title: Perioperative Complications and Outcome of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in 20 Dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the complications and outcome of dogs undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for uncomplicated gall bladder disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multi-institutional case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Client-owned dogs (n=20).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of dogs that underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed and signalment, history, clinical and ultrasound examination findings, surgical variables, and complications were collated. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed using a multiport approach. Data were compared between dogs with successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy and dogs requiring conversion to open cholecystectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six dogs (30%) required conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy due to inability to ligate the cystic duct (3), evidence of gall bladder rupture (1), leakage from the cystic duct during dissection (1), and cardiac arrest (1). Cystic duct dissection was performed in 19 dogs using an articulating dissector (10), right angle forceps (7), and unrecorded (2). The cystic duct was ligated in 15 dogs using surgical clips (5), suture (6), or a combination (4). All dogs were discharged from the hospital and had resolution of clinical signs, although 1 dog developed pancreatitis and 1 dog required revision surgery for bile peritonitis. There was no significant difference in preoperative blood analysis results, surgical technique, or duration of hospitalization between dogs undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and cases converted to open cholecystectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed successfully for uncomplicated gall bladder disease in dogs after careful case selection. The surgeon considering laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be familiar with a variety of methods for cystic duct dissection and ligation to avoid difficulties during the procedure.
authors: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: Scott
authors: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Ameet
authors: A
authors: Singh
authors: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors: Philipp D
authors: PD
authors: Mayhew
authors: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Brad Case
authors: Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Jeffrey J
authors: JJ
authors: Runge
authors: Centre Vétérinaire DMV, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Matthieu
authors: M
authors: Gatineau
authors: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Kilkenny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D059035:Perioperative Period / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies