title: Polymorphism of the 3'-UTR of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT) in New World monkeys.
abstract: Genetic polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene has been reported in both human and nonhuman primates, and the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism has been related to several neurological and psychiatric disorders. As New World primates have been employed as models in biomedical research in these fields, in the present study we assessed genetic variation in the DAT gene in 25 robust capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) and 39 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Using enzymatic amplification followed by sequencing of amplified fragments, a VNTR polymorphism in the 3'-UTR region of the DAT gene was identified in both robust capuchins and common marmosets. The polymorphic tandem repeat of 40-bp basic units is similar to the human VNTR consensus sequence, with size variants composed of 9, 10, and 11 units in marmosets and 8, 9, 13, and 17 basic units in capuchins. We found behavioral evidence that carrying the 10-repeat DAT allele promotes flexible choice and maximization of foraging in marmosets tested in an operant choice paradigm. Moreover, in an intertemporal choice task, capuchins with longer repeat variants show less self-controlled choices than capuchins with at least one short repeat variant. Future research should focus on the relationship between these DAT polymorphisms, dopamine reuptake via the dopamine transporter, and behavioral and cognitive variation across New World monkey individuals.
authors: Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.|Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Lucarelli
authors: Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, CNR, Rome, Italy.
authors: Elisabetta
authors: E
authors: Visalberghi
authors: Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Adriani
authors: Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, CNR, Rome, Italy.
authors: Elsa
authors: E
authors: Addessi
authors: Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.|Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Pierandrei
authors: Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, CNR, Rome, Italy.
authors: Arianna
authors: A
authors: Manciocco
authors: Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Zoratto
authors: Preclinical Technologies Department, Aptuit, Verona, Italy.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Tamellini
authors: Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors: Augusto
authors: A
authors: Vitale
authors: Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Laviola
authors: Institute for Society and Genetics and Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors: Jessica Lynch
authors: JL
authors: Alfaro
authors: Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy. esterina.pascale@uniroma1.it.
authors: Esterina
authors: E
authors: Pascale
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002144:Callithrix / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016646:Cebinae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
keywords: Callithrix jacchus; Common marmoset; Dopamine transporter gene; Gene polymorphism; New World primates; Platyrrhini; Robust capuchin monkeys; Sapajus spp.