title: Continuous weeklong measurements of indoor particle levels in a Minnesota Tribal Casino Resort.
abstract: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for workers and patrons in hospitality venues is a persistent and significant public health concern. We designed this study to provide a comprehensive assessment of SHS exposure inside an Indian Tribal Casino in Minnesota.
  
  
  
  Real-time fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations were measured at multiple locations for up to 7 days. The field monitoring provided information on the day of week and time of day variation of SHS exposure, as well as comparisons between smoking and non-smoking areas.
  
  
  
  Indoor PM2.5 level was nearly 13 times the concurrent outdoor PM2.5 level. Gaming floor hourly PM2.5 level was highest on Saturday night, averaged at 62.9 μg/m(3). Highest PM2.5 concentration was observed in smoking-permitted employee break room, reaching 600 μg/m(3). PM2.5 readings in non-smoking sections exhibited same temporal pattern as the readings in smoking sections.
  
  
  
  The results show that indoor concentration of PM2.5 is substantially higher than the outdoor level, posing health risks to casino workers and patrons. SHS can migrate into adjacent non-smoking areas very quickly. The casino's ventilation system did not fully eliminate SHS. A completely smoke-free casino would be the only way to fully protect non-smoking patrons and employees from the dangers of tobacco smoke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA. zz2359@cumc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Center for Energy and Environment, 212 Third Avenue North, Suite 560, Minneapolis, MN, 55401, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bohac
authors.affiliation: Clearway Minnesota SM, 8011 34th Avenue South, Suite 400, Minneapolis, MN, 55425, USA.
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Boyle
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005715:Gambling; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008910:Minnesota; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011634:Public Health; D012907:Smoking; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D014691:Ventilation; D017132:Workplace; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Fine particulate matter; Indoor air pollution; Real-time monitoring; Secondhand smoke; Tribal casino