title: Gender Norms and Age-Disparate Sexual Relationships as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, and Risky Sex among Adolescent Gang Members.
abstract: Unequal gender norms and age-disparate sexual relationships can lead to power imbalances and are also associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual coercion and violence, and sexual risk behaviors. The present study examined these variables from both victim and perpetrator perspectives among adolescent gang members. Age-disparate sexual relationships were defined as sex partners 5 or more years older among female participants and 5 or more years younger among male participants. Participants were recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern city and completed a 60-90-min audio computer-assisted self-interview in a community-based setting. Participants in this study included 107 female gang members (68 % African-American, 19 % Latina; mean age, 17.6) and 169 male gang members (62 % African-American, 28 % Latino; mean age, 17.7). As hypothesized, endorsing unequal gender norms toward women was significantly related to IPV victimization among female participants and perpetration among male participants, and engagement in group sex in the past month among both female and male participants (ps < 0.05). Additionally, unequal gender norms were significantly related to male participants' perpetrating rape (p < 0.05). As hypothesized, female gang members who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to have experienced more IPV and report being raped and males gang members who had age-disparate sexual relationships were significantly more likely to perpetrate IPV in the past year and perpetrate rape (ps < 0.05). Age-disparate sexual relationships were also significantly related to being gang raped among female gang members and participating in a gang rape among male gang members, and engaging in group sex among both female and male gang members (ps < 0.05). Female participants who had been in age-disparate sexual relationships were more likely to have been pregnant (ps < 0.05). It is essential for researchers and public health practitioners to create programs for female adolescents to reduce or avoid risky situations, such as inability to negotiate condom use with older sex partners. Additionally, programs must be developed for both female and male gang members to help them understand and identify unequal gender norms, and interpersonal and sexual coercion/violence. Early intervention will also be necessary as these adolescent gang members are already engaged in extremely high-risk, coercive, and violent behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA. Liesl.Nydegger@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Liesl A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nydegger
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: DiFranceisco
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53203, USA.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dickson-Gomez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent gang members; Age of sex partners; Intimate partner violence; Risky sexual behavior; Sexual coercion; Sexual violence