title: Creating opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and patient-centred care: how nurses, doctors, pharmacists and patients use communication strategies when managing medications in an acute hospital setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper examines the communication strategies that nurses, doctors, pharmacists and patients use when managing medications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patient-centred medication management is best accomplished through interdisciplinary practice. Effective communication about managing medications between clinicians and patients has a direct influence on patient outcomes. There is a lack of research that adopts a multidisciplinary approach and involves critical in-depth analysis of medication interactions among nurses, doctors, pharmacists and patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical ethnographic approach with video reflexivity was adopted to capture communication strategies during medication activities in two general medical wards of an acute care hospital in Melbourne, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed ethnographic approach combining participant observations, field interviews, video recordings and video reflexive focus groups and interviews was employed. Seventy-six nurses, 31 doctors, 1 pharmacist and 27 patients gave written consent to participate in the study. Data analysis was informed by Fairclough's critical discourse analytic framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinicians' use of communication strategies was demonstrated in their interpersonal, authoritative and instructive talk with patients. Doctors adopted the language discourse of normalisation to standardise patients' illness experiences. Nurses and pharmacists employed the language discourses of preparedness and scrutiny to ensure that patient safety was maintained. Patients took up the discourse of politeness to raise medication concerns and question treatment decisions made by doctors, in their attempts to challenge decision-making about their health care treatment. In addition, the video method revealed clinicians' extensive use of body language in communication processes for medication management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of communication strategies by nurses, doctors, pharmacists and patients created opportunities for improved interdisciplinary collaboration and patient-centred medication management in an acute hospital setting. Language discourses shaped and were shaped by complex power relations between patients and clinicians and among clinicians themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians need to be encouraged to have regular conversations to talk about and challenge each other's practices. More emphasis should be placed on ensuring that patients are given opportunities to voice their concerns about how their medications are managed.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Public Health, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA. wliu@adelphi.edu.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerdtz
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manias
mesh_terms: D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D054539:Medication Therapy Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians; D014739:Victoria; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: communication strategies; ethnography; interdisciplinary; language discourse; medication interactions; video reflexivity