title: Interictal epileptiform discharges have an independent association with cognitive impairment in children with lesional epilepsy.
abstract: The relative contribution of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) to cognitive dysfunction in comparison with the underlying brain pathology is not yet understood in children with lesional focal epilepsy.
  
  
  
  The current study investigated the association of IEDs with intellectual functioning in 103 children with medication-resistant focal epilepsy. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to determine the independent contribution of IED features on intellectual functioning, after controlling for effects of lesional pathology, epilepsy duration, and medication. Exploratory analyses were conducted for language and memory scores as well as academic skills available in a subset of participants.
  
  
  
  The results reveal that IEDs have a negative association with IQ with independent, additive effects documented for frequent and bilaterally distributed IEDs as well as discharge enhancement in sleep. Left-lateralized IEDs had a prominent effect on verbal intelligence, in excess of the influence of left-sided brain pathology. These effects extended to other cognitive functions, most prominently for sleep-enhanced IEDs to be associated with deficits in expressive and receptive language, reading, spelling and numerical skills.
  
  
  
  Overall, IED effects on cognition were of a magnitude similar to lesional influences or drug effects (topiramate use). This study demonstrates an association between IEDs and cognitive dysfunction, independent of the underlying focal brain pathology.
authors: Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Jennifer M
authors: JM
authors: Glennon
authors: Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.|Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Weiss-Croft
authors: Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Sue
authors: S
authors: Harrison
authors: Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.|Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors: J Helen
authors: JH
authors: Cross
authors: Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Stewart G
authors: SG
authors: Boyd
authors: Developmental Neurosciences Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.|Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Torsten
authors: T
authors: Baldeweg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000077236:Topiramate; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000077236:Topiramate; D005632:Fructose
keywords: Children; Cognition; Focal epilepsy; Intelligence; Interictal epileptiform discharges