title: Alginate Sulfate-Nanocellulose Bioinks for Cartilage Bioprinting Applications.
abstract: One of the challenges of bioprinting is to identify bioinks which support cell growth, tissue maturation, and ultimately the formation of functional grafts for use in regenerative medicine. The influence of this new biofabrication technology on biology of living cells, however, is still being evaluated. Recently we have identified a mitogenic hydrogel system based on alginate sulfate which potently supports chondrocyte phenotype, but is not printable due to its rheological properties (no yield point). To convert alginate sulfate to a printable bioink, it was combined with nanocellulose, which has been shown to possess very good printability. The alginate sulfate/nanocellulose ink showed good printing properties and the non-printed bioink material promoted cell spreading, proliferation, and collagen II synthesis by the encapsulated cells. When the bioink was printed, the biological performance of the cells was highly dependent on the nozzle geometry. Cell spreading properties were maintained with the lowest extrusion pressure and shear stress. However, extruding the alginate sulfate/nanocellulose bioink and chondrocytes significantly compromised cell proliferation, particularly when using small diameter nozzles and valves.
authors: Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL J22, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Müller
authors: Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL J22, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Ece
authors: E
authors: Öztürk
authors: Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Øystein
authors: Ø
authors: Arlov
authors: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wallenberg Wood Science Center and 3D Bioprinting Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Gatenholm
authors: Cartilage Engineering + Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL J22, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. marcy.zenobi@hest.ethz.ch.
authors: Marcy
authors: 0000-0002-8522-9909
authors: M
authors: Zenobi-Wong
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018914:Cells, Immobilized / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D024043:Collagen Type II; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Alginate sulfate; Bioprinting; Cartilage tissue engineering; Nanocellulose