title: Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Reporter Myxoviruses.
abstract: The advent of virus reverse genetics has enabled the incorporation of genetically encoded reporter proteins into replication-competent viruses. These reporters include fluorescent proteins which have intrinsic chromophores that absorb light and re-emit it at lower wavelengths, and bioluminescent proteins which are luciferase enzymes that react with substrates to produce visible light. The incorporation of these reporters into replication-competent viruses has revolutionized our understanding of molecular virology and aspects of viral tropism and transmission. Reporter viruses have also enabled the development of high-throughput assays to screen antiviral compounds and antibodies and to perform neutralization assays. However, there remain technical challenges with the design of replication-competent reporter viruses, and each reporter has unique advantages and disadvantages for specific applications. This review describes currently available reporters, design strategies for incorporating reporters into replication-competent paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses, and the variety of applications for which these tools can be utilized both in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA. Christina.rostad@emory.edu.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Christina.rostad@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rostad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA. mgcurri@emory.edu.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. mgcurri@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA. martin.moore@emory.edu.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1405 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. martin.moore@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D059386:Reverse Genetics / Q000379:methods; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008156:Luciferases
keywords: bioluminescent reporter virus; fluorescent reporter virus; orthomyxovirus; paramyxovirus