title: The relationship between adipokines and the onset of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: The PRIME study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological evidence suggests that adipokines may be associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes, but the evidence to date is limited and inconclusive. This study examined the association between adiponectin and leptin and the subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in a UK population based cohort of non-diabetic middle-aged men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured in 1839 non-diabetic men aged 50-60years who were participating in the prospective population-based PRIME study. Over a mean follow-up of 14.7years, new cases of type 2 diabetes were determined from self-reported clinical information with subsequent validation by general practitioners.
  
  
  RESULTS
  151 Participants developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. In Cox regression models adjusted for age, men in the top third of the leptin distribution were at increased risk (hazard ratio (HR) 4.27, 95% CI 2.67-6.83) and men in the top third of the adiponectin distribution at reduced risk (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14-0.42) relative to men in the bottom third. However, significance was lost for leptin after additional adjustment for BMI, waist to hip ratio, lifestyle factors and biological risk factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP). Further adjustment for HOMA-IR also resulted in loss of significance for adiponectin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that adipokines are associated with men's future type 2 diabetes risk but not independently of other risk factors.
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: c.neville@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Charlotte E
authors: CE
authors: Neville
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: c.patterson@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Christopher C
authors: CC
authors: Patterson
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: g.linden@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Gerard J
authors: GJ
authors: Linden
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: klove01@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Karl
authors: K
authors: Love
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: m.mckinley@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Michelle C
authors: MC
authors: McKinley
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: f.kee@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Kee
authors: Department of Medicine II, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: s.blankenberg@uke.de.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Blankenberg
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.evans@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Alun
authors: A
authors: Evans
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.yarnell@qub.ac.uk.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Yarnell
authors: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom; UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.woodside@qub.ac.uk.
authors: Jayne V
authors: JV
authors: Woodside
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D020738:Leptin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Adiponectin; Leptin; Prospective study; Type 2 diabetes