title: Moving Beyond GDP: Cost Effectiveness of Cochlear Implantation and Deaf Education in Latin America.
abstract: Cochlear implantation (CI) and deaf education are cost effective management strategies of childhood profound sensorineural hearing loss in Latin America.
  
  
  
  CI has been widely established as cost effective in North America and Europe and is considered standard of care in those regions, yet cost effectiveness in other economic environments has not been explored. With 80% of the global hearing loss burden existing in low- and middle-income countries, developing cost effective management strategies in these settings is essential. This analysis represents the continuation of a global assessment of CI and deaf education cost effectiveness.
  
  
  
  Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela participated in the study. A Disability Adjusted Life Years model was applied with 3% discounting and 10-year length of analysis. Experts from each country supplied cost estimates from known costs and published data. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of device cost, professional salaries, annual number of implants, and probability of device failure. Cost effectiveness was determined using the World Health Organization standard of cost effectiveness ratio/gross domestic product per capita (CER/GDP)<3.
  
  
  
  Deaf education was very cost effective in all countries (CER/GDP 0.07-0.93). CI was cost effective in all countries (CER/GDP 0.69-2.96), with borderline cost effectiveness in the Guatemalan sensitivity analysis (Max CER/GDP 3.21).
  
  
  
  Both cochlear implantation and deaf education are widely cost effective in Latin America. In the lower-middle income economy of Guatemala, implant cost may have a larger impact. GDP is less influential in the middle- and high-income economies included in this study.
authors: *Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine †Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. ‡Division of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A. §Department of Otolaryngology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil ||Section of Otolaryngology, Santa Fe of Bogota Foundation, Bogota ¶Division of Otology and Neurotology, University of Health Sciences Foundation, FUCS, Bogota, Colombia #Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad **Cochlear Implant Department, Venezuelan Foundation of Otology, Caracas, Venezuela ††Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Asuncion, Asuncion ‡‡Catholic University of Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay §§CEDAF, Hearing Center, Guatemala City, Guatemala ||||Chicago Hearing Care, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. ¶¶Otolaryngology Center, Quito, Ecuador ***Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A.
authors: Susan D
authors: SD
authors: Emmett
authors: Debara L
authors: DL
authors: Tucci
authors: Ricardo F
authors: RF
authors: Bento
authors: Juan M
authors: JM
authors: Garcia
authors: Solaiman
authors: S
authors: Juman
authors: Juan A
authors: JA
authors: Chiossone-Kerdel
authors: Ta J
authors: TJ
authors: Liu
authors: Patricia Castellanos
authors: PC
authors: de Muñoz
authors: Alejandra
authors: A
authors: Ullauri
authors: Jose J
authors: JJ
authors: Letort
authors: Teresita
authors: T
authors: Mansilla
authors: Diana P
authors: DP
authors: Urquijo
authors: Maria L
authors: ML
authors: Aparicio
authors: Wenfeng
authors: W
authors: Gong
authors: Howard W
authors: HW
authors: Francis
authors: James E
authors: JE
authors: Saunders
mesh_terms: D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003638:Deafness / Q000191:economics* / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery*; D059066:Gross Domestic Product; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years