title: The Influence of Tobacco Smoke on Protein and Metal Levels in the Serum of Women during Pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco smoking by pregnant women has a negative effect on fetal development and increases pregnancy risk by changing the oxidative balance and microelements level. Smoking affects the concentration, structure and function of proteins, potentially leading to various negative effects on pregnancy outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influence of tobacco smoke on key protein fractions in smoking and non-smoking healthy pregnant women was determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Concentrations of the proteins α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α2-macroglobulin and transferrin were determined by ELISA tests. Total protein concentration was measured by the Biuret method. Smoking status was established by cotinine levels. Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and the Zn/Cd ratio was calculated based on these numbers. Smoking women had a 3.7 times higher level of Cd than non-smoking women. Zn levels decreased during pregnancy for all women. The Zn/Cd ratio was three times lower in smoking women. The differences between the changes in the protein profile for smoking and non-smoking women were noted. Regarding proteins, α1-antitrypsin and α2-macroglobulin levels were lower in the non-smoking group than in the smoking group and correlated with Cd levels (r = -0.968, p = 0.032 for non-smokers; r = -0.835, p = 0.019 for smokers). Zn/Cd ratios correlated negatively with α1-, α2- and β-globulins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to tobacco smoke increases the concentration of Cd in the blood of pregnant women and may lead to an elevated risk of pregnancy disorders. During pregnancy alter concentrations of some proteins. The correlation of Cd with proteins suggests that it is one of the causes of protein aberrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wrześniak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kepinska
authors.affiliation: Early Pregnancy Pathology Clinic, Centre of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Królik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Halina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milnerowicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000097:blood*; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009961:Orosomucoid; D014168:Transferrin; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D002104:Cadmium; D015032:Zinc; D003367:Cotinine