title: Peer-instructed seminar attendance is associated with improved preparation, deeper learning and higher exam scores: a survey study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Active engagement in education improves learning outcomes. To enhance active participation in seminars, a student-centered course design was implemented and evaluated in terms of self-reported preparation, student motivation and exam scores. We hypothesized that small group learning with intensive peer interaction, using buzz-groups followed by plenary discussion, would motivate students to prepare seminar assignments at home and to actively engage in the seminars. Active engagement involved discussion of the preparatory assignments until consensus was reached.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total seven seminars were scheduled in a 10-week physiology course of an undergraduate Biomedical Sciences program. After each seminar, students were asked to fill out their perceptions of preparation and quality of the seminar (deepening of knowledge and confidence in answers) on a five-point scale using electronic questionnaires. Student motives were first collected using open questions. In the final questionnaire students were asked to indicate on a five-point scale how each motive was perceived. Students overall explanations why they had learned from seminars were collected via open questions in the final questionnaire. One hundred and twenty-four students of the cohort from November 2012 to February 2013 (82.6 %) voluntarily participated. Students' motives to prepare and attend seminars were analyzed by inspection of descriptive statistics. Linear regression analysis was conducted to relate student preparation to the quality of seminars, seminar attendance to exam scores, and exam scores to the quality of seminars. Answers to open questions were deductively clustered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studying the material, training for exams and comparing answers with peers motivated students to prepare the seminars. Students were motivated to participate actively because they wanted to keep track of correct answers themselves, to better understand the content and to be able to present their findings in plenary discussions. Perceived preparation of peers was positively associated with the perceived quality of seminars. Also, seminar attendance was positively associated with exam scores. Students' overall explanations suggest that discussing with peers and applying knowledge in pathophysiology cases underlies this association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discussion with well-prepared peers during seminars improves student perceptions of deeper learning and peer-instructed seminar attendance was associated with higher exam scores.
authors: Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.a.m.bouwmeester@umcutrecht.nl.|Center for Education and Training, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. r.a.m.bouwmeester@umcutrecht.nl.
authors: Rianne A M
authors: RA
authors: Bouwmeester
authors: Centre for Teaching and Learning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Renske A M
authors: RA
authors: de Kleijn
authors: Department of Medical Physiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Center for Education and Training, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Harold V M
authors: HV
authors: van Rijen
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003479:Curriculum; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005180:Faculty, Medical; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D009042:Motivation; D010379:Peer Group; D010827:Physiology / Q000193:education*; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D013663:Teaching
keywords: Active learning; Engagement; Participation; Small-group seminar learning; Student motives