title: Veterinary Medicine Needs New Green Antimicrobial Drugs.
abstract: Given that: (1) the worldwide consumption of antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) used in food-producing animals will increase over the coming decades; (2) the prudent use of AMDs will not suffice to stem the rise in human antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of animal origin; (3) alternatives to AMD use are not available or not implementable, there is an urgent need to develop novel AMDs for food-producing animals. This is not for animal health reasons, but to break the link between human and animal resistomes. In this review we establish the feasibility of developing for veterinary medicine new AMDs, termed "green antibiotics," having minimal ecological impact on the animal commensal and environmental microbiomes. We first explain why animal and human commensal microbiota comprise a "turnstile" exchange, between the human and animal resistomes. We then outline the ideal physico-chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of a veterinary green antibiotic and conclude that they can be developed through a rational screening of currently used AMD classes. The ideal drug will be hydrophilic, of relatively low potency, slow clearance and small volume of distribution. It should be eliminated principally by the kidney as inactive metabolite(s). For oral administration, bioavailability can be enhanced by developing lipophilic pro-drugs. For parenteral administration, slow-release formulations of existing eco-friendly AMDs with a short elimination half-life can be developed. These new eco-friendly veterinary AMDs can be developed from currently used drug classes to provide alternative agents to those currently used in veterinary medicine and mitigate animal contributions to the human AMR problem.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, TOXALIM, Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Louis
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Toutain
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, TOXALIM, Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Aude A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ferran
authors.affiliation: Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, TOXALIM, Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bousquet-Melou
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pelligand
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lees
keywords: commensal microbiota; environmental hazard; innovative eco-friendly antimicrobials; public health; veterinary medicine