title: An in vitro investigation of the inhibitory mechanism of β-galactosidase by cinnamaldehyde alone and in combination with carvacrol and thymol.
abstract: Some antibacterial agents exert their antimicrobial action by targeting the cytoplasmic macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, to disturb the properties of macromolecules that may deeply influence their biological activities and functions. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) is a natural antibacterial ingredient found in the bark and leaves of cinnamon trees.
  
  
  
  The inhibitory mechanism of a typical enzyme, β-galactosidase by CIN was investigated by UV-visible, fluorescence, 3-D spectroscopy, circular dichroism, atomic force microscopy and molecular modeling studies.
  
  
  
  CIN decreased the activity of β-galactosidase by competitive inhibition through a multiphase kinetic process. 3-D spectroscopy and circular dichroism showed that the binding of CIN to β-galactosidase resulted in changes in micro-environment of tryptophan and tyrosine residues, and conformation of β-galactosidase. The molecular recognition was also analyzed through modeling which indicated that CIN was inserted into the active site pocket of β-galactosidase and interacted with amino acid residues, such as Met502, Trp568, Phe601 and Trp999. Atomic force microscopy showed that a serious destabilization of the native conformation of β-galactosidase occurred after binding with CIN, e.g., morphological changes and increased dimensions of the β-galactosidase molecule. Moreover, it was found that the combinations of CIN, carvacrol and thymol exposure displayed synergistic effects on the inhibition of β-galactosidase.
  
  
  
  This study exhibits a comprehensively understanding about the action mechanism of CIN that affects the conformation and activity of β-galactosidase in biochemical processes and provides some new insights into the possible intracellular targeting behaviors of CIN at a molecular level.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
authors.forename: Lang-Hong
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
authors.forename: Man-Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Research Center of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China. Electronic address: xazeng@scut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xin-An
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: De-Ming
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Bo
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D000081007:Cymenes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013943:Thymol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001616:beta-Galactosidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000081007:Cymenes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D039821:Monoterpenes; D013943:Thymol; D000171:Acrolein; C073316:carvacrol; D001616:beta-Galactosidase; C012843:cinnamaldehyde
keywords: Cinnamaldehyde; Competitive inhibition; Molecular modeling; Synergistic effect; β-Galactosidase