title: Pollination of a native plant changes with distance and density of invasive plants in a simulated biological invasion.
abstract: Effects of an exotic plant on pollination may change as the invasive increases in density. Quantity of pollinator visits to a native may increase, decrease, or change nonlinearly, while visit quality is likely to decrease with greater interspecific pollen movement. How visit quantity and quality contribute to the effect on reproductive success at each invasion stage has not been measured.
  
  
  
  We simulated four stages of invasion by Brassica nigra by manipulating the neighborhood of potted plants of the native Phacelia parryi in a field experiment. Stages were far from the invasion, near the invasion, intermixed with the invasive at low density, and intermixed at high density. We measured pollinator visitation, conspecific and invasive pollen deposition, and seed set for P. parryi at each stage.
  
  
  
  Native individuals near invasive plants and within areas of low invasive density showed greatest seed production, as expected from concurrent changes in conspecific and invasive pollen deposition. Those plants experienced facilitation of visits and received more conspecific pollen relative to plants farther from invasives. Native individuals within high invasive density also received frequent visits by many pollinators (although not honeybees), but the larger receipt of invasive pollen predicted interference with pollen tubes that matched patterns in seed set.
  
  
  
  Pollinator visitation was highest when exotic plants were nearby. Detrimental effects of heterospecific pollen deposition were highest at high exotic density. Our study quantified how reproduction benefits from near proximity to a showy invasive, but is still vulnerable when the invasive reaches high density.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 USA.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruckman
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 USA drcampbe@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Diane R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D028082:Boraginaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D058865:Introduced Species; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000502:physiology*; D063148:Plant Dispersal; D054817:Pollination; D011156:Population Density
keywords: Boraginaceae; Brassica nigra; Brassicaceae; Phacelia parryi; density; heterospecific pollen; invasion ecology; pollinator visitation; reproductive ecology; seed production