title: Supervisory countertransferences and impingements in evaluating readiness for graduation: Always present, routinely under-recognized.
abstract: Utilizing detailed, in-depth material from supervisory hours from around the world (explored in End of Training Evaluation groups), this paper shows that supervisors are subject to multiple, diverse and, at times, ongoing intense countertransferences and impingements on their ability to evaluate candidates' progress. Multiple external and internal sources of these impingements are explored. It is suggested that supervisory countertransferences and their manifestation in parallel enactments remain under-recognized, their impact underappreciated, and the information they contain underutilized. It is argued that the recognition, containment, and effective use of the parallel process phenomena and supervisory countertransferences are essential in order to evaluate candidates' progression and readiness to graduate. Common signals of such entanglements in the supervisor's evaluative function are identified. Three remedies, each of which provides a 'third,' are offered to assist supervisors in making effective use of their countertransference: self-supervision, consultation, and institutional correctives.
authors.affiliation: Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute, 32841 Middlebelt Road, Suite 411, Farmington Hills, MI, 48334, USA.
authors.forename: Lena Theodorou
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute, 32841 Middlebelt Road, Suite 411, Farmington Hills, MI, 48334, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy Mann
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kulish
authors.affiliation: Toronto Institute of Psychoanalysis, 40 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 203, Toronto, ON, M4T 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Margaret Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick Hanly
authors.affiliation: Northwestern Psychoanalytic Society, 2701 First Avenue, Suite 120 Seattle, WA, 98121, USA.|Psychoanalytic Center of California, 11500 W. Olympic Blvd., Suite 445, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Psychoanalytic Education (IPE), Affiliated with NYU School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
authors.forename: Arden
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003379:Countertransference; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D000071252:Mentoring; D009934:Organization and Administration; D011575:Psychoanalytic Therapy / Q000193:education*
keywords: candidate evaluation; candidate progression; consultation; countertransference; countertransferential signals; impingements; parallel process; supervision; supervisory countertransference; training; ‘third’