title: Restoring Mucosal Barrier Function and Modifying Macrophage Phenotype with an Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel: Potential Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite advances in therapeutic options, more than half of all patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] do not achieve long-term remission, many require colectomy, and the disease still has a marked negative impact on quality of life. Extracellular matrix [ECM] bioscaffolds facilitate the functional repair of many soft tissues by mechanisms that include mitigation of pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and mobilization of endogenous stem/progenitor cells. The aim of the present study was to determine if an ECM hydrogel therapy could influence outcomes in an inducible rodent model of UC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dextran sodium sulphate [DSS]-colitis model was used in male Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were treated via enema with an ECM hydrogel and the severity of colitis was determined by clinical and histological criteria. Lamina propria cells were isolated and the production of inflammatory mediators was quantified. Mucosal permeability was assessed in vivo by administering TRITC-dextran and in vitro using transepithelial electrical resistance [TEER].
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECM hydrogel therapy accelerated healing and improved outcome. The hydrogel was adhesive to colonic tissue, which allowed for targeted delivery of the therapy, and resulted in a reduction in clinical and histological signs of disease. ECM hydrogel facilitated functional improvement of colonic epithelial barrier function and the resolution of the pro-inflammatory state of tissue macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that a non-surgical and non-pharmacological ECM-based therapy can abate DSS-colitis not by immunosuppression but by promoting phenotypic change in local macrophage phenotype and rapid replacement of the colonic mucosal barrier.
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dziki
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sobieski
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smoulder
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castleton
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Neill
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.|Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Badylak
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005109:Extracellular Matrix; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D010641:Phenotype; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000090323:Mannose Receptor; D037241:Mannose-Binding Lectins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Extracellular matrix; barrier function; macrophage activation