title: Feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced four dimensional (4D) MRA in head and neck tumors, comparison with contrast-enhanced 4D MRA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information of tumor vascular architecture and hemodynamics is important in treating patients with head and neck tumors (HNTs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced four-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (non-CE 4DMRA) using arterial spin labeling for anatomical and hemodynamic evaluation of vascularity of head and neck tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Non-CE 4DMRA images of 15 patients with HNTs were compared with those of contrast-enhanced 4DMRA (CE 4DMRA) by two independent observers. For qualitative evaluation, overall image quality, visualization of arterial branches and main arterial tumor feeders were assessed. For hemodynamic evaluation, signal-intensity-over-time curves within the tumors were compared. The sensitivity of non-CE 4DMRA for the identification of arterial branches and the main arterial tumor feeders was 75 and 20 %, respectively (interobserver agreement, κ = 0.56 and 0.54, respectively), while that of CE 4DMRA was 99 and 95 %, respectively (interobserver agreement, κ = 0.62 and 0.70, respectively). All three arterial/hypervascularized tumors determined on CE 4DMRA showed distinct signal-intensity-over-time curve pattern on non-CE 4DMRA, with distinct peak and wash out phases. Other tumors showed no wash out on non-CE 4DMRA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of non-CE 4DMRA for the anatomical and hemodynamic evaluation of vascularity of head and neck tumors is feasible, although the technique needs to be improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511 Japan.
authors.forename: Mio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Illies
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jerusel
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511 Japan ; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Souichirou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tateishi
authors.affiliation: Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchikoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiehler
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostis and Interventional Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511 Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostis and Interventional Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tomiyama
keywords: Head and neck tumor; Hemodynamics; Non-contrast-enhanced MRA; Time-resolved MRA