title: Nursing Skill Mix, Nurse Staffing Level, and Physical Restraint Use in US Hospitals: a Longitudinal Study.
abstract: Although it is plausible that nurse staffing is associated with use of physical restraints in hospitals, this has not been well established. This may be due to limitations in previous cross-sectional analyses lacking adequate control for unmeasured differences in patient-level variables among nursing units.
  
  
  
  To conduct a longitudinal study, with units serving as their own control, examining whether nurse staffing relative to a unit's long-term average is associated with restraint use.
  
  
  
  We analyzed 17 quarters of longitudinal data using mixed logistic regression, modeling quarterly odds of unit restraint use as a function of quarterly staffing relative to the unit's average staffing across study quarters.
  
  
  
  3101 medical, surgical, and medical-surgical units in US hospitals participating in the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators during 2006-2010. Units had to report at least one quarter with restraint use and one quarter without.
  
  
  
  We studied two nurse staffing variables: staffing level (total nursing hours per patient day) and nursing skill mix (proportion of nursing hours provided by RNs). Outcomes were any use of restraint, regardless of reason, and use of restraint for fall prevention.
  
  
  
  Nursing skill mix was inversely correlated with restraint use for fall prevention and for any reason. Compared to average quarters, odds of fall prevention restraint and of any restraint were respectively 16 % (95 % CI: 3-29 %) and 18 % (95 % CI: 8-29 %) higher for quarters with very low skill mix.
  
  
  
  In this longitudinal study there was a strong negative correlation between nursing skill mix and physical restraint use. Ensuring that skill mix is consistently adequate should reduce use of restraint.
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, 64108, MO, USA. vstaggs@cmh.edu.|School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. vstaggs@cmh.edu.
authors.forename: Vincent S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Staggs
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Olds
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Shorr
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009738:Nursing Service, Hospital; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: falls; nurse staffing; patient safety; physical restraint; quality of care