title: Immunohistochemical analysis of the gingiva with periodontitis of type I plasminogen deficiency compared to gingiva with gingivitis and periodontitis and healthy gingiva.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type I plasminogen deficiency (Plgdef) is an uncommon chronic inflammation of mucous membranes. Gingival enlargements usually proceed with progressive periodontal destruction and tooth-loss. Plasmin(ogen)-independent enzymatic mechanisms for fibrin clearance have already been discussed in the literature. Our primary objective was to verify, immunohistochemically, the occurrence of different enzymatic factors involved in tissue breakdown of inflamed compared to healthy gingiva. Secondly, we tried to find out, if these patients have a similar microbiological profile to the patients with known gingivitis and periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical analysis of enzymes elastase, plasminogen (plg), cathepsin G, matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-7 and of glycoprotein fibrinogen were performed with gingival tissues from 3 healthy controls, 8 patients with Plgdef and 3 patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Furthermore, plaque from 5 patients with plasminogen deficiency were also obtained to determine the microbiological profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly high numbers of elastase positive leukocytes were detected in all samples. Staining for MMP-3 and MMP-7 was seen in samples with gingivitis and periodontitis with a stronger staining in samples with periodontitis by Plgdef. Fibrinogen was detectable in all samples. Staining for plg was stronger in samples with periodontitis than in other samples. Staining for cathepsin G was weak in gingivitis and periodontitis. Subgingival microbial flora showed elevated colony forming units of Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Fusobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens, Porphyromonas gingivalis and viridans streptococci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strong staining of elastase, MMP-3 and MMP-7 and weak staining of plg in Plgdef samples supports the plasmin(ogen) - independent fibrin clearance. Similar subgingival microbiological flora was observed in periodontitis with Plgdef as in other periodontal diseases. Further investigations should determine the exact pathomechanism and focus on effective treatment methods of this entity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Clinic, University Hospital of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: idilkurtulus@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Idil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kurtulus Waschulewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aslan Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Gökbuget
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Haematology and Haemostaseology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Nina M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Oncology, Haematology and Haemostaseology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Clinic, University Hospital of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University Hospital of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Götz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003231:Conjunctivitis / Q000473:pathology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000172:deficiency*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012873:Skin Diseases, Genetic / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010958:Plasminogen
keywords: Gingiva; Immunohistochemistry; Periodontitis; Plasminogen; Type I plasminogen deficiency