title: Minimally invasive approaches to adrenal tumors: an up-to-date summary including patient position and port placement of laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic, robot-assisted, and single-site adrenalectomy.
abstract: There are multiple minimal invasive approaches to remove the adrenal gland. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most up-to-date findings about laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic, robot-assisted, and single-site adrenalectomy, and to define the most common approaches to the adrenal gland.
  
  
  
  Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the gold standard to remove adrenal tumors. New approaches are being explored to outperform the advantages of laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
  
  
  
  Retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy, when performed by skilled surgeons, offers an alternative to the conventional laparoscopic approach, with better outcome. The robot-assisted and single-site approaches still need further studies to fully identify their roles in adrenalectomy.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Urology, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck bClinic for Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hupe
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imkamp
authors.forename: Axel S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Merseburger
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D056888:Patient Positioning; D018579:Patient Selection; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures; D012371:Robotics; D016896:Treatment Outcome