title: Progression in sensing cardiac troponin biomarker charge transductions on semiconducting nanomaterials.
abstract: A real-time ability to interpret the interaction between targeted biomolecules and the surface of semiconductors (metal transducers) into readable electrical signals, without biomolecular modification involving fluorescence dyes, redox enzymes, and radioactive labels, created by label-free biosensors has been extensively researched. Field-effect transistor (FET)- and capacitor-based biosensors are among the diverse electrical charge biosensing architectures that have drawn much attention for having charge transduction; thus, enabling the early and rapid diagnosis of the appropriate cardiac biomarkers at lower concentrations. These semiconducting material-based transducers are very suitable to be integrated with portable electronic devices for future online collection, transmission, reception, analysis, and reporting. This overview elucidates and clarifies two major electrical label-free systems (FET- and capacitor-based biosensors) with cardiac troponin (cTn) biomarker-mediated charge transduction for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diagnosis. Advances in these systems are highlighted by their progression in bridging the laboratory and industry; the foremost technologies have made the transition from benchtop to bedside and beyond.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: faris.fathil@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M F M
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fathil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: mohd.khairuddin@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Md Arshad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: ruslinda@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ruslinda
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: m.nuzaihan@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nuzaihan M N
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: subash@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Subash C B
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: adzhri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adzhri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: uda@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hashim
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D012666:Semiconductors; D014336:Troponin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014336:Troponin
keywords: Capacitor; Cardiac troponin; Field-effect transistor; Label-free; Semiconductor