title: Lymphoma Secondary to Congenital and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes at a Turkish Pediatric Oncology Center.
abstract: The prevalence of lymphoma in primary immunodeficiency cases and autoimmune diseases, as well as on a background of immunodeficiency following organ transplants, is increasing. The lymphoma treatment success rate is known to be a low prognosis. Our study aimed to emphasize the low survival rates in immunodeficient vs. immunocompetent lymphoma patients and also to investigate the effect of rituximab in patients with ataxia telangiectasia and other immunodeficiencies. We summarized the clinical characteristics and treatment results of 17 cases with primary immunodeficiency that developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) retrospectively. Seven patients were diagnosed with ataxia-telangiectasia, two with common variable immunodeficiency, two with selective IgA deficiency, one with X-related lymphoproliferative syndrome, one with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, one with Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative syndrome, one with interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) deficiency, and one with lymphoma developing after autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). One patient underwent a renal transplant. Of the nine males and eight females (aged 3-12 years, median = 7) that developed lymphoma, seven were diagnosed with HL and ten with NHL (seven B-cell, three T-cell). The NHL patients were started on the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster, POG9317, LMB-96, or R-CHOP treatment protocols with reduced chemotherapy dosages. HL cases were started on the doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) and/or cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP) protocol, also with modified dosages. Importantly, all seven cases of HL are alive and in remission, while six of the ten NHL patients have died. Primary immunodeficiency is a strong predisposing factor for developing lymphoma. Low treatment success rates relative to other lymphomas and difficulties encountered during treatment indicate that new treatment agents are needed. While some success has been achieved by combining rituximab with lymphoma treatment protocols in B-NHL cases with primary immunodeficiency, the need for new treatment approaches for these patients remains critical.
authors: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. g_oktay4910@yahoo.com.
authors: Hikmet G
authors: HG
authors: Tanyildiz
authors: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Handan
authors: H
authors: Dincaslan
authors: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Gulsan
authors: G
authors: Yavuz
authors: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Emel
authors: E
authors: Unal
authors: Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Aydan
authors: A
authors: Ikinciogulları
authors: Department of Pediatric Immunology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Figen
authors: F
authors: Dogu
authors: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Nurdan
authors: N
authors: Tacyildiz
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D000293:Adolescent; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011241:Prednisone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D000069283:Rituximab; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey; D014750:Vincristine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; C571759:R-CHOP protocol; D000069283:Rituximab; D014750:Vincristine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011241:Prednisone
keywords: Childhood; Lymphoma; Primary immunodeficiency