title: Direct Effective Dose Calculations in Pediatric Fluoroscopy-Guided Abdominal Interventions with Rando-Alderson Phantoms - Optimization of Preset Parameter Settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to calculate the effective dose during fluoroscopy-guided pediatric interventional procedures of the liver in a phantom model before and after adjustment of preset parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Organ doses were measured in three anthropomorphic Rando-Alderson phantoms representing children at various age and body weight (newborn 3.5kg, toddler 10kg, child 19kg). Collimation was performed focusing on the upper abdomen representing mock interventional radiology procedures such as percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage placement (PTCD). Fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) acquisitions were performed in a posterior-anterior geometry using a state of the art flat-panel detector. Effective dose was directly measured from multiple incorporated thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) using two different parameter settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effective dose values for each pediatric phantom were below 0.1mSv per minute fluoroscopy, and below 1mSv for a 1 minute DSA acquisition with a frame rate of 2 f/s. Lowering the values for the detector entrance dose enabled a reduction of the applied effective dose from 12 to 27% for fluoroscopy and 22 to 63% for DSA acquisitions. Similarly, organ doses of radiosensitive organs could be reduced by over 50%, especially when close to the primary x-ray beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modification of preset parameter settings enabled to decrease the effective dose for pediatric interventional procedures, as determined by effective dose calculations using dedicated pediatric Rando-Alderson phantoms.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.|Institut für klinische Radiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wildgruber
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller-Wille
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goessmann
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wibke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uller
authors.affiliation: Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wohlgemuth
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000528:radiation effects*; D000293:Adolescent; D000792:Angiography; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010372:Pediatrics; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio