title: Sex-dependent effects of cannabis-induced analgesia.
abstract: Preclinical studies demonstrate that cannabinoid-mediated antinociceptive effects vary according to sex; it is unknown if these findings extend to humans.
  
  
  
  This retrospective analysis compared the analgesic, subjective and physiological effects of active cannabis (3.56-5.60% THC) and inactive cannabis (0.00% THC) in male (N=21) and female (N=21) cannabis smokers under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions. Pain response was measured using the Cold-Pressor Test (CPT). Participants immersed their hand in cold water (4°C); times to report pain (pain sensitivity) and withdraw the hand (pain tolerance) were recorded. Subjective drug ratings were also measured.
  
  
  
  Among men, active cannabis significantly decreased pain sensitivity relative to inactive cannabis (p<0.01). In women, active cannabis failed to decrease pain sensitivity relative to inactive. Active cannabis increased pain tolerance in both men women immediately after smoking (p<0.001); a trend was observed for differences between men and women (p<0.10). Active cannabis also increased subjective ratings of cannabis associated with abuse liability ('Take again,' 'Liking,' 'Good drug effect'), drug strength, and 'High' relative to inactive in both men and women (p<0.01).
  
  
  
  These results indicate that in cannabis smokers, men exhibit greater cannabis-induced analgesia relative to women. These sex-dependent differences are independent of cannabis-elicited subjective effects associated with abuse-liability, which were consistent between men and women. As such, sex-dependent differences in cannabis's analgesic effects are an important consideration that warrants further investigation when considering the potential therapeutic effects of cannabinoids for pain relief.
authors: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: zc2160@cumc.columbia.edu.
authors: Ziva D
authors: ZD
authors: Cooper
authors: Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Haney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abuse liability; Analgesia; Cannabinoids; Sex-differences; Subjective effects