title: Temperament, age and weather predict social interaction in the sheep flock.
abstract: The aim of the current study was to investigate the social relationships between individual sheep, and factors that influence this, through the novel application of the statistical multiple membership multiple classification (MMMC) model. In study one 49 ewes (ranging between 1 and 8 years old) were fitted with data loggers, which recorded when pairs of sheep were within 4m or less of each other, within a social group, for a total of 6days. In study two proximity data were collected from 45 ewes over 17days, as were measures of ewe temperament, weight and weather. In study 1 age difference significantly influenced daily contact time, with sheep of the same age spending an average of 20min 43s together per day, whereas pairs with the greatest difference in age spent 16min 33s together. Maximum daily temperature also significantly affected contact time, being longer on hotter days (34min 40s hottest day vs. 18min 17s coolest day), as did precipitation (29min 33s wettest day vs. 10min 32s no rain). Vocalisation in isolation, as a measure of temperament, also affected contacts, with sheep with the same frequency of vocalisations spending more time together (27min 16s) than those with the greatest difference in vocalisations (19min 36s). Sheep behaviour in the isolation box test (IBT) was also correlated over time, but vocalisations and movement were not correlated. Influences of age, temperature and rain on social contact are all well-established and so indicate that MMMC modelling is a useful way to analyse social structures of the flock. While it has been demonstrated that personality factors affect social relationships in non-human animals, the finding that vocalisation in isolation influences pair social contact in sheep is a novel one.
authors.affiliation: Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University) Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia. Electronic address: rebecca.doyle@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rebecca E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University) Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Broster
authors.affiliation: Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University) Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
authors.forename: Kirsty
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Centre for Multilevel Modelling, University of Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Browne
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008954:Models, Biological; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology*; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D014887:Weather
keywords: Isolation box test; Multiple membership multiple classification; Personality; Proximity; Sheep; Sociality