title: Biomarkers of acute appendicitis: systematic review and cost-benefit trade-off analysis.
abstract: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency and can represent a challenging diagnosis, with a negative appendectomy rate as high as 20 %. This review aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of individual biomarkers in the diagnosis of appendicitis and appraise the quality of these studies.
  
  
  
  A systematic review of the literature between January 2000 and September 2015 using of PubMed, OvidMedline, EMBASE and Google Scholar was conducted. Studies in which the diagnostic accuracy, statistical heterogeneity and predictive ability for severity of several biomarkers could be elicited were included. Information regarding costs and process times was retrieved from the regional laboratory. European surgeons blinded to these reviews were independently asked to rank which characteristics of biomarkers were most important in acute appendicitis to inform a cost-benefit trade-off. Sensitivity testing and the QUADAS-2 tool were used to assess the robustness of the analysis and study quality, respectively.
  
  
  
  Sixty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were assessed. Traditional biomarkers (such as white cell count) were found to have a moderate diagnostic accuracy (0.75) but lower costs in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Conversely, novel markers (pro-calcitonin, IL 6 and urinary 5-HIAA) were found to have high process-related costs including analytical times, but improved diagnostic accuracy. QUADAS-2 analysis revealed significant potential biases in the literature.
  
  
  
  When assessing biomarkers, an appreciation of the trade-offs between the costs and benefits of individual biomarkers is needed. Further studies should seek to investigate new biomarkers and address concerns over bias, in order to improve the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
authors: Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors: Amish
authors: A
authors: Acharya
authors: Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors: Sheraz R
authors: SR
authors: Markar
authors: Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK.
authors: Melody
authors: M
authors: Ni
authors: Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK. g.hanna@imperial.ac.uk.
authors: George B
authors: GB
authors: Hanna
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001062:Appendectomy; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004630:Emergencies; D006801:Humans; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D006897:Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: Acute appendicitis; Biomarkers; Cost–benefit trade-off