title: Endemic Indian clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae-harbouring New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 on a hybrid plasmid replicon type: A case of changing New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase plasmid landscapes in India?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  blaNDM genes are MBL genes that confer resistance to carbapenems. Globally, they are associated with diverse clones and plasmids. In this study, we characterised three isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae-harbouring blaNDM1 from patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis and renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  3 blaNDM1 -producing K. pneumoniae were isolated from end-stage renal disease patients undergoing haemodialysis and renal transplantation from a nephrology unit. All the three isolates were screened for clinically relevant resistant genes. Plasmid replicon content was analysed by polymerase chain reaction based replicon typing. Conjugation assays were done using azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 as the recipient strain. Multilocus sequence typing and variable number tandem repeat typing were done to find the clonality. Replicon sequence based typing was attempted to find the diversity of replicon-associated sequences in IncHI3 plasmids.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the 3 blaNDM positive isolates possessed the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) allele with an IncHI3 plasmid which was not transferable in one isolate. The isolates were found to be sequence type 14 (ST14; 2 nos) and ST38 both of which were previously reported to be the NDM-producing K. pneumoniae STs prevalent in India. Replicon sequence analysis revealed limited sequence diversity within the repHI3 and repFIB locus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of IncHI3, a newly assigned enterobacterial plasmid incompatibility group from India. This could either be a case of importation or a widely circulating NDM plasmid type in India.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: G K
authors: GK
authors: Subramanian
authors: Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: P G
authors: PG
authors: Soundari
authors: Nephrology Unit, Billroth Hospitals, Chennai - 600 028, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Ramanathan
authors: Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Krishnan
mesh_terms: D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010957:Plasmids / Q000145:classification*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012093:Replicon; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001618:beta-Lactamases; C552864:beta-lactamase NDM-1