title: Residential greenness and blood lipids in children: A longitudinal analysis in GINIplus and LISAplus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is some evidence of decreased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity among adults residing in greener places. Among others, blood lipids are well established risk factors for CVD. In our previous study, we observed the inverse association between greenness and blood pressure in 10-year-old children. In the current study, we investigated whether there is also a link between residential greenness and blood lipids in 10- and 15-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete data on blood lipids (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride), residential greenness (NDVI in 100-m, 300- and 500-m buffers around residences) and confounders were available for 1,552 participants at 10 and 15 years of age, residing in two study areas of two German birth cohorts - GINIplus and LISAplus. Longitudinal associations between NDVI and blood lipids were assessed by generalized estimation equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No associations were observed between residential greenness in any of the chosen buffers and blood lipids in children (e.g., change in blood lipids per interquartile increase in NDVI in 100-m buffer for total cholesterol and LDL: means ratio=1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.01), for triglyceride: 0.98 (0.96-1.00)). No area- or sex-varying effects were evident. Change of the residence between 10 and 15 years also did not yield any consistent associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence of an association between greenness and blood lipids in 10- and 15-years old children.
authors: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: iana.markevych@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors: Iana
authors: I
authors: Markevych
authors: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Standl
authors: IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors: Dorothea
authors: D
authors: Sugiri
authors: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Harris
authors: Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: Maier
authors: Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany.
authors: Dietrich
authors: D
authors: Berdel
authors: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012111:Residence Characteristics
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids
keywords: Blood lipids; Cholesterol; Cohort; Greenness; NDVI