title: From chronic kidney disease to kidney transplantation: The impact of obesity and its treatment modalities.
abstract: Obesity is associated with worse short-term outcomes after kidney transplantation but the effect on long-term outcomes is unknown. Although some studies have reported worse outcomes for obese recipients when compared to recipients with a BMI in the normal range, obese recipients who receive a transplant have better outcomes than those who remain wait-listed. Whether transplant candidates should be advised to lose weight before or after transplant has been debated and this is mainly due to the gap in the literature linking pre-transplant weight loss with better outcomes post-transplantation. The issue is further complicated by the use of BMI as a metric of body fat, the obesity paradox in dialysis patients and the different ethical viewpoints of utility versus equity. Measures used to reduce weight loss, including orlistat and bariatric surgery (in particular those with a malabsorptive component), have been associated with enteric hyperoxaluria with consequent risk of nephrolithiasis and oxalate nephropathy. In this review, we discuss the evidence regarding the use of weight loss measures in the kidney transplant candidate and recipient with a view to recommending whether weight loss should be pursued before or after kidney transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Heath Road, Ipswich, United Kingdom IP4 5PD; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Cedar House, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 3GB. Electronic address: brian.camilleri@ipswichhospital.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Cedar House, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 3GB.
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bridson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Cedar House, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 3GB; Link 9C, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom L7 8XP.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Cedar House, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom L69 3GB; Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield, United Kingdom S5 7AU.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halawa
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic