title: National Trends in Hospitalizations of Adults With Tetralogy of Fallot.
abstract: The population of adults with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is growing, and it is not known how the changes in age distribution, treatment strategies, and prevalence of co-morbidities impact their interaction with the health care system. We sought to analyze the frequency and reasons for hospital admissions over the past decade. We extracted serial cross-sectional data from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample on hospitalizations including the diagnostic code for TOF from 2000 to 2011. From 2000 to 2011, there were 20,545 admissions for subjects with TOF, with a steady increase in annual number. The most common primary admission diagnoses were heart failure (HF; 17%), arrhythmias (atrial 10% and ventricular 6%), pneumonia (9%), and device complications (7%). The rates of co-morbidities increased significantly, particularly diabetes (4.5% to 8.1%), obesity (2.1% to 6.5%), hypertension, and renal disease. The number of pulmonic valve replacements increased (6.8% to 11.3% of TOF admissions, p <0.001), with an increase in median age at surgery from 16 to 19 years old (p = 0.036). The cost per TOF admission was more than double that of noncongenital HF admissions and rose significantly, reaching $21,800 ± 46,000 in 2011. In conclusion, hospitalized patients with TOF have become significantly more medically complex and are growing in number. The increase in the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in this young population supports the need for prevention efforts focused on modifiable risk factors, in addition to HF and arrhythmia treatment. The increase in cost of care calls for further analysis of areas in which efficiency can be increased to ensure high quality of care and lifelong follow-up of patients with TOF.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ada C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stefanescu Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: DeFaria Yeh
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabtabai
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Saint Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Kevin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: abhatt@mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Ami B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Bhatt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004868:Equipment Failure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D017721:Hospital Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000601:surgery; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult