title: Evaluation of the types and frequency of drug-related problems and the association with gender in patients with chronic diseases attending a primary health care center in Jordan.
abstract: Drug-related problems (DRPs) can be defined as any event that is drug related that results in harm or in providing less than optimum medical care to patients. The aim of this study is to determine the types and frequency of each type of DRP in selected outpatient settings in Jordan, with emphasis on gender as a grouping variable.
  
  
  
  This study was a non-randomized controlled trial, carried out over 3 days, at Alsarih Medical Health Center in the north of Jordan. Clinical pharmacists conducting the research interviewed a randomly selected population, assessed their DRPs, proposed appropriate clinical interventions to physicians and provided appropriate patient counseling.
  
  
  
  The study included a total of 258 patients (mean age 54.4±12.1; male ratio 37.6%). The most frequently encountered DRPs in our study were patients' need for counseling and education (83.8%), and life style modifications (80%). This study also revealed that 71.8% of patients required additional and/or more frequent monitoring, and 53% of patients had untreated conditions that required pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological interventions. Gender did not affect the frequency of DRPs among patients.
  
  
  
  Certain types of DRPs are the most common among outpatient settings. Therefore, measures should be taken to specifically tackle these types of DRPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan sayerazzam@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sayer I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Al-Azzam
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
authors.forename: Karem H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Alzoubi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
authors.forename: Qais
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Alefan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
authors.forename: Raya N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Alzayadeen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003376:Counseling; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010595:Pharmacists; D010820:Physicians; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Chronic disease; Drug-related problems; Gender; Jordan; Outpatients; Primary care