title: Copper accumulation in vineyard soils: Rhizosphere processes and agronomic practices to limit its toxicity.
abstract: Viticulture represents an important agricultural practice in many countries worldwide. Yet, the continuous use of fungicides has caused copper (Cu) accumulation in soils, which represent a major environmental and toxicological concern. Despite being an important micronutrient, Cu can be a potential toxicant at high concentrations since it may cause morphological, anatomical and physiological changes in plants, decreasing both food productivity and quality. Rhizosphere processes can, however, actively control the uptake and translocation of Cu in plants. In particular, root exudates affecting the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the rhizosphere, might reduce the availability of Cu in the soil and hence its absorption. In addition, this review will aim at discussing the advantages and disadvantages of agronomic practices, such as liming, the use of pesticides, the application of organic matter, biochar and coal fly ashes, the inoculation with bacteria and/or mycorrhizal fungi and the intercropping, in alleviating Cu toxicity symptoms.
authors: Departament of Soil Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors: Gustavo
authors: G
authors: Brunetto
authors: National Research Center of Grape and Wine (Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Uva e Vinho - CNPUV), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa), Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP: 95700-000, Brazil.
authors: George Wellington
authors: GW
authors: Bastos de Melo
authors: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", I-70126, Bari, Italy.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Terzano
authors: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
authors: Daniele
authors: D
authors: Del Buono
authors: Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, I-01100, Italy.
authors: Stefania
authors: S
authors: Astolfi
authors: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, I-33100, Udine, Italy.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Tomasi
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
authors: Youry
authors: Y
authors: Pii
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy. Electronic address: tanja.mimmo@unibz.it.
authors: Tanja
authors: T
authors: Mimmo
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Cesco
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D000072480:Farms; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper
keywords: Copper; Cu toxicity; Rhizosphere processes; Vineyard soils