title: Genotypic Detection of rpoB and katG Gene Mutations Associated with Rifampicin and Isoniazid Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates: A Local Scenario (Kelantan).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) remains a public health issue that is of major concern on a global scale. The characterisation of clinical isolates may provide key information regarding the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance, and helps to augment therapeutic options. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of gene mutations associated with Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) resistance among nine clinical isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of nine drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates were screened for genetic mutations in rpoB and katusing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing. Genotypic analysis was performed to detect the mutations in the sequence of the target genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings reveal that 80% of the isolates possess mutations at codon 119 (His119Tyr) and 135 (Arg135Trp and Ser135Leu) within the rpoB gene; and 70% possess mutations in the katG gene at codon 238 with amino acid change (Leu238Arg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study provide an overview of the current situation of RIF and INH resistance in a hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) located in Kelantan, Malaysia, which could facilitate molecular-based detection methods of drug-resistant strains. Further information regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance in RR-/MDR-TB should be addressed in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nurul-Ain
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Fazli
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Suraiya Md
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Noor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Nazrina
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Camalxaman
keywords: M. tuberculosis; isoniazid; katG; mutation; rifampicin; rpoB