title: The relationship between sodium intake and some bone minerals and osteoporosis risk assessment instrument in postmenopausal women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The results of the studies on the effects of sodium on bone metabolism have been inconsistent. There is no definitive answer to the question of whether sodium restriction can be associated with a lower incidence of osteoporosis. What reinforces the necessity of designing this study is the lack of findings with the approach of examining the effects of sodium on bone in our country.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 185 retired female teachers aged 45 to 70. Sodium intake was evaluated using two methods: A 24-hour recall and a 12-hour urine sample. To assess bone health, ORAI index was calculated for each individual. Urinary calcium, phosphorus, potassium and serum vitamin D and PTH were measured as laboratory variables. To compare the general characteristics of the participants across tertiles of urinary sodium, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for quantitative variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phosphorous, calcium and potassium urinary excretion rate increased with the increase in urinary sodium (p<0.05). However, the changes in serum vitamin D, and PTH levels across tertiles of urinary sodium were not significant. Changes in urinary sodium levels were not significant (p=0.933) in ORAI groups (sorted by rating). The relationship between urinary calcium and sodium was apparent in low calcium intake (r=0.415, p<0.001), but not in higher calcium intake (r=0.144, p=0.177).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although urinary calcium and potassium increased with the increase in sodium intake, no relationship was found between sodium and ORAI.
authors: (PhD, Professor of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. rezavafa@yahoo.com.
authors: Mohammadreza
authors: M
authors: Vafa
authors: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. s.soltani@iums.ac.ir.
authors: Sepideh
authors: S
authors: Soltani
authors: PhD, Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Departments of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. fzayeri@yahoo.com.
authors: Farid
authors: F
authors: Zayeri
authors: Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mahtabniroomand@yahoo.com.
authors: Mahtab
authors: M
authors: Niroomand
authors: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. azadnajarzadeh@ssu.ac.ir.
authors: Azadeh
authors: A
authors: Najarzadeh
keywords: Bone Health; ORAI; Urinary Calcium; Urinary Sodium