title: Nanocrystalline calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite biphasic compound as a TGF-β1/VEGF reservoir for vital pulp therapy.
abstract: Vital pulp therapy aims to treat reversible pulpal injuries via protective dentinogenesis and to preserve more tooth structure. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based capping materials demonstrate prolonged setting time increases the risk of pulpal infection during multi-visit treatment. Their non-degradable property occupies pulp space and limits dentin-pulp regeneration. This study reports an inorganic degradable biomaterial that presents a short initial setting time and acts as a growth factor reservoir to promote reparative dentinogenesis.
  
  
  
  We synthesize nanocrystalline calcium sulfate hemihydrate (nCS), hydroxyapatite (HAp) and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CS) as a reservoir to which transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are added (denoted as nCS/HAp/CS/TGF-β1/VEGF). In vitro biocompatibility and mineralization (the activity and expression of alkaline phosphatase, ALP) were evaluated. Rat animal model was created to test in vivo efficacy.
  
  
  
  Cultured human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) showed that nCS/HAp/CS/TGF-β1/VEGF cement has excellent biocompatibility and the potential to elevate the activity and expression of ALP. The in vivo efficacy (rat animal model) indicates protective dentin by micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) measurements and histological analyses. The 3D μ-CT non-destructive analysis also determines volume changes during pulpotomy, suggesting that the degraded space of the nCS/HAp/CS/TGF-β1/VEGF cement is repaired by the formation of dentin-pulp tissue.
  
  
  
  These findings demonstrate that nCS/HAp/CS cement acts as a potent reservoir for the sustained release of growth factors, and that nCS/HAp/CS/TGF-β1/VEGF cement has a high potential to form the reparative dentinogenesis in vivo.
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Chih
authors: YC
authors: Chiang
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan.
authors: Hao-Hueng
authors: HH
authors: Chang
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan.
authors: Ching-Ching
authors: CC
authors: Wong
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan.
authors: Yi-Ping
authors: YP
authors: Wang
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan.
authors: Yin-Lin
authors: YL
authors: Wang
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan.
authors: Wen-Hsuan
authors: WH
authors: Huang
authors: School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Chang-de Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, China Medical University and China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: pinlin@ntu.edu.tw.
authors: Chun-Pin
authors: CP
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000378:metabolism*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D017886:Durapatite; D002133:Calcium Sulfate
keywords: Micro-computed tomography; Nanocrystalline calcium sulfate; TGF-β1; VEGF; Vital pulp therapy