title: Epigenetic suppression of potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 expression in inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA).
abstract: Multiple mechanisms contribute to the stimulus-evoked pain hypersensitivity that may be experienced after peripheral inflammation. Persistent pathological stimuli in many pain conditions affect the expression of certain genes through epigenetic alternations. The main purpose of our study was to investigate the role of epigenetic modification on potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) gene expression in the persistence of inflammatory pain.
  
  
  
  Persistent inflammatory pain was induced through the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the left hind paw of rats. Acetyl-histone H3 and H4 level was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation in the spinal dorsal horn. Pain behaviour and inhibitory synaptic function of spinal cord were determined before and after CFA injection. KCC2 expression was determined by real time RT-PCR and Western blot. Intrathecal KCC2 siRNA (2 μg per 10 μL per rat) or HDAC inhibitor (10 μg per 10 μL per rat) was injected once daily for 3 days before CFA injection.
  
  
  
  Persistent inflammatory pain epigenetically suppressed KCC2 expression through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in decreased inhibitory signalling efficacy. KCC2 knock-down caused by intrathecal administration of KCC2 siRNA in naïve rats reduced KCC2 expression in the spinal cord, leading to sensitized pain behaviours and impaired inhibitory synaptic transmission in their spinal cords. Moreover, intrathecal HDAC inhibitor injection in CFA rats increased KCC2 expression, partially restoring the spinal inhibitory synaptic transmission and relieving the sensitized pain behaviour.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that the transcription of spinal KCC2 is regulated by histone acetylation epigenetically following CFA.
  
  
  
  Persistent pain suppresses KCC2 expression through HDAC-mediated histone hypoacetylation and consequently impairs the inhibitory function of inhibitory interneurons. Drugs such as HDAC inhibitors that suppress the influences of persistent pain on the expression of KCC2 may serve as a novel analgesic.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: C-R
authors: CR
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: J-K
authors: JK
authors: Cheng
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: C-H
authors: CH
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: K-H
authors: KH
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: C-K
authors: CK
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism; D066148:Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn / Q000378:metabolism; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters
chemical_list: D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D027981:Symporters; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters