title: Design of Experiments to Study the Impact of Process Parameters on Droplet Size and Development of Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques in Tablet Coating.
abstract: Atomisation of an aqueous solution for tablet film coating is a complex process with multiple factors determining droplet formation and properties. The importance of droplet size for an efficient process and a high quality final product has been noted in the literature, with smaller droplets reported to produce smoother, more homogenous coatings whilst simultaneously avoiding the risk of damage through over-wetting of the tablet core. In this work the effect of droplet size on tablet film coat characteristics was investigated using X-ray microcomputed tomography (XμCT) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A quality by design approach utilising design of experiments (DOE) was used to optimise the conditions necessary for production of droplets at a small (20 μm) and large (70 μm) droplet size. Droplet size distribution was measured using real-time laser diffraction and the volume median diameter taken as a response. DOE yielded information on the relationship three critical process parameters: pump rate, atomisation pressure and coating-polymer concentration, had upon droplet size. The model generated was robust, scoring highly for model fit (R2 = 0.977), predictability (Q2 = 0.837), validity and reproducibility. Modelling confirmed that all parameters had either a linear or quadratic effect on droplet size and revealed an interaction between pump rate and atomisation pressure. Fluidised bed coating of tablet cores was performed with either small or large droplets followed by CLSM and XμCT imaging. Addition of commonly used contrast materials to the coating solution improved visualisation of the coating by XμCT, showing the coat as a discrete section of the overall tablet. Imaging provided qualitative and quantitative evidence revealing that smaller droplets formed thinner, more uniform and less porous film coats.
authors.affiliation: Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.affiliation: Viridian Pharma Ltd, Newport, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charlotte E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.affiliation: Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Badhan
authors.affiliation: Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Khattawi
authors.affiliation: Aston School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Afzal R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mohammed
mesh_terms: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D012107:Research Design; D012996:Solutions; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*; D017155:Wettability; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D012996:Solutions; D013607:Tablets