title: Frequency of Systemic Risk Factors in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of various systemic risk factors associated with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) in our setup.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology (AFIO), Rawalpindi, from July 2011 to June 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients with acute CSCR who presented in the outpatient department during the study period were recruited. Clinical findings were endorsed on a pre-devised proforma with special emphasis on inquiring about known systemic risk factors for CSCR in detail from each patient. Patients were managed conservatively with control of modifiable risk factors and topical 0.1% Nepafenac eye drops. Analysis of data was done using SPSS version 13.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four eyes of 42 patients were eligible for final analysis. The mean age of study population was 37.38 ±6.31 years with 38 (90.47%) male patients. Elevated serum cortisol and serum testosterone levels were found in 3 and 2 patients, respectively. Known systemic risk factors for CSCR were present in 36 (85.71%) patients with emotional stress/psychiatric disorder 15 (35.71%), Type Apersonality 11 (26.19%), smoking 10 (19.04%), hypertension 5 (11.90%), and acid peptic disease 4 (9.52%) were the most frequently found risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emotional stress/psychiatric illness, hypertension, acid peptic disease and use of exogenous steroids and other medicines are the established risk factors for CSCR that can be modified/withdrawn to reduce the morbidity related to CSCR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Eye, PNS Shifa Naval Hospital, Karachi.
authors.forename: Qamar Ul
authors.initials: QU
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Eye, Combined Military Hospital, Nowshera.
authors.forename: Muhammad Kashif
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hanif
authors.affiliation: Department of Eye, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology (AFIO), Rawalpindi.
authors.forename: Sheraz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tareen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056833:Central Serous Chorioretinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone