title: Red Pepper (Capsicum baccatum) Extracts Present Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vivo and Inhibit the Production of TNF-α and NO In Vitro.
abstract: Capsicum baccatum is the most consumed red pepper species in Brazil. Our previous studies demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of its crude extract, whose activity is yet to be fully characterized. Herein, we examined the anti-inflammatory in vivo effects of enriched extracts obtained through bioguided fractionation as dichloromethane (DCM), butanol (BUT), and residual aqueous (RAq) extracts and its influence on inflammatory mediators produced by macrophages in vitro. We demonstrated that all C. baccatum extracts presented anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. In addition, we showed that BUT and RAq were more effective in inhibiting the neutrophil migration induced by carrageenan (Cg) to peritoneal cavity and both extracts inhibited paw edema induced by Cg, prostaglandin E2, and histamine in mice. Furthermore, the pretreatment with C. baccatum extracts significantly reduced the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the paw tissues of mice compared with the carrageenan group. Once again, RAq and BUT caused the greatest reduction in MPO levels. Moreover, it was demonstrated for the first time that C. baccatum inhibited the nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-stimulated macrophages. These anti-inflammatory effects seem to be at least, in part, independent of capsaicin. Hence, red pepper has bioactive compounds and might be used to develop food-derived extracts to treat related inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil .|2 Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil .
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allemand
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil .
authors.forename: Bianca Franco
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil .
authors.forename: Aline Rigon
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zimmer
authors.affiliation: 3 Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil .
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil .
authors.forename: Pedro Roosevelt Torres
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Romão
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil .
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gosmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002212:Capsicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004487:Edema; D005638:Fruit; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002351:Carrageenan; D009195:Peroxidase
keywords: anti-inflammatory; capsaicin; histamine; nitric oxide; prostaglandin E2