title: Papercraft temporal bone in the first step of anatomy education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To compare temporal bone anatomy comprehension taught to speech therapy students with or without a papercraft model. (2) To explore the effect of papercraft simulation on the understanding of surgical approaches in first-year residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) One-hundred and ten speech therapy students were divided into three classes. The first class was taught with a lecture only. The students in the second class were given a lecture and a papercraft modeling task without instruction. The third class modeled a papercraft with instruction after the lecture. The students were tested on their understanding of temporal bone anatomy. (2) A questionnaire on the understanding of surgical approaches was completed by 10 residents before and after the papercraft modeling. The papercraft models were cut with scissors to simulate surgical approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) The average scores were 4.4/8 for the first class, 4.3/8 for the second class, and 6.3/8 for the third class. The third class had significantly better results than the other classes (p<0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test). (2) The average scores before and after the papercraft modeling and cutting were 2.6/7 and 4.9/7, respectively. The numerical rating scale score significantly improved (p<0.01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The instruction of the anatomy using a papercraft temporal bone model is effective in the first step of learning temporal bone anatomy and surgical approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Kyoto College of Medical Health, Kyoto, Japan. Electronic address: hhiraumi@iwate-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiraumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Juichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D010209:Paper; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000193:education*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Paper model; Resident; Student; Surgical approach