title: Delivery characteristics of a low-resistance dry-powder inhaler used to deliver the long-acting muscarinic antagonist glycopyrronium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) glycopyrronium (NVA237) has recently been approved as a once-daily treatment for COPD. The objectives of this study were to determine the dose delivery characteristics of glycopyrronium and compare them with those of the LAMA tiotropium, both delivered by their respective capsule-based dry-powder inhalers (DPIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven inhalation profiles derived from patients with moderate and severe COPD were reproduced to determine the aerodynamic particle size distribution of glycopyrronium delivered by the Breezhaler device, a low-resistance DPI†. Theoretical respiratory tract deposition was estimated using a semi-empirical model for healthy lungs. These results were compared with those of tiotropium delivered by the high-resistance HandiHaler‡ device obtained in a previous study using the same set of inhalation profiles. Study limitations are that fine particle fraction (FPF) and particle size are generated by the inhalers are not a direct measure of lung deposition, and the bronchodilator effect of inhaled drugs does not depend solely upon the percentage of the total dose that reaches the lung.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean FPF (≤4.7 µm) was 42.6% of the nominal dose (which refers to the content of the capsule) for glycopyrronium and 9.8% for tiotropium while the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was 2.8 µm and 3.9 µm for glycopyrronium and tiotropium, respectively. The mean estimated intrathoracic drug deposition as a percentage of the mean dose delivered to the Next Generation Impactor was 39% for glycopyrronium and 22% for tiotropium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The glycopyrronium capsule-based DPI delivered a higher FPF and greater and more consistent intrathoracic deposition irrespective of age and disease severity compared to the tiotropium capsule-based DPI, suggesting that it may be suitable for use by patients with a wide range of COPD severities.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, BaselSwitzerland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colthorpe
authors.affiliation: Krankenhaus Bethanien, Moers, IMS Health FrankfurtGermany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Voshaar
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, BaselSwitzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kieckbusch
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, BaselSwitzerland.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cuoghi
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma AG, BaselSwitzerland.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jauernig
keywords: COPD; Dry-powder inhaler; Glycopyrronium; Tiotropium