title: Targeted implementation of the Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program through an assessment of safety culture to minimize central line-associated bloodstream infections.
abstract: Approximately 250,000 central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) occur annually in the United States, with 30,000 related deaths. CLABSIs are largely preventable, and the Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program (CUSP) is a proven sustainable model that can be used to reduce CLABSIs. CUSP is a resource intensive program that, although widely used, has not been universally adopted.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study is to identify the significant factors of safety culture prior to CUSP implementation associated with a reduction or elimination of CLABSIs. By identifying these factors, hospitals can target CUSP to those units expected to have the greatest odds of reducing CLABSIs.
  
  
  
  Using logistic and negative binomial regressions, we analyzed 649 hospital units that completed the national On the CUSP: Stop BSI study between May 2009 and June 2012. Hospital units provided CLABSI rates and staff survey responses on perceptions of factors of safety culture prior to CUSP implementation and CLABSI rates for six quarters thereafter.
  
  
  
  We found that hospital units reduced infection rates in the six quarters following CUSP implementation from 1.95 to 1.04 CLABSIs per 1,000 central line days. Most of the improvement occurred within the first two quarters following implementation. Hospitals with a stronger preimplementation safety culture had lower CLABSI rates at conclusion of the study. We found communication openness, staffing, organizational learning, and teamwork to be significantly associated with zero or reduced CLABSI rates.
  
  
  
  CUSP appears to have a greater impact on CLABSI rates when implemented by units with a strong existing safety culture. Targeted implementation allows hospitals to optimize success, maximize scarce resources, and alleviate some of the CUSP program's cost concerns if CUSP cannot be implemented in all units. To enhance the impact of CUSP, hospitals should improve safety culture prior to implementation in units that poorly exhibit it.
authors.affiliation: Jason P. Richter, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Graduate Program in Health and Business Administration, Army-Baylor University, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. E-mail: jason.richter@us.af.mil. Ann Scheck McAlearney, ScD, is Professor and Vice Chair for Research, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, and Professor of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Ann Scheck
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McAlearney
mesh_terms: D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061214:Patient Safety; D058996:Quality Improvement; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States