title: The use of moderated mediated analysis to study the influence of hypo-hydration on working memory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, dehydration has been typically reported to infl uence psychological parameters when there has been at least a 2% loss of body mass, although there has been little examination of those going about their everyday lives, those who have lost less than 1% of body mass. In such situations factors such as the initial hydration status and individual differences in the response to a reduced fl uid intake are likely to be infl uential. Yet to study the complexity added by such additional variables novel methods of statistical analysis are required.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study describes the use of moderated mediation, an approach that asks various questions: fi rstly, is drinking infl uential?; secondly, does a mediator (e.g.,thirst) sit between an independent and dependent variable?; and thirdly, does an effect only occur under certain conditions such as initial osmolality?
  
  
  METHODS
  In the study, 118 subjects were exposed to 30 °C for four hours during which they half drank 300 ml water. The serial sevens test of working memory was performed before and at the end of the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 0.6% loss of body mass reduced the effi ciency of working memory. Those who consumed water had better working memory; working memory was worse in participants who lost more body mass or became thirstier, but only in those with higher levels of baseline osmolality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small variations in hydration status infl uenced cognitive functioning although there were individual differences in the response. The parameters that influence an adverse response to hypo-hydration need to be established to allow giving appropriate advice.
authors: Department of Psychology. University of Swansea. Wales. h.a.hayley@swansea.ac.uk.
authors: Hayley A
authors: HA
authors: Young
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Benton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001834:Body Water / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003681:Dehydration / Q000523:psychology*; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D013894:Thirst; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Hypo-hydration. Moderated mediation analysis. Water. Working memory.