title: CD28 positive, cytomegalovirus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as a novel biomarker associated with cytomegalovirus viremia in kidney allorecipients.
abstract: CMV infection remains major complication after kidney transplantation, thus diagnostics tools that would improve identification of individuals at risk of development of CMV - related complications are useful. For this reason, searching for proper immunological biomarkers candidates gives hope to individualize antiviral therapy and minimize side effects of antiviral drugs.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this research was to assess immune assays that can be used to predict the likelihood of CMV viremia after kidney allotransplantation.
  
  
  
  In the study, immunological markers of CMV viremia were assessed in 52 kidney transplant recipients during two years lasting follow-up. Immunological markers associated with viral infection, like lymphocytosis, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and serum cytokines levels were compared with less common immunological assays, like activated T lymphocytes, CMV-specific CTL stratified according to naïve/memory phenotype. The test to assess expression of CD28 antigen on CTL, as a possible additional marker of CMV-specificity, was developed.
  
  
  
  CD28-positive CMV-specific CTL have been found the most useful marker for CMV viremia prediction. Tested value of 3 cells/μl was found to be most suitable for CMV activation assessment with acceptable sensitivity and specificity.
  
  
  
  This preliminary report suggests that CD28-positive CMV-specific CTL could be put at the first line, as possible novel marker associated with CMV viremia development.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology and Transplantology Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland. Electronic address: mzielinski@gumed.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zieliński
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarasewicz
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology and Transplantology Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zielińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jankowska
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology and Transplantology Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moszkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dębska-Ślizień
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Bolesław
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rutkowski
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology and Transplantology Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trzonkowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D066027:Transplant Recipients; D014766:Viremia / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Cytomegalovirus; Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; Kidney transplantation