title: Microwave enhanced alcoholysis of non-edible (algal, jatropha and pongamia) oils using chemically activated egg shell derived CaO as heterogeneous catalyst.
abstract: Microwave enhanced fast and efficient alcoholysis (methanolysis and ethanolysis) of non-edible oils (algal, jatropha and pongamia) is achieved using chemically activated waste egg shell derived CaO (i.e. CaO(cesp)) as heterogeneous catalyst. CaO(cesp) was extracted from waste chicken egg shell and further activated chemically by supporting transition metal oxide. The maximum conversion was achieved using 3wt% catalysts under 700W microwave irradiation and 10:1 alcohol/oil ratio in 6min. Alcoholysis using ZnO activated CaO(cesp) catalyst has shown higher reaction yields in comparison to other modified catalysts. Methanolysis has shown better biodiesel conversion in comparison to ethanolysis. The catalyst has shown longer lifetime and sustained activity after being used for four cycles. Due to more saturated fatty acid content; algal biodiesel has shown improved fuel properties in comparison to other biodiesels.
authors: Department of Research & Development, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, Dehradun, India. Electronic address: drgirdharjoshi@yahoo.in.
authors: Girdhar
authors: G
authors: Joshi
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, Dehradun, India.
authors: Devendra S
authors: DS
authors: Rawat
authors: Biofuel Research Laboratory, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, Dehradun, India.
authors: Amit Kumar
authors: AK
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Research & Development, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Bidholi, Dehradun, India.
authors: Jitendra K
authors: JK
authors: Pandey
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D056804:Biofuels; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000737:chemistry*; D031286:Jatropha / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D052596:Pongamia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D056804:Biofuels; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D010938:Plant Oils; C016538:lime
keywords: Algae; Biodiesel; Heterogeneous catalyst; Jatropha; Microwave; Pongamia