title: A look at risk factors of proteinuria in subjects without impaired renal filtration function in a general population in Owerri, Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proteinuria is a common marker of kidney damage. This study aimed at determining predictors of proteinuria in subjects without impaired renal filtration function in Owerri, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study involving 136 subjects, consecutively drawn from Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Owerri, Nigeria. Relevant investigations were performed, including 24-hour urine protein (24HUP). Correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to determine the association and strength of variables to predict proteinuria. Proteinuria was defined as 24HUP ≥0.300g and impaired renal filtration function as creatinine clearance (ClCr) <90mls/min. P<0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of subjects was 38.58 ±11.79 years. Female/male ratio was 3:1. High 24-hour urine volume (24HUV) (p<0.001), high spot urine protein/creatinine ratio (SUPCR) (p<0.001), high 24-hour urine protein/creatinine ratio (24HUPCR) (p<0.001), high 24-hour urine protein/osmolality ratio (24HUPOR) (p<0.001), low 24-hour urine creatinine/osmolality ratio (24HUCOR) (p<0.001), and low spot urine protein/osmolality ratio (SUPOR) (p<0.001), predicted proteinuria in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk factors of proteinuria in subjects without impaired renal filtration function in Owerri, Nigeria, included 24HUV, SUPCR, 24HUPCR, 24HUPOR, 24HUCOR and SUPOR. Further research should explore the relationship between urine creatinine and urine osmolality, and how this relationship may affect progression of kidney damage, with or without impaired renal filtration function.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, lmo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu, Nigeria.
authors: Ernest Ndukaife
authors: EN
authors: Anyabolu
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria.
authors: Innocent Ijezie
authors: II
authors: Chukwuonye
authors: Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria.
authors: Arthur Ebelenna
authors: AE
authors: Anyabolu
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, lmo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu, Nigeria.
authors: Okezie
authors: O
authors: Enwere
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009549:Nigeria; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Nigeria; Owerri; Risk factors; proteinuria; urine creatinine; urine osmolality