title: Recombinant drugs-on-a-chip: The usage of capillary electrophoresis and trends in miniaturized systems - A review.
abstract: We present here a critical review covering conventional analytical tools of recombinant drug analysis and discuss their evolution towards miniaturized systems foreseeing a possible unique recombinant drug-on-a-chip device. Recombinant protein drugs and/or pro-drug analysis require sensitive and reproducible analytical techniques for quality control to ensure safety and efficacy of drugs according to regulatory agencies. The versatility of miniaturized systems combined with their low-cost could become a major trend in recombinant drugs and bioprocess analysis. Miniaturized systems are capable of performing conventional analytical and proteomic tasks, allowing for interfaces with other powerful techniques, such as mass spectrometry. Microdevices can be applied during the different stages of recombinant drug processing, such as gene isolation, DNA amplification, cell culture, protein expression, protein separation, and analysis. In addition, organs-on-chips have appeared as a viable alternative to testing biodrug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, demonstrating the capabilities of the miniaturized systems. The integration of individual established microfluidic operations and analytical tools in a single device is a challenge to be overcome to achieve a unique recombinant drug-on-a-chip device.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Giorgio Gianini
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Morbioli
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazzu-Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aquino
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cervantes
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: emanuel@iqsc.usp.br.
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carrilho
mesh_terms: D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000032:analysis*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011355:Prodrugs; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
keywords: Drug-on-a-chip; Microchip capillary electrophoresis; Miniaturized systems; Organs-on-a-chip; Pharmaceutical analysis; Recombinant proteins