title: Relation of insulin resistance with social-demographics, adiposity and behavioral factors in non-diabetic adult Canadians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin resistance is a pathogenic factor for type II diabetes and has been associated with metabolic abnormalities and adverse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between insulin resistance and socio-demographics, adiposity and behavioral factors in the general, non-diabetic adult Canadian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 3515 non-diabetic adults aged 18 to 79 years from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (cycles 1 and 2, 2007-2011) were analyzed. Insulin resistance index was measured by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin resistance (IR) was defined as individuals in the highest quartile of the HOMA-IR index. Logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of demographics, lifestyle factors and adiposity measurements on HOMA-IR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of IR increased with age, particularly in men. Individuals had adjusted odds ratio (OR) (with corresponding 95 % confidence interval) of 5.97 (2.90-8.52) and 25.12 (15.20-41.51) associated with a body-mass-index (BMI) between 25.0 and < 30.0, or ≥30.0, of 9.23 (6.52-13.07) with abdominal obesity (waist circumstance ≥102 cm for men and ≥ 88 cm for women), of 8.72 (6.13-12.39) with a high waist-to-height ratio (>0.57), and of 6.30 (4.33-9.16) with a high waist-to-hip ratio (>0.90 for men and >0.85 for women). Physically inactive people and non-alcohol consumer also had a significantly higher odd of IR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that men and older, obese and physically inactive people were at increased risk for IR. Adiposity indices including BMI, waist circumstance, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio were highly associated with IR with similar magnitude of association.
authors.affiliation: Science Integration and Social Determinant Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, AL 6809B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada.
authors.forename: Sai Yi
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5465-3339
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Science Integration and Social Determinant Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, AL 6809B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Groh
authors.affiliation: Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Science Integration and Social Determinant Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, AL 6809B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morrison
keywords: BMI; HOMA-IR index; Insulin resistance; Waist circumference; Waist-to-height ratio; Waist-to-hip ratio