title: See Something, Do Something: Predicting Sexual Assault Bystander Intentions in the U.S. Military.
abstract: Sexual assault is a pervasive problem in the U.S. military, especially against women. Bystander intervention is increasingly promoted as important for reducing sexual violence, and it may be particularly helpful in contexts with high rates of sexual violence. Bystander training encourages and enables people to intervene safely and stop sexual violence. In this study, we drew from an ecological model to investigate intrapersonal, microsystem, and exosystem factors that predicted Service members' assumption of personal responsibility to intervene in an alcohol-involved sexual assault. Moreover, we examined how these predictors played a role in decisions about how to intervene: confronting the perpetrator, assisting the victim, or finding someone to help. We analyzed data from 24,610 active duty personnel collected by the Department of Defense. Several factors significantly related to Service members' bystander intentions: gender, rank, morale, attitudes about sexual assault, training, and trust in the military sexual assault system predicted the likelihood and method of bystander intervention. These findings help identify how and why people intervene (or fail to intervene) when they witness situations that could develop into sexual violence.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. kahollan@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Kathryn J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Verónica Caridad
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Rabelo
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology and Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cortina
mesh_terms: D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D012938:Social Perception; D012941:Social Responsibility; D035502:Trust
keywords: Bystander intervention; Military personnel; Prevention; Sexual assault