title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a 2 year old male child with choleilithiasis and recurrent right hypochondrial pain: Case report and review of literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallstone disease has been considered an uncommon entity in children and infants, but its incidence is reportedly increasing which may be attributed to widespread use of diagnostic imaging (ultrasonography).
  
  
  METHODS
  An apparently healthy 2 year old male child presented to our Outpatient department with chief complaint of recurrent abdominal pain. The episodes of pain were acute in onset and associated with vomiting. As per the complete examination and findings, a diagnosis of chronic calculous cholecystitis was made. A four port laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of gallstones in children in India has not been sufficiently studied. The incidence of gallstone disease in India was found to be 0.3% with the incidence in age group 0-10 being less than 0.1%. In contrast to adult gallstone disease, it has been found that there is no female preponderance in gallstone diseases of infancy. Also, the majority of children having increased haemoglobin turnover develop pigment stones only after 5 years of age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The probability of gallstone disease in infants and young children should not be ignored. Gall stones should always be considered as a differential diagnosis when young patients present with complaints of abdominal pain.
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: dr.sanjeevpremchhabra@gmail.com.
authors: Sanjeev K
authors: SK
authors: Chhabra
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: drzeeshan180@gmail.com.
authors: Zeeshan
authors: Z
authors: Ahmed
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: Ashsihm01@gmail.com.
authors: Ashish
authors: A
authors: Massey
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: docwriteup@hotmail.com.
authors: Shanoo
authors: S
authors: Agarwal
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: vikesh14vij@gmail.com.
authors: Vikesh
authors: V
authors: Vij
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: dr.bharat09@gmail.com.
authors: Bharat
authors: B
authors: Agarwal
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: Jeevan.kankaria@gmail.com.
authors: Jeevan
authors: J
authors: Kankaria
authors: Department of General Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur, 302004 Rajasthan, India. Electronic address: jenawrk@yahoo.com.
authors: Raj K
authors: RK
authors: Jenaw
keywords: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Pediatric cholelithiasis