title: Effects of Sodium Restriction on Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Immune Indices During HIV Infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients demonstrate increased activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We evaluated changes in immune markers with physiological RAAS activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immune activation markers were assessed serially in 18 HIV-infected and 7 non-HIV-infected subjects consuming an ad libitum diet followed by a standardized low-sodium diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of CCL-2 (P = .0004) and soluble CD163 (P = .0001) significantly increased with sodium restriction and RAAS activation, compared with levels in individuals with ad libitum sodium intake, among chronically treated HIV-infected subjects (mean duration of ART [±SEM], 11 ± 1 years), but not among non-HIV-infected subjects of similar age and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary sodium restriction, which activates RAAS, uniquely stimulates critical indices of immune activation during HIV infection.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT01407237.
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srinivasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Tricia H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Burdo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Emilie K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Mitten
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Kathleen V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Fitch
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Takara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: Gail K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Grinspoon
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D012964:Sodium
keywords: HIV; immune activation; mineralocorticoid; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; sodium restriction