title: Restriction spectrum imaging: An evolving imaging biomarker in prostate MRI.
abstract: Restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) is a novel diffusion-weighted MRI technique that uses the mathematically distinct behavior of water diffusion in separable microscopic tissue compartments to highlight key aspects of the tissue microarchitecture with high conspicuity. RSI can be acquired in less than 5 min on modern scanners using a surface coil. Multiple field gradients and high b-values in combination with postprocessing techniques allow the simultaneous resolution of length-scale and geometric information, as well as compartmental and nuclear volume fraction filtering. RSI also uses a distortion correction technique and can thus be fused to high resolution T2-weighted images for detailed localization, which improves delineation of disease extension into critical anatomic structures. In this review, we discuss the acquisition, postprocessing, and interpretation of RSI for prostate MRI. We also summarize existing data demonstrating the applicability of RSI for prostate cancer detection, in vivo characterization, localization, and targeting.
  
  
  
  5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:323-336.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brunsing
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Schenker-Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: J Kellogg
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuperman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew Karim
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kader
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakow-Penner
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Seibert
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nikdokht
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Neuro-Oncology and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute and John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hansel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shabaik
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.|Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Anders M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Karow
mesh_terms: D001834:Body Water / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: biomarker; diffusion-weighted imaging; prostate cancer; restriction spectrum imaging