title: Characterization of an S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine-based nitric oxide releasing polymer from a translational perspective.
abstract: Due to the role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulating a variety of biological functions in humans, numerous studies on different NO releasing/generating materials have been published over the past two decades. Although NO has been demonstrated to be a strong antimicrobial and potent antithrombotic agent, NO-releasing (NOrel) polymers have not reached the clinical setting. While increasing the concentration of the NO donor in the polymer is a common method to prolong the NO-release, this should not be at the cost of mechanical strength or biocompatibility of the original material. In this work, it was shown that the incorporation ofS-nitroso-penicillamine (SNAP), an NO donor molecule, into Elast-eon E2As (a copolymer of mixed soft segments of polydimethylsiloxane and poly(hexamethylene oxide)), does not adversely impact the physical and biological attributes of the base polymer. Incorporating 10 wt % of SNAP into E2As reduces the ultimate tensile strength by only 20%. The inclusion of SNAP did not significantly affect the surface chemistry or roughness of E2As polymer. Ultraviolet radiation, ethylene oxide, and hydrogen peroxide vapor sterilization techniques retained approximately 90% of the active SNAP content, where sterilization of these materials did not affect the NO-release profile over an 18 day period. Furthermore, these NOrel materials were shown to be biocompatible with the host tissues as observed through hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity analysis. In addition, the stability of SNAP in E2As was studied under a variety of storage conditions, as they pertain to translational potential of these materials. SNAP-incorporated E2As stored at room temperature for over 6 months retained 87% of its initial SNAP content. Stored and fresh films exhibited similar NO release kinetics over an 18 day period. Combined, the results from this study suggest that SNAP-doped E2As polymer is suitable for commercial biomedical applications due to the reported physical and biological characteristics that are important for commercial and clinical success.
authors: Department of Biological Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors: Marcus J
authors: MJ
authors: Goudie
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Elizabeth J
authors: EJ
authors: Brisbois
authors: Department of Biological Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors: Jitendra
authors: J
authors: Pant
authors: VA Ann Arbor Healthcare Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Alex
authors: A
authors: Thompson
authors: VA Ann Arbor Healthcare Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Joseph A
authors: JA
authors: Potkay
authors: Department of Biological Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors: Hitesh
authors: H
authors: Handa
keywords: Nitric Oxide; SNAP; biocompatibility; cytotoxicity; physical properties