title: Dietary diallyl disulfide supplementation attenuates ethanol-mediated pulmonary vitamin D speciate depletion in C57Bl/6 mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Slightly more than 5 % of the United States population heavily consumes ethanol, i.e., more than 14 drinks for men and 7 drinks for women a week. Chronic ethanol consumption can result in increased liver disease, reduced recovery from burn injury, and more frequent and severe respiratory infections. Chronic ethanol over-consumption also leads to vitamin D dysmetabolism and depletion. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble pro-hormone that regulates musculoskeletal health, cellular proliferation/differentiation, and innate and adaptive immune response.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed 20 % ethanol in their waterad libitumfor 7 weeks. Some mice were fed either a standard chow or a modified diet containing 0.15 μg/day of diallyl disulfide (DADS). Whole blood, lung tissue, and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected at sacrifice and analyzed for 25(OH) D3, 1,25 (OH)2D3, vitamin D receptor VDR, CYP2E1, and CYP27B1 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanol reduced 25(OH) D3and 1,25 (OH)2D3in lung tissue and BALF on average 31 %. The largest ethanol-mediated reduction was in the 1,25 (OH)2D3(42 %) measured in the BALF. Dietary supplementation of DADS restored BALF and lung tissue protein of 25(OH) D3and 1,25(OH)2D3to control levels. Chronic ethanol consumption also resulted in tissue increases of vitamin D response (VDR) protein, Cyp2E1, and reductions in vitamin D-activating enzyme CYP27B1. All three of these effects were attenuated by dietary supplementation of DADS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the pulmonary metabolic disturbances mediated by chronic ethanol consumption as measured by 1,25(OH)2D3protein levels, epithelial lining fluid, and lung tissue can be ameliorated by dietary supplementation of DADS in C57BL/6 mice.
authors.affiliation: Global Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St. Ste 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCaskill
authors.affiliation: Global Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St. Ste 2100, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Henry T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Hottor
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5990, USA.
authors.forename: Muna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sapkota
authors.affiliation: Veterans Administration Nebraska Western Iowa Healthcare system, Omaha, NE 68105, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5990, USA ; Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5990, USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wyatt