title: Does preoperative psychological status of patients affect postoperative pain? A prospective study from the Caribbean.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with high anxiety states in the preoperative period often have more intense postoperative pain, despite adequate pain control during the intraoperative period. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the preoperative psychological status and the pain experienced postoperatively in a sample of Caribbean patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted in elective surgical adult patients at a teaching hospital in the Caribbean. Patients' preoperative psychological status was assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and a preoperative 'expected' pain score was recorded. Postoperatively, 'observed' pain scores at 4 and 24 hours and the maximum pain score during 24 hours were recorded. Demographic data and clinical details including data regarding postoperative analgesia were collected. Expected and observed pain scores were compared between patients with and without anxiety and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 304 patients were enrolled. The overall prevalence of anxiety and depression was 43% and 27%, respectively, based on the HADS scores. There were significant associations between the postoperative pain scores and factors such as preoperative anxiety and depression (HADS) scores, preoperative expected pain scores, patient educational level, presence of preoperative pain and surgical duration. Age, gender, ethnicity and type of anaesthesia did not impact postoperative pain scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of preoperative anxiety and depression as indicated by HADS score may significantly influence postoperative pain. Other factors such as educational level, presence of preoperative pain and surgical duration may also impact postoperative pain. Some of these factors may be modifiable and must be addressed in the preoperative period.
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
authors.forename: Prisca
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
authors.forename: Seetharaman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hariharan
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
authors.forename: Deryk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Acute pain; postoperative pain; preoperative anxiety; preoperative depression; preoperative expectation of pain