title: Fractures in spina bifida from childhood to young adulthood.
abstract: This study assessed the prevalence and types of fractures in spina bifida and examined risk factors for fracture. Fracture prevalence was highest in childhood and reduced in adolescence and young adulthood. The importance of maintaining mobility is highlighted by the increased risk of fracture in those who are non-ambulatory.
  
  
  
  The aims of this study are to study the prevalence and types of fractures according to age group in spina bifida and examine risk factors associated with fracture.
  
  
  
  This is a retrospective cohort study of 146 individuals with spina bifida aged 2 years or older who attended the paediatric or adult spina bifida multidisciplinary clinic at a single tertiary hospital.
  
  
  
  Median age at which first fracture occurred was 7 years (interquartile range 4-13 years). Fracture rates in children (ages 2-10), adolescents (ages 11-18) and adults (age > 18) were 10.9/1000 (95 % confidence interval 5.9-18.3), 5.4/1000 (95 % CI 1.5-13.8) and 2.9/1000 (95 % CI 0.6-8.1) patient years respectively. Childhood fractures predominantly involved the distal femur and femoral shaft; these fractures were rarely seen in adulthood. Non-ambulatory status was associated with a 9.8 times higher risk of fracture compared with ambulatory patients (odds ratio 9.8, p = 0.016, 95 % CI 1.5-63.0). Relative risk of re-fracture was 3.1 (95 % CI 1.4-6.8). Urological intervention with intestinal segments was associated with renal calculi (p = 0.037) but neither was associated with fracture.
  
  
  
  The risk of fracture is lower in adults compared with children with spina bifida. The predominant childhood fracture affects the distal femur, and immobility is the most significant risk factor for fracture. Clinical factors contributing to fracture risk need to be elucidated to enable selection of patients who require investigation and treatment of osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia. anne.a.trinh@hudson.org.au.|Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia. anne.a.trinh@hudson.org.au.|Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. anne.a.trinh@hudson.org.au.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4990-8784
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.|Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.|Victorian Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Monash Children's, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hennel
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.|Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ebeling
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.|Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.|Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.|Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.|Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Milat
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Adult; Fracture; Immobility; Spina bifida; Urological intervention