title: A Novel Treatment Decision Tree and Literature Review of Retrograde Peri-Implantitis.
abstract: Although retrograde peri-implantitis (RPI) is not a common sequela of dental implant surgery, its prevalence has been reported in the literature to be 0.26%. Incidence of RPI is reported to increase to 7.8% when teeth adjacent to the implant site have a previous history of root canal therapy, and it is correlated with distance between implant and adjacent tooth and/or with time from endodontic treatment of adjacent tooth to implant placement. Minimum 2 mm space between implant and adjacent tooth is needed to decrease incidence of apical RPI, with minimum 4 weeks between completion of endodontic treatment and actual implant placement. The purpose of this study is to compile all available treatment modalities and to provide a decision tree as a general guide for clinicians to aid in diagnosis and treatment of RPI.
  
  
  
  Literature search was performed for articles published in English on the topic of RPI. Articles selected were case reports with study populations ranging from 1 to 32 patients. Any case report or clinical trial that attempted to treat or rescue an implant diagnosed with RPI was included.
  
  
  
  Predominant diagnostic presentation of a lesion was presence of sinus tract at buccal or facial abscess of apical portion of implant, and subsequent periapical radiographs taken demonstrated a radiolucent lesion. On the basis of case reports analyzed, RPI was diagnosed between 1 week and 4 years after implant placement. Twelve of 20 studies reported that RPI lesions were diagnosed within 6 months after implant placement. A step-by-step decision tree is provided to allow clinicians to triage and properly manage cases of RPI on the basis of recommendations and successful treatments provided in analyzed case reports. It is divided between symptomatic and asymptomatic implants and adjacent teeth with vital and necrotic pulps.
  
  
  
  Most common etiology of apical RPI is endodontic infection from neighboring teeth, which was diagnosed within 6 months after implant placement. Most common findings, radiographically and clinically, are lesions around implant apex and sinus tract. A small number of implants did not improve with treatment. Decision tree provides a path to diagnose and treat lesions to facilitate their management. Further studies are needed to focus on histologic data around periapical microbiota to establish specific etiology and differential diagnoses compared with marginal peri-implantitis and other implant-related conditions.
authors: Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX.
authors: Nima D
authors: ND
authors: Sarmast
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
authors: Howard H
authors: HH
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX.|Department of Surgical Dentistry, Division of Periodontics, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors: Nikolaos K
authors: NK
authors: Soldatos
authors: Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene, The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX.
authors: Nikola
authors: N
authors: Angelov
authors: Department of Endodontics, The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Dorn
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.|Department of Periodontics, Louisiana State University School of Dentistry, New Orleans, LA.
authors: Raymond
authors: R
authors: Yukna
authors: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
authors: Vincent J
authors: VJ
authors: Iacono
mesh_terms: D003663:Decision Trees; D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000628:therapy*; D012390:Root Canal Therapy
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Bone regeneration; decision trees; dental implants; dental pulp necrosis; peri-implantitis; periapical diseases