title: Assessment of Napier grass accessions in lowland and highland tropical environments of East Africa: water stress indices, water use and water use efficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low rainfall is a major limitation to expanding the dairy industry in semi-arid environments in East Africa. In such dry areas, plants need to keep their tissues hydrated and stomata open for carbon exchange and to grow. On this basis, we assessed the productivity of 10 lines of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), which formed three yield clusters: low yielding (LYC), moderate yielding (MYC), and high yielding (HYC), in a wet highland (Muguga) and semi-arid lowland (Katumani) of Kenya. Stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water potential (LWP) and relative water content (RWC) were monitored, and water use simulated, over four growth cycles in 2012. These were used with measurements of leaf area index (LAI) and plant dry weight to explore the possible use of these physiological parameters for assessing productivity potential of Napier grass accessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plants were less stressed at Muguga, where gswas 700-1000 mmol m-2s-1, LWP -0.4 to -0.9 MPa and RWC was 82-95%; these values at Katumani were 450-750 mmol m-2s-1, -0.7 to -1.4 MPa and 74-93%, respectively. Total water use at Katumani was of the order HYC ≈ MYC (390 mm) > LYC (370 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE, kg ha-1mm-1) followed the same order HYC (34.3) > MYC (32.6) > LYC (24.9); whereas at Muguga water use averaged 710 mm for HYC and MYC, greater than 676 mm for LYC, and WUE (kg ha-1mm-1) averaged 29.2 for HYC and MYC, and 19.4 for LYC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The three water stress indices were poor, whereas vigorous early canopy development (determined as LAI) was a more reliable predictor of productivity potential of Napier grasses. In these dry environments, therefore, early rapid canopy development can be an effective indicator of yield potential and a credible selection criterion. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: International Center for Tropical Agriculture, PO Box 823-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Solomon W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Mwendia
authors.affiliation: Grains Research and Development Corporation, Barton, ACT, 2600, Australia.
authors.forename: Isa Am
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Yunusa
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sindel
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
authors.forename: Ralph Db
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Whalley
authors.affiliation: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 30148-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Innocent W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Kariuki
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D055864:Droughts; D017753:Ecosystem; D007630:Kenya; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000378:metabolism; D006109:Poaceae / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon
keywords: forage yield; plant water potential; stomatal conductance; tillering; water stress; water use efficiency