title: Soil contamination with olive mill wastes negatively affects microbial communities, invertebrates and plants.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of olive mill waste (OMW) on soil habitat function. To this end, soil samples from OMW evaporating ponds (S1-S5) located at Agareb (Sfax, Tunisia) and a reference soil (R) were collected. The effects of OMW on the springtails Folsomia candida (F.c.), the earthworm species Eisenia fetida (E.f.), Enchytraeus crypticus (E.c.) reproduction and on the soil living microbial communities were investigated. E.f. reproduction and tomato growth assays were performed in the reference soil amended with 0.43 to 7.60 % (wOMW/wref-soil) mass ratios of dried OMW. Changes in microbial function diversity were explored using sole-carbon-source utilization profiles (BiologEcoPlates®). E.f. absolutely avoided (100 %) the most polluted soil (S4) while the F.c. moderately avoided (37.5 ± 7.5 %) the same soil. E.c. reproduction in S4 was significantly lower than in S1, S2, S3 and S5, and was the highest in R soil. Estimated effect concentration EC50for juveniles' production by E.f., and for tomato fresh weight and chlorophyll content were 0.138, 0.6 and 1.13 %, respectively. Community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) were remarkably different in R and S4 and a higher similarity was observed between soils S1, S2, S3 and S5. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that differences between soil microbial functional diversity were mainly due to high polyphenol concentrations, while the salinity negatively affected E.c. reproduction in OMW contaminated soils. These results clearly reflect the high toxicity of dried OMW when added to agricultural soils, causing severe threats to terrestrial ecosystem functions and services provided by invertebrates and microbial communities.
authors: Laboratory Water, Energy and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Soukra Km 4, Po. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia. olfa_hentati@yahoo.fr.|High Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Soukra Km 4, Po. Box 1175, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia. olfa_hentati@yahoo.fr.
authors: Olfa
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9791-2396
authors: O
authors: Hentati
authors: Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Oliveira
authors: Department of Geosciences and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors: Clara
authors: C
authors: Sena
authors: Laboratory Water, Energy and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Soukra Km 4, Po. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors: Mohamed Seddik Mahmoud
authors: MS
authors: Bouji
authors: Laboratory Water, Energy and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Soukra Km 4, Po. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Wali
authors: Laboratory Water, Energy and Environment, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Soukra Km 4, Po. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.|High Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Road of Soukra Km 4, Po. Box 1175, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Ksibi
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000502:physiology; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007220:Industrial Waste; D031658:Olea; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Community level physiological profiles (CLPPs); Dried olive mill waste impacts; Polyphenol toxicity; Soil amendment; Terrestrial ecotoxicological tests