title: Researching Complex and Multi-Level Workplace Factors Affecting Disability and Prolonged Sickness Absence.
abstract: Purpose There is growing research evidence that workplace factors influence disability outcomes, but these variables reflect a variety of stakeholder perspectives, measurement tools, and methodologies. The goal of this article is to summarize existing research of workplace factors in relation to disability, compare this with employer discourse in the grey literature, and recommend future research priorities. Methods The authors participated in a year-long collaboration that ultimately led to an invited 3-day conference, "Improving Research of Employer Practices to Prevent Disability, held October 14-16, 2015, in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, USA. The collaboration included a topical review of the literature, group conference calls to identify key areas and challenges, drafting of initial documents, review of industry publications, and a conference presentation that included feedback from peer researchers and a question/answer session with a special panel of knowledge experts with direct employer experience. Results Predominant factors in the scientific literature were categorized as physical or psychosocial job demands, work organization and support, and workplace beliefs and attitudes. Employees experiencing musculoskeletal disorders in large organizations were the most frequently studied population. Research varied with respect to the basic unit of assessment (e.g., worker, supervisor, policy level) and whether assessments should be based on worker perceptions, written policies, or observable practices. The grey literature suggested that employers focus primarily on defining roles and responsibilities, standardizing management tools and procedures, being prompt and proactive, and attending to the individualized needs of workers. Industry publications reflected a high reliance of employers on a strict biomedical model in contrast to the more psychosocial framework that appears to guide research designs. Conclusion Assessing workplace factors at multiple levels, within small and medium-sized organizations, and at a more granular level may help to clarify generalizable concepts of organizational support that can be translated to specific employer strategies involving personnel, tools, and practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada. vkristman@lakeheadu.ca.|Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. vkristman@lakeheadu.ca.|Division of Human Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada. vkristman@lakeheadu.ca.|Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. vkristman@lakeheadu.ca.
authors.forename: Vicki L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kristman
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA.|University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cécile R L
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Boot
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.|Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: George L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Delclos
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ehrhart
mesh_terms: D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016272:Occupational Health; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012106:Research; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration*
keywords: Disability management; Employer practices; Research priorities; Workplace factors