title: Innovation in Robotics and Pediatric Urology: Robotic Ureteroureterostomy for Duplex Systems with Ureteral Ectopia.
abstract: Robotic technology has been increasingly utilized for complicated reconstructive surgeries in pediatric urology, such as ureteroureterostomy (UU). The literature is limited regarding the performance of minimally invasive UU in children, and the existing published series utilize indwelling ureteral stents. We sought to report on our pediatric experience with robot-assisted laparoscopic (RAL)-UU using a temporary ureteral catheter in duplex systems with ureteral ectopia.
  
  
  
  A retrospective chart review was performed of all pediatric patients who underwent RAL-UU at a single institution over a 2-year period. An externalized ureteral catheter was kept overnight and removed with the indwelling catheter on postoperative day 1. Intraoperative as well as postoperative complications, length of stay (LOS), and analgesia were recorded. Follow-up renal ultrasound (US) and evaluation for symptom resolution were completed 3 months postoperatively.
  
  
  
  Twelve patients (four male, eight female) underwent RAL-UU at a mean age of 19.4 months (range 9-48 months) during the study period. The majority of patients (83.3%) presented with hydronephrosis, and all were found to have duplicated systems with ureteral ectopia. No child had ipsilateral vesicoureteral reflux. Two children had bilateral duplicated systems, one of which required bilateral surgery. Median operative time was 138 minutes (IQR 119-180 minutes), and mean estimated blood loss was 1.5 mL. There were no intraoperative complications, and no case required open conversion. Median hospital LOS was 31 hours (IQR 30-39 hours). Median follow-up time was 11 months (range 3-22 months). One patient developed a postoperative febrile upper respiratory infection. All patients had improved hydroureteronephrosis on US at 3 months postoperatively. One patient with preoperative urinary incontinence was dry postoperatively. Therefore, the overall success rate was 100%.
  
  
  
  Our institutional results demonstrate that RAL-UU utilizing a temporary ureteral catheter is a safe and effective technique for managing duplicated, ectopic ureters in children and infants.
authors.affiliation: Some of the material in this article was presented at the 26th Congress of the European Society for Paediatric Urology (October 14-17, 2015).|Division of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University Medical Center , Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Biles
authors.affiliation: Some of the material in this article was presented at the 26th Congress of the European Society for Paediatric Urology (October 14-17, 2015).|Division of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University Medical Center , Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Julia B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.affiliation: Some of the material in this article was presented at the 26th Congress of the European Society for Paediatric Urology (October 14-17, 2015).|Division of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University Medical Center , Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Some of the material in this article was presented at the 26th Congress of the European Society for Paediatric Urology (October 14-17, 2015).|Division of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University Medical Center , Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Some of the material in this article was presented at the 26th Congress of the European Society for Paediatric Urology (October 14-17, 2015).|Division of Pediatric Urology, Columbia University Medical Center , Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casale
mesh_terms: D057785:Catheters; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D061646:Operative Time; D061214:Patient Safety; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures; D015607:Stents; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery
keywords: duplex system; ectopic ureters; minimally invasive surgery; pediatrics; robotics; ureteroureterostomy