title: Childhood tuberculosis in Malawi: caseload, diagnostic practices and treatment outcomes.
abstract: There were 22,982 cases of TB registered in Malawi in 1998, of which 2739 (11.9%) were children. Children accounted for 11.3% of all case notifications with smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB), 21.3% with smear-negative PTB and 15.9% with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). A significantly higher proportion of TB cases were diagnosed in central hospitals. Only 45% of children completed treatment. There were high rates of death (17%), default (13%) and unknown treatment outcomes (21%). Treatment outcomes were worse in younger children and in children with smear-negative PTB. In 2001, all 44 non-private hospitals in Malawi that register and treat children with tuberculosis (TB) were surveyed to determine actual diagnostic practice. This cross sectional study identified 150 children aged 14 years or below in hospital receiving anti-TB treatment, 98 with pulmonary TB (PTB) and 52 with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Median duration of illness was 8 weeks. Most patients had fever, no response to anti-malarial treatment and antibiotics, and 40% had a positive family history of TB. Nearly 45% had weight for age < 60%. Diagnosis was mainly based on clinical features and radiography, with less than 10% having tuberculin skin tests or HIV serology, and very few having other sophisticated investigations. Diagnostic difficulties make it difficult to accurately define the actual burden of childhood TB in Malawi. Diagnostic practices are poor and treatment outcomes unsatisfactory.
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Community Health Science Unit, Private Bag 65, Lilongwe, Malawi (Prof AD Harries FRCP, NJ Hargreaves MRCP, FM Salaniponi PhD).
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Harries
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi (SM Graham FRACP);
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi (SM Graham FRACP);
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weismuller
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi (SM Graham FRACP);
authors.forename: Njm
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Claessens
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi (SM Graham FRACP);
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meijnen
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Community Health Science Unit, Private Bag 65, Lilongwe, Malawi (Prof AD Harries FRCP, NJ Hargreaves MRCP, FM Salaniponi PhD).
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi (SM Graham FRACP);
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mwansambo
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi (SM Graham FRACP);
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kazembe
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Community Health Science Unit, Private Bag 65, Lilongwe, Malawi (Prof AD Harries FRCP, NJ Hargreaves MRCP, FM Salaniponi PhD).
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Salaniponi