title: Developmental trajectories of structural and pragmatic language skills in school-aged children with Williams syndrome.
abstract: This study aimed to compare developmental courses of structural and pragmatic language skills in school-aged children with Williams syndrome (WS) and children with idiopathic intellectual disability (IID). Comparison of these language trajectories could highlight syndrome-specific developmental features.
  
  
  
  Twelve monolingual Dutch-speaking children with WS aged 5.10 to 13.3 years were assessed by means of standardised structural language tests measuring receptive and expressive vocabulary and sentence comprehension and production. Pragmatic language was evaluated by means of an expressive referential communication task and a retelling test. All of these language abilities were re-evaluated with the same measures after a period of 18 to 24 months. Performance was compared to 12 children with IID pairwise matched for chronological age (CA) and non-verbal fluid reasoning (Gf) at Time 1. Non-verbal mental age (NVMA) was taken into account when delineating developmental trajectories.
  
  
  
  Children with WS outperformed children with IID on expressive vocabulary development. In contrast, sentence comprehension was significantly poorer than in children with IID at the second time point. Increased variability and rather poor performance on pragmatic language tasks were demonstrated in the WS group. Irrelevant and off-topic extraneous information transfer continued to be a syndrome-specific characteristic of children with WS.
  
  
  
  The data provide new insights into diverging developmental trajectories across language domains. Expressive structural language skills tend to progress more rapidly than receptive language skills in children with WS causing more distinctive language profiles over time. Some children with WS seem to benefit from the growth in expressive structural language abilities to enhance their expressive pragmatic language skills, while in some others these abilities remain challenging. This study highlights the need for continued follow-up of language challenges in WS and for a dynamic and individualised interventional approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ExpORL), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ellen.vandenheuvel@med.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Den Heuvel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ExpORL), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manders
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.|Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swillen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Experimental Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ExpORL), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.|Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MUCLA, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000359:Aftercare; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007804:Language Development; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Williams syndrome; developmental trajectories; idiopathic intellectual disability; language abilities; pragmatics