title: A Retinol Isotope Dilution Equation Predicts Both Group and Individual Total Body Vitamin A Stores in Adults Based on Data from an Early Postdosing Blood Sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinol isotope dilution (RID) is used to determine vitamin A total body stores (TBS) after an oral dose of a vitamin A stable isotope. The generally accepted prediction equation proposed by Olson's group in 1989 (Furr et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:713-6) includes factors related to dose absorption and retention, isotope equilibration in plasma compared with stores, catabolism during the mixing period, and the optimal time for measuring plasma isotope enrichment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were 1) to develop a modified RID equation and identify an earlier sampling time for predicting TBS and 2) to improve prediction in individuals as well as groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  To develop a modified RID equation, we used results of model-based compartmental analysis [the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software (WinSAAM version 3.0.8; http://www.WinSAAM.org)] of plasma [13C10]retinol kinetic data from 32 previously studied, healthy young adults of European ancestry who had moderate vitamin A intakes and who ingested 2.95 μmol [13C10]retinyl acetate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the time dependence of factors in the prediction equation related to absorption/retention (Fa) and isotope equilibration (S) and determined that 4 or 5 d postdosing was the optimal sampling time. TBS calculated by the equation TBS = Fa x S x (1/SAp), where SApis plasma retinol specific activity (fraction of dose/μmol), were highly correlated with model-predicted TBS (r = 0.95 and 0.96 for 4 and 5 d, respectively; P < 0.001); predictions for individuals were also highly correlated (Rs= 0.94 and 0.94; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The equation TBS ≈ 0.5 × (1/SAp) accurately predicted vitamin A TBS in this group of 32 healthy young adults and its individual members with the use of data from 1 blood sample taken 4 d after isotope administration.
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and.
authors: Michael H
authors: MH
authors: Green
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and.
authors: Jennifer Lynn
authors: JL
authors: Ford
authors: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and.
authors: Joanne Balmer
authors: JB
authors: Green
authors: Northern Institute for Cancer Research and.
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Berry
authors: Northern Institute for Cancer Research and.
authors: Alan V
authors: AV
authors: Boddy
authors: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Oxley
authors: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom georg.lietz@ncl.ac.uk.
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Lietz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004224:Diterpenes; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007554:Isotopes / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D007554:Isotopes; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014801:Vitamin A; C009166:retinol acetate
keywords: WinSAAM; humans; interindividual variation; liver vitamin A; retinol isotope dilution technique; vitamin A status; vitamin A stores