title: Homocysteine in Renal Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can result from a deficiency in the enzymes or vitamin cofactors required for Hcy metabolism. Patients with renal disease tend to be hyperhomocysteinemic, particularly as renal function declines, although the underlying cause of HHcy in renal disease is not entirely understood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HHcy is considered a risk or pathogenic factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as the cardiovascular complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this review, we summarize both clinical and experimental findings that reveal the contribution of Hcy as a pathogenic factor to the development of CKD. In addition, we discuss several important mechanisms mediating the pathogenic action of Hcy in the kidney, such as local oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and hypomethylation.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China; Division of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic and Urinary Disease, Guiyang, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nie
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Hypomethylation; Oxidative stress