title: Novel Zero-Heat-Flux Deep Body Temperature Measurement in Lower Extremity Vascular and Cardiac Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare deep body temperature obtained using a novel noninvasive continuous zero-heat-flux temperature measurement system with core temperatures obtained using conventional methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 15 patients undergoing vascular surgery of the lower extremities and 15 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zero-heat-flux thermometry on the forehead and standard core temperature measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body temperature was measured using a new thermometry system (SpotOn; 3M, St. Paul, MN) on the forehead and with conventional methods in the esophagus during vascular surgery (n = 15), and in the nasopharynx and pulmonary artery during cardiac surgery (n = 15). The agreement between SpotOn and the conventional methods was assessed using the Bland-Altman random-effects approach for repeated measures. The mean difference between SpotOn and the esophageal temperature during vascular surgery was+0.08°C (95% limit of agreement -0.25 to+0.40°C). During cardiac surgery, during off CPB, the mean difference between SpotOn and the pulmonary arterial temperature was -0.05°C (95% limits of agreement -0.56 to+0.47°C). Throughout cardiac surgery (on and off CPB), the mean difference between SpotOn and the nasopharyngeal temperature was -0.12°C (95% limits of agreement -0.94 to+0.71°C). Poor agreement between the SpotOn and nasopharyngeal temperatures was detected in hypothermia below approximately 32°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to this preliminary study, the deep body temperature measured using the zero-heat-flux system was in good agreement with standard core temperatures during lower extremity vascular and cardiac surgery. However, agreement was questionable during hypothermia below 32°C.
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine. Electronic address: makinentelle@gmail.com.
authors: Marja-Tellervo
authors: MT
authors: Mäkinen
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Pesonen
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine.
authors: Irma
authors: I
authors: Jousela
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine.
authors: Janne
authors: J
authors: Päivärinta
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine.
authors: Satu
authors: S
authors: Poikajärvi
authors: Abdominal Center, Department of Vascular Surgery, Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Albäck
authors: Heart and Lung Center, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Ulla-Stina
authors: US
authors: Salminen
authors: Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine.
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Pesonen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D062125:Thermometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
keywords: body temperature; core temperature; monitoring; noninvasive; thermometer; zero-heat-flux