title: Effect of smoking on retrobulbar blood flow in thyroid eye disease.
abstract: PurposeTo evaluate the effect of smoking on retrobulbar blood flow parameters by color Doppler imaging in patients with thyroid eye disease.Patients and methodsIn this observational case series, blood flow parameters in the ophthalmic artery, superior ophthalmic vein, central retinal artery, and vein were determined by color Doppler imaging in patients with thyroid eye disease. Patients were grouped as smokers and non-smokers. Never smokers and those who had stopped smoking for at least 1 year before onset of ophthalmopathy were considered as non-smokers. A thorough ophthalmic examination including Hertel exophthalmometry was performed. Orbital CT scan was also carried out in all patients.ResultsFifty-one orbits from 30 patients between 21 and 62 years old (mean±SD: 40.8±12.0) were enrolled in this study. Smokers had greater proptosis and more active and sever disease. (P<0.05) Muscle involvement based on CT scan did not vary in smokers and non-smokers. Maximum velocity (3.78±1.74 vs 5.27±2.14, P<0.001; t-test) and minimum velocity (1.74±0.78 vs 3.26±1.36, P =0.014; t-test) in superior ophthalmic vein were significantly lower in smokers than non-smokers. Even after adjusting for age, sex, and clinical activity score and severity, smokers had a lower minimum velocity in superior ophthalmic vein (P =0.01; ANCOVA analysis).ConclusionCigarette smoking may correlate with increase in orbital venous congestion in thyroid eye disease.
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadeghi-Tari
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamshidian-Tehrani
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharif-Kashani
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elhami
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hassanpour
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ameli Zamani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005123:Eye / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000502:physiology; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D055815:Young Adult