title: A negative group delay model for feedback-delayed manual tracking performance.
abstract: We propose that feedback-delayed manual tracking performance is limited by fundamental constraints imposed by the physics of negative group delay. To test this hypothesis, the results of an experiment in which subjects demonstrate both reactive and predictive dynamics are modeled by a linear system with delay-induced negative group delay. Although one of the simplest real-time predictors conceivable, this model explains key components of experimental observations. Most notably, it explains the observation that prediction time linearly increases with feedback delay, up to a certain point when tracking performance deteriorates. It also explains the transition from reactive to predictive behavior with increasing feedback delay. The model contains only one free parameter, the feedback gain, which has been fixed by comparison with one set of experimental observations for the reactive case. Our model provides quantitative predictions that can be tested in further experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 516 East 72nd Street, New York, NY10021, USA. hev2006@med.cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Henning U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: Information and Systems Sciences Lab, HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon, Malibu, CA, 90265, USA.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stepp
mesh_terms: D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Dynamical modeling; Motor control; Negative group delay; Synchronization; Tracking