title: CHANGES IN CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN AND OUTSIDE THE MACULA AFTER HEMODIALYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in choroidal thickness in and outside the macula as a result of hemodialysis (HD) in patients with end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with end-stage renal disease treated with maintenance HD in the Dialysis Unit of Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, were included in this study. The choroidal thickness was measured in and outside the macula before and after HD (paired t-test). Choroidal thickness in the macula was measured at the foveal center and 1.5 mm temporal to the foveal center and outside the macula was measured at superior, inferior, and nasal area 3.5 mm from the optic disk margin. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, and systemic parameters such as serum osmolarity and blood pressure (BP) were measured before and after HD (paired t-test). We divided patients into two groups, diabetic and nondiabetic groups to compare the changes in choroidal thickness. Patients with diabetes were subdivided into two groups: severe retinal change group and moderate retinal change group (Mann-Whitney test). Pearson's correlation test was used to evaluate the correlations between choroidal thickness and changes in serum osmolarity, BP, and body weight loss. Choroidal thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four eyes of 31 patients with end-stage renal disease were included. After HD, the mean intraocular pressure was significantly decreased from 14.8 ± 2.5 mmHg to 13.0 ± 2.6 mmHg (P < 0.001). Choroidal thickness was reduced in all areas (P < 0.001). The reduction in choroidal thickness correlated with body weight loss, decrease in serum osmolarity, and decrease in systolic BP (P < 0.05). In the diabetic group, the mean choroidal thickness changes were greater than those in the nondiabetic group (P < 0.05). The severe retinal change group showed greater changes in choroidal thickness in all areas (P < 0.05). Other factors that significantly decreased after HD included serum osmolarity, body weight, and systolic BP (all P < 0.001). The diabetic group showed greater changes in serum osmolarity and body weight (P < 0.001, P = 0.048, respectively). The measured overall changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness or central corneal thickness were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in body weight, serum osmolarity, and BP during HD may affect choroidal thickness in and outside the macula.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Chuncheon Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea; and the †Department of Ophthalmology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: In Boem
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jeong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002829:Choroid / Q000473:pathology*; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D056910:Republic of Korea