title: Montmorillonite clay alters toxicity of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryo.
abstract: An exponential development in the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products has accelerated their release in aquatic environment. As the AgNPs enters into the aquatic systems, their fate may change due to interactions with abiotic (e.g. clay particles) or biotic factors. The abundantly present clay particles are expected to more prone for interaction with nanoparticles in aquatic systems. In the present study, it is demonstrated that AgNPs interacts with clay particles and forms heteroagglomerates. Furthermore, an impact on toxicity potential of AgNPs after interactions with clay particles was assessed by using zebrafish eleutheroembryos (72 h post hatching) as an in vivo model. The mortality rate of zebrafish eleutheroembryos was higher in case of exposure to AgNPs-clay complexes (pH 4.0 and 7.0) as compared to bare AgNPs. In addition, at earlier time points, the eleutheroembryos expressed higher levels of morphological changes in tail, yolk and pericardia, but the edema in yolk sac was followed by cell death. It can be concluded from the observations made in the present study that the inorganic colloids in the aquatic matrices can alter the fate and toxicity potential of nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological & Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Govind Sharan
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Nanotherapeutics & Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, M.G. Marg, P.O. Box - 80, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India. Electronic address: alokdhawan@iitr.res.in.
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological & Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India. Electronic address: rishi.shanker@ahduni.edu.in.
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shanker
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001546:Bentonite / Q000737:chemistry; D000077215:Clay; D003102:Colloids / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012834:Silver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003102:Colloids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001546:Bentonite; D012834:Silver; D000077215:Clay
keywords: Danio rerio; Heteroagglomeration; Toxicity