title: A virtual-reality simulator and force sensation combined catheter operation training system and its preliminary evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endovascular surgery benefits patients because of its superior short convalescence and lack of damage to healthy tissue. However, such advantages require the operator to be equipped with dexterous skills for catheter manipulation without resulting in collateral damage. To achieve this goal, a training system is in high demand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A training system integrating a VR simulator and a haptic device has been developed within this context. The VR simulator is capable of providing visual cues which assist the novice for safe catheterization. In addition, the haptic device cooperates with VR simulator to apply sensations at the same time. The training system was tested by non-medical subjects over a five days training session.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance was evaluated in terms of safety criteria and task completion time. The results demonstrate that operation safety is improved by 15.94% and task completion time is cut by 18.80 s maximum. Moreover, according to subjects' reflections, they are more confident in operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed training system constructs a comprehensive training environment that combines visualization and force sensation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Convergence Medical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing, China.|Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Engineering Department, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuxiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamiya
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Engineering Department, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Engineering Department, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Xuanchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D000076142:Virtual Reality
keywords: collision detection; haptic force device; training system; virtual-reality simulator