title: Development of Certified Reference Materials for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, Part 2: Shellfish Matrix Materials.
abstract: Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs, dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX1) and -2 (DTX2) are lipophilic biotoxins produced by marine algae that can accumulate in shellfish and cause the human illness known as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Regulatory testing of shellfish is required to protect consumers and the seafood industry. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential for the development, validation, and quality control of analytical methods, and thus play an important role in toxin monitoring. This paper summarizes work on research and development of shellfish tissue reference materials for OA and DTXs. Preliminary work established the appropriate conditions for production of shellfish tissue CRMs for OA and DTXs. Source materials, including naturally incurred shellfish tissue and cultured algae, were screened for their DSP toxins. This preliminary work informed planning and production of a wet mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue homogenate matrix CRM. The homogeneity and stability of the CRM were evaluated and found to be fit-for-purpose. Extraction and LC-tandem MS methods were developed to accurately certify the concentrations of OA, DTX1, and DTX2 using a combination of standard addition and matrix-matched calibration to compensate for matrix effects in electrospray ionization. The concentration of domoic acid was also certified. Uncertainties were assigned following standards and guidelines from the International Organization for Standardization. The presence of other toxins in the CRM was also assessed and information values are reported for OA and DTX acyl esters.
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1.
authors.forename: Pearse
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCarron
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1.
authors.forename: Kelley L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1.
authors.forename: Sabrina D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Giddings
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quilliam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000592:standards; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis*; D012015:Reference Standards; D012758:Shellfish; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning / Q000150:complications*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D011714:Pyrans; D019319:Okadaic Acid; C051904:dinophysistoxin 1; C076221:dinophysistoxin 2