title: Changes, and the Relevance Thereof, in Mitochondrial Morphology during Differentiation into Endothelial Cells.
abstract: The roles of mitochondria in various physiological functions of vascular endothelial cells have been investigated extensively. Morphological studies in relation to physiological functions have been performed. However, there have been few reports of morphological investigations related to stem cell differentiation. This was the first morphological study of mitochondria in relation to endothelial differentiation and focused on quantitative analysis of changes in mitochondrial morphology, number, area, and length during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into endothelial-like cells. To induce differentiation, we engaged vascular endothelial growth factors and flow-induced shear stress. Cells were classified according to the expression of von Willebrand factor as hMSCs, differentiating cells, and almost fully differentiated cells. Based on imaging analysis, we investigated changes in mitochondrial number, area, and length. In addition, mitochondrial networks were quantified on a single-mitochondrion basis by introducing a branch form factor. The data indicated that the mitochondrial number, area per cell, and length were decreased with differentiation. The mitochondrial morphology became simpler with progression of differentiation. These findings could be explained in view of energy level during differentiation; a higher level of energy is needed during differentiation, with larger numbers of mitochondria with branches. Application of this method to differentiation into other lineages will explain the energy levels required to control stem cell differentiation.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ji Won
authors: JW
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: So Hee
authors: SH
authors: Park
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yun Gyeong
authors: YG
authors: Kang
authors: Department of Health Science and Technology, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: Yanru
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Research and Development Team, Gimhae Biomedical Center, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyun Ju
authors: HJ
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.|Department of Health Science and Technology, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.|Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center/Institute of Aged Life Redesign/UHARC, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jung-Woog
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-9871
authors: JW
authors: Shin
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D053142:Mitochondrial Size; D033081:Shear Strength; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A