title: Identifying areas of need relative to liver disease: geographic clustering within a health service district.
abstract: Background Many people with chronic liver disease (CLD) are not detected until they present to hospital with advanced disease, when opportunities for intervention are reduced and morbidity is high. In order to build capacity and liver expertise in the community, it is important to focus liver healthcare resources in high-prevalence disease areas and specific populations with an identified need. The aim of the present study was to examine the geographic location of people seen in a tertiary hospital hepatology clinic, as well as ethnic and sociodemographic characteristics of these geographic areas. Methods The geographic locations of hepatology out-patients were identified via the out-patient scheduling database and grouped into statistical area (SA) regions for demographic analysis using data compiled by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results During the 3-month study period, 943 individuals from 71 SA Level 3 regions attended clinic. Nine SA Level 3 regions accounted for 55% of the entire patient cohort. Geographic clustering was seen especially for people living with chronic hepatitis B virus. There was a wide spectrum of socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage in areas with high liver disease prevalence. Conclusions The geographic area from which people living with CLD travel to access liver health care is extensive. However, the greatest demand for tertiary liver disease speciality care is clustered within specific geographic areas. Outreach programs targeted to these areas may enhance liver disease-specific health service resourcing. What is known about the topic? The demand for tertiary hospital clinical services in CLD is rising. However, there is limited knowledge about the geographic areas from which people living with CLD travel to access liver services, or the ethnic, socioeconomic and education characteristics of these areas. What does this paper add? The present study demonstrates that a substantial proportion of people living with CLD and accessing tertiary hospital liver services are clustered within specific geographic areas. The most striking geographic clustering was seen for people living with chronic hepatitis B, in regions with a relatively high proportion of people born in Vietnam and China. In addition to ethnicity, the data show an apparent ecological association between liver disease and both socioeconomic and educational and/or occupational disadvantage. What are the implications for practitioners? Identifying where demand for clinical services arises is an important step for service planning and preparing for potential outreach programs to optimise community-based care. It is likely that outreach programs to engage and enhance primary care services in geographic areas from which the greatest demand for tertiary liver disease speciality care arises would yield greater relative return on investment than non-targeted outreach programs.
authors: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia. Email: ;
authors: Nathan
authors: N
authors: El-Atem
authors: Centre for Liver Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia. Email:.
authors: Katharine M
authors: KM
authors: Irvine
authors: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute. 300 Herston Road, Herston, Qld 4006, Australia. Email.
authors: Patricia C
authors: PC
authors: Valery
authors: Centre for Liver Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia. Email:.
authors: Kyle
authors: K
authors: Wojcik
authors: Centre for Liver Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia. Email:.
authors: Leigh
authors: L
authors: Horsfall
authors: Inala Primary Care, 64 Wirraway Parade, Inala, Qld 4077, Australia. Email.
authors: Tracey
authors: T
authors: Johnson
authors: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia. Email: ;
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Janda
authors: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia. Email: ;
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: McPhail
authors: Centre for Liver Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia. Email:.
authors: Elizabeth E
authors: EE
authors: Powell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002391:Catchment Area, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011793:Queensland / Q000453:epidemiology; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017062:Small-Area Analysis; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014744:Vietnam / Q000208:ethnology