title: Antifouling booster biocides in coastal waters of Panama: First appraisal in one of the busiest shipping zones.
abstract: A baseline study for antifouling booster biocides in coastal waters of Panama is presented. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) was used for extraction and Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was applied for the quantification of irgarol 1051, diuron, (2-thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) and dichlofluanid. TCMTB, DCOIT and dichlofluanid were not detected in any seawater sample, while irgarol 1051 and diuron were found in four out of thirteen areas (<0.3 to 5.0ngL-1and <2.7 to 70ngL-1, respectively). Although the hotspots were identified in areas influenced by marinas and in one of the ports, diuron and irgarol 1051 levels were all lower than the threshold levels set by the Environmental Quality Standard of United Kingdom. However, this is only a snapshot of the status of costal water contamination by antifouling booster biocides and a more comprehensive assessment is needed to assess risks associated to long term exposure.
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
authors: Jahir Antonio
authors: JA
authors: Batista-Andrade
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
authors: Sergiane Souza
authors: SS
authors: Caldas
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
authors: Jean Lucas
authors: JL
authors: de Oliveira Arias
authors: Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP 11030-400, Brazil.
authors: Italo Braga
authors: IB
authors: Castro
authors: Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil.
authors: Gilberto
authors: G
authors: Fillmann
authors: Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil. Electronic address: dqmednei@furg.br.
authors: Ednei Gilberto
authors: EG
authors: Primel
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis*; D004237:Diuron / Q000032:analysis; D005843:Geography; D010176:Panama; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012767:Ships; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C103341:irgarol 1051; C016370:dichlofluanid; D004237:Diuron
keywords: Booster biocides; Coastal waters; Diuron; Irgarol; Panama; Panama Canal