title: Early initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy improves survival of elderly patients with acute kidney injury: a multicenter prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is essential in the management of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the optimal timing for initiating CRRT remains controversial, especially in elderly patients. Therefore, we investigated the outcomes of early CRRT initiation in elderly patients with AKI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 607 patients ≥65 years of age who started CRRT due to AKI between August 2009 and December 2013 were prospectively enrolled. They were divided into two groups based on the median 6-hour urine output immediately before CRRT initiation. Propensity score matching was used to compare the overall survival rate, CRRT duration, and hospitalization duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of both groups was 73.0 years, and 60 % of the patients were male. The most common cause of AKI was sepsis. In the early CRRT group, the mean arterial pressure was higher, but the prothrombin time and total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels were lower. The overall cumulative survival rate was higher in the early CRRT group (log-rank P < 0.01). Late CRRT initiation was associated with a higher mortality rate than early initiation after adjusting for age, sex, the Charlson comorbidity index, systolic arterial pressure, prothrombin time, the total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, cumulative fluid balance and diuretic use (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95 % confidence interval 1.06, 1.71, P = 0.02). Following propensity score matching, patient survival was significantly better in the early CRRT group than in the late CRRT group (P < 0.01). The total duration of hospitalization from the start of CRRT was shorter among the survivors when CRRT was started earlier (26.7 versus 39.1 days, P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better prognosis can be expected if CRRT is applied early in the course of AKI in critically ill, elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido, 10326, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Yoon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, Korea.|Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Nam
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jhee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Ki
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Korea.
authors.forename: Sejoong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwon Wook
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Kyu
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, Korea.
authors.forename: Chun-Soo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
authors.forename: Shin-Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea.
authors.forename: Yon Su
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea. jtpark@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Jung Tak
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, Korea. nephrolee@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jung Pyo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D057216:Propensity Score; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Continuous renal replacement therapy; Elderly patients; Propensity score matching; Survival