title: Antibiotic use and clinical outcomes in the acute setting under management by an infectious diseases acute physician versus other clinical teams: a cohort study.
abstract: To assess the magnitude of difference in antibiotic use between clinical teams in the acute setting and assess evidence for any adverse consequences to patient safety or healthcare delivery.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort study (1 week) and analysis of linked electronic health records (3 years).
  
  
  
  UK tertiary care centre.
  
  
  
  All patients admitted sequentially to the acute medical service under an infectious diseases acute physician (IDP) and other medical teams during 1 week in 2013 (n=297), and 3 years 2012-2014 (n=47 585).
  
  
  
  Antibiotic use in days of therapy (DOT): raw group metrics and regression analysis adjusted for case mix.
  
  
  
  30-day all-cause mortality, treatment failure and length of stay.
  
  
  
  Antibiotic use was 173 vs 282 DOT/100 admissions in the IDP versus non-IDP group. Using case mix-adjusted zero-inflated Poisson regression, IDP patients were significantly less likely to receive an antibiotic (adjusted OR=0.25 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.84), p=0.03) and received shorter courses (adjusted rate ratio (RR)=0.71 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.93), p=0.01). Clinically stable IDP patients of uncertain diagnosis were more likely to have antibiotics held (87% vs 55%; p=0.02). There was no significant difference in treatment failure or mortality (adjusted p>0.5; also in the 3-year data set), but IDP patients were more likely to be admitted overnight (adjusted OR=3.53 (95% CI 1.24 to 10.03), p=0.03) and have longer length of stay (adjusted RR=1.19 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.36), p=0.007).
  
  
  
  The IDP-led group used 30% less antibiotic therapy with no adverse clinical outcome, suggesting antibiotic use can be reduced safely in the acute setting. This may be achieved in part by holding antibiotics and admitting the patient for observation rather than prescribing, which has implications for costs and hospital occupancy. More information is needed to indicate whether any such longer admission will increase or decrease risk of antibiotic-resistant infections.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola Jk
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7477-6504
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fawcett
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute/General Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Health Protection Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: T Phuong
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8566-1817
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute/General Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Vikash
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Health Protection Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Derrick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Health Protection Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Health Protection Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: A Sarah
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000073602:Antimicrobial Stewardship / Q000592:standards*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017211:Treatment Failure; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: GENERAL MEDICINE (see Internal Medicine); INFECTIOUS DISEASES; INTERNAL MEDICINE; MICROBIOLOGY