title: Latitudinal Gradients in Induced and Constitutive Resistance against Herbivores.
abstract: Plants are hypothesized to evolve increased defense against herbivores at lower latitudes, but an increasing number of studies report evidence that contradicts this hypothesis. Few studies have examined the evolution of constitutive and induced resistance along latitudinal gradients. When induction is not considered, underlying patterns of latitudinal clines in resistance can be obscured because plant resistance represents a combination of induced and constitutive resistance, which may show contrasting patterns with latitude. Here, we asked if there are latitudinal gradients in constitutive versus induced resistance by using genotypes of Oenothera biennis (Onagraceae) sampled along an 18° latitudinal gradient. We conducted two bioassay experiments to compare the resistance of plant genotypes against one generalist (Spodoptera exigua) and one specialist (Acanthoscelidius acephalus) herbivore. These insects were assayed on: i) undamaged control plants, ii) plants that had been induced with jasmonic acid, and iii) plants induced with herbivore damage. Additionally, we examined latitudinal gradients of constitutive and induced chemical resistance by measuring the concentrations of total phenolics, the concentration of oxidized phenolics, and the percentage of phenolics that were oxidized. Spodoptera exigua showed lower performance on plants from lower latitudes, whereas A. acephalus showed no latitudinal pattern. Constitutive total phenolics were greater in plants from lower latitudes, but induced plants showed higher total phenolics at higher latitudes. Oxidative activity was greatest at higher latitudes regardless of induction. Overall, both latitude and induction have an impact on different metrics of plant resistance to herbivory. Further studies should consider the effect of induction and herbivore specialization more explicitly, which may help to resolve the controversy in latitudinal gradients in herbivory and defense.
authors: Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, L5L 1C6, Mississauga, ON, Canada. daniel_anstett@yahoo.ca.|Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2, Toronto, ON, Canada. daniel_anstett@yahoo.ca.
authors: Daniel N
authors: DN
authors: Anstett
authors: Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, L5L 1C6, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
authors: Wen
authors: W
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, L5L 1C6, Mississauga, ON, Canada.|Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Marc T J
authors: MT
authors: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D060434:Herbivory; D031665:Oenothera biennis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D019800:Phenol / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D018411:Spodoptera; D048889:Weevils
chemical_list: D019800:Phenol
keywords: Bioassay; Chemical defense; Latitudinal gradients; Macroecology; Oxidative capacity; Total phenolics