title: Evaluation of dietary cholesterol intake in elderly Chinese: a longitudinal study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate daily cholesterol intake across demographic factors and its food sources in elderly Chinese.
  
  
  
  A longitudinal study was conducted using demographic and dietary data for elders aged 60 and above from eight waves (1991-2011) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey.
  
  
  
  The data were derived from urban and rural communities of nine provinces (autonomous regions) in China.
  
  
  
  There were 16 274 participants (7657 male and 8617 female) in this study.
  
  
  
  The primary outcome was daily cholesterol intake, which was calculated by using the Chinese Food Composition Table, based on dietary data.
  
  
  
  Daily consumption of cholesterol in the elderly significantly increased by 34% from 1991 to 2011 (p<0.0001) and reached 253.9 mg on average in 2011. Secular trends in the proportion of subjects with an intake of >300 mg/day increased significantly during 1991-2011 (p<0.0001). The major food sources of cholesterol by ranked order were eggs, pork, and fish and shellfish in 1991 and 2011, while organ meats which ranked fourth in the contribution to total intake in 1991 was replaced by poultry in 2011. Moreover, younger elders, male elders and elders from a high-income family or a highly urbanised community had higher cholesterol intakes and larger proportions of subjects with excessive cholesterol consumption in each survey year.
  
  
  
  The large growth in daily cholesterol intake may pose major challenges for the health of elders in China. Reduced exposure to food enriched in cholesterol is required for elderly Chinese.
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Xiaofang
authors: X
authors: Jia
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Chang
authors: C
authors: Su
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Zhihong
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Huijun
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Hongru
authors: H
authors: Jiang
authors: National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; NUTRITION & DIETETICS; PUBLIC HEALTH