title: Rice (Oryza sativa) Laccases Involved in Modification and Detoxification of Herbicides Atrazine and Isoproturon Residues in Plants.
abstract: Atrazine (ATR) and isoproturon (IPU) as herbicides have become serious environmental contaminants due to their overuse in crop production. Although ATR and IPU in soils are easily absorbed by many crops, the mechanisms for their degradation or detoxification in plants are poorly understood. This study identified a group of novel genes encoding laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) that are possibly involved in catabolism or detoxification of ATR and IPU residues in rice. Transcriptome profiling shows at least 22 differentially expressed laccase genes in ATR/IPU-exposed rice. Some of the laccase genes were validated by RT-PCR analysis. The biochemical properties of the laccases were analyzed, and their activities in rice were induced under ATR/IPU exposure. To investigate the roles of laccases in degrading or detoxifying ATR/IPU in rice, transgenic yeast cells (Pichia pastoris X-33) expressing two rice laccase genes (LOC_Os01g63180 and LOC_Os12g15680) were generated. Both transformants were found to accumulate less ATR/IPU compared to the control. The ATR/IPU-degraded products in the transformed yeast cells using UPLC-TOF-MS/MS were further characterized. Two metabolites, hydroxy-dehydrogenated atrazine (HDHA) and 2-OH-isopropyl-IPU, catalyzed by laccases were detected in the eukaryotic cells. These results indicate that the laccase-coding genes identified here could confer degradation or detoxification of the herbicides and suggest that the laccases could be one of the important enzymatic pathways responsible for ATR/IPU degradation/detoxification in rice.
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Meng Tian
authors: MT
authors: Huang
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.|College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211800, China.
authors: Yi Chen
authors: YC
authors: Lu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China.
authors: Shuang
authors: S
authors: Zhang
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Luo
authors: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.|State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, China.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D001280:Atrazine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D042845:Laccase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012275:Oryza / Q000201:enzymology*; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D010843:Pichia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C028904:isoproturon; D042845:Laccase; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: atrazine; detoxification; isoproturon; laccase; rice (Oryza sativa)