title: Screening for Cognitive Impairments in Primary Blepharospasm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have reported that non-motor symptoms are an important component of primary dystonia. However, evidence supporting cognitive impairment in primary dystonia is limited and contradictory.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied the Chinese version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to screen for cognitive impairment in patients with primary blepharospasm. In addition, we investigated the relationship between performance on the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised and quality of life as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form (SF36).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 68 primary blepharospasm patients and 68 controls matched by age, sex and education. The prevalence of cognitive deficits was 22.0% and 32.3% in primary blepharospasm patients group, as measured by the MMSE and the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised, respectively. Primary blepharospasm patents had a broad range of cognitive deficits, with the most frequently affected domains being visuospatial function (30.9%) and language (30.9%), followed by memory (27.9%), orientation/attention (26.4%) and verbal fluency (22.0%). Patients with cognitive deficits had lower total SF36 scores, especially in the subdomains of physical functioning, role-physical and social functioning, compared to those without cognitive deficits. Scores on the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised were significantly correlated with both the SF36 scores and the scores on the subdomains of physical functioning and social functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some patients with primary blepharospasm have cognitive deficits. Poor performance on the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised is related to poorer quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Qianqian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Ruwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Wanglin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Shang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D055815:Young Adult