title: The association of parental education with childhood undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries: comparing the role of paternal and maternal education.
abstract: Most existing research on the association of parental education with childhood undernutrition focuses on maternal education and often ignores paternal education. We systematically investigate differences in maternal and paternal education and their association with childhood undernutrition.
  
  
  
  One hundred and eighty Demographic and Health Surveys from 62 countries performed between 1990 and 2014 were analysed. We used linear-probability models to predict childhood undernutrition prevalences, measured as stunting, underweight and wasting, for all combinations of maternal and paternal attainment in school. Models were adjusted for demographic and socio-economic covariates for the child, mother and household, country-level fixed effects and clustering. Additional specifications adjust for local area characteristics instead of country fixed effects.
  
  
  
  Both higher maternal and paternal education levels are associated with lower childhood undernutrition. In regressions adjusted for child age and sex as well as country-level fixed effects, the association is stronger for maternal education than for paternal education when their combined level of education is held constant. In the fully adjusted models, the observed differences in predicted undernutrition prevalences are strongly attenuated, suggesting a similar importance of maternal and paternal education. These findings are confirmed by the analysis of composite schooling indicators.
  
  
  
  We find that paternal education is similarly important for reducing childhood undernutrition as maternal education and should therefore receive increased attention in the literature.
authors: University of Göttingen, Germany.|Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, United States.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Vollmer
authors: University of Göttingen, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Bommer
authors: The Hospital for Sick Children, Global Child Health Centre, Toronto, Canada.
authors: Aditi
authors: A
authors: Krishna
authors: ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Harttgen
authors: Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, United States.
authors: S V
authors: SV
authors: Subramanian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010290:Parents; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019282:Wasting Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: child undernutrition; parental education; stunting, wasting; underweight