title: Oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis and after kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aim of this single center cross-sectional study was to investigate oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and after kidney transplantation (KT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing HD for end-stage renal failure and after KT were investigated. Oral health behavior was recorded using a standardized questionnaire, e.g. dental behavior, tooth brushing, oral hygiene aids. Oral investigation included screening of oral mucosa, dental findings (DMF-T) and periodontal situation (Papilla bleeding index [PBI] periodontal probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]). Additionally, microbiological analysis of subgingival biofilm samples (PCR) was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-U-test, Fisher's exact test (α = 5 %).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 70 patients (HD: n = 35, KT: n = 35) with a mean age of 56.4 ± 11.1 (HD) and 55.8 ± 10.9 (KT) years were included. Lack in use of additional oral hygiene (dental floss, inter-dental brush) was found. KT group presented significantly more gingivial overgrowth (p = 0.01). DMF-T was 19.47 ± 5.84 (HD) and 17.61 ± 5.81 (KT; p = 0.21). Majority of patients had clinically moderate and severe periodontitis; showing a need for periodontal treatment of 57 % (HD) and 71 % (KT; p = 0.30). Significantly higher prevalence of Parvimonas micra and Capnocytophaga species in the HD group were found (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal treatment need and lack in oral behavior for both groups indicate the necessity of an improved early treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease, e.g. in form of special care programs. Regarding microbiological findings, no major differences between KT and HD patients were found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmalz
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kauffels
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.|Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, HELIOS Dr. Horst Schmidt-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany.
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kollmar
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.|Present address: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, St. Ingbert County Hospital, St. Ingbert, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Slotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Radovan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasko
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 10-14, D 04103, Leipzig, Germany. dirk.ziebolz@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ziebolz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D009909:Oral Health; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss; D010512:Periodontal Index; D006435:Renal Dialysis
keywords: Dental care; Hemodialysis; Kidney transplantation; Oral health; Oral hygiene