title: The association between water intake, body composition and cardiometabolic factors among children - The Cuenca study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beverage consumption and its possible association with current obesity epidemic and metabolic syndrome is under investigation in recent years, however water intake is probably the most underestimated of all beverages and could play an important role.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the association between water intake, body composition and cardiometabolic factors in a sample of Spanish children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 366 schoolchildren (53.5% girls) aged 9-11 years from the province of Cuenca in Spain. Data of anthropometrics, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and ardiorespiratory fi tness variables were collected. Beverage consumption was assessed using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an inverse association between the consumption of water (ml)/kg per weight with BMI, body fat, fat-free mass, waist circumference, insulin levels, HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), and with arterial pressure parameters, systolic (p < 0.010) and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.028), and mean arterial pressure (p < 0.012), as well as direct associations with HDL cholesterol (p < 0.001). In ANCOVA analyses, children who drank less water (ml)/kg per weight, had higher levels of LDL cholesterol (p < 0.050) and lower levels of HDL cholesterol (p < 0.042), and overweight-obesity subjects drank less water (ml)/kg per weight than normal peers (p < 0.011). Besides, children with lower levels of HDL cholesterol and higher levels of triglycerides and blood pressure had less water intake as a beverage. Finally, children who drank less water from beverages had high levels of LDL cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher consumption of water (ml)/kg per weight was negatively associated with BMI, body fat, fat-free mass, waist circumference, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and positively with HDL cholesterol in children independently of age, sex and cardiorespiratory fi tness. In addition, overweight-obese children drank less water (ml)/kg per weight than normoweight ones. Therefore, water consumption is associated with numerous health benefi ts and its adequate intake could contribute to prevent obesity and metabolic syndrome in childhood.
authors: Hospital Nuestra Señora del Prado. Talavera de la Reina, Toledo. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Cuenca. mmillatobarra@gmail.com.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Milla-Tobarra
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: García-Hermoso
authors: Noelia
authors: N
authors: Lahoz-García
authors: Blanca
authors: B
authors: Notario-Pacheco
authors: Lidia
authors: L
authors: Lucas-de la Cruz
authors: Diana P
authors: DP
authors: Pozuelo-Carrascosa
authors: María José
authors: MJ
authors: García-Meseguer
authors: Vicente
authors: V
authors: Martínez-Vizcaíno
mesh_terms: D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D001834:Body Water / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Water consumption. Serum lipids. Insulin resistance. Body composition