title: Assessment of fetal optic chiasm: an echoanatomic and reproducibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aims were: (1) to perform an echoanatomic correlation study, in order to confirm that the structure identified as the optic chiasm (OC) on ultrasound (US) is indeed this anatomical structure; (2) to assess and compare the reproducibility of two- (2D) and three-(3D) dimensional US in measurement of the OC in normal fetuses; and (3) to assess whether the spatial orientation of the OC changes with increasing gestational age.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the echoanatomic study, the OC was studied in a neonatal specimen, deceased at 29 + 4 weeks, by passing a suture around the OC and visualizing the supposed OC structure on US while pulling gently on the suture. The reproducibility study included 39 women with normal pregnancy at 20-33 weeks undergoing routine obstetric US examination. After the routine exam, the OC was visualized on 2D-US, and a 2D image and 3D volume dataset were stored for offline measurement. On the 2D images, the diameters of the OC decussation and the optic tract proximal to the transducer were measured. For the 3D volume dataset, multiplanar image correlation with volume contrast imaging (VCI) was used to measure both these diameters and the chiasmocallosal angle (CCA). Two operators each took two sets of measurements of the diameters on 2D- and 3D-US, and intra- and interoperator variability were analyzed using Cronbach's alpha intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), while a single operator took two sets of CCA measurements for assessment of intraoperator variability. Differences in CCA with increasing gestational age were also analyzed by regression, and CCA measurements were divided into three groups according to gestational age and their means compared by one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the echoanatomic experiment, when the sling suture was pulled, the hyperechoic X-shaped structure just below the circle of Willis identified on 2D-US as the OC was displaced slightly and was eventually cut by the sling, confirming its identity as the OC. Intraoperator variability was low and almost identical for the two operators and the two imaging modalities for measurement of the decussation (ICC for 2D-US: 0.96 vs 0.95; 3D-US: 0.95 vs 0.96), but less so for the optic tract (ICC for 2D-US: 0.95 vs 0.91; 3D-US: 0.94 vs 0.83). Interoperator variability was low for the decussation (2D-US: 0.92; 3D-US: 0.92), but higher for the optic tracts (ICC for 2D-US: 0.80; 3D-US: 0.78). The difference between the mean measurement of the two operators was not statistically significantly different for the decussation, but it was for the optic tracts (P = 0.04). The CCA increased steadily between 20 and 30 gestational weeks and plateaued thereafter, at least until 33 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hyperechoic structure evident on 2D- and 3D-US, just below the circle of Willis, is indeed the OC. 2D-US is apparently as good as 3D-US for visualization of the OC. However, only measurement of the decussation showed low intra- and interoperator variability, whereas measurement of the optic tract is of questionable variability. As gestation advances between 20 and 30 weeks, the OC becomes more oblique in orientation. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
authors: Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Paladini
authors: Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Birnbaum
authors: Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Donarini
authors: Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Maffeo
authors: Fetopathology Unit, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Fulcheri
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009897:Optic Chiasm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 3D; fetus; optic chiasm; septo-optic dysplasia; ultrasound