title: The completely fused medial clavicular epiphysis in high-frequency ultrasound scans as a diagnostic criterion for forensic age estimations in the living.
abstract: The assessment of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphysis plays a decisive role in the forensic age estimation of living subjects. Primarily for reasons of minimizing the radiation exposure currently associated with such evaluations, non-ionizing methods would be an advance.This study pursued the question whether full union of the medial clavicular epiphysis, visualized by high-frequency sonography, is a reliable criterion for age-threshold determinations. The ossification stage of the medial clavicular epiphysis of 215 female and 195 male volunteers, aged between 14 and 26 years, was evaluated in bilateral sonograms. Stage 4, defined as complete fusion by Schulz et al. (Int J Legal Med 122:163-167, 2008), was observed on at least one body side in 48 of 334 individuals younger than 21 years (14.4 %) and in 32 of 264 individuals younger than 18 years (12.1 %).With the high-frequency ultrasound used in this study, even the smallest convexities of the medial clavicular ending can be visualized. This may have led to overestimation of the ossification stage. It is not clear whether any observed roundings in the sonograms should actually be interpreted in terms of stages 3 and 4 as defined by Schulz. Also, due to the low penetration depth of high-frequency ultrasound waves, epiphyseal plate residues and ossification centers may have remained undetected. Reliable differentiation of the stages 1-4 with high-frequency sonography is thus difficult, and the results suggest that this method is not a radiation-free alternative to computed tomography, the current gold standard for determining age thresholds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, University of Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 58, D-35392, Gießen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonsior
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Saarland, Building 42, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramsthaler
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, University of Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 58, D-35392, Gießen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birngruber
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University of Gießen, Klinikstraße 33, D-35385, Gießen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obert
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. verhoff@med.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Verhoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002968:Clavicle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Forensic age estimation; Medial clavicle; Ossification; Sonography