title: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace metals in mosque's carpet dust of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and their health risk implications.
abstract: The main objectives of this work were to identify and determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals in carpet dust samples from various mosques of the city of Riyadh and to assess the health risks associated with the exposure to these pollutants. Therefore, 31 samples of mosque's carpet dust from Riyadh were collected. The results showed that 14 PAHs were present in the dust samples with concentrations ranged from 90 to 22,146 ng g-1(mean = 4096 ± 4277 ng g-1) where low molecular weight compounds were dominant. The presence of PAHs were in the order of naphthalene > chrysene and benzo(b)fluoranthene > benzo(a)pyrene > acenaphthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene > pyrene and the absence of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. The diagnostic ratio coupled with principle component analysis (PCA) revealed mix sources of petrogenic from traffic, stack emission, and pyrogenic inputs from essence and perfumed wood burning. Trace metals were significant in the dust samples, and their concentrations decrease in the order of Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, and V where Zn being the highest (94.4 ± 91.5 μg g-1) and indium was the lowest (1.9 ± 9.3 μg g-1). The trace metals were major in southern and central parts of Riyadh and followed the order of central Riyadh > southern Riyadh > western Riyadh > eastern Riyadh > northern Riyadh. Estimated risk based on the total PAHs was found to be 4.30 × 10-11for adult and 1.56 × 10-11for children. Elemental non-cancer risk for adults ranged from 7.9 × 10-4for Co to 7.58 × 10-1for Li and for children ranged from 3.70 × 10-3for Co to 3.54 for Li. Policy implication and mitigations of PAHs in Riyadh and Saudi Arabia were highlighted.
authors: Department of Plant Protection and Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. aosman@ksu.edu.sa.|Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan. aosman@ksu.edu.sa.
authors: Aarif H
authors: AH
authors: El-Mubarak
authors: Department of Plant Protection and Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.|College of Earth, Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.|Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen.
authors: Ahmed I
authors: AI
authors: Rushdi
authors: Department of Plant Protection and Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid F
authors: KF
authors: Al-Mutlaq
authors: Environmental Science Program, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Falah Z
authors: FZ
authors: Al Mdawi
authors: Environmental Science Program, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Al-Hazmi
authors: Department of Plant Protection and Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ramil S
authors: RS
authors: Dumenden
authors: Department of Plant Protection and Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Rex A
authors: RA
authors: Pascua
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Cancer risk; Carpet dust; Mosques; PAHs; Saudi Arabia; Trace elements