title: THE EFFECT OF CONSERVATIVELY TREATED ACL INJURY ON KNEE JOINT POSITION Sense.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proprioception is critical for effective movement patterns. However, methods of proprioceptive measurement in previous research have been inconsistent and lacking in reliability statistics making it applications to clinical practice difficult. Researchers have suggested that damage to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can alter proprioceptive ability due to a loss of functioning mechanoreceptors. The majority of patients opt for reconstructive surgery following this injury. However, some patients chose conservative rehabilitation options rather than surgical intervention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ACL deficiency on knee joint position sense following conservative, non-operative treatment and return to physical activity. A secondary purpose was to report the reliability and measurement error of the technique used to measure joint position sense, (JPS) and comment on the clinical utility of this measurement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study design using a cross-section of ACL deficient patients and matched uninjured controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty active conservatively treated ACL deficient patients who had returned to physical activity and twenty active matched controls were included in the study. Knee joint position sense was measured using a seated passive-active reproductive angle technique. The average absolute angle of error score, between 10 °-30 ° of knee flexion was determined. This error score was derived from the difference between the target and repositioning angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ACL deficient patients had a greater error score (7.9 °±3.6) and hence poorer static proprioception ability that both the contra-lateral leg (2.0 °±1.6; p = 0.0001) and the control group (2.6 °±0.9; p = 0.0001). The standard error of the mean (SEM) of this JPS technique was 0.5 ° and 0.2 ° and the minimum detectable change (MDC) was 1.3 ° and 0.4 ° on asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms a static proprioceptive deficiency exists in the knee joint following ACL injury and rehabilitation, potentially due to a reduction in functioning mechanoreceptors in the ligament over time. The differences between the ACL deficient knee and the control group were above the SEMs and MDCs of the measurement which suggests clinical relevance. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate if patients who return to activity with a joint position sense deficiency develop secondary injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual Cohort Study (2b).
authors.affiliation: Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Relph
authors.affiliation: University of Salford, Salford, England.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herrington
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; joint position sense; knee