title: Lipid Emulsion Formulation of Parenteral Nutrition Affects Intestinal Microbiota and Host Responses in Neonatal Piglets.
abstract: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a cause of intestinal microbial dysbiosis and impaired gut barrier function. This may contribute to life-threatening parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and sepsis in infants. We compared the effects of a lipid emulsion containing long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; SMOFlipid) and a predominantly ω-6 PUFA emulsion (Intralipid) on microbial composition and host response at the mucosal surface.
  
  
  
  Neonatal piglets were provided isocaloric, isonitrogenous TPN for 14 days versus sow-fed (SF) controls. Equivalent lipid doses (10 g/kg/d) were given of either SMOFlipid (ML; n = 10) or Intralipid (SO; n = 9). Ileal segments and mucosal scrapings were used to characterize microbial composition by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative gene expression of tight junction proteins, mucins, antimicrobial peptides, and inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  
  The microbial composition of TPN piglets differed from SF, while ML and SO differed from each other (analysis of molecular variance; P < .05); ML piglets were more similar to SF, as indicated by UniFrac distance ( P < .05). SO piglets showed a specific and dramatic increase in Parabacteroides ( P < .05), while ML showed an increase in Enterobacteriaceae ( P < .05). Gene expression of mucin, claudin 1, β-defensin 2, and interleukin 8 were higher in TPN; overall increases were significantly less in ML versus SO ( P < .05).
  
  
  
  The formulation of parenteral lipid is associated with differences in the gut microbiota and host response of TPN-fed neonatal piglets. Inclusion of ω-3 long-chain PUFAs appears to improve host-microbial interactions at the mucosal surface, although mechanisms are yet to be defined.
authors: 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.|2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Celeste M
authors: CM
authors: Lavallee
authors: 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Jayden A R
authors: JAR
authors: MacPherson
authors: 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Mi
authors: M
authors: Zhou
authors: 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.|3 Southwest University for Nationalities, College of Life Science and Technology, Chengdu, China.
authors: Yanhua
authors: Y
authors: Gao
authors: 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Pamela R
authors: PR
authors: Wizzard
authors: 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.|4 Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors: Paul W
authors: PW
authors: Wales
authors: 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.|2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Justine M
authors: JM
authors: Turner
authors: 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors: Benjamin P
authors: BP
authors: Willing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008297:Male; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013552:Swine; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D016207:Cytokines; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D009077:Mucins; D057947:Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D062725:Tight Junction Proteins
keywords: immune response; infant; life cycle; liver disease; microbiome; neonates; nutrition, lipids; parenteral nutrition; piglet; research and diseases