title: Patterns of Lymph Node Failure after Dose-escalated Radiotherapy: Implications for Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Coverage.
abstract: Clinical trials evaluating the benefit of pelvic radiotherapy (PRT) in the radiotherapeutic management of patients with higher-risk prostate cancer have limited the superior field border to the S1/S2 or L5/S1 interspace. However, imaging and surgical series have demonstrated a high frequency of prostatic lymph node (LN) drainage beyond these landmarks.
  
  
  
  To determine the patterns of radiographically defined abdominopelvic LN failures and their potential implications for PRT field design.
  
  
  
  During 1992-2008, 2694 patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with prostate/seminal vesicle-only radiotherapy without PRT. Some 156 patients had their first failure within the abdominopelvic LNs, of whom 60 had isolated failures within the pelvic LNs.
  
  
  
  A radiologist reviewed all imaging and mapped each LN failure to a template consisting of 34 abdominopelvic LN stations.
  
  
  
  The median follow-up was 8.9 yr. Of patients who experienced first recurrence in the pelvic LNs (n=60), the common iliac station was involved in 55% (n=33) of patients, including 10% (n=6) who had isolated common iliac failures. Use of a PRT field superior border of L5/S1 would fully cover only 42% of the first recurrences among these patients. Extending the field to cover the common iliac stations would increase coverage to 93% of recurrences. The presence of T3/T4 disease and omission of androgen-deprivation therapy both independently conferred an approximate fivefold increase in the likelihood of having a common iliac LN failure. Use of imaging as a surrogate for LN involvement is the primary study limitation.
  
  
  
  Pelvic LN failures frequently occur superior to the commonly used L5/S1 landmark for PRT coverage, and use of ADT may be protective of more superior LN failures. The current RTOG 0924 trial is evaluating the benefit of PRT with extended superior coverage to L4/5 when possible, which, according to our data, should significantly improve the coverage of potential sites of failure.
  
  
  
  We looked at lymph node recurrence patterns after external beam radiotherapy of the prostate in men who did not have their lymph nodes treated. We found that there was a high incidence of pelvic lymph node recurrences above the internal and external iliac lymph node regions. Therefore, the current field recommendation for pelvic lymph nodes that stops at the superior border of the internal and external iliac vessels provides inadequate coverage of common sites of cancer recurrence, namely the common iliac lymph nodes.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
authors: Daniel E
authors: DE
authors: Spratt
authors: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Hebert A
authors: HA
authors: Vargas
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Zachary S
authors: ZS
authors: Zumsteg
authors: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Jennifer S
authors: JS
authors: Golia Pernicka
authors: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Joseph R
authors: JR
authors: Osborne
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Pei
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: zelefskm@mskcc.org.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Zelefsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*
keywords: Metastatic pattern; Pelvic lymph nodes; Prostate cancer; Radiotherapy