title: The effect of astaxanthin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and peroxidation reactions in the aqueous humor.
abstract: We explored the effect of astaxanthin on vascular endothelial growth factor in the aqueous humor, by measuring vascular endothelial growth factor levels and oxidation-related parameters, including O2 (•-) scavenging activity, H2O2 level, and total hydroperoxide level in the aqueous humor, obtained from 35 patients before and after astaxanthin administration. We evaluated the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor and the oxidation-related parameters as well as the patient's diabetic status, age, and sex. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels did not change significantly but O2 (•-) scavenging activity and total hydroperoxide level significantly (p<0.05) increased and decreased, respectively. Both pre- and post- astaxanthin intake, vascular endothelial growth factor and total hydroperoxide levels were positively correlated (Pearson: r = 0.42, p<0.05; r = 0.55, p<0.01, respectively). Analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor levels and O2 (•-) scavenging activities gave a negative correlation but only pre-astaxanthin intake (r = -0.37, p<0.05). Differences in levels pre- and post-astaxanthin only showed association between vascular endothelial growth factor and total hydroperoxide (r = 0.49, p<0.01) analyzed by multiple linear regression. Using multivariate analysis, pre-astaxanthin vascular endothelial growth factor level was associated with two factors of total hydroperoxide and O2 (•-) scavenging activity (r = 0.49, p<0.05), and post-astaxanthin vascular endothelial growth factor level with two factors of total hydroperoxide and sex (r = 0.60, p<0.01). Astaxanthin intake may have affected vascular endothelial growth factor level through its antioxidant effects by increasing O2 (•-) scavenging activity and suppressing peroxide production.
authors: Tsukuba Hashimoto Optical Clinic, 530 Furuku, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0021, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan.
authors: Hirotaka
authors: H
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan.
authors: Kiyomi
authors: K
authors: Arai
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan; Lively Eye Clinic, 3-1-4 Asahi-cho, Souka-shi, Saitama 340-0053, Japan.
authors: Shimmin
authors: S
authors: Hayashi
authors: Embassy of Japan in Jordan, No. 7, Fa'eq Halazon St. Between 5th and 6th Circle, North Abdoun, Amman 11181, Jordan.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Okamoto
authors: Fuji Chemical Industry Co., LTD., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiichi-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0397, Japan.
authors: Jiro
authors: J
authors: Takahashi
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Saitama 343-8555, Japan.
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Chikuda
keywords: aqueous humor; astaxanthin; oxidation; superoxide; vascular endothelial growth factor