title: NMR-Based Metabonomic Analysis of Physiological Responses to Starvation and Refeeding in the Rat.
abstract: Starvation is a postabsorptive condition derived from a limitation on food resources by external factors. Energy homeostasis is maintained under this condition by using sources other than glucose via adaptive mechanisms. After refeeding, when food is available, other adaptive processes are linked to energy balance. However, less has been reported about the physiological mechanisms present as a result of these conditions, considering the rat as a supraorganism. Metabolic profiling using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize the physiological metabolic differences in urine specimens collected under starved, refed, and recovered conditions. In addition, because starvation induced lack of faecal production and not all animals produced faeces during refeeding, 24 h pooled faecal water samples were also analyzed. Urinary metabolites upregulated by starvation included 2-butanamidoacetate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, ketoleucine, methylmalonate, p-cresyl glucuronide, p-cresyl sulfate, phenylacetylglycine, pseudouridine, creatinine, taurine, and N-acetyl glycoprotein, which were related to renal and skeletal muscle function, β-oxidation, turnover of proteins and RNA, and host-microbial interactions. Food-derived metabolites, including gut microbial cometabolites, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were upregulated under refed and recovered conditions, which characterized anabolic urinary metabotypes. The upregulation of creatine and pantothenate indicated an absorptive state after refeeding. Fecal short chain fatty acids, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, lactate, and acetoin provided additional information about the combinatorial metabolism between the host and gut microbiota. This investigation contributes to allow a deeper understanding of physiological responses associated with starvation and refeeding.
authors: Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340 Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México.|Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, C.P. 07738 Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México.
authors: José I
authors: JI
authors: Serrano-Contreras
authors: Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: García-Pérez
authors: Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, C.P. 07738 Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México.
authors: María E
authors: ME
authors: Meléndez-Camargo
authors: Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340 Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México.
authors: L Gerardo
authors: LG
authors: Zepeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003401:Creatine; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D010205:Pantothenic Acid; D051381:Rats; D055677:Refeeding Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D013217:Starvation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010205:Pantothenic Acid; D003401:Creatine
keywords: absorptive state; energy homeostasis; host−microbial interactions; metabotype; scotophase