title: The influence of sex, body mass and body mass index on plantar soft-tissue stiffness in healthy people in their 60s.
abstract: Foot abnormality has become a public health concern. Early detection of pathological soft tissue is therefore an important preventive measure, especially in older people who generally have a higher risk of foot pathology. However, the interpretation of plantar tissue stiffness data - whether to normalize the data or to separate the data on the basis of sex- remains questionable. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of sex and physical attributes such as body mass (BM) and body mass index (BMI) on plantar soft-tissue stiffness, and to evaluate whether it is necessary to isolate the differences in sex, BM and BMI in the data analysis. One hundred healthy subjects in their 60s were recruited for the experiment. Localized force response was obtained underneath the second metatarsal head (MTH) pad at three different dorsiflexion angles of 0°, 20°, 40° and the hallux and heel at 0°. No significant relationship was found between the independent variables and plantar stiffness. From the experimental results, it can be deduced that BM and BMI are weakly associated with plantar tissue stiffness, and that there is no significant difference in stiffness between male and female participants. No difference was found between left and right foot measurements. This suggests that normalizing of plantar tissue stiffness by BM and BMI is not necessary in healthy people in their 60s. The data can be pooled and treated equally regardless of sex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jee Chin
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Yeon
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Science & Industry Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: tlee@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Taeyong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: Body mass; Body mass index; Indentation; Plantar soft-tissue stiffness; Sex