title: Masked N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Alkylation of Phenols with Organic Carbonates.
abstract: An easily prepared masked N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate (DMI-CO2 ), was investigated as a "green" and inexpensive organocatalyst for the alkylation of phenols. The process made use of various low-toxicity and renewable alkylating agents, such as dimethyl- and diethyl carbonate, in a focused microwave reactor. DMI-CO2 was found to be a very active catalyst and excellent yields of a range of aryl alkyl ethers were obtained under relatively benign conditions. The observed difference in the conversion behavior of phenol methylation, in the presence of either the carbene or 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) catalyst, was rationalized on the basis of mechanistic investigations. The primary mode of action for the N-heterocyclic carbene is nucleophilic catalysis. Activation of the dialkyl carbonate electrophile results in concomitant evolution of an organo-soluble alkoxide, which deprotonates the phenolic starting material. In contrast, DBU is initially protonated by the phenol and thus consumed. Subsequent regeneration and participation in nucleophilic catalysis only becomes significant after some phenolate alkylation occurs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew Y
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2201-3956
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexander K L
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. thomas.maschmeyer@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maschmeyer
mesh_terms: D000478:Alkylation; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002384:Catalysis; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008697:Methane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C000619832:1,3-dimethylimidazolium-2-carboxylate; D002254:Carbonates; D007093:Imidazoles; D010636:Phenols; C030011:carbene; D008697:Methane
keywords: alkylation; carbenes; lignin; organic carbonates; organocatalysis