title: Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research.
abstract: In this Essay, we discuss the critical need to incorporate sex and gender in pre-clinical and clinical research to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic processes differ by sex and gender. This knowledge will allow for development of personalized medicine which will optimize therapies specific for individuals.
authors: Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
authors: Eugenia
authors: E
authors: Morselli
authors: Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
authors: Aaron P
authors: AP
authors: Frank
authors: Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, e Centro de Pesquisa em Obesidade e Comorbidades, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
authors: Roberta S
authors: RS
authors: Santos
authors: Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
authors: Luciana A
authors: LA
authors: Fátima
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors: Biff F
authors: BF
authors: Palmer
authors: Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Electronic address: deborah.clegg@cshs.org.
authors: Deborah J
authors: DJ
authors: Clegg
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D004194:Disease; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; chromosome; estrogens; gender; obesity; sex; testosterone; type 2 diabetes