title: Retinopathy of vivax malaria in adults and its relation with severity parameters.
abstract: Malarial retinopathy is a set of retinal signs in severe malaria due to falciparum malaria. With increased recognition of severe manifestations of vivax malaria, a systematic study to evaluate retinal changes in vivax malaria could elaborate our knowledge about this neglected entity. This observational study included retinal examination of 104 adult patients (>14 years) with varying severity of vivax malaria admitted to a tertiary care center during peak seasons of 2012 and 2013. Thirty-eight percent of severe cases had a retinal sign as compared to 6% of non-severe cases (p < 0.01). No statistically significant effect of residence or age on the presence of retinopathy was noted. Females were found to be more prone to develop a retinal sign (p < 0.01). Presence of retinal signs was significantly associated with anemia and jaundice. No statistical association was noted for retinal signs to be present in either renal dysfunction or altered thrombocytes count. The most common signs were arteriovenous changes, present in eight cases (19%) of severe malaria and three cases (5%) of non-severe malaria. Retinal hemorrhage was present in five cases (12%) of severe malaria and no case of non-severe malaria. Both superficial and deep hemorrhages were seen including white-centered hemorrhages. Other signs included cotton wool spots, hard exudates, blurred disk margins with spontaneous venous pulsations and bilateral disk edema. A correlation between retinal signs and severity parameters was drawn from the study. This is the first systemic study to evaluate the retinal changes in vivax malaria. Larger prospective studies should be done for further knowledge regarding retinal changes in vivax malaria, especially severe disease. Apart from its clinical significance, it might lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the systemic disease of vivax malaria.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Sardar Patel Medical College and A.G. of Hospitals , Bikaner , India.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kochar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Sardar Patel Medical College and A.G. of Hospitals , Bikaner , India.
authors.forename: Paavan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , Sardar Patel Medical College and A.G. of Hospitals , Bikaner , India.
authors.forename: Vijeth
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sb
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , Sardar Patel Medical College and A.G. of Hospitals , Bikaner , India.
authors.forename: Vinayak
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ukirade
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Sardar Patel Medical College and A.G. of Hospitals , Bikaner , India.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chahar
authors.affiliation: c Department of Medicine , RUHS College of Medical Sciences , Jaipur , India.
authors.forename: Dhanpat Kumar
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kochar
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , Sardar Patel Medical College and A.G. of Hospitals , Bikaner , India.
authors.forename: Sanjay Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kochar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007565:Jaundice / Q000150:complications; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000502:physiology*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Malaria; Plasmodium; Retinopathy; Vivax