title: Long-term metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age.
abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that both the intrauterine environment and growth during early life can influence the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, in adulthood. Here, we review the available human data supporting increased metabolic risk among children born premature or small for gestational age; the adrenal and pubertal modifications that contribute to this risk; metabolic changes that occur during adolescence and early adulthood; and approaches to potentially modify or decrease risk of metabolic disease. The risks associated with delivery at term or preterm are compared for each period of life. Knowledge of these associations is fundamental for the paediatric community to develop preventive strategies early during postnatal life.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8330091, Chile.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mericq
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8330074, Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinez-Aguayo
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 8330074, Chile.|Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, 7810851, Chile.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uauy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, 8330091, Chile.
authors.forename: German
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iñiguez
authors.affiliation: Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3001 KB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Manouk
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van der Steen
authors.affiliation: Dutch Growth Research Foundation, 3001 KB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hokken-Koelega
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000378:metabolism*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors