title: Effects of a moderately high-protein diet and interval aerobic training combined with strength-endurance exercise on markers of bone metabolism, microarchitecture and turnover in obese Zucker rats.
abstract: Weight loss is a public health concern in obesity-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome, and the protein level of the diets seem to be crucial for the development and maintenance of bone. The nature of exercise and whether exercise in combination with moderately high-protein dietary interventions could protect against potential bone mass deficits remains unclear.
  
  
  
  To investigate the effects of a moderately high-protein diet and interval aerobic training combined with strength-endurance exercise (IASE) protocol on bone status, and to assess potential interaction effects (i.e. diet*IASE).
  
  
  
  Male Zucker fatty rats were randomized distributed into 4 groups (n=8): normoprotein+sedentary; normoprotein+exercise; moderately high-protein+sedentary, and moderately high-protein+exercise. Training groups conducted an IASE program, 5days/week for 2months. Markers of bone metabolism were measured in plasma. Parameters of bone mass and 3D outcomes for trabecular and cortical bone microarchitecture were assessed by micro-computed tomography.
  
  
  
  Femur length, plasma osteocalcin, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, insulin, leptin, PTH, uric acid and urinary phosphorus levels were lower in the moderately high-protein compared to the normoprotein groups (all, p<0.05), whereas plasma alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and urinary uric acid concentrations, and cortical total volume (TV) and bone volume (BV) were higher in the moderately high-protein (all, p<0.01). Final body weight and alkaline phosphatase levels were lower in the exercise compared to the sedentary (both, p<0.05), whereas femur length and weight, aminoterminal propeptides of type I procollagen and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen concentrations, and cortical TV and BV were higher in the exercise compared to the sedentary groups (all, p<0.05).
  
  
  
  The combination of interventions may be effective to enhance trabecular bone microarchitecture and BMD, and has a partial impact on cortical bone in obese rats. Nevertheless, they do not induce any alteration on the bone turnover markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: enebot@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nebot
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO(+) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coll-Risco
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Camiletti-Moirón
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Garyfallia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kapravelou
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria; Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heimel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Slezak
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Redl
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porres
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Jurado
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pietschmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aranda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D000073600:Diet, High-Protein / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Bone turnover; Markers of bone metabolism; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; microCT