title: Utilization of the Ability to Induce Activation of the Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-derived 2)-like Factor 2 (Nrf2) to Assess Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Liquorice Samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates expression of many detoxification enzymes. Nrf2-antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) signalling pathway can be a target for cancer chemoprevention. Glycyrrhiza glabra, common name, 'liquorice', is used as a sweetening and flavouring agent, and traditionally, to treat various ailments, and implicated to chemoprevention. However, its chemopreventive property has not yet been scientifically substantiated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability of liquorice root samples to induce Nrf2 activation correlating to their potential chemopreventive property.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of nine methanolic extracts of liquorice root samples, collected from various geographical origins, to induce Nrf2 activation was determined by the luciferase reporter assay using the ARE-reporter cell line, AREc32. The antioxidant properties were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All extracts exhibited free-radical-scavenging property (RC50  = 136.39-635.66 µg/mL). The reducing capacity of ferrous ion was 214.46-465.59 μM Fe(II)/g. Nrf2 activation indicated that all extracts induced expression of ARE-driven luciferase activity with a maximum induction of 2.3 fold relative to control. These activities varied for samples from one geographical location to another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings add to the existing knowledge of cancer chemoprevention by plant-derived extracts or purified phytochemicals, particularly the potential use of liquorice for this purpose. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.|Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Norazah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Basar
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Lutfun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nahar
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.|Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olayinka Ayotunde
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Oridupa
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
authors.forename: Anupam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Talukdar
authors.affiliation: ADAS UK Ltd, Rosemaund, Preston Wynne, Hereford, HR1 3PG, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.affiliation: Gulistan State University, Gulistan, Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: Habibjon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kushiev
authors.affiliation: Selçuk University, Selçuk-Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Asuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
authors.forename: Satyajit D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sarker
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D018890:Chemoprevention; D006035:Glycyrrhiza; D006801:Humans; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human
keywords: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH); Fabaceae; Glycyrrhiza glabra; cancer chemoprevention; ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2 (Nrf2)