title: Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats.
abstract: Glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate can enhance growth performance and health in animals, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate supplementation in rat metabolism. Thirty rats were fed a control, glutamine, or N-carbamylglutamate diet for four weeks. Urine samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, specifically high-resolution ¹H NMR metabolic profiling combined with multivariate data analysis. Glutamine significantly increased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatinine, and methymalonate, and decreased the urine levels of ethanol and formate (p < 0.05). Moreover, N-carbamylglutamate significantly increased the urine levels of creatinine, ethanol, indoxyl sulfate, lactate, methymalonate, acetoacetate, m-hydroxyphenylacetate, and sarcosine, and decreased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatine, glycine, hippurate, homogentisate, N-acetylglutamate, phenylacetyglycine, acetone, and p-hydroxyphenylacetate (p < 0.05). Results suggested that glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate could modify urinary metabolome related to nitrogen metabolism and gut microbiota metabolism. Moreover, N-carbamylglutamate could alter energy and lipid metabolism. These findings indicate that different arginine precursors may lead to differences in the biofluid profile in rats.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. liugm@sicau.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. liugm@sicau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guangmang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. weicao_sicau@163.com.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. weicao_sicau@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. fangtt132@126.com.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. fangtt132@126.com.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. jiagang700510@163.com.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. jiagang700510@163.com.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. zhua666@126.com.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. zhua666@126.com.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. xlchen@sicau.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. xlchen@sicau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. zhuomuniao278@163.com.|Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. zhuomuniao278@163.com.
authors.forename: Caimei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China. wangj221@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002681:China; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D005971:Glutamates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005971:Glutamates; D005973:Glutamine; C006895:N-carbamylglutamate
keywords: N-carbamylglutamate; glutamine; metabolism; metabolomics; urine