title: Psychotic disorders induced by antiepileptic drugs in people with epilepsy.
abstract: Antiepileptic drug treatment can induce psychosis in some patients. However, there are no agreed definitions or diagnostic criteria for antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder in the classification systems of either epileptology or psychiatry. In this study we investigated the clinical spectrum of antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder in patients with epilepsy. The medical records of all patients with epilepsy who were diagnosed by a neuropsychiatrist as having a psychotic disorder at the Royal Melbourne Hospital from January 1993 to June 2015 were reviewed. Data were extracted regarding epilepsy and its treatment, psychotic symptoms profile and outcome. The diagnosis of epilepsy was established in accordance to the classification system of the International League Against Epilepsy while that of psychotic disorder was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition and the proposal on neuropsychiatric disorders in epilepsy. Patients with antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder were compared to those with psychotic disorders unrelated to antiepileptic drugs assessed over the same period (non-antiepileptic drug induced psychotic disorder group). Univariate comparisons were performed and variables with a value of P < 0.1 were selected for the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The records of 2630 in-patients and outpatients with epilepsy were screened, from which 98 (3.7%) with psychotic disorders were identified. Among these, 14 (14.3%) were diagnosed to have antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder. Excluding one patient who developed psychosis after valproate withdrawal, 76.9% in the antiepileptic drug induced psychotic disorder group were female and the percentage of temporal lobe involvement was higher in the antiepileptic drug induced psychotic disorder group (69.2% versus 38.1%, P < 0.05). Current use of levetiracetam was higher in antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder group (84.6% versus 20.2%, P < 0.01) while use of carbamazepine was higher in the comparator group (15.4% versus 44.0%, P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed four factors associated with antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder: female gender, temporal lobe involvement and use of levetiracetam, and a negative association with carbamazepine. Disorganized behaviours and thinking were more common in the antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder group (100% versus 72.6% and 76.9% versus 38.1%, respectively; P < 0.05). The percentage of continuous treatment with antipsychotic drugs was lower in the antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder group (15.4% versus 66.7%, P < 0.01). No patients experienced a chronic course in antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder group whereas 40.5% did in non-antiepileptic drug induced psychotic disorder (P < 0.05). Our findings indicated that one in seven patients with epilepsy who developed psychosis had antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder. In these patients, female gender, temporal lobe involvement and current use of levetiracetam were significantly associated with antiepileptic drug induced psychotic disorder compared to other types of psychosis, while carbamazepine had a negative association. Disorganized behaviours and thinking were predominant in antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder. Patients with antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorder differed from non-antiepileptic drug-induced psychotic disorders in having better outcome.
authors: 1 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia 2 Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors: Ziyi
authors: Z
authors: Chen
authors: 3 Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Lusicic
authors: 1 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Terence J
authors: TJ
authors: O'Brien
authors: 3 Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Velakoulis
authors: 3 Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Sophia J
authors: SJ
authors: Adams
authors: 1 Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia patrick.kwan@unimelb.edu.au.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Kwan
keywords: AED-induced psychotic disorder; antiepileptic drug; epilepsy; psychosis