title: Childhood-Diagnosed ADHD, Symptom Progression, and Reversal Learning in Adulthood.
abstract: ADHD persists in up to 60% into adulthood, and the reasons for persistence are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the neurofunctional basis of decision making in those with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD with either persistent or remitted symptoms in adulthood versus healthy control participants.
  
  
  
  Thirty-two adults diagnosed with ADHD as children were split into persistent ( n = 18) or remitted ( n = 14) ADHD groups. Their neural activity and neurofunctional connectivity during a probabilistic reversal learning task were compared with 32 healthy controls.
  
  
  
  Remitters showed significantly higher neural connectivity in final reversal error and probabilistic error conditions, and persisters depict higher neural connectivity in reversal errors than controls at a family-wise error (FWE) corrected whole-brain corrected threshold.
  
  
  
  Remitters may have utilized higher neural connectivity than controls to make successful decisions. Also, remitters may have utilized compensatory strategies to override any potential underlying ADHD deficits.
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Hazel
authors: H
authors: McCarthy
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Stanley
authors: 2 Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Piech
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.|3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Skokauskas
authors: 4 Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.|5 Mater Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Aisling
authors: A
authors: Mulligan
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Donohoe
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: Mullins
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Kelly
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.|6 University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Johnson
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.|7 St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Fagan
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.|7 St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Gill
authors: 7 St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Meaney
authors: 1 Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.|8 Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Frodl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012193:Reversal Learning; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; functional neuroimaging; persistence; remission