title: Sleep disturbances and upregulation of brain arousal during daytime in depressed versus non-depressed elderly subjects.
abstract: Although patients with depression often suffer from sleep disturbances, most of them are not sleepy. Upregulation of brain arousal has been proposed as pathophysiological mechanism explaining sleep disturbances, inner tension, autonomic hyperarousal and anhedonia in depression. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between night-time sleep disturbances and brain arousal regulation the next day in depressed versus non-depressed subjects.
  
  
  
  Twenty-eight elderly subjects (21 female; age = 70.5 ± 4.4 years) with depressive syndromes without psychotropic medication, and 28 controls (22 female; age = 70.9 ± 4.5 years), underwent a 15-min resting electroencephalogram; the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL 2.1) provided an objective measure of brain arousal regulation. Sleep disturbances were assessed by a validated and self-rated sleep questionnaire.
  
  
  
  In the depressive group, but not in controls, more sleep disturbances were associated with a higher brain arousal stability score (high score corresponds to upregulation) the next day (sleep onset latency: rs= 0.69, P < .0001; sleep quality: rs= -0.59, P < .001).
  
  
  
  The data confirm the hypothesis that in persons with depressive syndromes sleep disturbances are related to upregulation of brain arousal the next day. This finding is in line with the concept that dysregulation of brain arousal is a central pathophysiological aspect in depression.
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8277-1671
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ulke
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.|c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.|c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2994-3075
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jawinski
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4223-5030
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mauche
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Jue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Janek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wittekind
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mergl
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|d Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP) , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luck
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP) , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Steffi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riedel-Heller
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hensch
authors.affiliation: a LIFE-Leipzig Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.|b Depression Research Centre , German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany.|c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3039-7470
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hegerl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
keywords: Brain arousal regulation; VIGALL 2.1; depression; hyperarousal; insomnia