title: Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals, Menstrual Cycle Length, and Fecundity: Findings from a Prospective Pregnancy Study.
abstract: Perfluoroalkyl substances have been associated with changes in menstrual cycle characteristics and fecundity, when modeled separately. However, these outcomes are biologically related, and we evaluate their joint association with exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances.
  
  
  
  We recruited 501 couples from Michigan and Texas in 2005-2009 upon their discontinuing contraception and followed them until pregnancy or 12 months of trying. Female partners provided a serum sample on enrollment and completed daily journals on menstruation, intercourse, and pregnancy test results. We measured seven perfluoroalkyl substances in serum using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We assessed the association between perfluoroalkyl substances and menstrual cycle length using accelerated failure time models and between perfluoroalkyl substances and fecundity using a Bayesian joint modeling approach to incorporate cycle length.
  
  
  
  Menstrual cycles were 3% longer comparing women in the second versus first tertile of perfluorodecanoate (PFDeA; acceleration factor [AF] = 1.03, 95% credible interval [CrI] = [1.00, 1.05]), but 2% shorter for women in the highest versus lowest tertile of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; AF = 0.98, 95% CrI = [0.96, 1.00]). When accounting for cycle length, relevant covariates, and remaining perfluoroalkyl substances, the probability of pregnancy was lower for women in second versus first tertile of perfluorononanoate (PFNA; odds ratio [OR] = 0.6, 95% CrI = [0.4, 1.0]) although not when comparing the highest versus lowest (OR = 0.7, 95% CrI = [0.3, 1.1]) tertile.
  
  
  
  In this prospective cohort study, we observed associations between two perfluoroalkyl substances and menstrual cycle length changes, and between select perfluoroalkyl substances and diminished fecundity at some (but not all) concentrations. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B136.
authors.affiliation: From the aDivision of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD; bDepartment of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and cDepartment of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Kirsten J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.forename: Rajeshwari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Germaine M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Buck Louis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000097:blood; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000097:blood; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008824:Michigan; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000097:blood; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013781:Texas; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013449:Sulfonamides; C036567:perfluorodecanoic acid; C018959:hexadecafluoro-nonanoic acid; C063900:perfluorooctanesulfonamide; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid