title: Other Helicobacters and gastric microbiota.
abstract: This article aimed to review the literature from 2015 dealing with gastric and enterohepatic non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species (NHPH). A summary of the gastric microbiota interactions with H. pylori is also presented. An extensive number of studies were published during the last year and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infections with NHPH. These infections are increasingly reported in human patients, including infections with H. cinaedi, mainly characterized by severe bacteremia. Whole-genome sequencing appears to be the most reliable technique for identification of NHPH at species level. Presence of NHPH in laboratory animals may influence the outcome of experiments, making screening and eradication desirable. Vaccination based on UreB proteins or bacterial lysate with CCR4 antagonists as well as oral glutathione supplementation may be promising strategies to dampen the pathogenic effects associated with gastric NHPH infections. Several virulent factors such as outer membrane proteins, phospholipase C-gamma 2, Bak protein, and nickel-binding proteins are associated with colonization of the gastric mucosae and development of gastritis. The development of high-throughput sequencing has led to new insights in the gastric microbiota composition and its interaction with H. pylori. Alterations in the gastric microbiota caused by the pH-increasing effect of a H. pylori infection may increase the risk for gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Chloë
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: De Witte
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smet
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebrouck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D016998:Helicobacter / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D056265:Microbial Interactions
keywords: enterohepatic Helicobacter; gastric microbiota; gastric non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter