title: Trajectories of Risk Factors and Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: The associations of long-term patterns of risk factors and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) are incompletely characterized. Among 4351 Framingham Study participants (mean age 50±11 years at baseline examination, 57% women) from the original and offspring cohorts, we defined longitudinal patterns, referred to as trajectories, of AF risk factors and a composite AF risk score using ≈16 years of data. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association of trajectories to 15-year risk of AF. During follow-up, 719 participants developed AF. Five distinct trajectory groups were identified for systolic blood pressure (BP): groups 1 and 2 (normotensive throughout), group 3 (prehypertensive), group 4 (hypertensive initially with decreasing BP), and group 5 (hypertensive and increasing BP). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, compared with group 1, groups 4 (hazard ratio 2.05; 95% confidence interval 1.24-3.37) and 5 (hazard ratio 1.95; 95% confidence interval 1.08-3.49) were associated with incident AF. Three trajectory groups were identified for antihypertensive treatment. Compared with the group with no treatment throughout, the other 2 groups were associated with increased risk of incident AF. Distinct trajectories for diastolic BP, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and the composite risk score were not associated with increased 15-year risk of AF. Longitudinal trajectories may distinguish how exposures related to AF contribute toward prospective AF risk. Distinct trajectory groups with persistently elevated systolic BP and longer antihypertensive treatment are associated with increased risk of incident AF.
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: Faisal
authors: F
authors: Rahman
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: X
authors: Yin
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: Martin G
authors: MG
authors: Larson
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: Patrick T
authors: PT
authors: Ellinor
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: Steven A
authors: SA
authors: Lubitz
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: Ramachandran S
authors: RS
authors: Vasan
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: David D
authors: DD
authors: McManus
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.).
authors: Jared W
authors: JW
authors: Magnani
authors: From the Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, MA (F.R.); Department of Biostatistics (X.Y., M.G.L.) and Department of Epidemiology (R.S.V., E.J.B.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (X.Y., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (P.T.E., S.A.L.); National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, MA (X.Y., M.G.L., R.S.V., E.J.B.); Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (D.D.M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UPMC Heart & Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA (J.W.M.). emelia@bu.edu.
authors: Emelia J
authors: EJ
authors: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
keywords: atrial fibrillation; blood pressure; epidemiology; risk factors; trajectories