title: Simulation-based training and assessment in urological surgery.
abstract: Simulation has become widely accepted as a supplementary method of training. Within urology, the greatest number of procedure-specific models and subsequent validation studies have been carried out in the field of endourology. Many generic-skills simulators have been created for laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery, but only a limited number of procedure-specific models are available. By contrast, open urological simulation has only seen a handful of validated models. Of the available modalities, virtual reality (VR) simulators are most commonly used for endourology and robotic surgery training, the former also employing many high-fidelity bench models. Smaller dry-lab and ex vivo animal models have been used for laparoscopic and robotic training, whereas live animals and human cadavers are widely used for full procedural training. Newer concepts such as augmented-reality (AR) models and patient-specific simulators have also been introduced. Several curricula, including one recommended within, have been produced, incorporating various different training modalities and nontechnical skills training techniques. Such curricula and validated models should be used in a structured fashion to supplement operating room training.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, 5th Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Abdullatif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, 5th Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raison
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, 5th Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.|The Urology Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 1st Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Muhammad Shamim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, 5th Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.|The Urology Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 1st Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Prokar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, 5th Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.|The Urology Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, 1st Floor Southwark Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface