire. We conducted multivariate logistic regression to assess the relation between parent report of past pesticide use and congenital malformations. We also assessed effect modification to verify whether low maternal education level modified the association between exposure and our outcome.
  
  
  
  We observed positive effect modification of the association of paternal past exposure to pesticide and congenital malformation in the offspring by maternal education for mothers with low educational level (OR = 8.40, 95 % CI 2.17-32.52), father's work related to farming (OR = 4.65, 95 % CI 1.03-20.98) and paternal past exposure to pesticides (OR = 4.15, 95 % CI 1.24-13.66).
  
  
  
  These findings provide further evidence that paternal exposure to pesticides, especially when associated with a low maternal education level, may be related to higher rates of fetal malformation in Mato Grosso, Brazil.
authors: Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa, 2367. CCBSIII Block, 2nd floor. Boa Esperança, 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
authors: Marly Eliane
authors: ME
authors: Ueker
authors: Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa, 2367. CCBSIII Block, 2nd floor. Boa Esperança, 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
authors: Vivianne Monteiro
authors: VM
authors: Silva
authors: University Center of Várzea Grande (UNIVAG/MT), Várzea Grande, Brazil.
authors: Gisele Pedroso
authors: GP
authors: Moi
authors: Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa, 2367. CCBSIII Block, 2nd floor. Boa Esperança, 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
authors: Wanderley Antonio
authors: WA
authors: Pignati
authors: National School of Public Health (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Ines Echenique
authors: IE
authors: Mattos
authors: Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa, 2367. CCBSIII Block, 2nd floor. Boa Esperança, 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. ageoms@hotmail.com.|University Center of Várzea Grande (UNIVAG/MT), Várzea Grande, Brazil. ageoms@hotmail.com.
authors: Ageo Mário Cândido
authors: AMC
authors: Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides