title: Long-term effects of weight loss with a very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat diet on flow mediated dilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial.
abstract: Very-low carbohydrate diets can improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, compared to traditional higher carbohydrate, low fat (HighCHO) diets, they have been associated with impaired endothelial function (measured by flow mediated dilatation [FMD]) that is possibly related to saturated fat. This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12-month hypocaloric very-low carbohydrate, low saturated fat (LowCHO) diet compared to an isocaloric HighCHO diet.
  
  
  
  One hundred and fifteen obese patients with T2DM (age:58.4 ± 0.7 [SEM] yr, BMI:34.6 ± 0.4 kg/m(2), HbA1c:7.33 [56.3 mmol/mol] ± 0.10%) were randomised to consume an energy restricted LowCHO diet (Carb:Pro:Fat:Sat-Fat 14:28:58: < 10% energy; n = 58) or isocaloric HighCHO diet (53:17:30: < 10%; n = 57) whilst undertaking exercise (60 min, 3/wk). Bodyweight, HbA1c and FMD were assessed.
  
  
  
  Seventy eight participants completed the intervention (LowCHO = 41, HighCHO = 37). Both groups experienced similar reductions in weight and HbA1c (-10.6 ± 0.7 kg, -1.05 ± 0.10%; p < 0.001 time, p ≥ 0.48 time × diet). FMD did not change (p = 0.11 time, p = 0.20 time × diet).
  
  
  
  In patients with obesity and T2DM, HighCHO diet and LowCHO diet have similar effects on endothelial function.
authors: Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Thomas P
authors: TP
authors: Wycherley
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Campbell H
authors: CH
authors: Thompson
authors: Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Jonathan D
authors: JD
authors: Buckley
authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) - Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Natalie D
authors: ND
authors: Luscombe-Marsh
authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) - Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Manny
authors: M
authors: Noakes
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Gary A
authors: GA
authors: Wittert
authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) - Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address: grant.brinkworth@csiro.au.
authors: Grant D
authors: GD
authors: Brinkworth
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004106:Dilatation; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Cardiovascular disease risk; Diet composition; Endothelial function; Weight loss