title: Interaction potential of Carmegliptin with P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transporter in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to investigate the interaction potential of carmegliptin with P-glycoprotein transporter in vitro and in vivo. A secondary objective was to investigate the safety and tolerability of carmegliptin alone or co-administered with verapamil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inhibition potential of carmegliptin was tested in vitro and in a non-randomized open-label study in 16 healthy male volunteers. On day 1 a single dose of carmegliptin (150 mg) was given, followed by a single dose of verapamil (80 mg) on day 7, on day 10 a single dose of carmegliptin (150 mg) together with verapamil (80 mg t.i.d.), and verapamil (80 mg t.i.d.) on days 11-14. Finally, on day 15 a single dose of 150 mg carmegliptin together with 80 mg t.i.d. verapamil was administered. Pharmacokinetic and safety parameters were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carmegliptin showed in vitro a low cell permeability and was a good substrate for human MDR1 cells. When carmegliptin was taken with verapamil, the mean exposure and C max to carmegliptin increased by 29% and 53%, respectively. Increases in exposure were slightly greater on the sixth day of verapamil dosing than on the first day. Verapamil C max was 17% lower on average when given with carmegliptin than when verapamil was taken alone, and similar trends were apparent in corresponding norverapamil pharmacokinetics. All reported adverse events (n = 28) were mild in intensity, and verapamil had no apparent effect on the pattern or incidence of events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro, carmegliptin is a substrate but not an inhibitor of human Pgp. Consistently, the co-administration of carmegliptin with verapamil altered the pharmacokinetics of carmegliptin slightly and moderately increased the exposure. Peak exposure of verapamil and its metabolite norverapamil tended to be lower when co-administered with carmegliptin. The combination of carmegliptin and verapamil was generally well tolerated. Although the observed overall changes in pharmacokinetics were small and dose adjustments in clinics are currently not expected, co-administration of carmegliptin with Pgp inhibitors should be carefully monitored in future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., BaselSwitzerland.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.affiliation: Roche Products Ltd., Welwyn Garden CityUK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carlile
authors.affiliation: Oncology Biomarker Development (OBD), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., BaselSwitzerland.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noe
authors.affiliation: Roche Products Ltd., Welwyn Garden CityUK.
authors.forename: Darren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bentley
keywords: Carmegliptin; DPP-IV; Diabetes; Norverapamil; Pgp; Transporter; Verapamil