title: Smartphone monitoring of pneumatic tube system-induced sample hemolysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumatic tube systems (PTSs) are convenient methods of patient sample transport in medical centers, but excessive acceleration force and time/distance traveled in the PTS have been correlated with increased blood-sample hemolysis. We investigated the utility of smartphones for monitoring of PTS-related variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smartphones were sent through the PTS from several hospital locations. Each smartphone used 2 apps as data-loggers to record force of acceleration vs time. To relate the smartphone data to sample integrity, blood samples were collected from 5 volunteers, and hemolysis of the samples was analyzed after they were transported by hand or via 1 of 2 PTS routes. Increased sample hemolysis as measured by plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LD) was also related to the amount of transport in the PTS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smartphones showed higher duration of forceful acceleration during transport through 1 of the 2 PTS routes, and the increased duration correlated with significant increases in hemolysis (H)-index and plasma LD. In addition, plasma LD showed a positive linear relationship with number of shock forces experienced during transport through the PTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smartphones can monitor PTS variables that cause sample hemolysis. This provides an accessible method for investigating specific PTS routes in medical centers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States. Electronic address: grm9yd@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Garrett R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Mullins
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bruns
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D000068997:Smartphone
keywords: Hemolysis; Lactate dehydrogenase, LD; Pneumatic tube system, PTS; Preanalytical variation; Smartphone