title: The PBMC transcriptome profile after intake of oxidized versus high-quality fish oil: an explorative study in healthy subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Marine long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation, generating a range of different oxidation products with suggested negative health effects. The aim of the present study was to utilize sensitive high-throughput transcriptome analyses to investigate potential unfavorable effects of oxidized fish oil (PV: 18 meq/kg; AV: 9) compared to high-quality fish oil (PV: 4 meq/kg; AV: 3).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blinded randomized controlled study for seven weeks, 35 healthy subjects were assigned to 8 g of either oxidized fish oil or high quality fish oil. The daily dose of EPA+DHA was 1.6 g. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at baseline and after 7 weeks and transcriptome analyses were performed with the illuminaHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No gene transcripts, biological processes, pathway or network were significantly changed in the oxidized fish oil group compared to the fish oil group. Furthermore, gene sets related to oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease were not differently regulated between the groups. Within group analyses revealed a more prominent effect after intake of high quality fish oil as 11 gene transcripts were significantly (FDR < 0.1) changed from baseline versus three within the oxidized fish oil group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The suggested concern linking lipid oxidation products to short-term unfavorable health effects may therefore not be evident at a molecular level in this explorative study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01034423.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Mari C W
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Myhrstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ottestad
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Computing Center, 0314 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Clara-Cecilie
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Einar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ryeng
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Computing Center, 0314 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.affiliation: Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, Aas, N-1431 Norway.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: TINE SA, Centre for Research and Development, P.O. Box 7, Kalbakken, 0902 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kirsti W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Brønner
authors.affiliation: Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, Aas, N-1431 Norway ; Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology (IMT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.affiliation: Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, Aas, N-1431 Norway.
authors.forename: Grethe I A
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Borge
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O Box 4950, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kirsten B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Holven
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway ; Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Stine M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ulven
keywords: Human intervention; Oxidized fish oil; PBMCs; Transcriptome; n-3 fatty acids