title: Do mathematical model studies settle the controversy on the origin of cardiac synchronous trans-thoracic electrical impedance variations? A systematic review.
abstract: Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a method to evaluate cardiac-stroke volume and cardiac-output by measuring the cardiac-synchronous changes in the dynamic trans-thoracic electrical impedance (ΔZ). Clinical evaluations on the accuracy of ICG showed varying results. Consequently, the classic assumption in ICG-the aorta as a main source of ΔZ-is questioned and subsequently investigated in simulation studies using mathematical models of the electrical resistivity of the human body. The aim is to review the consensus in mathematical modelling studies that investigate the origin of the ΔZ as measured in ICG. In a systematic literature search, studies were identified and surveyed with reference to characteristics, such as included organs and their resistivity and geometries, electrode positions and calculation of ΔZ, to review the consensus between mathematical modelling studies that investigate the origin of the ΔZ as measured in ICG. Thirteen papers showed considerable variation in the model's characteristics with varying or contradicting outcomes for the ΔZ 's origin. For instance, 11 studies excluded perfused muscle tissue, implying implicitly their insignificance, while 3 other studies included muscle tissue and indicated it as the most important origin of ΔZ. In conclusion, the reviewed papers show a lack of consensus with respect to both the modelled characteristics as well as the model outcomes and, as a result, these studies failed to settle the controversy on ΔZ 's origin. Recommendations have been added to improve future mathematical model studies.
authors.affiliation: VU University, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Sitter
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Verdaasdonk
authors.forename: T J C
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Faes
mesh_terms: D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013909:Thorax