title: Personality Factors Predicting Smartphone Addiction Predisposition: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems, Impulsivity, and Self-Control.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify personality factor-associated predictors of smartphone addiction predisposition (SAP). Participants were 2,573 men and 2,281 women (n = 4,854) aged 20-49 years (Mean ± SD: 33.47 ± 7.52); participants completed the following questionnaires: the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (K-SAPS) for adults, the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System questionnaire (BIS/BAS), the Dickman Dysfunctional Impulsivity Instrument (DDII), and the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). In addition, participants reported their demographic information and smartphone usage pattern (weekday or weekend average usage hours and main use). We analyzed the data in three steps: (1) identifying predictors with logistic regression, (2) deriving causal relationships between SAP and its predictors using a Bayesian belief network (BN), and (3) computing optimal cut-off points for the identified predictors using the Youden index. Identified predictors of SAP were as follows: gender (female), weekend average usage hours, and scores on BAS-Drive, BAS-Reward Responsiveness, DDII, and BSCS. Female gender and scores on BAS-Drive and BSCS directly increased SAP. BAS-Reward Responsiveness and DDII indirectly increased SAP. We found that SAP was defined with maximal sensitivity as follows: weekend average usage hours > 4.45, BAS-Drive > 10.0, BAS-Reward Responsiveness > 13.8, DDII > 4.5, and BSCS > 37.4. This study raises the possibility that personality factors contribute to SAP. And, we calculated cut-off points for key predictors. These findings may assist clinicians screening for SAP using cut-off points, and further the understanding of SA risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yejin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jo-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minjung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rho
authors.affiliation: Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwanjo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dai-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In Young
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult