title: DNA Methylation and Urological Cancer, a Step Towards Personalized Medicine: Current and Future Prospects.
abstract: Urologic malignancies are some of the commonest tumors often curable when diagnosed at early stage. However, accurate diagnostic markers and faithful predictors of prognosis are needed to avoid over-diagnosis leading to overtreatment. Many promising exploratory studies have identified epigenetic markers in urinary malignancies based on DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) expression that epigenetically regulate gene expression. We review and discuss the current state of development and the future potential of epigenetic biomarkers for more accurate and less invasive detection of urological cancer, tumor recurrence and progression of disease serving to establish diagnosis and monitor treatment efficacies. The specific clinical implications of such methylation tests on therapeutic decisions and patient outcome and current limitations are also discussed.
authors: Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Departamento Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Laureate Universities, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo Km 12.5, Getafe, 28905, Madrid, Spain. jangulo@futurnet.es.
authors: Javier C
authors: JC
authors: Angulo
authors: Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Instituto BioCruces,Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
authors: Jose I
authors: JI
authors: López
authors: Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Docente de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Santiago
authors: S
authors: Ropero
mesh_terms: D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011379:Prognosis; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D022661:RNA, Untranslated