title: FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN A SMALL SAMPLE OF EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED PRONGHORN (ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA).
abstract: There is limited information on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in North American wildlife and none concerning pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana ). In an experimental study of 13 pronghorn and six steers ( Bos taurus ), we compared the susceptibility of pronghorn to FMD virus (FMDV) strain O, with that of cattle ( Bos taurus ). We also determined the potential for intra- and interspecies transmission of FMDV strain O in pronghorn and cattle, assessed the application of conventional laboratory tests in their suitability to detect FMDV infection in pronghorn, and evaluated the potential role of pronghorn as efficient long-term carriers of FMDV. After acclimation to containment at Plum Island Animal Disease Center, two pronghorn and one steer were each infected by intraepithelial tongue inoculation with 10,000 bovine tongue infective doses of FMDV, strain O1 Manisa. Inoculated animals were housed with contact animals. When contact-exposed animals developed fever they were placed in rooms with previously unexposed animals. All inoculated and exposed cattle and pronghorn developed clinical disease typical of FMD. Pronghorn developed severe foot lesions and mild to moderate oral lesions, primarily on the tongue. Duration of clinical signs in both species was 2-3 wk with foot abnormalities evident to the end of the study (51 d postexposure). Other lesions included pancreatitis, myositis of the tongue, and secondary lesions including pleuritis, pneumonia, decubital ulcers, and tenosynovitis. Virus transmission occurred between pronghorn, from cattle to pronghorn, and from pronghorn to cattle. Conventional laboratory tests detected virus and antibodies against nonstructural and structural FMDV proteins in pronghorn and cattle. Virus was present in some animals for 1 wk but was not detectable by virus isolation or PCR at 3 wk postinfection or afterward.
authors.affiliation: 1   National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhyan
authors.affiliation: 1   National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCollum
authors.affiliation: 1   National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gidlewski
authors.affiliation: 2   Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Department of Homeland Security, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shalev
authors.affiliation: 3   Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: 3   Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: 4   Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11944, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arzt
authors.affiliation: 4   Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11944, USA.|5   Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stenfeldt
authors.affiliation: 3   Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Fawzi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: 1   National Wildlife Research Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nol
authors.affiliation: 3   Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: 3   Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Samia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Metwally
authors.affiliation: 3   Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, Long Island, New York 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: 6   College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; D012756:Sheep; D014611:Vaccination
keywords: Antilocapra americana; FMD; PCR; foot-and-mouth disease; pathology; pronghorn; ungulate; wildlife