title: The River Ruhr - an urban river under particular interest for recreational use and as a raw water source for drinking water: The collaborative research project "Safe Ruhr" - microbiological aspects.
abstract: Along the intense industrialization of the Ruhr valley (Germany), the River Ruhr became increasingly polluted. Over time, using it for recreational purposes became a serious health hazard and bathing was banned due to chemical and microbiological risks. The purpose of the collaborative project "Safe Ruhr" was to verify the current status and to provide a scientific basis for lifting the bathing ban. As the river also provides a raw water source for drinking water production, it was investigated how well the treatment procedures control possible hygienic risks. As study area, the barrier Lake Baldeney was chosen as it embraces earlier bathing sites and tributes to river bank filtration water for drinking water treatment plants. The hygienic condition of the river water was determined over 18 months by measuring general physical, chemical and microbiological water quality parameters including fecal indicators, bacterial obligate and facultative pathogens, parasitic protozoa, enteric viruses and schistosome parasites (Trichobilharzia). Samples were taken at eight locations including sites before and after receiving the discharge of stormwater and treated wastewater, potential future bathing sites and a raw water abstraction point for potable water production. In summary, for all investigated physico-chemical parameters no significant difference between the eight investigated sampling locations on a distinct sampling date were observed. This study focused on hygienically relevant bacteria and parasitic protozoa. Fecal indicators, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens as well as coliform bacteria were detected in 94-100% of the water samples. Enteric pathogens, including Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella enterica, were isolated from 33% and 28% of the samples, respectively, in relatively low concentrations. Among the environmental facultative pathogens, P. aeruginosa was detected at a high frequency of 82% of all samples, but in low numbers, while Aeromonas spp. were found in all water samples in relative high concentrations. The levels of all target organisms were not clearly associated with sources of pollution, with the exception of slightly enhanced numbers of coliform bacteria and E. coli downstream of a sewage discharge point from a wastewater treatment plant. Seasonal variations were observed with higher detection rates of Campylobacter spp. in winter and S. enterica in autumn and winter in contrast to the other bacterial groups, which showed no significant fluctuations throughout the year. Precipitation within two days prior to sampling resulted in a trend of enhanced numbers of coliform bacteria, E. coli, intestinal enterococci and Aeromonas. Sampling and analysis of parasitic protozoa was carried out in accordance to the European bathing water guideline and the ISO 15553 method. Characteristics of the river (flow, vegetation, birds protection zone, bathing of people, sewage etc.) were compared to the number of organisms detected. All in all 184 samples were investigated for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. 80% of the samples were positive for Giardia spp. with a mean of 5cysts/100l (0.1-157.9). Highest values were achieved in autumn and winter, lowest values during the assumed bathing season. There seemed to be a trend to lower values in and after a reservoir in the river course, but with no statistical significance. A statistical significance could be shown for higher concentrations after heavy rainfall that led to discharge of combined sewage overflows in the city of Essen. Only 29% of the samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. with a single maximum value of 27.7 and all other concentrations below 5 oocysts/100l. On a low level there seemed to be slightly higher findings during summer and bathing season than in autumn and winter. No correlation to heavy rainfall could be found. The findings correspond to earlier results from the River Rhine (Germany). The influence of sewage on the water quality of the Ruhr could be shown from the correlation of Giardia load and activity of combined sewage overflows after heavy rainfall. The rare and low findings of Cryptosporidium spp. lead to the same conclusion, that microbial water quality in the investigation area is rather influenced from sewage water than from diffuse water sources into the River Ruhr.
authors: IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany. Electronic address: m.strathmann@iww-online.de.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Strathmann
authors: University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Horstkott
authors: Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Koch
authors: Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
authors: Uta
authors: U
authors: Gayer
authors: University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Biofilm Centre, Aquatic Microbiology, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: jost.wingender@uni-due.de.
authors: Jost
authors: J
authors: Wingender
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D005858:Germany; D011998:Recreation; D045483:Rivers / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Bacterial pathogens; Fecal indicators; Parasitic protozoa; Raw water; Recreational water; River Ruhr