title: Quantifying redox-induced Schottky barrier variations in memristive devices via in operando spectromicroscopy with graphene electrodes.
abstract: The continuing revolutionary success of mobile computing and smart devices calls for the development of novel, cost- and energy-efficient memories. Resistive switching is attractive because of, inter alia, increased switching speed and device density. On electrical stimulus, complex nanoscale redox processes are suspected to induce a resistance change in memristive devices. Quantitative information about these processes, which has been experimentally inaccessible so far, is essential for further advances. Here we use in operando spectromicroscopy to verify that redox reactions drive the resistance change. A remarkable agreement between experimental quantification of the redox state and device simulation reveals that changes in donor concentration by a factor of 2-3 at electrode-oxide interfaces cause a modulation of the effective Schottky barrier and lead to >2 orders of magnitude change in device resistance. These findings allow realistic device simulations, opening a route to less empirical and more predictive design of future memory cells.
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0008-514X
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baeumer
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering and Information Technology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchewka
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valenta
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hackl
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raab
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: M Imtiaz
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Slavomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nemsak
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Moonsub
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Claus Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.|Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering and Information Technology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9080-8980
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waser
authors.affiliation: Peter Gruenberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH and JARA-FIT, 52425 Juelich, Germany.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dittmann