title: Kinematic Origins of Motor Inconsistency in Expert Pianists.
abstract: For top performers, including athletes and musicians, even subtle inconsistencies in rhythm and force during movement production decrease the quality of performance. However, extensive training over many years beginning in childhood is unable to perfect dexterous motor performance so that it is without any error. To gain insight into the biological mechanisms underlying the subtle defects of motor actions, the present study sought to identify the kinematic origins of inconsistency of dexterous finger movements in musical performance. Seven highly-skilled pianists who have won prizes at international piano competitions played a short sequence of tones with the right hand at a predetermined tempo. Time-varying joint angles of the fingers were recorded using a custom-made data glove, and the timing and velocity of the individual keystrokes were recorded from a digital piano. Both ridge and stepwise multiple regression analyses demonstrated an association of the inter-trial variability of the inter-keystroke interval (i.e., rhythmic inconsistency) with both the rotational velocity of joints of the finger used for a keystroke (i.e., striking finger) and the movement independence between the striking and non-striking fingers. This indicates a relationship between rhythmic inconsistency in musical performance and the dynamic features of movements in not only the striking finger but also the non-striking fingers. In contrast, the inter-trial variability of the key-descending velocity (i.e., loudness inconsistency) was associated mostly with the kinematic features of the striking finger at the moment of the keystroke. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the rhythmic and loudness inconsistencies. The results suggest distinct kinematic origins of inconsistencies in rhythm and loudness in expert musical performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 5608531, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.|Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University for Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1, 30175 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University for Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1, 30175 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 5608531, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hannover University for Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1, 30175 Hannover, Germany.|Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1387-6645
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furuya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009146:Music; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult