title: Comparison between the protective effects of vitamin K and vitamin A on the modulation of hypervitaminosis D3 short-term toxicity in adult albino rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D3 has increased risk of toxicity due to its common use in multivitamin preparations. Vitamin K and vitamin A play an important role in vitamin D action. The goal of the current study was to compare the protective effects of vitamin K and vitamin A on the modulation of hypervitaminosis D3 toxicity in rats by assessing serum calcium, renal function tests, cardiac enzymes, and related histopathological changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty adult albino rats were divided into four groups; each group consisted of 20 rats. The first group received water; the second received a toxic dose of vitamin D3; the third received a toxic dose of vitamin D3 with vitamin A; and the fourth received a toxic dose of vitamin D3 with vitamin K.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D3 toxicity led to significant abnormalities of cardiac enzymes, renal function tests, and serum calcium associated with histopathological changes in the kidney, heart, lung, adrenal gland, and aorta. Individual administration of vitamin A or vitamin K with a toxic dose of vitamin D improved the biochemical and histopathological abnormalities of hypervitaminosis D3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamins A and K showed the same protective effects in the modulation of hypervitaminosis D3 short-term toxicity.
authors: Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, College of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismaileya, Egypt.
authors: Said Said
authors: SS
authors: Elshama
authors: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors: Hosam-Eldin Hussein
authors: HE
authors: Osman
authors: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt.
authors: Ayman El-Meghawry
authors: Ael-M
authors: El-Kenawy
authors: Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Hamdi Mohamed
authors: HM
authors: Youseef
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D007668:Kidney; D051381:Rats; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014807:Vitamin D; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014815:Vitamins
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014812:Vitamin K; D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Vitamin D3; hypervitaminosis; vitamin A; vitamin K