title: Making the dead talk: alarm cue-mediated antipredator behaviour and learning are enhanced when injured conspecifics experience high predation risk.
abstract: Due to the costs of antipredator behaviour, prey have the ability to finely modulate their response according to the risk they have experienced, and adjust it over different scales of ecological time. Information on which to base their responses can be obtained from direct experience, but also indirectly from nearby conspecifics. In aquatic environments, alarm cues from injured conspecifics are an important and reliable source of information about current predation risk. We used wood frog tadpoles, Lithobates sylvaticus, to investigate whether prey responses to alarm cues match the level of background predation risk experienced by injured conspecifics. We found that tadpoles exposed to alarm cues from conspecifics raised in a high-risk environment showed a stronger antipredator response and an enhanced learned response to novel predators, when compared with tadpoles exposed to alarm cues from conspecifics raised in a low-risk environment. Alarm cues not only allow prey to cope with an ongoing predation event, but also to adjust their behaviour to match background risk in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada tyrone.luconxiccato@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tyrone
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1017-9230
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lucon-Xiccato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chivers
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Maud C O
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ferrari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003463:Cues; D007814:Larva; D007858:Learning; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D011898:Ranidae
keywords: alarm cues; predation risk; predator recognition learning; tadpoles