title: Demographic Differences in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Symptoms in ADHD, Autism, and General Population Samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a controversial new diagnosis. No studies have investigated DMDD symptoms (irritable-angry mood and temper outbursts) and demographics in general population and psychiatric samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal ratings of DMDD symptoms and diagnoses, age, gender, IQ, race, and parent occupation were analyzed in general population ( n = 665, 6-12 years) and psychiatric samples ( n = 2,256, 2-16 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percentage of school-age children with DMDD symptoms were 9% general population, 12% ADHD-I, 39% ADHD-C, and 43% autism. Male, nonprofessional parent, and autism with IQ > 80 were associated with increasing DMDD symptoms, but demographics together explained only 2% to 3% of the DMDD score variance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demographics contributed little to the presence of DMDD symptoms in all groups, whereas oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) explained most of the variance. Almost all children with DMDD symptoms had ODD suggesting that DMDD may not be distinct from ODD.
authors.affiliation: 1 Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mayes
authors.affiliation: 1 Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: 1 Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Waxmonsky
authors.affiliation: 1 Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: Cari
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kokotovich
authors.affiliation: 1 Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baweja
authors.affiliation: 1 Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lockridge
authors.affiliation: 1 Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000786:Anger; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001321:Autistic Disorder; D002648:Child; D003710:Demography; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: ADHD; autism; behavior regulation