title: Embryogenesis and early skeletogenesis in the antarctic bullhead notothen, Notothenia coriiceps.
abstract: Environmental temperature influences rates of embryonic development, but a detailed staging series for vertebrate embryos developing in the subzero cold of Antarctic waters is not yet available from fertilization to hatching. Given projected warming of the Southern Ocean, it is imperative to establish a baseline to evaluate potential effects of changing climate on fish developmental dynamics.
  
  
  
  We studied the Bullhead notothen (Notothenia coriiceps), a notothenioid fish inhabiting waters between -1.9 and +2 °C. In vitro fertilization produced embryos that progressed through cleavage, epiboly, gastrulation, segmentation, organogenesis, and hatching. We compared morphogenesis spatially and temporally to Zebrafish and medaka. Experimental animals hatched after about 6 months to early larval stages. To help understand skeletogenesis, we analyzed late embryos for expression of sox9 and runx2, which regulate chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and eye development. Results revealed that, despite their prolonged developmental time course, N. coriiceps embryos developed similarly to those of other teleosts with large yolk cells.
  
  
  
  Our studies set the stage for future molecular analyses of development in these extremophile fish. Results provide a foundation for understanding the impact of ocean warming on embryonic development and larval recruitment of notothenioid fish, which are key factors in the marine trophic system. Developmental Dynamics 245:1066-1080, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors: Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. jpostle@uoneuro.uoregon.edu.
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Postlethwait
authors: Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
authors: Yi-Lin
authors: YL
authors: Yan
authors: Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Desvignes
authors: Biodôme de Montréal, Division des collections vivantes et recherche, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Corey
authors: C
authors: Allard
authors: Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Titus
authors: Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts.
authors: Nathalie R
authors: NR
authors: Le François
authors: Biodôme de Montréal, Division des collections vivantes et recherche, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors: H William
authors: HW
authors: Detrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009990:Oryzias / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D010473:Perciformes / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012863:Skeleton / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor
keywords: Antarctic fish; Notothenioid; Runx2; Sox9; bone mineral density; embryonic developmental staging; global climate change; skeletogenesis