title: Epidemiological Investigation of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 2 to 14 Isolates from Water Samples by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Sequence-Based Typing and Detection of Virulence Traits.
abstract: The aim of this study is to explore the dispersion, clonality, and virulence of Legionella pneumophila serogroups 2 to 14 in the Greek environment. Eighty L. pneumophila serogroup 2 to 14 strains isolated from water distribution systems of hotels, hospitals, athletic venues, and ferries in Greece were tested by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for serogroup discrimination and molecularly by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) for genetic diversity. Fifty-six of 80 strains were also typed by the sequence-based typing (SBT) method. Αll strains were further analyzed for detection of two pathogenicity loci: Legionella vir homologue (lvh) and repeats in structural toxin (rtxA). Thirty-seven strains (46.2%) belonged to serogroup 6, 26 strains (32.5%) to serogroup 3, and 7 (8.8%) to other serogroups (4, 5, 8, and 10). Ten strains (12.5%) were nontypeable (NT) into the known serogroups. Thirty-nine different AFLP types were found among the 80 L. pneumophila serogroup 2 to 14 strains, and 24 different SBT types were found among the 56 strains tested. Among the 80 strains, the lvh locus was present in 75 (93.8%), the rtxA locus was found in 76 (95%), and both loci were found in 73 (91.3%) strains. This study showed that there is genetic variability of L. pneumophila serogroups 2 to 14 in the Greek environment as well as a high percentage of the pathogenicity loci. Ιntroducing an effective diagnostic test for L. pneumophila serogroups 2 to 14 in urine and promoting the examination of respiratory specimens from patients hospitalized for pneumonia in Greek hospitals are essential.
  
  
  
  In this study, the dispersion, clonality, and virulence of environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroups 2 to 14 (Lp2-14) in Greece were investigated. Genetic variability of Lp2-14 in the Greek environment was identified together with the presence of the pathogenicity loci in a high percentage of the isolates. Despite the high prevalence of Lp2-14 in the Greek environment, no clinical cases were reported, which may be due to underdiagnosis of the disease. Almost all the legionellosis cases are diagnosed in Greece by using the urine antigen test, which is specific for Lp1. There is an urgent need to improve the clinical diagnosis of legionellosis by introducing an effective diagnostic test for Lp2-14 in urine and by promoting the PCR examination of respiratory specimens from patients with compatible clinical symptoms.
authors: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Katsiaflaka
authors: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: Spyros
authors: S
authors: Pournaras
authors: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors: Ioulia
authors: I
authors: Kristo
authors: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors: Varvara A
authors: VA
authors: Mouchtouri
authors: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Kyritsi
authors: Department of Microbiology, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Velonakis
authors: Department of Microbiology, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.
authors: Alkiviadis C
authors: AC
authors: Vatopoulos
authors: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece xhatzi@med.uth.gr.
authors: Christos
authors: C
authors: Hadjichristodoulou
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology*; D006115:Greece / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014876:Water Pollution