title: Use and Appreciation of a Tailored Self-Management eHealth Intervention for Early Cancer Survivors: Process Evaluation of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: A fully automated computer-tailored Web-based self-management intervention, Kanker Nazorg Wijzer (KNW [Cancer Aftercare Guide]), was developed to support early cancer survivors to adequately cope with psychosocial complaints and to promote a healthy lifestyle. The KNW self-management training modules target the following topics: return to work, fatigue, anxiety and depression, relationships, physical activity, diet, and smoking cessation. Participants were guided to relevant modules by personalized module referral advice that was based on participants’ current complaints and identified needs.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the adherence to the module referral advice, examine the KNW module use and its predictors, and describe the appreciation of the KNW and its predictors. Additionally, we explored predictors of personal relevance.
  
  
  
  This process evaluation was conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial. Early cancer survivors with various types of cancer were recruited from 21 Dutch hospitals. Data from online self-report questionnaires and logging data were analyzed from participants allocated to the intervention condition. Chi-square tests were applied to assess the adherence to the module referral advice, negative binominal regression analysis was used to identify predictors of module use, multiple linear regression analysis was applied to identify predictors of the appreciation, and ordered logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore possible predictors of perceived personal relevance.
  
  
  
  From the respondents (N=231; mean age 55.6, SD 11.5; 79.2% female [183/231]), 98.3% (227/231) were referred to one or more KNW modules (mean 2.9, SD 1.5), and 85.7% (198/231) of participants visited at least one module (mean 2.1, SD 1.6). Significant positive associations were found between the referral to specific modules (range 1-7) and the use of corresponding modules. The likelihoods of visiting modules were higher when respondents were referred to those modules by the module referral advice. Predictors of visiting a higher number of modules were a higher number of referrals by the module referral advice (β=.136, P=.009), and having a partner was significantly related with a lower number of modules used (β=-.256, P=.044). Overall appreciation was high (mean 7.5, SD 1.2; scale 1-10) and was significantly predicted by a higher perceived personal relevance (β=.623, P=.000). None of the demographic and cancer-related characteristics significantly predicted the perceived personal relevance.
  
  
  
  The KNW in general and more specifically the KNW modules were well used and highly appreciated by early cancer survivors. Indications were found that the module referral advice might be a meaningful intervention component to guide the users in following a preferred selection of modules. These results indicate that the fully automated Web-based KNW provides personal relevant and valuable information and support for early cancer survivors. Therefore, this intervention can complement usual cancer aftercare and may serve as a first step in a stepped-care approach.
  
  
  
  Nederlands Trial Register: NTR3375; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3375 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6jo4jO7kb).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands. iris.kanera@ou.nl.
authors.forename: Iris Maria
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6863-2096
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kanera
authors.forename: Roy A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5775-3367
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: Catherine A W
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9209-6449
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bolman
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8940-5271
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mesters
authors.forename: Victor
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7578-9806
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.forename: Brigitte Cm
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4578-0293
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Gijsen
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5160-7086
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lechner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*
keywords: appreciation; cancer survivorship; computer tailoring; eHealth; intervention usage; multiple behavior intervention; process evaluation; self-management; web-based intervention