title: High-Resolution Time-Frequency Spectrum-Based Lung Function Test from a Smartphone Microphone.
abstract: In this paper, a smartphone-based lung function test, developed to estimate lung function parameters using a high-resolution time-frequency spectrum from a smartphone built-in microphone is presented. A method of estimation of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s divided by forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) based on the variable frequency complex demodulation method (VFCDM) is first proposed. We evaluated our proposed method on 26 subjects, including 13 healthy subjects and 13 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, by comparing with the parameters clinically obtained from pulmonary function tests (PFTs). For the healthy subjects, we found that an absolute error (AE) and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of the FEV₁/FVC ratio were 4.49% ± 3.38% and 5.54%, respectively. For the COPD patients, we found that AE and RMSE from COPD patients were 10.30% ± 10.59% and 14.48%, respectively. For both groups, we compared the results using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and found that VFCDM was superior to CWT and STFT. Further, to estimate other parameters, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), and peak expiratory flow (PEF), regression analysis was conducted to establish a linear transformation. However, the parameters FVC, FEV1, and PEF had correlation factor r values of 0.323, 0.275, and -0.257, respectively, while FEV₁/FVC had an r value of 0.814. The results obtained suggest that only the FEV1/FVC ratio can be accurately estimated from a smartphone built-in microphone. The other parameters, including FVC, FEV1, and PEF, were subjective and dependent on the subject's familiarization with the test and performance of forced exhalation toward the microphone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea. bami1314@wku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tharoeun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thap
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea. heewon1001@wku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Heewon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science based Lung and Bone Disease Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea. mediblue@wku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Changwon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea. eyesmile@wku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ki-Eun
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea. kshryj@wku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hak-Ryul
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea. khy1646@wku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwon-Ha
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandeaero, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Korea. gonasago@wku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jinseok
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000068997:Smartphone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013147:Spirometry / Q000295:instrumentation; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014797:Vital Capacity
keywords: COPD; FEV1/FVC; high-resolution time-frequency; pulmonary function test; smartphone microphone