title: Acute and Chronic Pretreatment With Atenolol Attenuates Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the protective effects of preinjury atenolol (acute v chronic) on apoptosis, contractility, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in hypercholesterolemic rats undergoing intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, experimental animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats (n = 32).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided into the following 4 groups: 1 group was fed a normal diet (ND) (group ND+NoAT [no atenolol]), and the other 3 groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-group HCD+NoAT, group HCD+ChAT (chronic atenolol, 3 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks), and group HCD+AcAT (acute atenolol, 1.5 mg/kg, given 5 minutes before intestinal clamping). All rats underwent I/R injury. The superior mesenteric artery was clamped for 60 minutes, then opened for 120 minutes (reperfusion). Apoptotic cells and stimulated contractions of ileal segments were examined. Tissue markers of intestinal I/R injury were examined. Intestinal malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate/nitrite levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The chronic atenolol group had fewer apoptotic cells and higher superoxide dismutase activity compared with the other groups. Intestinal contraction was higher in both atenolol pretreatment groups compared with the NoAT groups. Chronic and acute atenolol resulted in lower ileal levels of malondialdehyde and immunolabeling-positive cells (intestinal inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1, and interleukin-8) after I/R injury compared with the no atenolol groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both chronic and acute pre-I/R injury treatment with atenolol attenuated I/R injury in this hypercholesterolemic rat model. These findings should encourage future studies of atenolol in hypercholesterolemic patients undergoing procedures with a high risk of intestinal ischemia.
authors: Departments of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey. Electronic address: ozturktulun@yahoo.com.
authors: Tülün
authors: T
authors: Öztürk
authors: Pharmacology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Kamil
authors: K
authors: Vural
authors: Histology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: İbrahim
authors: İ
authors: Tuğlu
authors: Biochemistry, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Ahmet
authors: A
authors: Var
authors: Cardiovascular Surgery, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Taner
authors: T
authors: Kurdal
authors: Pharmacology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey; Histology, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Uncubozköy, Manisa, Turkey.
authors: Işıl
authors: I
authors: Aydemir
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001262:Atenolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D007422:Intestines / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D001262:Atenolol
keywords: atenolol; hypercholesterolemia; ileum protection; ischemia-reperfusion injury