title: Speech effects of Hawley and vacuum-formed retainers by acoustic analysis: A single-center randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of alteration on speech articulation of adult patients between Hawley retainers and vacuum-formed retainers by an objective acoustic analysis of vowels and voiceless fricatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty adults, aged 19.0-29.0 years, who had just finished active orthodontic treatment were included in this study. They were divided into a Hawley retainer group and a vacuum-formed retainer group by sortation randomization method. The assessment of speech sounds was performed objectively using acoustic analysis before and after retainer application at the following time points: before wearing (T0), immediately after wearing (T1), and at 24 hours (T2), 1 week (T3), 1 month (T4), and 3 months (T5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The production of /з:/, /i:/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, and /∫/ sounds for the Hawley retainer group and /i:/, /θ/, /s/, and /∫/ sounds for the vacuum-formed retainer group showed severe speech impairment according to acoustic analysis (P < .05). A comparison of the Hawley retainer group with the vacuum-formed retainer group revealed that the performance of /i:/, /f/, and /s/ sounds were significantly different (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although sound distortion could be found in both the Hawley retainer group and the vacuum-formed retainer group, changes in articulation were more obvious in the Hawley retainer group.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xibo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.forename: Qianbing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Wenkun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Junyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers; D013062:Speech Articulation Tests; D014618:Vacuum
keywords: Acoustic analysis; Hawley retainer; Speech articulation; Vacuum-formed retainer