title: Comparison of beverage consumption in adult populations from three different countries: do the international reference values allow establishing the adequacy of water and beverage intakes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recommendations of adequate total water intake (aTWI) have been proposed by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM)of the United States of America. However, there are differences in the approach used to support them: IOM recommendation is based on average intakes observed in NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and EFSA recommendation on a combination of observed intakes from 13 different European countries. Despite these recommendations of aTWI, the currently available scientifi c evidence is not sufficient to establish a cut-off value that would prevent disease, reduce the risk for chronic diseases or improve health status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the average daily consumption of fluids (water and other beverages) in selective samples of population from Mexico, US and Spain, evaluating the quantity of fluid intake and understanding the contribution of each fluid type to the total fl uid intake. We also aim to determine if they reached adequate intake (AI) values, as defi ned by three different criteria: IOM, EFSA and water density.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three studies were compared: from Mexico, the National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2012 (NHNS 2012); from US, the NHANES III 2005-2010 and from Spain the ANIBES study leaded in 2013. Different categories of beverages were used to establish the pattern of energy intake for each country. Only adult population was selected. TWI of each study was compared with EFSA and IOM AI recommendations, as well as applying the criterion of water density (mL/kcal).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The American study obtained the higher value of total kcal/day from food and beverages (2,437 ± 13). Furthermore, the percentage of daily energy intake coming from beverages was, for American adults, 21%. Mexico was slightly behind with 19% and Spain ANIBES study registered only 12%. ANIBES showed signifi cantly low AI values for the overall population, but even more alarming in the case of males. Only 12% of men, in contrast with 21% of women, do satisfy the EFSA criterion. The IOM criterion reaches even less with higher recommended values for daily intake. In contrast, 60% of the American population reached the recommended intake of the IOM criterion. However, available data did not allow calculating the percentage reached by the EFSA criterion. Data from the Mexican study did not permit conducting comparisons with IOM or with EFSA. However, the water density criteria (mL/kcal) was higher than 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a notable difference between all three populations in terms of TWI. Furthermore, within the same population, values of adequacy of TWI changed signifi cantly when they were assessed using different criteria. More scientifi c evidence is required for the production of better defined water intake recommendations in the future as well as more studies focusing on beverage consumption patterns in different settings.
authors: Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. CIBEROBN. Carlos III Health Institute. Madrid. mnissensohn@acciones.ulpgc.es.
authors: Mariela
authors: M
authors: Nissensohn
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Fuentes Lugo
authors: Lluis
authors: L
authors: Serra-Majem
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001628:Beverages; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012016:Reference Values; D013030:Spain; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adequate total water intake. ANIBES. Energy intake. Beverages. Adults.