title: Electrical stimulation enhances the acetylcholine receptors available for neuromuscular junction formation.
abstract: Neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) are specialized synapses that link motor neurons with muscle fibers. These sites are fundamental to human muscle activity, controlling swallowing and breathing amongst many other vital functions. Study of this synapse formation is an essential area in neuroscience; the understanding of how neurons interact and control their targets during development and regeneration are fundamental questions. Existing data reveals that during initial stages of development neurons target and form synapses driven by biophysical and biochemical cues, and during later stages they require electrical activity to develop their functional interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous electrical stimulation (ES) electrodes directly in contact with cells, on the number and size of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters available for NMJ formation. We used a novel in vitro model that utilizes a flexible electrical stimulation system and allows the systematic testing of several stimulation parameters simultaneously as well as the use of alternative electrode materials such as conductive polymers to deliver the stimulation. Functionality of NMJs under our co-culture conditions was demonstrated by monitoring changes in the responses of primary myoblasts to chemical stimulants that specifically target neuronal signaling. Our results suggest that biphasic electrical stimulation at 250Hz, 100μs pulse width and current density of 1mA/cm2for 8h, applied via either gold-coated mylar or the conductive polymer PPy, significantly increased the number and size of AChRs clusters available for NMJ formation. This study supports the beneficial use of direct electrical stimulation as a strategic therapy for neuromuscular disorders.
  
  
  
  The beneficial effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on human cells in vitro and in vivo have long been known. Although the effects of stimulation are clear and the therapeutic benefits are known, no uniform parameters exist with regard to the duration, frequency and amplitude of the ES. To this end, we are answering several important questions on the parameters for ES of nerve and muscle monocultures and co-cultures by probing the effects on the enhancement of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) clustering available for neuromuscular junction formation using a conductive platform. This work opens the possibility to combine electrical stimulus delivered via conductive polymer substrates, from which biomolecules could also be delivered, providing opportunities to further enhance the therapeutic effect.
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Kerry J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Brianna C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Elise M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romero-Ortega
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Electronic address: gwallace@uow.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gordon G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Wallace
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004566:Electrodes; D008422:Materials Testing; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D009417:Nerve Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000378:metabolism*; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Acetylcholine receptors; Conductive polymer; Electrical stimulation; Neuromuscular junction