title: The influence of generic substitution on the content of patient-pharmacist communication in Swedish community pharmacies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to study the relationship between the length and content of patient-pharmacist communication in community pharmacies, and generic substitution.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in six community pharmacies in Sweden. Non-participant observations with audio recordings and short structured interviews were conducted. Out of 32 pharmacists 29 agreed to participate (90.6%), as did 282 out of 407 patients (69.3%). Logistic regression analysis was applied to calculate odds ratio for occurrence of generic substitution. Linear regression (β-coefficients) was applied to test for differences in time spent on different categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In encounters where generic substitution occurred more time (19.2 s) was spent on non-medical (for instance administrative or economical) issues (P = 0.01, 95% confidence interval 4.8-33.6). However, the total time of the encounter was not significantly longer. The amount of time spent on non-medical issues increased with age of patient (age 60+: β, 33 s, P < 0.001). The results indicate that more time was spent on medical issues with patients who have a higher education (high school: β, 10.8 s, P = 0.07, university: β, 10.2 s, P = 0.11) relative to those with only elementary school education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occurrence of generic substitution was correlated with more time spent on communicating on non-medical, but not on medical, issues. No extra time was spent on medical information for the groups normally overrepresented among those with low health literacy. This study suggests that pharmacists need to further embrace their role in promoting rational use of medicines, not least when generic substitution occurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallach-Kildemoes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ban
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Pontus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ingman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaae
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kälvemark Sporrong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003142:Communication; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D057915:Drug Substitution / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D057220:Health Literacy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D024382:Professional Role; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Sweden; communication; community pharmacy; generic substitution