title: Validation of electromechanical wave imaging in a canine model during pacing and sinus rhythm.
abstract: Accurate determination of regional areas of arrhythmic triggers is of key interest to diagnose arrhythmias and optimize their treatment. Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) is an ultrasound technique that can image the transient deformation in the myocardium after electrical activation and therefore has the potential to detect and characterize location of triggers of arrhythmias.
  
  
  
  The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between the electromechanical and the electrical activation of the left ventricular (LV) endocardial surface during epicardial and endocardial pacing and during sinus rhythm as well as to map the distribution of electromechanical delays.
  
  
  
  In this study, 6 canines were investigated. Two external electrodes were sutured onto the epicardial surface of the LV. A 64-electrode basket catheter was inserted through the apex of the LV. Ultrasound channel data were acquired at 2000 frames/s during epicardial and endocardial pacing and during sinus rhythm. Electromechanical and electrical activation maps were synchronously obtained from the ultrasound data and the basket catheter, respectively.
  
  
  
  The mean correlation coefficient between electromechanical and electrical activation was 0.81 for epicardial anterior pacing, 0.79 for epicardial lateral pacing, 0.69 for endocardial pacing, and 0.56 for sinus rhythm.
  
  
  
  The electromechanical activation sequence determined by EWI follows the electrical activation sequence and more specifically in the case of pacing. This finding is of key interest in the role that EWI can play in the detection of the anatomical source of arrhythmias and the planning of pacing therapies such as cardiovascular resynchronization therapy.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering.
authors: Julien
authors: J
authors: Grondin
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering.
authors: Alexandre
authors: A
authors: Costet
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering.
authors: Ethan
authors: E
authors: Bunting
authors: Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons.
authors: Alok
authors: A
authors: Gambhir
authors: Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons.
authors: Hasan
authors: H
authors: Garan
authors: Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons.
authors: Elaine
authors: E
authors: Wan
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York. Electronic address: ek2191@columbia.edu.
authors: Elisa E
authors: EE
authors: Konofagou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods*; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Arrhythmias; Canine model; Electrical mapping; Electromechanical activation; Noninvasive imaging; Pacing; Ultrasound