title: Energy drink use is associated with alcohol and substance use in eighth, tenth, and twelfth graders.
abstract: The increasing prevalence of energy drink (ED) use and its link with negative behaviors and adverse health outcomes has garnered much attention. Use of EDs combined with alcohol among college students has been of particular interest. It is unclear if these relationships develop in the context of college, or if similar associations exist in younger individuals. The present study examined associations between ED consumption patterns and other substance use in an adolescent, school-based sample. Participants were N = 3743 students attending 8th, 10th or 12th grade in a suburban central Virginia public school system who completed a prevention needs assessment survey in 2012. Chi-square analyses and logistic regressions were used to compare rates of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use across three ED use groups: moderate/heavy (12.6%), light (30.5%), and non-users (57%). Over 40% of the sample reported recent (past month) ED use, with males more likely to report moderate/heavy ED use than females (14.0% and 11.1%, respectively; p = 0.02). After adjusting for gender and grade, ED use group predicted lifetime alcohol, tobacco and other drug use (all p < 0.001). Moderate/heavy ED users were most likely and ED non-users were least likely to report using each of the 13 substances in the survey, with light ED users intermediate to the other two groups. Moderate/heavy ED users were consistently most likely to report licit and illicit substance use. Additional research is needed to better understand which adolescents are at greatest risk for adverse health behaviors associated with ED use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: J Randy
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Willis G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Leroy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thacker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Institute for Women's Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
authors.forename: Dace
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Svikis
keywords: Adolescent health; Alcohol; Caffeine; Drugs; Energy drinks; Tobacco