title: Improving time-frequency domain sleep EEG classification via singular spectrum analysis.
abstract: Manual sleep scoring is deemed to be tedious and time consuming. Even among automatic methods such as time-frequency (T-F) representations, there is still room for more improvement.
  
  
  
  To optimise the efficiency of T-F domain analysis of sleep electroencephalography (EEG) a novel approach for automatically identifying the brain waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes from the sleep EEG signals is proposed. The proposed method is based on singular spectrum analysis (SSA). The single-channel EEG signal (C3-A2) is initially decomposed and then the desired components are automatically separated. In addition, the noise is removed to enhance the discrimination ability of features. The obtained T-F features after preprocessing stage are classified using a multi-class support vector machines (SVMs) and used for the identification of four sleep stages over three sleep types. Furthermore, to emphasise on the usefulness of the proposed method the automatically-determined spindles are parameterised to discriminate three sleep types.
  
  
  
  The four sleep stages are classified through SVM twice: with and without preprocessing stage. The mean accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for before the preprocessing stage are: 71.5±0.11%, 56.1±0.09% and 86.8±0.04% respectively. However, these values increase significantly to 83.6±0.07%, 70.6±0.14% and 90.8±0.03% after applying SSA.
  
  
  
  The new T-F representation has been compared with the existing benchmarks. Our results prove that, the proposed method well outperforms the previous methods in terms of identification and representation of sleep stages.
  
  
  
  Experimental results confirm the performance improvement in terms of classification rate and also representative T-F domain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Design, London South Bank University, London, UK. Electronic address: saramahvash@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mahvash Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kouchaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering and Design, London South Bank University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghavami
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanei
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000145:classification* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Electroencephalogram; Feature extraction; Singular spectrum analysis; Sleep; Time–frequency representation