title: Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Underpinnings of Mandibular Gland Development and Lipid Metabolism in Two Lines of Honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica).
abstract: The mandibular glands (MGs) of honeybee workers are vital for the secretion of lipids, for both larval nutrition and pheromones. However, knowledge of how the proteome controls MG development and functionality at the different physiological stages of worker bees is still lacking. We characterized and compared the proteome across different ages of MGs in Italian bees (ITBs) and Royal Jelly (RJ) bees (RJBs), the latter being a line bred for increasing RJ yield, originating from the ITB. All 2000 proteins that were shared by differently aged MGs in both bee lines (>4000 proteins identified in all) were strongly enriched in metabolizing protein, nucleic acid, small molecule, and lipid functional groups. The fact that these shared proteins are enriched in similar groups in both lines suggests that they are essential for basic cellular maintenance and MG functions. However, great differences were found when comparing the proteome across different MG phases in each line. In newly emerged bees (NEBs), the unique and highly abundant proteins were enriched in protein synthesis, cytoskeleton, and development related functional groups, suggesting their importance to initialize young MG development. In nurse bees (NBs), specific and highly abundant proteins were mainly enriched in substance transport and lipid synthesis, indicating their priority may be in priming high secretory activity in lipid synthesis as larval nutrition. The unique and highly abundant proteins in forager bees (FBs) were enriched in lipid metabolism, small molecule, and carbohydrate metabolism. This indicates their emphasis on 2-heptanone synthesis as an alarm pheromone to enhance colony defense or scent marker for foraging efficiency. Furthermore, a wide range of different biological processes was observed between ITBs and RJBs at different MG ages. Both bee stocks may adapt different proteome programs to drive gland development and functionality. The RJB nurse bee has reshaped its proteome by enhancing the rate of lipid synthesis and minimizing degradation to increase 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid synthesis, a major component of RJ, to maintain the desired proportion of lipids in increased RJ production. This study contributes a novel understanding of MG development and lipid metabolism, and a potential starting point for lipid or pheromone biochemists as well as developmental geneticists.
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Xinmei
authors: X
authors: Huo
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Wu
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Mao
authors: M
authors: Feng
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Han
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Fang
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Yue
authors: Y
authors: Hao
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Lifeng
authors: L
authors: Meng
authors: Department of Animal production and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University , Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
authors: Abebe Jenberie
authors: AJ
authors: Wubie
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Pei
authors: P
authors: Fan
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Han
authors: H
authors: Hu
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Yuping
authors: Y
authors: Qi
authors: Institute of Apicultural Research/Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100093, China.
authors: Jianke
authors: J
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000378:metabolism*; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D010675:Pheromones; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D040901:Proteomics; D013045:Species Specificity; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D010675:Pheromones; D020543:Proteome
keywords: 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid; honeybee workers; mandibular glands; proteome