title: Three-dimensional dynamic morphology of the mitral valve in different forms of mitral valve prolapse - potential implications for annuloplasty ring selection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography has increased our understanding of the distinct pathomechanisms underlying functional, ischaemic or degenerative mitral regurgitation. However, potential differences in dynamic morphology between the subtypes of degenerative mitral prolapse have scarcely been investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to compare the dynamic behavior of the different phenotypes of degenerative mitral valve prolapse, real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography recordings of 77 subjects, 27 with Barlow disease (BD), 32 with Fibroelastic deficiency (FED) and 18 normal controls (NC) were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Geometric annular and valvular parameters of the myxomatous patients were significantly larger compared to controls (BD vs. FED vs. NC 3D annular area: 15 ± 2.8 vs. 13.3 ± 2.4 vs. 10.6 ± 2.3cm(2), all p < 0.01). Beside similar ellipticity, BD annuli were significantly flatter compared to FED. Myxomatous annuli appeared less dynamic than normals, with decreased overall 3D area change, however only the BD group differed from NC significantly (BD vs. FED vs. NC normalized 3D area change 4.40 vs. 6.81 vs. 9.69 %; BD vs. NC p = 0.000; FED vs. NC p = not significant, BD vs. FED p = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BD and FED differ not only in terms of valve morphology, but also annular dynamics. Both pathologies are characterized by annular dilatation. However, in BD the annulus is remarkably flattened and hypodynamic, whereas in FED its saddle-shape and contractile function is relatively preserved. These features might influence the choice of repair technique and the selection of annuloplasty ring.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Gaál J.u.9, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apor
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Gaál J.u.9, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary. anychophora@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anikó Ilona
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Gaál J.u.9, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary.
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kovács
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Aristomenis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manouras
authors.affiliation: Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Hospital and Clinic, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrássy
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Gaál J.u.9, Budapest, H-1122, Hungary.
authors.forename: Béla
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Merkely
mesh_terms: D058385:Cardiac Valve Annuloplasty / Q000379:methods*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008945:Mitral Valve Prolapse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Annuloplasty ring; Mitral valve dynamics; Myxomatous; Real-time three dimensional transesophageal echocardiography