title: Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: we need also to address causes of effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.|City University of New York, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schooling
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Au Yeung