title: Mould and mycotoxin exposure assessment of melon and bush mango seeds, two common soup thickeners consumed in Nigeria.
abstract: An examination of the mould and fungal metabolite pattern in melon and bush mango seeds locally produced in Nigeria was undertaken in order to understand the mycotoxicological risk posed to consumers of both of these important and commonly consumed soup thickeners. The variation in mycotoxin levels in graded categories of both foodstuffs were also determined. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucorales and Trichoderma were the recovered fungi from the foodstuffs with Aspergillus species dominating (melon=97.8%; bush mango=89.9%). Among the Aspergillus species identified Aspergillus section Flavi dominated (melon: 72%; bush mango: 57%) and A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. parvisclerotigenus and A. tamarii were the recovered species. About 56% and 73% of the A. flavus isolates from melon and bush mango seed samples, respectively were aflatoxigenic. Thirty-four and 59 metabolites including notable mycotoxins were found in the melon and bush mango seeds respectively. Mean aflatoxin levels (μg/kg) in melon (aflatoxin B1(AFB1)=37.5 and total aflatoxins=142) and bush mango seeds (AFB1=68.1 and total aflatoxins=61.7) were higher than other mycotoxins, suggesting potential higher exposure for consumer populations. Significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of mycotoxins were found in hand-peeled melon and discoloured bush mango seeds than in machine-peeled melon and non-discoloured seeds except for HT-2 and T-2 toxins which occurred conversely. All melon and bush mango seeds exceeded the 2μg/kg AFB1limit whereas all melon and 55% of bush mango seeds exceeded the 4μg/kg total aflatoxin EU limit adopted in Nigeria. This is the first report of (1) mycotoxin co-occurrence in bush mango seeds, (2) cyclopiazonic acid, HT-2 toxin, moniliformin, mycophenolic acid, T-2 toxin and tenuazonic acid occurrence, and (3) mycotoxin exposure assessment of both foodstuffs.
authors.affiliation: Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Electronic address: chaugez@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chibundu N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ezekiel
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Yinka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Somorin
authors.affiliation: Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Foluke I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Odutayo
authors.affiliation: Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Stella U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Nwabekee
authors.affiliation: Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Afeez T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Balogun
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krska
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019662:Cucurbitaceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D031022:Mangifera / Q000382:microbiology*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009549:Nigeria; D012639:Seeds / Q000382:microbiology*; D013605:T-2 Toxin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D009183:Mycotoxins; D013605:T-2 Toxin; C012351:HT-2 toxin
keywords: Aflatoxin B(1); Aflatoxin G(1); Aflatoxins; Colocynthis citrullus L.; Cyclopiazonic acid; Food safety; Fungal metabolites; Fungi; HT-2 toxin; Irvingia gabonensis; Moniliformin; Mycophenolic acid; Mycotoxins; Nivalenol; Ochratoxin A; T-2 toxin; Tenuazonic acid