title: Residue levels and discharge loads of antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), hospital lagoons, and rivers within Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya.
abstract: The detection of antibiotics in water systems has instigated great environmental concern due to the toxicological effects associated with these compounds. Their discharge into the environment results from the ubiquity of use in medical, veterinary, and agricultural practices. Some of the effects of antibiotics include development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making it difficult to treat diseases, variation in natural microbial communities, and enzyme activities. In this study, the first comprehensive survey of some frequently used antibiotics namely ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin (AMX), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), chloramphenicol (CAP), and ciprofloxacin (CPF) within Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya is presented. Sludge and wastewater samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and hospital lagoons within the study area. Samples were extracted and cleaned by solid-phase extraction, and analysis was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All wastewater samples and sludge collected contained quantifiable levels of the selected antibiotics. The highest concentrations were recorded for AMP with WWTPs and hospitals having 0.36 ± 0.04 and 0.79 ± 0.07 μg/L, respectively. In sludge samples, SMX recorded the highest concentrations of 276 ± 12 ng/g. The high levels in sludge indicate the preferential partition of antibiotics onto solid phase, posing great danger to consumers of crops grown in biosolid-amended soils. The daily discharge loads of antibiotics from nine WWTPs ranged between 80.75 and 3044.9 mg day(-1) with a total discharge of 6395.85 mg day(-1), signifying a high potential of water resource pollution within the region. This report will aid in the assessment of the risks posed by antibiotics released into the environment.
authors.affiliation: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya. skimosop@mmust.ac.ke.
authors.forename: Selly Jemutai
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kimosop
authors.affiliation: Chuka University, P.O. Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya.
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Getenga
authors.affiliation: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orata
authors.affiliation: Machakos University College, P.O. Box 136-90100, Machakos, Kenya.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Okello
authors.affiliation: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Cheruiyot
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006761:Hospitals; D007630:Kenya; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002939:Ciprofloxacin
keywords: Antibiotic residues; Discharge loads; Pharmaceuticals; Risk assessment; Sludge; Wastewater treatment plants