title: On the use of certified reference materials for assuring the quality of results for the determination of mercury in environmental samples.
abstract: This work focused on the development and validation of methodologies for the accurate determination of mercury in environmental samples and its further application for the preparation and certification of new reference materials (RMs). Two certified RMs ERM-CC580 (inorganic matrix) and ERM-CE464 (organic matrix) were used for the evaluation of digestion conditions assuring the quantitative recovery of mercury. These conditions were then used for the digestion of new candidates for the environmental RMs: bottom sediment (M_2 BotSed), herring tissue (M_3 HerTis), cormorant tissue (M_4 CormTis), and codfish muscle (M_5 CodTis). Cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) were used for the measurement of mercury concentration in all RMs. In order to validate and assure the accuracy of results, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was applied as a primary method of measurement, assuring the traceability of obtained values to the SI units: the mole, the kilogram, and the second. Results obtained by IDMS using n(200Hg)/n(202Hg) ratio, with estimated combined uncertainty, were as follows: (916 ± 41)/[4.5 %] ng g-1(M_2 BotSed), (236 ± 14)/[5.9 %] ng g-1(M_3 HerTis), (2252 ± 54)/[2.4 %] ng g-1(M_4 CormTis), and (303 ± 15)/[4.9 %] ng g-1(M_CodTis), respectively. Different types of detection techniques and quantification (external calibration, standard addition, isotope dilution) were applied in order to improve the quality of the analytical results. The good agreement (within less than 2.5 %) between obtained results and those derived from the Inter-laboratory Comparison, executed by the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (Warsaw, Poland) on the same sample matrices, further validated the analytical procedures developed in this study, as well as the concentration of mercury in all four new RMs. Although the developed protocol enabling the metrological certification of the reference value was exemplified by the determination of mercury in environmental samples, it could be considered as valid for any certification procedure required whenever new certified RMs are introduced.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland. ebulska@chem.uw.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4872-5521
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bulska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krata
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.|Inter-Faculty Interdisciplinary Doctoral Studies in Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kałabun
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojciechowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D005399:Fishes; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D011044:Poland; D012015:Reference Standards; D012016:Reference Values; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000592:standards; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Environmental reference material; Isotope dilution; Mass spectrometry; Mercury determination; Quality of results