title: Three doses of vitamin D, bone mineral density, and geometry in older women during modest weight control in a 1-year randomized controlled trial.
abstract: The effects of higher than recommended vitamin D doses on bone mineral density (BMD) and quality are not known. In this study, higher intakes, in postmenopausal women undergoing weight control over 1 year, had no effect on areal or volumetric BMD but prevented the deterioration in cortical bone geometry.
  
  
  
  Studies examining how bone responds to a standard dose of vitamin D supplementation have been inconsistent. In addition, the effects of higher doses on BMD and quality are not known. Postmenopausal women undergoing weight control to improve health outcomes are particularly at risk for bone loss and might benefit from supplemental vitamin D intake above the recommended allowance.
  
  
  
  This 1-year-long, randomized, double-blind controlled study addresses whether vitamin D supplementation, in healthy overweight/obese older women, affects BMD and bone structural parameters. In addition, bone turnover and serum total, free, and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) responses to one of three daily levels of vitamin D3(600, 2000, 4000 IU) with 1.2 Ca g/day during weight control were examined.
  
  
  
  Fifty-eight women (age, 58 ± 6 years; body mass index, 30.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2, serum 25OHD, 27.3 ± 4.4 ng/mL) were randomized to treatment. After 1 year, serum 25OHD concentrations increased to 26.5 ± 4.4, 35.9 ± 4.5, and 41.5 ± 6.9 ng/mL, in groups 600, 2000, and 4000 IU, respectively, and differed between groups (p < 0.01). Weight change was similar between groups (-3.0 ± 4.1 %). Cortical (Ct) thickness of the tibia changed by -1.5 ± 5.1 %, +0.6 ± 3.2 %, and +2.0 ± 4.5 % in groups 600, 2000, and 4000 IU, respectively, and each group was significantly different from each other (p < 0.05).
  
  
  
  The decline in Ct thickness was prevented with higher vitamin D3supplementation, but there were no other significant changes due to treatment over 1 year. Whether these findings translate to changes in biomechanical properties leading to reduced fracture risk should be addressed in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8525, USA.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Pop
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sukumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8525, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schlussel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering & Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Papathomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 96 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8525, USA. shapses@aesop.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shapses
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D002762:Cholecalciferol
keywords: Body weight; Cortical thickness; Postmenopausal; Serum 25OHD; Vitamin D