title: Validation of an electrophoretic method to detect albuminuria in cats.
abstract: Objectives The aims of this study were to validate a semi-automated high-resolution electrophoretic technique to quantify urinary albumin in healthy and diseased cats, and to evaluate its diagnostic performance in cases of proteinuria and renal diseases. Methods Urine samples were collected from 88 cats (healthy; chronic kidney disease [CKD]; lower urinary tract disease [LUTD]; non-urinary tract diseases [OTHER]). Urine samples were routinely analysed and high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) was performed. Within-assay and between-assay variability, linearity, accuracy, recovery and the lowest detectable and quantifiable bands were calculated. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was also performed. Results All coefficients of variation were <10%, percentage recovery was between 97% and 109% with a high linearity (r = 0.99). HRE allowed the visualisation of a faint band of albumin and a diffused band between alpha and beta zones in healthy cats, while profiles from diseased cats were variable. Albumin (mg/dl) and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UAC) were significantly ( P <0.05) different between healthy and diseased cats. After ROC analysis, UAC values of 0.035 and 0.074 had a high sensitivity and high specificity, respectively, to classify proteinuria and identify borderline proteinuric cats. Moreover, a UAC of 0.017 had a high sensitivity in distinguishing between healthy and diseased cats. However, UAC was not able to distinguish between renal (CKD) and non-renal diseases (LUTD/OTHER), probably owing to the pathophysiology of CKD in cats, which is characterised by low-grade proteinuria and less glomerular involvement than in dogs. Conclusions and relevance HRE is an accurate and precise method that could be used to measure albuminuria in cats. UAC was useful to correctly classify proteinuria and to discriminate between healthy and diseased cats. HRE might also provide additional information on urine proteins with a profile of all proteins (albumin and globulins) to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of diseases characterised by proteinuria.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Enea
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferlizza
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dondi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andreani
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bucci
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Joy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isani
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D002415:Cats; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine