title: Effects of particle size and adaptation duration on the digestible and metabolizable energy contents and digestibility of various chemical constituents in wheat for finishing pigs determined by the direct or indirect method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This experiment was conducted as a 3×2×2 factorial design to examine the effects of particle size (mean particle size of 331, 640, or 862 μm), evaluation method (direct vs indirect method) and adaptation duration (7 or 26 days) on the energy content and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various chemical components in wheat when fed to finishing pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weight of 63.0±0.8 kg were individually placed in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 diets with 6 pigs fed each diet. For the indirect method, the pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal based basal diet or diets in which 38.94% of the basal diet was substituted by wheat of the different particle sizes. In the direct method, the diets contained 97.34% wheat with the different particle sizes. For both the direct and indirect methods, the pigs were adapted to their diets for either 7 or 26 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A reduction in particle size linearly increased the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, organic matter, ether extract (EE) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p<0.05), and had a trend to increase the ATTD of dry matter of wheat (p = 0.084). The DE, ME contents, and ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, dry matter and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) when determined by the direct method, but the ATTD of ADF, EE, and neutral detergent fiber were higher when determined by the indirect method (p<0.05). Prolongation of the adaption duration decreased the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.05) and had a trend to increase the ATTD of EE (p = 0.061). There were no interactions between particle size and the duration of the adaptation duration. The ATTD of EE in wheat was influenced by a trend of interaction between method and adaptation duration (p = 0.074). The ATTD of ADF and EE in wheat was influenced by an interaction between evaluation method and wheat particle size such that there were linear equations (p<0.01) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the direct method but quadratic equations (p = 0.073 and p = 0.088, respectively) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the indirect method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreasing particle size can improve the DE and ME contents of wheat; both of the direct and indirect methods of evaluation are suitable for evaluating the DE and ME contents of wheat with different particle sizes; and an adaptation duration of 7 d is sufficient to evaluate DE and ME contents of wheat in finishing pigs.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yuanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Panpan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yuyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yongxi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
keywords: Adaptation Duration; Digestible and Metabolizable Energy; Direct and Indirect Method; Finishing Pigs; Particle Size; Wheat