title: Invasive Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C Outbreak in Northwest Nigeria, 2015 - Third Consecutive Outbreak of a New Strain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In northwest Nigeria in 2013 and 2014, two sequential, localized outbreaks of meningitis were caused by a new strain of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (NmC). In 2015, an outbreak caused by the same novel NmC strain occurred over a wider geographical area, displaying different characteristics to the previous outbreaks. We describe cases treated by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in the 2015 outbreak.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 10 to June 8, 2015, data on cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) cases and deaths were recorded on standardized line-lists from case management sites supported by MSF. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from suspected cases at the beginning of the outbreak and throughout from suspected cases from new geographical areas were tested using rapid Pastorex® latex agglutination to determine causative serogroup. A subset of CSF samples was also inoculated into Trans-Isolate medium for testing by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Oslo. Reactive vaccination campaigns with meningococcal ACWY polysaccharide vaccine targeted affected administrative wards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6394 (65 confirmed and 6329 probable) cases of CSM including 321 deaths (case fatality rate: 5.0%) were recorded. The cumulative attack rate was 282 cases per 100,000 population in the wards affected. The outbreak lasted 17 weeks, affecting 1039 villages in 21 local government areas in three states (Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger). Pastorex® tests were NmC positive for 65 (58%) of 113 CSF samples. Of 31 Trans-Isolate medium samples, 26 (84%) tested positive for NmC (14 through culture and 12 through PCR); all had the same rare PorA type P1.21-15,16 as isolates from the 2013 and 2014 outbreaks. All 14 culture-positive samples yielded isolates of the same genotype (ST-10217 PorA type P1.21-15,16 and FetA type F1-7). More than 222,000 targeted individuals were vaccinated relatively early in the outbreak (administrative coverage estimates 98% and 89% in Kebbi and Sokoto, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outbreak was the largest caused by NmC documented in Nigeria. Reactive vaccination in both states may have helped curtail the epidemic. A vaccination campaign against NmC with a long-lasting conjugate vaccine should be considered in the region.
authors: Médecins sans Frontières, Sokoto, Nigeria.
authors: Jaime
authors: J
authors: Chow
authors: Nigeria Emergency Response Unit (NERU), Médecins sans Frontières, Sokoto, Nigeria.
authors: Kennedy
authors: K
authors: Uadiale
authors: Médecins sans Frontières, Sokoto, Nigeria.
authors: Agatha
authors: A
authors: Bestman
authors: Médecins sans Frontières, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Charity
authors: C
authors: Kamau
authors: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Dominique A
authors: DA
authors: Caugant
authors: State Primary Health Care Development Agency, State Ministry of Health, Sokoto, Nigeria.
authors: Aminu
authors: A
authors: Shehu
authors: Manson Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Greig
keywords: Epidemiology; Nigeria; disease outbreak; meningococcal disease