title: Preconception Health Behaviors of Low-Income Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preconception behaviors have a significant impact on birth outcomes, particularly among low-income minority groups, and women with unplanned pregnancies. This study examined women's perceived health status and behaviors such as drinking, smoking, exercise, and use of multivitamins and folic acid.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a descriptive study based on a convenience sample of women living in urban underserved neighborhoods. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted using STATA 13.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample consisted of 123 women ages 18 to 51 years (mean = 30.57); 51.22% were Hispanic, 36.59% African American, and 12.2% Caucasian. Over 70% had a household income of less than $20,000, 57.72% had no health insurance in the last year, and 58.54% were not married. These women were below the Healthy People 2020 goals for drinking, smoking, and multivitamin use, especially those who were planning to get pregnant in the next 6 months or not sure of their pregnancy planning status. There were no significant differences on any of the preconception health behavior variables based on pregnancy intention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses and healthcare providers should emphasize importance of practicing healthy behaviors during the preconception period among low-income ethnic minority women specifically those living in urban medically underserved areas who are unsure of their pregnancy planning status or are at risk of unintended pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Adejoke B. Ayoola is Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholar, Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI. The author can be reached via e-mail at aba3@calvin.edu Krista Sneller is a Registered Nurse Consultant, City of Seattle, Seattle, WA. Tega D. Ebeye is a Baccalaureate nursing undergraduate student, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI. Megan Jongekrijg Dykstra is a Baccalaureate nursing undergraduate student, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI. Victoria L. Ellens is a Registered Nurse, Holland Hospital, Holland, MI. HaEun Grace Lee is a Baccalaureate nursing undergraduate student, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI. Gail L. Zandee is an Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI.
authors.forename: Adejoke B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ayoola
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sneller
authors.forename: Tega D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ebeye
authors.forename: Megan Jongekrijg
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dykstra
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Ellens
authors.forename: HaEun Grace
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Zandee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016742:Preconception Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*