title: Systematic review: pre- and post-operative prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in liver transplant candidates.
abstract: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard for the objective assessment of functional status. In many conditions, CPET outperforms the traditional variables in predicting mortality.
  
  
  
  In patients with cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation, our primary aim was to determine the prognostic value of CPET for pre-and post-transplant mortality and, in particular, whether CPET remained predictive after adjustment for liver disease severity.
  
  
  
  A systematic literature review was conducted in databases Medline, Scopus, Embase and PubMed. Where possible, data were pooled for meta-analyses using a DerSimonian and Laird random effects model.
  
  
  
  A total of seven studies were retrieved, including 1107 patients with a mean MELD of 14.2 (standard deviation 1.6) and peak baseline VO2 of 17.4 mL/kg/min. In all of the studies in which multivariable analysis was performed, CPET variables were independent predictors of pre-transplant mortality (three studies) and post-transplant mortality (four studies). In the three studies where we could aggregate post-transplant mortality data, post-transplant mortality was predicted by AT with a mean difference of 2.0 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.42-3.59; Z = 2.48, P = 0.01) between survivors and nonsurvivors. The peak VO2 was not significant (0.77 95% CI: -1.36 to 2.90; Z = 0.71, P = 0.48).
  
  
  
  Patient's listed for liver transplant have significant functional limitations, with a weighted mean VO2 below the threshold level required for independent living. Although heterogeneity in study designs with respect to timing, CPET variables, and cut-off values precluded the determination of CPET mortality thresholds, the studies support CPET as an objective and independent predictor of pre- and post-transplant mortality.
authors.affiliation: Cirrhosis Care Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.|Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ney
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Haykowsky
authors.affiliation: Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence (ARCHE), Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vandermeer
authors.affiliation: Cirrhosis Care Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.|Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ow
authors.affiliation: Cirrhosis Care Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. ptandon@ualberta.ca.|Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. ptandon@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tandon
mesh_terms: D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011379:Prognosis