title: Testicular pathology, gonadal and epididymal sperm reserves of Yankasa rams infected with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted to evaluate the pathological effects of trypanosomosis on the testes, gonadal, and epididymal sperm reserves of Yankasa rams for 98 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 16 Yankasa rams, aged between 24 and 30 months and weighed between 22 and 25 kg, were acclimatized for a period of 2-months in a clean fly proof house and were adequately fed and given water ad-libitum. Of the 16 rams, 12 that were clinically fit for the experiment at the end of the acclimatization period were randomly divided into four groups: Groups I, II, III, and IV, each having 3 rams. Groups I and II were each challenged singly with experimental Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federer strain) and Trypanosoma evansi (Sokoto strain), respectively, while Group III was challenged with mixed T. brucei brucei and T. evansi parasites (50% of each species in the infective inoculum) and Group IV was left as an uninfected control. Each infected ram received 2 mL of the infected blood containing 2×10(6) trypomastigotes via the jugular vein, while the control group received 2 mL each, normal saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the infected rams developed clinical signs typical of trypanosomosis at varying pre-patent periods. The gross lesions observed in the infected rams in Group II were moderate and more severe in those of Groups I and III. Histological sections of the testes of infected rams (Groups I, II, and III) showed moderate (T. evansi-infected group) to severe (mixed and T. brucei brucei-infected groups) testicular degenerations with reduction in number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated seminiferous tubules, congested interlobular spaces, loss of tissue architecture with significant (p<0.01) depletion, and loss of gonadal and epididymal sperm reserves in Groups I and III in comparison to Group II and the control Group IV. No observable clinical signs and histopathological lesions were found in those rams of the control Group IV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study concluded that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei brucei or T. evansi or mixed infections (of both parasites) caused testicular damage, decreased epididymal and gonadal sperm reserves and an important cause of infertility in Yankasa rams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Yunusa A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sonnie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oniye
authors.affiliation: National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1096 Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Rekwot
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluyinka O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Okubanjo
keywords: Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Yankasa ram; gonadal sperm reserve; mixed infection; testicular degeneration