title: Acute ammonia toxicity in crucian carp Carassius auratus and effects of taurine on hyperammonemia.
abstract: The four experimental groups were carried out to test the response of crucian carp Carassius auratus to ammonia toxicity and taurine: group 1 was injected with NaCl, group 2 was injected with ammonium acetate, group 3 was injected with ammonium acetate and taurine, and group 4 was injected with taurine. Fish in group 2 had the highest ammonia and glutamine contents, and the lowest glutamate content in liver and brain. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) activities, red cell count (RBC), white cell count (WBC), lysozyme (LYZ) activity, complement C3 content of fish in group 2 reflected the lowest, but malondialdehyde content was the highest. Importantly, serum SOD and GSH activites, RBC, WBC, and LYZ activity, C3, C4 and total immunoglobulin contents of fish in group 3 were significantly higher than those of fish in group 2. This study indicates that ammonia exerts its toxic effects by interfering with amino acid transport, inducing ROS generation, leading to malondialdehyde accumulation and immunosuppression of crucian carp. The exogenous taurine could mitigate the adverse effect of high ammonia level on fish physiological disorder.
authors: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
authors: Qianyan
authors: Q
authors: Ren
authors: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. Electronic address: liming1@nbu.edu.cn.
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Li
authors: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors: Lixia
authors: L
authors: Yuan
authors: College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
authors: Meize
authors: M
authors: Song
authors: College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
authors: Xiaodan
authors: X
authors: Xing
authors: College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
authors: Ge
authors: G
authors: Shi
authors: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
authors: Fanxing
authors: F
authors: Meng
authors: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. Electronic address: wrx_zjou@163.com.
authors: Rixin
authors: R
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000633:toxicity*; D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D022124:Hyperammonemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013654:Taurine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D029941:Fish Proteins; D013654:Taurine; C018824:ammonium acetate
keywords: Ammonia toxicity; Carassius auratus; Free amino acid; Immunosuppression; Oxidative stress; Taurine