title: A tool box strategy using Bacteroides genetic markers to differentiate human from non-human sources of fecal contamination in natural water.
abstract: Bacteroides genetic markers have been widely used to identify fecal pollution of water originating from human and animal sources. Many of the assays currently used for detecting human-specific Bacteroides produce false positive results. The focus of this study was to develop a microbial source tracking (MST) tool box strategy for differentiating Bacteroides from human and animal sources. Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene sequences from fish and selected animals were aligned against human fecal Bacteroides isolates to compare and characterize the variable regions within the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Conserved sequences between 4 variable regions were deleted and the truncated sequences were combined to develop a hyper-variable genomic segment (HVGS). The cladogram created from truncated sequences show a clear separation of Bacteroides from human feces and those from animal sources. The proposed strategy was field tested by collecting water samples from central Arizona source waters and three different recreational ponds. PCR using HF134 and HF183 primer sets was performed and sequences from positive reactions were aligned against human Bacteroides sequences to identify the source of contamination. Based on PCR results, the source of fecal contamination was presumptively identified as either human or from another source. For samples testing positive using the HF183 primer set (8/13), fecal contamination was presumed to be from human sources, but to confirm the results, PCR products were sequenced and aligned against the four variable regions and then incorporated within the truncated cladogram. As expected, the sequences from water samples with human fecal contamination grouped in a separate clade. A variability matrix, developed after exclusion of conserved sequences among the four regions, was utilized to establish discrete groupings for sequences within the truncated cladogram, generally differentiating Bacteroides isolates from varying host animals, but most importantly, separating Bacteroides from human feces from Bacteroides from other animals. The proposed strategy offers a new tool box method for MST and a step-wise methodology essential for identifying human sources of fecal pollution.
authors: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, National Science Foundation Water, Environmental Technology Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA. Electronic address: Leila.kabiri-badr@asu.edu.
authors: Leila
authors: L
authors: Kabiri
authors: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, National Science Foundation Water, Environmental Technology Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA. Electronic address: absar.alum@asu.edu.
authors: Absar
authors: A
authors: Alum
authors: University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA. Electronic address: channah@ag.arizona.edu.
authors: Channah
authors: C
authors: Rock
authors: Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. Electronic address: mclainj@email.arizona.edu.
authors: Jean E
authors: JE
authors: McLain
authors: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, National Science Foundation Water, Environmental Technology Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA. Electronic address: abbaszadegan@asu.edu.
authors: Morteza
authors: M
authors: Abbaszadegan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000382:microbiology; D001130:Arizona; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: 16S RNA; Bacteroides; Cladogram; Sequence truncation; Source tracking