title: Regression equations of Z score and echocardiographic nomograms for coronary sinus in healthy children.
abstract: As the number of implanted biventricular pacemakers increases, the coronary sinus (CS) has evoked much interest amongst cardiologists. A dilated CS could prompt the existence of many diseases. The normal CS diameter is uncertain, especially in children. A total of 446 Chinese healthy children were prospectively enrolled in this study. The superior and inferior diameter of the CS was measured from the CS ostium 1 cm from the end of ventricular systole in the modified apical 4-chamber view. Seven models were tested to determine the relationships between parameters of body size and CS diameter. Heteroscedasticity was tested by the White and Breusch-Pagan tests. A multiple linear regression model should be gender as a covariate along with BSAStevenson, in order to evaluate the influence of gender on the measurements. The formula of Stevenson was best-fit. The predicted values and Z-score boundaries for measurement of the CS diameter were calculated. Bland-Altman plot regression showed that the 95 % limits of agreement for inter- and intra-observer measurements were not significantly different. We report new, reliable echocardiographic Z scores for the CS diameter derived from a large population of healthy Chinese children. The Z scores can be used in echocardiographic examinations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Yixin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. renwdcmu@163.com.
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054326:Coronary Sinus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D049451:Nomograms; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Children; Coronary sinus; Echocardiography; Healthy; Nomograms