title: Targeting multiple oncogenic pathways for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common forms of liver cancer diagnosed worldwide. HCC occurs due to chronic liver disease and is often diagnosed at advanced stages. Chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin are currently used as first-line agents for HCC therapy, but these are non-selective cytotoxic molecules with significant side effects. Sorafenib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the only approved targeted drug for HCC patients. However, due to adverse side effects and limited efficacy, there is a need for the identification of novel pharmacological drugs beyond sorafenib. Several agents that target and inhibit various signaling pathways involved in HCC are currently being assessed for HCC treatment. In the present review article, we summarize the diverse signal transduction pathways responsible for initiation as well as progression of HCC and also the potential anticancer effects of selected targeted therapies that can be employed for HCC therapy.
authors: Department of Biotechnology, JSS Science and Technology University, JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
authors: Supritha G
authors: SG
authors: Swamy
authors: Department of Biotechnology, JSS Science and Technology University, JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
authors: Vivek H
authors: VH
authors: Kameshwar
authors: Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570 006, Karnataka, India.
authors: Priya B
authors: PB
authors: Shubha
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors: Chung Yeng
authors: CY
authors: Looi
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
authors: Muthu K
authors: MK
authors: Shanmugam
authors: School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Arfuso
authors: School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
authors: Arunasalam
authors: A
authors: Dharmarajan
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.|School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
authors: Gautam
authors: G
authors: Sethi
authors: Department of Biotechnology, JSS Science and Technology University, JSS Technical Institutions Campus, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India. nanju_chem@yahoo.com.
authors: Nanjunda Swamy
authors: NS
authors: Shivananju
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL, 33169, USA. abishayee@ULarkin.org.
authors: Anupam
authors: A
authors: Bishayee
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents