title: Music Therapy as Procedural Support for Young Children Undergoing Immunizations: A Randomized Controlled Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children undergoing routine immunizations frequently experience severe distress, which may be improved through music therapy as procedural support.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine effects of live, cognitive-behavioral music therapy during immunizations on (a) the behaviors of children, their parents, and their nurses; and (b) parental perceptions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were children between the ages of 4 and 6 years (N = 58) who underwent immunizations, their parents (N = 62), and the nurses who administered the procedure (N = 19). Parent/child dyads were randomly assigned to receive music therapy (n = 29) or standard care (n = 29) during their immunization. Afterward, each parent rated their child's level of pain and the distress their child experienced compared to previous medical experiences. All procedures were videotaped and later viewed by trained observers, who classified child, parent, and nurse behaviors using the categories of the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised (CAMPIS-R).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences between the music therapy and control groups were found in rates of child coping and distress behaviors and parent distress-promoting behaviors. Parents of children who received music therapy reported that their child's level of distress was less than during previous medical experiences, whereas parents of children in the control group reported that their child's level of distress was greater. No significant differences between groups were found in parents' ratings of children's pain or in rates of nurse behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Live, cognitive-behavioral music therapy has potential benefits for young children and their parents during immunizations.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky olivia.yinger@uky.edu.
authors.forename: Olivia Swedberg
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Yinger
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D014611:Vaccination
keywords: 
  child
  ; 
  immunization
  ; 
  music therapy
  ; 
  pain
  ; 
  parents
  