title: Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory Cytokines and Advanced Glycation End Products in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy: a Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was performed to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory cytokines and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was done on 60 patients with DN who were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive either 1000 mg/d of omega-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome variables were tumor necrosis factor-α, receptor tumor necrosis factor-α and growth differentiation factor 15. Fasting blood samples were taken at the onset and the end of the study to quantify the related markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the placebo, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in serum AGEs (-2.3 ± 2.8 AU versus 0.2 ± 2.5 AU, P = .001). Despite a significant reduction in serum level of receptor for AGEs (-0.1 ± 0.3 AU, P = .02) in the omega-3 fatty acid group, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of their effects on the receptor for AGEs. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid had no significant effect on the inflammatory cytokines as compared with the placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation among DN patients had favorable effects on AGEs and the receptor for AGEs.
authors: Seyyed Mehdi
authors: SM
authors: Mirhashemi
authors: Faeze
authors: F
authors: Rahimi
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Soleimani
authors: Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. asemi_r@yahoo.com.
authors: Zatollah
authors: Z
authors: Asemi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000097:blood; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha