title: Target-site and non-target-site based resistance to the herbicide tribenuron-methyl in flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.).
abstract: Flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) is a troublesome and widespread broadleaf weed in winter fields in China, and has evolved high level resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting sulfonylurea herbicide tribenuron-methyl.
  
  
  
  We identified a resistant flixweed population (N11) exhibiting 116.3-fold resistance to tribenuron-methyl relative to the susceptible population (SD8). Target-site ALS gene mutation Pro-197-Thr was identified in resistant plants. Moreover, the resistance can be reversed to 28.7-fold by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion. The RNA-Sequencing was employed to identify candidate genes involved in non-target-site metabolic resistance in this population. Total 26 differentially expressed contigs were identified and eight of them (four P450s, one ABC transporter, three glycosyltransferase) verified by qRT-PCR. Consistent over-expression of the two contigs homology to CYP96A13 and ABCC1 transporter, respectively, were further qRT-PCR validated using additional plants from the resistant and susceptible populations.
  
  
  
  Tribenuron-methyl resistance in flixweed is controlled by target-site ALS mutation and non-target-site based mechanisms. Two genes, CYP96A13 and ABCC1 transporter, could play an important role in metabolic resistance to tribenuron-methyl in the resistant flixweed population and justify further functional studies.
authors: Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors: Qian
authors: Q
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Deng
authors: Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors: Xuefeng
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Yu
authors: Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, 410125, China.
authors: Lianyang
authors: L
authors: Bai
authors: Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. mqzheng@cau.edu.cn.
authors: Mingqi
authors: M
authors: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D001190:Arylsulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008294:Malathion / Q000494:pharmacology; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D001190:Arylsulfonates; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D006540:Herbicides; C050296:metsulfuron methyl; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase; D008294:Malathion
keywords: Acetolactate synthase; Cytochrome P450; Flixweed; Metabolic resistance; Non-target-site based resistance; RNA-Seq; Target-site based resistance; Tribenuron-methyl