title: Cancer, obesity, diabetes, and antidiabetic drugs: is the fog clearing?
abstract: The prevalence of obesity, of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and of cancer are all increasing globally. The relationships between these diseases are complex, and thus difficult to elucidate; nevertheless, evidence supports the hypothesis that obesity increases the risks of both T2DM and certain cancers. Further complexity arises from controversial evidence that specific drugs used in the treatment of T2DM increase or decrease cancer risk or influence cancer prognosis. Herein, we review the current evidence from studies that have addressed these relationships, and summarize the methodological challenges that are frequently encountered in such research. We also outline the physiology that links obesity, T2DM, and neoplasia. Finally, we outline the practical principles relevant to the increasingly common challenge of managing patients who have been diagnosed with both diabetes and cancer.
authors: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.|Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Purvis Hall, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada.
authors: Adi J
authors: AJ
authors: Klil-Drori
authors: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.|Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Purvis Hall, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada.|Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Azoulay
authors: Departments of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.|Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
authors: Michael N
authors: MN
authors: Pollak
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014943:Global Health; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015994:Incidence; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000009:adverse effects; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D020123:Sirolimus