title: Calcium supplementation and risk of dementia in women with cerebrovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether calcium supplementation is associated with the development of dementia in women after a 5-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a longitudinal population-based study. The sample was derived from the Prospective Population Study of Women and H70 Birth Cohort Study in Gothenburg, Sweden, and included 700 dementia-free women aged 70-92 years. At baseline in 2000-2001, and at follow-up in 2005-2006, the women underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatric and somatic examinations. A CT scan was performed in 447 participants at baseline. Information on the use and dosage of calcium supplements was collected. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women treated with calcium supplements (n = 98) were at a higher risk of developing dementia (odds ratio [OR] 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-4.37, p = 0.046) and the subtype stroke-related dementia (vascular dementia and mixed dementia) (OR 4.40, 95% CI 1.54-12.61, p = 0.006) than women not given supplementation (n = 602). In stratified analyses, calcium supplementation was associated with the development of dementia in groups with a history of stroke (OR 6.77, 95% CI 1.36-33.75, p = 0.020) or presence of white matter lesions (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.28-6.96, p = 0.011), but not in groups without these conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium supplementation may increase the risk of developing dementia in elderly women with cerebrovascular disease. Because our sample was relatively small and the study was observational, these findings need to be confirmed.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK. silke.kern@neuro.gu.se.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kern
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Margda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waern
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Xinxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Börjesson-Hanson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skoog
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology (J.K., S.K., M.W., X.G., A.B.-H., I.S., S.O.) and Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (S.K., K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; and UCL Institute of Neurology (H.Z.), London, UK.
authors.forename: Svante
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Östling
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003348:Cortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D013548:Sweden; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004967:Estrogens; D014807:Vitamin D; D003348:Cortisone