title: Pesticide residues in drinking water and associated risk to consumers in Ethiopia.
abstract: Access to safe and reliable drinking water is vital for a healthy population. However, surface water may be contaminated with pesticides because of the nearby agricultural areas as well as from household application. Water samples were collected from water sources in Jimma zone and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The extraction and clean up of the samples were undertaken using liquid-solid and liquid-liquid methods. Human exposure was assessed by calculating the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticides in water and compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the acute reference dose (ARfD). The mean concentrations of 2,4-D, malathion, diazinon and fenpropimorph were 1.59-13.90 μg/l and 0.11-138 µg/l in Jimma and Addis Ababa water sources, respectively. The residue level of some of the pesticides were above the European drinking water guide line values, which is an indication of an illegal use of pesticides in the study areas. Concerning human health risk estimation, there was no acute risk (EDI < ARfD). However, chronic risks to human health were observed from exposure to diazinon and fenpropimorph (EDI > ADI) for Jimma and Addis Ababa populations, respectively. A comprehensive monitoring is required to reduce the level of pesticide residues in the water and to minimize particularly the long term human health risks.
authors: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia. Electronic address: seblework2001@yahoo.com.
authors: Seblework
authors: S
authors: Mekonen
authors: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 235, Haramaya, Ethiopia.
authors: Roba
authors: R
authors: Argaw
authors: Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
authors: Aklilu
authors: A
authors: Simanesew
authors: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Houbraken
authors: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Senaeve
authors: Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, P.O.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
authors: Argaw
authors: A
authors: Ambelu
authors: Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Pieter
authors: P
authors: Spanoghe
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D060766:Drinking Water; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005002:Ethiopia; D006801:Humans; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: Acute risk; Chronic risk; Drinking water; Estimated daily intake; Treatment plant