title: Changes in Lymphangiogenesis and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression by Neo-Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Prostate Cancer Patients.
abstract: The anti-cancer mechanism of neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) is not well understood. Lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in cancer progression and is regulated by a complex mechanism that includes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. However, there is little information regarding relationship between lymphangiogenesis and androgen deprivation. The aim of this study was to clarify changes in lymphangiogenesis and VEGF expression induced by androgen deprivation in prostate cancer in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  
  Patients who had undergone a radical prostatectomy were enrolled in the study (NHT, n = 60 and non-NHT, n = 64). Lymph vessels were identified by D2-40 immunoreactivity and lymph vessel density and lymph vessel area (LVD and LVA, respectively) were measured from micrographs. The expression of VEGF-A, -B, -C, and -D was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The prognostic value of LVD and LVA for biochemical recurrence was also investigated.
  
  
  
  Mean LVD ± SD was higher in the NHT than in the non-NHT group (11.3 ± 3.0 vs. 7.1 ± 3.4 per high power field; P < 0.001). LVA was larger in the NHT than in the non-NHT group (512.8 ± 174.9 vs. 202.7 ± 72.8 µm2; P < 0.001). VEGF-A expression was lower whereas VEGF-C and -D levels were higher in the NHT than in the non-NHT group. VEGF-B expression in specimens with NHT was lower than that in biopsy specimens at diagnosis. These results were confirmed by in vitro studies used androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line. LVA was found to be an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence in patients who received NHT.
  
  
  
  Our results demonstrate that NHT stimulates lymphangiogenesis via upregulation of VEGF-C and -D, which may increase LVA and affect the outcome of prostate cancer patients. This findings were supported by in vitro data of prostate cancer cell. Prostate 77:255-262, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. The Prostate Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shida
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakariya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kojiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohba
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: androgen deprivation; lymphangiogenesis; neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy; prostate cancer; vascular endothelial growth factors