title: Functional outcome measures in a surgical model of hip osteoarthritis in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The hip is one of the most common sites of osteoarthritis in the body, second only to the knee in prevalence. However, current animal models of hip osteoarthritis have not been assessed using many of the functional outcome measures used in orthopaedics, a characteristic that could increase their utility in the evaluation of therapeutic interventions. The canine hip shares similarities with the human hip, and functional outcome measures are well documented in veterinary medicine, providing a baseline for pre-clinical evaluation of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hip osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a surgical model of hip osteoarthritis in a large laboratory animal model and to evaluate functional and end-point outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven dogs were subjected to partial surgical debridement of cartilage from one femoral head. Pre- and postoperative pain and functional scores, gait analysis, radiographs, accelerometry, goniometry and limb circumference were evaluated through a 20-week recovery period, followed by histological evaluation of cartilage and synovium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animals developed histological and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, which was correlated with measurable functional impairment. For example, Mankin scores in operated limbs were positively correlated to radiographic scores but negatively correlated to range of motion, limb circumference and 20-week peak vertical force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that multiple relevant functional outcome measures can be used successfully in a large laboratory animal model of hip osteoarthritis. These measures could be used to evaluate relative efficacy of therapeutic interventions relevant to human clinical care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. dianne.little@duke.edu.|Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison St West Lafayette, IN, USA. dianne.little@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Little
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hash
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.|Cytex Therapeutics Inc, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB 1, BOX 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.|Cytex Therapeutics Inc, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Franklin T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Moutos
authors.affiliation: Comparative Pain Research Laboratory and Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: B Duncan X
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lascelles
authors.affiliation: Cytex Therapeutics Inc, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University and Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Farshid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guilak
keywords: Articular cartilage repair; Collagen; Inflammation; Pain; Proteoglycan; Synovium; Tissue engineering