title: Nanoscale Morphology of PTB7 Based Organic Photovoltaics as a Function of Fullerene Size.
abstract: High efficiency polymer:fullerene photovoltaic device layers self-assemble with hierarchical features from ångströms to 100's of nanometers. The feature size, shape, composition, orientation, and order all contribute to device efficiency and are simultaneously difficult to study due to poor contrast between carbon based materials. This study seeks to increase device efficiency and simplify morphology measurements by replacing the typical fullerene acceptor with endohedral fullerene Lu3N@PC80BEH. The metal atoms give excellent scattering contrast for electron beam and x-ray experiments. Additionally, Lu3N@PC80BEH has a lower electron affinity than standard fullerenes, which can raise the open circuit voltage of photovoltaic devices. Electron microscopy techniques are used to produce a detailed account of morphology evolution in mixtures of Lu3N@PC80BEH with the record breaking donor polymer, PTB7 and coated using solvent mixtures. We demonstrate that common solvent additives like 1,8-diiodooctane or chloronapthalene do not improve the morphology of endohedral fullerene devices as expected. The poor device performance is attributed to the lack of mutual miscibility between this particular polymer:fullerene combination and to co-crystallization of Lu3N@PC80BEH with 1,8-diiodooctane. This negative result explains why solvent additives mixtures are not necessarily a morphology cure-all.
authors: Material Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, USA.
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Roehling
authors: i-MEET (Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology), Friedrich-Alexander, University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Derya
authors: D
authors: Baran
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, Davis,CA, USA.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Sit
authors: LKS (Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Thaer
authors: T
authors: Kassar
authors: i-MEET (Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology), Friedrich-Alexander, University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Tayebeh
authors: T
authors: Ameri
authors: LKS (Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Staudtstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Unruh
authors: i-MEET (Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology), Friedrich-Alexander, University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Christoph J
authors: CJ
authors: Brabec
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, One Shields Ave., University of California, Davis, Davis,CA, USA.
authors: Adam J
authors: AJ
authors: Moulé