title: Functional and structural studies of a Phospholipase A2-like protein complexed to zinc ions: Insights on its myotoxicity and inhibition mechanism.
abstract: One of the main challenges in snakebite envenomation treatment is the development of stable, versatile and efficient anti-venom therapies. Local myotoxicity in accidents involving snakes from the Bothrops genus is still a consequence of serum therapy inefficient neutralization that may lead to permanent sequelae in their victims. One of the classes of toxins that participate in muscle necrosis is the PLA2-like proteins. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of zinc ions in the inhibition of PLA2-like proteins and to advance the current knowledge of their action mechanism.
  
  
  
  Myographic and electrophysiological techniques were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of zinc ions, isothermal titration calorimetry assays were used to measure the affinity between zinc ions and the toxin and X-ray crystallography was used to reveal details of this interaction.
  
  
  
  We demonstrated that zinc ions can effectively inhibit the toxin by the interaction with two different sites, which are related to two different mechanism of inhibition: preventing membrane disruption and impairing the toxin state transition. Furthermore, structural study presented here included an additional step in the current myotoxic mechanism improving the comprehension of the allosteric transition that PLA2-like proteins undergo to exert their function.
  
  
  
  Our findings show that zinc ions are inhibitors of PLA2-like proteins and suggest two different mechanisms of inhibition for these ions.
  
  
  
  Zinc is a new candidate that can assist in anti-venom treatments and can promote the design of new and even more accurate structure-based inhibitors for PLA2-like proteins.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos A H
authors.initials: CAH
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Delkia S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Floriano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Léa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Simioni
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: fontes@ibb.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Marcos R M
authors.initials: MRM
authors.lastname: Fontes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017837:Bothrops; D002151:Calorimetry; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000187:drug effects; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007477:Ions; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008958:Models, Molecular; D064801:Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D007477:Ions; D064801:Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Inhibition by divalent ions; Myotoxic mechanism; PLA2-like proteins; Snake venom; X-ray crystallography; Zinc ions