title: Paper-Origami-Based Multiplexed Malaria Diagnostics from Whole Blood.
abstract: We demonstrate, for the first time, the multiplexed determination of microbial species from whole blood using the paper-folding technique of origami to enable the sequential steps of DNA extraction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and array-based fluorescence detection. A low-cost handheld flashlight reveals the presence of the final DNA amplicon to the naked eye, providing a "sample-to-answer" diagnosis from a finger-prick volume of human blood, within 45 min, with minimal user intervention. To demonstrate the method, we showed the identification of three species of Plasmodium, analyzing 80 patient samples benchmarked against the gold-standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in an operator-blinded study. We also show that the test retains its diagnostic accuracy when using stored or fixed reference samples.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
authors.forename: Gaolian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory (PHE MRL), Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nolder
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6879-8405
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reboud
authors.affiliation: Dept of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oguike
authors.affiliation: Dept of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors.forename: Donelly A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: van Schalkwyk
authors.affiliation: Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory (PHE MRL), Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.|Dept of Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1592-6407
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2358-1050
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D010209:Paper; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: diagnostics; malaria; microfluidics; nucleic acid based test; paper origami