title: Distributions of imidacloprid, imidacloprid-olefin and imidacloprid-urea in green plant tissues and roots of rapeseed (Brassica napus) from artificially contaminated potting soil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Imidacloprid-urea is the primary imidacloprid soil metabolite, whereas imidacloprid-olefin is the main plant-relevant metabolite and is more toxic to insects than imidacloprid. We artificially contaminated potting soil and used quantitative UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS to determine the imidacloprid, imidacloprid-olefin and imidacloprid-urea distributions in rapeseed green plant tissues and roots after 4 weeks of exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In soil, the imidacloprid/imidacloprid-urea molar ratios decreased similarly after the 250 and 2500 µg kg-1imidacloprid treatments. The imidacloprid/imidacloprid-urea molar ratios in the root and soil were similar, whereas in the green plant tissue, imidacloprid-urea increased more than twofold compared with the root. Although imidacloprid-olefin was prevalent in the green plant tissues, with imidacloprid/imidacloprid-olefin molar ratios of 2.24 and 1.47 for the 250 and 2500 µg kg-1treatments respectively, it was not detected in the root. However, imidacloprid-olefin was detected in the soil after the 2500 µg kg-1imidacloprid treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant proportions of imidacloprid-olefin and imidacloprid-urea in green plant tissues were demonstrated. The greater imidacloprid supply increased the imidacloprid-olefin/imidacloprid molar ratio in the green plant tissues. The absence of imidacloprid-olefin in the root excluded its retransport from leaves. The similar imidacloprid/imidacloprid-urea ratios in the soil and root indicated that the root serves primarily for transporting these substances. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seifrtova
authors.affiliation: ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.
authors.forename: Tatana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halesova
authors.affiliation: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia.|Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sulcova
authors.affiliation: ALS Limited, ALS Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Riddellova
authors.affiliation: Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1730-779X
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erban
mesh_terms: D000475:Alkenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D029741:Brassica rapa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D054817:Pollination; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000475:Alkenes; D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C082359:imidacloprid; D014508:Urea
keywords: Brassica napus; imidacloprid; imidacloprid-olefin; imidacloprid-urea; metabolite; pesticide