title: Temporary and Permanent Noise-induced Threshold Shifts: A Review of Basic and Clinical Observations.
abstract: To review basic and clinical findings relevant to defining temporary (TTS) and permanent (PTS) threshold shifts and their sequelae.
  
  
  
  Relevant scientific literature and government definitions were broadly reviewed.
  
  
  
  The definitions and characteristics of TTS and PTS were assessed and recent advances that expand our knowledge of the extent, nature, and consequences of noise-induced hearing loss were reviewed.
  
  
  
  Exposure to intense sound can produce TTS, acute changes in hearing sensitivity that recover over time, or PTS, a loss that does not recover to preexposure levels. In general, a threshold shift ≥10 dB at 2, 3, and 4 kHz is required for reporting purposes in human studies. The high-frequency regions of the cochlea are most sensitive to noise damage. Resonance of the ear canal also results in a frequency region of high-noise sensitivity at 4 to 6 kHz. A primary noise target is the cochlear hair cell. Although the mechanisms that underlie such hair cell damage remain unclear, there is evidence to support a role for reactive oxygen species, stress pathway signaling, and apoptosis. Another target is the synapse between the hair cell and the primary afferent neurons. Large numbers of these synapses and their neurons can be lost after noise, even though hearing thresholds may return to normal. This affects auditory processing and detection of signals in noise. The consequences of TTS and PTS include significant deficits in communication that can impact performance of military duties or obtaining/retaining civilian employment. Tinnitus and exacerbation of posttraumatic stress disorder are also potential sequelae.
authors: *Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla †Veterans Administration, San Diego, California ‡Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts §Defense Hearing Center of Excellence, 59MDW/SG02O, JBSA Lackland ||Hearing Science Program, Callier Center for Communication Disorders, Dallas, Texas ¶Sound Pharmaceuticals, Seattle, Washington.
authors: Allen F
authors: AF
authors: Ryan
authors: Sharon G
authors: SG
authors: Kujawa
authors: Tanisha
authors: T
authors: Hammill
authors: Colleen
authors: C
authors: Le Prell
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Kil
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009622:Noise