title: Coordinated regulation of hepatic and adipose tissue transcriptomes by the oral administration of an amino acid mixture simulating the larval saliva of Vespa species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  VAAM is an amino acid mixture that simulates the composition of Vespa larval saliva. VAAM enhanced physical endurance of mice and have been used by athletes as a supplementary drink before exercise. However, there is no information on the effect of VAAM on the physiology of freely moving animals. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the VAAM-dependent regulation of liver and adipose tissue transcriptomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mice were orally fed a VAAM solution, an amino acid mixture mimicking casein hydrolysate (CAAM) or water under ad libitum feeding conditions for 5 days. Comparisons of the hepatic transcriptome between VAAM-, CAAM-, and water-treated groups revealed a VAAM-specific regulation of the metabolic pathway, i.e., the down-regulation of glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation and the up-regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis and glucogenic amino acid utilization. Similar transcriptomic analyses of white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT, respectively) indicated the up-regulation of phospholipid synthesis in WAT and the negative regulation of cellular processes in BAT. Because the coordinated regulation of tissue transcriptomes implied the presence of upstream signaling common to these tissues, we conducted an Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. This analysis showed that estrogenic and glucagon signals were activated in the liver and WAT and that beta-adrenergic signaling was activated in all three tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that VAAM ingestion had an effect on multiple tissue transcriptomes of freely moving mice. Utilization of glycogenic amino acids may have been activated in the liver. Fatty acid conversion into phospholipid, not to triacylglycerol, may have been stimulated in adipocytes contrasting that a little effect was observed in BAT. Analysis of upstream factors revealed that multiple hormonal signals were activated in the liver, WAT, and BAT. Our data provide some clues to understanding the role of VAAM in metabolic regulation.
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Fumika
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3566-7692
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.affiliation: Hornet Research Center, 1-48-7-201 Matsubara, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 156-0043 Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamei
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan ; NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan.
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: KYOWA HAKKO BIO CO., LTD., 2, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841 Japan.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan ; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
keywords: Adipose tissue; Amino acid mixture; DNA microarray; Gene expression; Liver