title: Management of esophageal perforation in the endoscopic era: Is operative repair still relevant?
abstract: With the introduction of new treatment paradigms for esophageal perforation, the management of this highly morbid condition is evolving. We reviewed our experience to investigate the modern management and outcomes of esophageal perforations with a focus on operatively repaired patients.
  
  
  
  A retrospective review of all esophageal perforations was conducted between August 2003 and January 2016.
  
  
  
  A total of 48 patients were identified, with iatrogenic injury in 19 (40%), spontaneous perforation in 18 (38%), and traumatic/foreign body causes in 11 (23%). The distal esophagus was the site of perforation in 63% of the patients, and the duration of time between perforation and treatment was <24 hours in 60%. Nonoperative management was employed in 18 (38%) and operative repair in 30 (primary operative repair = 20, drainage = 4, esophagectomy = 6). Iatrogenic and traumatic perforations were more likely to be treated nonoperatively (68%), while all spontaneous perforations were treated by operative intervention. There were no complications or mortalities in the nonoperative group and only a 5% reintervention rate. In the operative group, complications occurred in 10 (33%), reinterventions in 13 (43%), and mortality in 2 (7%) patients.
  
  
  
  Our study highlights the importance of considering the etiology of a perforation when planning management and the success of nonoperative treatment with careful patient selection. In addition, operative repair in septic patients yielded excellent outcomes and should be the standard for comparison in future studies exploring endoscopic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Monisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sudarshan
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Malik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elharram
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: Lorenzo.ferri@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Lorenzo E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ferri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000072700:Conservative Treatment / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome