title: Enhanced Glutathione Peroxidase Activity of Water-Soluble and Polyethylene Glycol-Supported Selenides, Related Spirodioxyselenuranes, and Pincer Selenuranes.
abstract: Diaryl selenides containing o-hydroxymethylene substituents function as peroxide-destroying mimetics of the antioxidant selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx), via oxidation to the corresponding spirodioxyselenuranes with hydrogen peroxide and subsequent reduction back to the original selenides with glutathione. Parent selenides with 3-hydroxypropyl or 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups produced the novel compounds 10 and 11, respectively, with greatly improved aqueous solubility and catalytic activity. The phenolic derivative 28 displayed similarly ameliorated properties and also modest radical-inhibiting antioxidant activity, as evidenced by an assay based on phenolic hydrogen atom transfer to the stable free radical DPPH. In contrast, several selenides that afford pincer selenuranes (e.g., 20 and 21) instead of spiroselenuranes upon oxidation showed inferior catalytic activity. Several selenide analogues were attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG) oligomers, as PEG substituents can improve water solubility and bioavailability, while retarding clearance. Again, the PEG derivatives afforded remarkable activity when oxidation generated spirodioxyselenuranes and diminished activity when pincer compounds were produced. Several such compounds proved to be ca. 10- to 100-fold catalytically superior to the diaryl selenides and their spirodioxyselenurane counterparts investigated previously. Finally, an NMR-based assay employing glutathione in D2O was designed to accommodate the faster reacting water-soluble mimetics and to more closely duplicate in vivo conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicole M R
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Press
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Don M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mayder
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garnica
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Back
mesh_terms: D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018036:Selenium Compounds; D014867:Water; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase