title: When Can I Drive After Orthopaedic Surgery? A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients often ask their doctors when they can safely return to driving after orthopaedic injuries and procedures, but the data regarding this topic are diverse and sometimes conflicting. Some studies provide observer-reported outcome measures, such as brake response time or simulators, to estimate when patients can safely resume driving after surgery, and patient survey data describing when patients report a return to driving, but they do not all agree. We performed a systematic review and quality appraisal for available data regarding when patients are safe to resume driving after common orthopaedic surgeries and injuries affecting the ability to drive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Based on the available evidence, we sought to determine when patients can safely return to driving after (1) lower extremity orthopaedic surgery and injuries; (2) upper extremity orthopaedic surgery and injuries; and (3) spine surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was performed using PubMed and EMBASE®, with a list of 20 common orthopaedic procedures and the words "driving" and "brake". Selection criteria included any article that evaluated driver safety or time to driving after major orthopaedic surgery or immobilization using observer-reported outcome measures or survey data. A total of 446 articles were identified from the initial search, 48 of which met inclusion criteria; abstract-only publications and non-English-language articles were not included. The evidence base includes data for driving safety on foot, ankle, spine, and leg injuries, knee and shoulder arthroscopy, hip and knee arthroplasty, carpal tunnel surgery, and extremity immobilization. Thirty-four of the articles used observer-reported outcome measures such as total brake time, brake response time, driving simulator, and standardized driving track results, whereas the remaining 14 used survey data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Observer-reported outcome measures of total brake time, brake response time, and brake force postoperatively suggested patients reached presurgical norms 4 weeks after right-sided procedures such as TKA, THA, and ACL reconstruction and approximately 1 week after left-sided TKA and THA. The collected survey data suggest patients resumed driving 1 month after right-sided and left-sided TKAs. Patients who had THA reported returning to driving between 6 days and 3 months postoperatively. Observer-reported outcome measures showed that patients' driving abilities often are impaired when wearing an immobilizing cast above or below the elbow or a shoulder sling on their dominant arm. Patients reported a return to driving on average 2 months after rotator cuff repair procedures and approximately 1-3 months postoperatively for total shoulder arthroplasties. Most patients with spine surgery had normal brake response times at the time of hospital discharge. Patients reported driving 6 weeks after total disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available evidence provides a best-case scenario for when patients can return to driving. It is important for observer-reported outcome measures to have normalized before a patient can consider driving, but other factors such as strength, ROM, and use of opioid analgesics need to be considered. This review can provide a guideline for when physicians can begin to consider evaluating these other factors and discussing a return to driving with patients. Survey data suggest that patients are returning to driving before observer-reported outcome measures have normalized, indicating that physicians should tell patients to wait longer before driving. Further research is needed to correlate observer-reported outcome measures with adverse events, such as motor vehicle accidents, and clinical tests that can be performed in the office.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, therapeutic study.
authors: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors: Kevin J
authors: KJ
authors: DiSilvestro
authors: Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Adam J
authors: AJ
authors: Santoro
authors: Rothman Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Fotios P
authors: FP
authors: Tjoumakaris
authors: Rothman Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Levicoff
authors: Rothman Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. kevin.freedman@rothmaninstitute.com.|Rothman Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 825 Old Lancaster Road, Suite 200, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA. kevin.freedman@rothmaninstitute.com.
authors: Kevin B
authors: KB
authors: Freedman
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D011930:Reaction Time; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012307:Risk Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*