title: pH sensitive insulin-loaded nanohydrogel increases the effect of oral insulin in diabetic rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are different methods for insulin administration in diabetic patient. Nano-hydrogel is one of the most talented drug carrier for its sensitivity to environmental stimulus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NIPAAm-MAA-HEM copolymers were synthesized by radical chain reaction. The copolymers were characterized with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transient electron microscopy (TEM). Copolymers were loaded with regular insulin by modified double emulsion method. Diabetic rats are used for feeding insulin-loaded nanohydrogel. Analysis of the results from the measurement of the amount of blood insulin from the rats blood that received insulin in nanohydrogel loaded form compared with rats that received pure insulin is significantly high, which confirm that insulin has been able to pass from the stomach acid barrier by nanohydrogel and is absorbed from the intestine. Blood sugar levels from tested rats indicate that with increasing amount of insulin, blood sugar levels fall down.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirms that insulin has been able to pass from the stomach acid barrier by nanohydrogel and be absorbed from the intestine.
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|c Aras International Branch of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Jalil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karnoosh-Yamchi
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.|c Aras International Branch of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahmati-Yamchi
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Abolfazl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbarzadeh
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Soodabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davaran
authors.affiliation: a Nutrition Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ostad Rahimi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine , Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Garnoosh
authors.affiliation: f Plant Science Department , University of Tabriz , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashoori
authors.affiliation: g Bone Health Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mobasseri
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007328:Insulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D020100:Hydrogels; D007328:Insulin
keywords: PH-sensitive nanohydrogels; diabetes mellitus; drug delivery; insulin