title: Updates on Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Natural Products: Towards Antidiabetic Drug Development.
abstract: Over the years, natural products have shown success as antidiabetics in in vitro, in vivo studies and clinical trials. Because natural product-derived drugs are more affordable and effective with fewer side-effects compared to conventional therapies, pharmaceutical research is increasingly leaning towards the discovery of new antidiabetic drugs from natural products targeting pathways or components associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathophysiology. However, the drug discovery process is very lengthy and costly with significant challenges. Therefore, various techniques are currently being developed for the preclinical research phase of drug discovery with the aim of drug development with less time and efforts from natural products. In this review, we have provided an update on natural products including fruits, vegetables, spices, nuts, beverages and mushrooms with potential antidiabetic activities from in vivo, in vitro and clinical studies. Synergistic interactions between natural products and antidiabetic drugs, and potential antidiabetic active compounds from natural products are also documented to pave the way for combination treatment and new drug discovery, respectively. Additionally, a brief idea of the drug discovery process along with the challenges that arise during drug development from natural products and the methods to conquer those challenges are discussed to create a more convenient future drug discovery process.
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fahmida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Md Asiful
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.|Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.|Novel Global Community Educational Foundation 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amjad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siew Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055808:Drug Discovery; D005907:Gliclazide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008687:Metformin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C057619:glimepiride; D008687:Metformin; D005907:Gliclazide
keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; antidiabetic drugs; drug development; in vitro; in vivo; natural products; synergistic interaction.