title: Reaction Times to Consecutive Automation Failures: A Function of Working Memory and Sustained Attention.
abstract: This study explored whether working memory and sustained attention influence cognitive lock-up, which is a delay in the response to consecutive automation failures.
  
  
  
  Previous research has demonstrated that the information that automation provides about failures and the time pressure that is associated with a task influence cognitive lock-up. Previous research has also demonstrated considerable variability in cognitive lock-up between participants. This is why individual differences might influence cognitive lock-up. The present study tested whether working memory-including flexibility in executive functioning-and sustained attention might be crucial in this regard.
  
  
  
  Eighty-five participants were asked to monitor automated aircraft functions. The experimental manipulation consisted of whether or not an initial automation failure was followed by a consecutive failure. Reaction times to the failures were recorded. Participants' working-memory and sustained-attention abilities were assessed with standardized tests.
  
  
  
  As expected, participants' reactions to consecutive failures were slower than their reactions to initial failures. In addition, working-memory and sustained-attention abilities enhanced the speed with which participants reacted to failures, more so with regard to consecutive than to initial failures.
  
  
  
  The findings highlight that operators with better working memory and sustained attention have small advantages when initial failures occur, but their advantages increase across consecutive failures.
  
  
  
  The results stress the need to consider personnel selection strategies to mitigate cognitive lock-up in general and training procedures to enhance the performance of low ability operators.
authors: German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany meike.jipp@dlr.de.
authors: Meike
authors: M
authors: Jipp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001331:Automation; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: aviation; cognition; cognitive lock-up; individual differences; monitoring performance