title: Gastric biomarkers: a global review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastric cancer is an aggressive disease with a poor 5-year survival and large global burden of disease. The disease is biologically and genetically heterogeneous with a poorly understood carcinogenesis at the molecular level. Despite the many prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic biomarkers investigated to date, gastric cancer continues to be detected at an advanced stage with resultant poor clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a global review of gastric biomarkers with an emphasis on HER2, E-cadherin, fibroblast growth factor receptor, mammalian target of rapamycin, and hepatocyte growth factor receptor as well as sections on microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, matrix metalloproteinases, PD-L1, TP53, and microsatellite instability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and biological features of gastric cancer, including the identification and characterization of diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic biomarkers, hopefully will provide improved clinical outcomes.
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada. nmb509@mail.usask.ca.
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Baniak
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, T6G 2B7, AB, Canada.
authors: Jenna-Lynn
authors: JL
authors: Senger
authors: Division of Medical Oncology, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
authors: Shahid
authors: S
authors: Ahmed
authors: Department of General Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
authors: S C
authors: SC
authors: Kanthan
authors: Department of General Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
authors: Rani
authors: R
authors: Kanthan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Biomarkers; Gastric cancer; Therapy