title: M1 polarization and the effect of PGE2on TNF-α production by lymph node cells from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis.
abstract: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum. Increased levels of arginase, nitric oxide (NO2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can play a regulatory role regarding the immune response in CVL cases. This study aimed to evaluate the arginase activity in adherent macrophages cultured from the lymph nodes of healthy and naturally infected dogs and to examine the NO2and PGE2levels in the supernatant of these cultures. In addition, the regulatory effect of PGE2on the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in supernatants from the total lymph node was observed in leucocyte cultures. The arginase activity was lower in the adherent macrophages cultured from the lymph nodes of naturally infected dogs and there were higher concentrations of NO2and PGE2in the supernatants of these cultures. Higher TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations were observed in supernatants from total lymph node leucocytes cultures, from infected dogs, and the presence of indomethacin only decreased TNF-α in the supernatant of these cultures. We conclude that the low arginase activity in macrophages suggested that M1 polarization and PGE2were participating in the immune response and were increasing TNF-α in CVL.
authors: Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Venturin
authors: Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: V M
authors: VM
authors: Chiku
authors: Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: K L O
authors: KL
authors: Silva
authors: Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: B F M
authors: BF
authors: de Almeida
authors: Department of Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. vmflima@fmva.unesp.br.
authors: V M F
authors: VM
authors: de Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs / Q000276:immunology*; D018314:Leishmania infantum / Q000502:physiology*; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001119:Arginase; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords:  ELISA ; Leishmania spp; canine; cytokine; macrophages