title: Analysis of large-scale whole exome sequencing data to determine the prevalence of genetically-distinct forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
abstract: The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of fatal, mostly recessive neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases. While clinically similar, they are genetically distinct and result from mutations in at least twelve different genes. Estimates of NCL incidence range from 0.6 to 14 per 100,000 live births but vary widely between populations and are influenced by whether patients are classified based upon clinical or genetic criteria. We investigated mutations in twelve NCL genes in ~61,000 individuals represented in the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) whole exome sequencing database. Variants were extracted from ExAC and pathogenic alleles were differentiated from neutral polymorphisms using annotated variant databases and missense mutation prediction tools. Carrier frequency was dependent on ethnicity, with the highest (1/75) observed for PPT1 in the Finnish. When data are adjusted for ethnic diversity within the USA, PPT1, TPP1 and CLN3 carrier frequencies were found to be the highest of the NCLs, each at ~1/500. Carrier frequencies calculated from ExAC correlated well with incidence estimated from numbers of living NCL patients in the US. In addition, the analysis identified numerous variants that are annotated as pathogenic in public repositories but have a predicted frequency that is not consistent with patient studies. These variants appear to be neutral polymorphisms that are reported as pathogenic without validation. Based upon literature reports, such alleles may be annotated in public databases as pathogenic and this propagates errors that can have clinical consequences.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Electronic address: sleat@cabm.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sleat
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Electronic address: erika_gedvilaite@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gedvilaite
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Electronic address: yezhang@dls.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Yeting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Electronic address: lobel@cabm.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lobel
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Electronic address: xing@biology.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Jinchuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000626:Aminopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D004152:Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases / Q000235:genetics; D059472:Exome; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009472:Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000235:genetics; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; D000091346:Tripeptidyl-Peptidase 1
chemical_list: C105199:CLN3 protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D000091346:Tripeptidyl-Peptidase 1; D013869:Thiolester Hydrolases; C416054:PPT1 protein, human; D057057:Serine Proteases; D000626:Aminopeptidases; D004152:Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases; C000717267:TPP1 protein, human
keywords: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; Whole exome sequencing