title: Identification and inhibition of carbonic anhydrases from nematodes.
abstract: Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes, and classified into the evolutionarily distinct α, β, γ, δ, ζ, and η classes. α-CAs are present in many living organisms. β- and γ-CAs are expressed in most prokaryotes and eukaryotes, except for vertebrates. δ- and ζ-CAs are present in phytoplanktons, and η-CAs have been found in Plasmodium spp. Since the identification of α- and β-CAs in Caenorhabditis elegans, the nematode CAs have been considered as an emerging target in research focused on antiparasitic CA inhibitors. Despite the presence of α-CAs in both helminths and vertebrates, structural studies have revealed different kinetic and inhibition results. Moreover, lack of β-CAs in vertebrates makes this enzyme as an attractive target for inhibitory studies against helminthic infection. Some CA inhibitors, such as sulfonamides, have been evaluated against nematode CAs. This review article aims to present comprehensive information about the nematode CAs and their inhibitors as potential anthelminthic drugs.
authors.affiliation: a School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.|b BioMediTech, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.|c Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zolfaghari Emameh
authors.affiliation: a School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Harlan R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: a School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.|d Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Central Finland Central Hospital , Jyväskylä , Finland , and.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
authors.affiliation: a School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Urbański
authors.affiliation: e Neurofarba Dipartment, Sezione di Scienza Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Firenze , Italy.
authors.forename: Claudiu T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Supuran
authors.affiliation: a School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.|c Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parkkila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009348:Nematoda / Q000201:enzymology*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases
keywords: Acetazolamide; carbonic anhydrase; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; nematode; sulfonamide