title: Comparing effects of soybean oil- and palm olein-based mayonnaise consumption on the plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in human subjects: a double-blind randomized controlled trial with cross-over design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mayonnaise is used widely in contemporary human diet with widespread use as a salad dressing or spread on breads. Vegetable oils used in its formulation may be a rich source of ω-6 PUFAs and the higher-PUFA content of mayonnaise may be beneficial in mediating a hypocholesterolemic effect. This study, therefore, evaluated the functionality of mayonnaise on cardiometabolic risk within a regular human consumption scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects underwent a randomized double-blind crossover trial, consuming diets supplemented with 20 g/day of either soybean oil-based mayonnaise (SB-mayo) or palm olein-based mayonnaise (PO-mayo) for 4 weeks each with a 2-week wash-out period. The magnitude of changes for metabolic outcomes between dietary treatments was compared with PO-mayo serving as the control. The data was analyzed by ANCOVA using the GLM model. Analysis was adjusted for weight changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatments resulted in significant reductions in TC (diff = -0.25 mmol/L; P = 0.001), LDL-C (diff = -0.17 mmol/L; P = 0.016) and HDL-C (diff = -0.12 mmol/L; P < 0.001) in SB-mayo compared to PO-mayo without affecting LDL-C:HDL-C ratio (P > 0.05). Lipoprotein particle change was significant with large LDL particles increasing after PO-mayo (diff = +63.2 nmol/L; P = 0.007) compared to SB-mayo but small LDL particles remained unaffected. Plasma glucose, apolipoproteins and oxidative stress markers remained unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Daily use with 20 g of linoleic acid-rich SB-mayo elicited reductions in TC and LDL-C concentrations without significantly changing LDL-C:HDL-C ratio or small LDL particle distributions compared to the PO-mayo diet.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This clinical trial was retrospectively registered with the National Medical Research Register, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, (NMRR-15-40-24035; registered on 29/01/2015; https://www.nmrr.gov.my/fwbPage.jsp?fwbPageId=ResearchISRForm&fwbAction=Update&fwbStep=10&pk.researchID=24035&fwbVMenu=3&fwbResearchAction=Update ). Ethical approval was obtained from the National University of Malaysia's Medical Ethics Committee (UKM 1.5.3.5/244/SPP/NN-054-2011, approved on 25/05/2011).
authors.affiliation: Dietetics Program, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. tilly_karu@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Tilakavati
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-8074
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karupaiah
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Program, School of Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khun-Aik
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Chuah
authors.affiliation: Julius Center, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Karuthan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chinna
authors.affiliation: R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, 2-5-7, Sengawa-cho, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, 2-5-7, Sengawa-cho, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.affiliation: Malaysian Palm Oil Council, Kelana Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kalyana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundram
authors.affiliation: Kyushu University, and Prefectual University of Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D008055:Lipids; D008074:Lipoproteins; D010938:Plant Oils; D014280:Triglycerides; D019301:Oleic Acid; D000073878:Palm Oil; D013024:Soybean Oil; D002784:Cholesterol; D019787:Linoleic Acid
keywords: Cardiometabolic risk; Fatty acids; Lipids; Lipoprotein particles; Mayonnaise