title: Phage-Enabled Nanomedicine: From Probes to Therapeutics in Precision Medicine.
abstract: Both lytic and temperate bacteriophages (phages) can be applied in nanomedicine, in particular, as nanoprobes for precise disease diagnosis and nanotherapeutics for targeted disease treatment. Since phages are bacteria-specific viruses, they do not naturally infect eukaryotic cells and are not toxic to them. They can be genetically engineered to target nanoparticles, cells, tissues, and organs, and can also be modified with functional abiotic nanomaterials for disease diagnosis and treatment. This Review will summarize the current use of phage structures in many aspects of precision nanomedicine, including ultrasensitive biomarker detection, enhanced bioimaging for disease diagnosis, targeted drug and gene delivery, directed stem cell differentiation, accelerated tissue formation, effective vaccination, and nanotherapeutics for targeted disease treatment. We will also propose future directions in the area of phage-based nanomedicines, and discuss the state of phage-based clinical trials.
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA.
authors: Kegan S
authors: KS
authors: Sunderland
authors: Institute of Applied Bioresource Research, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
authors: Mingying
authors: M
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA.|School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
authors: Chuanbin
authors: C
authors: Mao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods
keywords: biosensing; nanomedicine; phages; probes; therapeutics