title: Authors' Reply to: VanderWeele et al., Chiolero, and Schooling et al.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broadbent
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, AND Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandenbroucke
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pearce