title: Current Challenges in the Evaluation and Management of Hyponatremia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte imbalance that clinicians face on a regular basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review aims to discuss four current challenges that can arise when diagnosing and treating hyponatremia: low solute intake, heart failure, exercise-associated hyponatremia, and mild chronic hyponatremia. Low solute intake in a person who already has a urinary concentrating defect will lead to increased retention of free water. The free water retention will cause or worsen hyponatremia that is already present. Low solute intake is overlooked in patients with other disease processes that can cause hyponatremia, such as liver disease or heart failure. Heart failure and hyponatremia present their own set of challenges specifically with treatment as there are limited options. The newer class of aquaretics allows for the short-term treatment of hyponatremia. Exercise-associated hyponatremia is a phenomenon that has been described in ultra-endurance athletes. This happens when a person drinks a significant amount of water while exercising in the setting of antidiuretic hormone production from prolonged exercise. This acute drop in sodium must be treated with hypertonic saline. The term asymptomatic mild chronic hyponatremia is no longer valid. Mild chronic hyponatremia carries an increased risk of falls and fractures, specifically in the elderly populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, hyponatremia is a multifaceted disease and presents many challenges for physicians treating it.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kans., USA.
authors.forename: Kerri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McGreal
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kans., USA.
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Budhiraja
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kans., USA.
authors.forename: Nishank
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kans., USA.
authors.forename: Alan S L
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yu
keywords: Heart failure; Hyponatremia; Osmolality; Sodium; Vasopressin