title: Model-Based Assessment of Alternative Study Designs in Pediatric Trials. Part II: Bayesian Approaches.
abstract: This study presents a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic based clinical trial simulation framework for evaluating the performance of a fixed-sample Bayesian design (BD) and two alternative Bayesian sequential designs (BSDs) (i.e., a non-hierarchical (NON-H) and a semi-hierarchical (SEMI-H) one). Prior information was elicited from adult trials and weighted based on the expected similarity of response to treatment between the pediatric and adult populations. Study designs were evaluated in terms of: type I and II errors, sample size per arm (SS), trial duration (TD), and estimate precision. No substantial differences were observed between NON-H and SEMI-H. BSDs require, on average, smaller SS and TD compared to the BD, which, on the other hand, guarantees higher estimate precision. When large differences between children and adults are expected, BSDs can return very large SS. Bayesian approaches appear to outperform their frequentist counterparts in the design of pediatric trials even when little weight is given to prior information from adults.
authors.affiliation: Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche, Via Luigi Porta 14, Pavia, Italy.|Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smania
authors.affiliation: Direzione Scientifica Centrale, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Via Salvatore Maugeri 4, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baiardi
authors.affiliation: Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche, Via Luigi Porta 14, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceci
authors.affiliation: Consorzio per Valutazioni Biologiche e Farmacologiche, Via Luigi Porta 14, Pavia, Italy.|Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Global Clinical Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cella
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magni
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018401:Sample Size