title: Development of an Age Band on the ManuVis for 3-Year-Old Children with Visual Impairments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare fine motor performance of 3-year-old children with visual impairment with peers having normal vision, to provide reference scores for 3-year-old children with visual impairment on the ManuVis, and to assess inter-rater reliability.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 children with visual impairment (mean age: 3 years 7 months (SD 3 months); 17 boys) and 28 children with normal vision (mean age: 3 years 7 months (SD 4 months); 14 boys) participated in the study. The ManuVis age band for 3-year-old children comprised two one-handed tasks, two two-handed tasks, and a pre-writing task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with visual impairment needed more time on all tasks (p < .01) and performed the pre-writing task less accurately than children with normal vision (p < .001). Children aged 42-47 months performed significantly faster on two tasks and had better total scores than children aged 36-41 months (p < .05). Inter-rater reliability was excellent (Intra-class Correlation Coefficient = 0.96-0.99).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ManuVis age band for 3-year-old children is appropriate to assess fine motor skills, and is sensitive to differences between children with visual impairment and normal vision and between half-year age groups. Reference scores are provided for 3-year-old children with visual impairment to identify delayed fine motor development.
authors: a Bartiméus Institute for the Visually Impaired , Zeist , The Netherlands.|c Department of Rehabilitation , Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences , IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen , The Netherlands.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Reimer
authors: b Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center , Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Barsingerhorn
authors: c Department of Rehabilitation , Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences , IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen , The Netherlands.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Overvelde
authors: c Department of Rehabilitation , Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences , IQ Healthcare, Nijmegen , The Netherlands.
authors: M W G
authors: MW
authors: Nijhuis-Van der Sanden
authors: a Bartiméus Institute for the Visually Impaired , Zeist , The Netherlands.|b Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center , Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.
authors: F N
authors: FN
authors: Boonstra
authors: d Department of Developmental Psychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors: R F A
authors: RF
authors: Cox
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Children; ManuVis; fine motor skills; motor development; pre-writing skills; visual impairment