title: Reduced bone resorption by intake of dietary vitamin D and K from tailor-made Atlantic salmon: A randomized intervention trial.
abstract: Suboptimal vitamin D status is common among humans, and might increase bone resorption with subsequent negative effects on bone health. Fatty fish, including Atlantic salmon, is an important dietary vitamin D source. However, due to a considerable change in fish feed composition, the contribution of vitamin D from salmon fillet has been reduced. The main objective was to investigate if intake of vitamin D3 enriched salmon or vitamin D3 tablets decreased bone biomarkers (urinary N-telopeptides, deoxypyridinoline, serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin) compared to a low vitamin D3 intake. The 122 healthy postmenopausal women included in this 12 weeks intervention trial were randomized into four groups: three salmon groups (150 grams/two times/week) and one tablet group (800 IU vitamin D and 1000 mg calcium/day). The salmon groups also received calcium supplements. The salmon had three different vitamin D3/vitamin K1 combinations: high D3+high K1, low D3+high K1, or high D3+low K1. Increased intake of salmon containing high levels of vitamin D3 (0.35-0.38 mg/kg/fillet) and supplements with the same weekly contribution had a positive influence on bone health as measured by bone biomarkers in postmenopausal women. Consequently, an increased level of vitamin D3 at least to original level in feed for salmonids will contribute to an improved vitamin D3 status and may improve human bone health.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingvild Eide
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Jannike
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Øyen
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kjellevold
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Livar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frøyland
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Clara Gram
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Gjesdal
authors.affiliation: Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørg
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almås
authors.affiliation: Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, Stavanger, Norway.
authors.forename: Grethe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosenlund
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Øyvind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Lie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000652:urine; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D020317:Salmo salar; D017747:Seafood; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014815:Vitamins; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D010837:Vitamin K 1; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Atlantic salmon; Gerotarget; bone biomarkers; bone health; vitamin D; vitamin K