title: Phylodynamic Characterization of an Ocular-Tropism Coxsackievirus A24 Variant.
abstract: Recent phylodynamic studies have focused on using tree topology patterns to elucidate interactions among the epidemiological, evolutionary, and demographic characteristics of infectious agents. However, because studies of viral phylodynamics tend to focus on epidemic outbreaks, tree topology signatures of tissue-tropism pathogens might not be clearly identified. Therefore, this study used a novel Bayesian evolutionary approach to analyze the A24 variant of coxsackievirus (CV-A24v), an ocular-tropism agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Analyses of the 915-nucleotide VP1 and 690-nt 3Dpol regions of 21 strains isolated in Taiwan and worldwide during 1985-2010 revealed a clear chronological trend in both the VP1 and 3Dpol phylogenetic trees: the emergence of a single dominant cluster in each outbreak. The VP1 sequences included three genotypes: GI (prototype), GIII (isolated 1985-1999), and GIV (isolated after 2000); no VP1 sequences from GII strains have been deposited in GenBank. Another five genotypes identified in the 3Dpol region had support values >0.9. Geographic and demographic transitions among CV-A24v clusters were clearly identified by Bayes algorithm. The transmission route was mapped from India to China and then to Taiwan, and each prevalent viral population declined before new clusters emerged. Notably, the VP1 and 3Dpol genes had high nucleotide sequence similarities (94.1% and 95.2%, respectively). The lack of co-circulating lineages and narrow tissue tropism affected the CV-A24v gene pool.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liou-Ying, Tainan, Taiwan.|Department of Nursing, Min Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wei Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Huan
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Liang
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yong-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Chiu
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chu-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Ching
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jing-Yun
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tyan
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Guan-Ming
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pei-Yu
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6506-7458
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D030015:Enterovirus C, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010802:Phylogeny; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D056189:Viral Tropism
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins