title: Recent Advances and Future Strategies for Immune-Checkpoint Inhibition in Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
abstract: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is distinguished from non-small-cell lung cancer by its rapid growth and more frequent metastases. Although patients with SCLC are highly responsive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, long-term prognosis remains poor, with relapse and disease recurrence occurring in almost all cases. Whereas combination chemotherapies continue to be the standard of care in extensive-stage SCLC, there is value in exploring whether immune-checkpoint inhibition is an effective treatment strategy, given the durable responses in non-small-cell lung cancer. Data from SCLC trials have shown clinical activity and response to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 protein and programmed cell death-1 blockade, suggesting that antibodies targeting these pathways may be effective in improving survival outcome. However, data on clinical activity by programmed cell death-1 ligand expression in SCLC are not widely available. Limited data indicate that programmed cell death-1 ligand expression may not be an ideal biomarker for patient selection. Continued research is necessary to better optimize patient selection and response to therapy.
authors: Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: young.chae@northwestern.edu.
authors: Young Kwang
authors: YK
authors: Chae
authors: Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Pan
authors: Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Andrew A
authors: AA
authors: Davis
authors: Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Nisha
authors: N
authors: Mohindra
authors: Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Matsangou
authors: Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Victoria
authors: V
authors: Villaflor
authors: Developmental Therapeutics Program of the Division of Hematology Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors: Francis
authors: F
authors: Giles
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D011379:Prognosis; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human
keywords: CTLA-4; Immunotherapy; PD-1; PD-L1; Small-cell lung cancer