title: Maternal Nutrition During Pregnancy: Intake of Nutrients Important for Bone Health.
abstract: Objectives Maternal nutrition during pregnancy plays an important role in predisposing offspring to the development of chronic disease in adulthood, including osteoporosis. Our aim was to investigate maternal dietary intakes during pregnancy, with a focus on nutrients important for skeletal development in the offspring. Methods In this case-control study, cases were pregnant women recruited for the Vitamin D in Pregnancy Study (n = 350, age 20-40 years) and controls were non-pregnant peers participating in the Geelong Osteoporosis Study (n = 305, age 20-40 years). Dietary intakes of nutrients were quantified using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results Compared to controls, cases consumed more energy [median (interquartile range): 7831 (6506-9461) vs. 7136 (6112-8785) kJ/day]; median intakes for cases were greater for carbohydrates [206.2 (172.5-249.9) vs. 188.2 (147.7-217.5) g/day], fat [77.9 (60.3-96.6) vs. 72.1 (53.3-87.4) g/day], potassium [2860 (2363-3442) vs. 2606 (2166-3442) mg/day] and calcium [1022 (819-1264) vs. 918 (782-1264) mg/day] (all p ≤ 0.05). However, pregnant women were not consuming greater amounts of those nutrients which had an increased demand (protein, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc). Similarly, this translated to the likelihood of achieving national recommendations for corresponding nutrients. Conclusions for Practice Compared to their non-pregnant peers, pregnant women were more likely to meet dietary recommendations for calcium and potassium; however, this was not the pattern observed for protein, magnesium and zinc. Future public health messages should perhaps focus on increasing awareness of the importance of all these nutrients during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University (Barwon Health), PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. nhyde@barwonhealth.org.au.
authors.forename: Natalie K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.affiliation: Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University (Barwon Health), PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.|Melbourne Medical School-Western Campus, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia.|Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia.|Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Brennan-Olsen
authors.affiliation: Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University (Barwon Health), PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University (Barwon Health), PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moloney
authors.affiliation: Epi-Centre for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University (Barwon Health), PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.|Melbourne Medical School-Western Campus, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pasco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005324:Fetal Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diet; Maternal; Nutrient; Osteoporosis; Pregnancy