title: The masquerade game: marine mimicry adaptation between egg-cowries and octocorals.
abstract: Background. Background matching, as a camouflage strategy, is one of the most outstanding examples of adaptation, where little error or mismatch means high vulnerability to predation. It is assumed that the interplay of natural selection and adaptation are the main evolutionary forces shaping the great diversity of phenotypes observed in mimicry; however, there may be other significant processes that intervene in the development of mimicry such as phenotypic plasticity. Based on observations of background mismatching during reproduction events of egg-cowries, sea snails of the family Ovulidae that mimic the octocoral where they inhabit, we wondered if they match the host species diversity. Using observations in the field and molecular systematics, we set out to establish whether the different egg-cowrie color/shape polymorphisms correspond to distinct lineages restricted to specific octocoral species. Methods. Collection and observations of egg-cowries and their octocoral hosts were done using SCUBA diving between 2009 and 2012 at two localities in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), Malpelo Island and Cabo Corrientes (Colombia). Detailed host preference observations were done bi-annually at Malpelo Island. We analyzed the DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genes COIand 16S rDNA, extensively used in phylogenetic and DNA barcoding studies, to assess the evolutionary relationship among different egg-cowrie colorations and morphologies. Results. No genetic divergence among egg-cowries associated to different species of the same octocoral genus was observed based on the two mitochondrial genes analyzed. For instance, all egg-cowrie individuals from the two sampled localities observed on 8 different Pacifigorgia-Eugorgia species showed negligible mitochondrial divergence yet large morphologic divergence, which suggests that morphologies belonging to at least two sea snail species, Simnia avena(=S. aequalis) and Simnialena rufa, can cross-fertilize. Discussion. Our study system comprised background-matching mimicry, of the masquerade type, between egg-cowries (Simnia/Simnialena) and octocorals (Pacifigorgia/Eugorgia/Leptogorgia). We observed mimicry mismatches related to fitness trade-offs, such as reproductive aggregations vs. vulnerability against predators. Despite the general assumption that coevolution of mimicry involves speciation, egg-cowries with different hosts and colorations comprise the same lineages. Consequently, we infer that there would be significant tradeoffs between mimicry and the pursuit of reproductive aggregations in egg-cowries. The findings of this study not only contribute to the understanding of the evolution of mimicry in egg-cowries, a poorly studied group of marine gastropods, but also to the development of a new biologically meaningful board game that could be implemented as a learning tool.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas (Biommar), Universidad de los Andes , Bogotá , Colombia.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology-Faculty of Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Departamento de Biología-Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Angela P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Pardo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes , Bogota , Colombia.
authors.forename: Íde
authors.initials: Í
authors.lastname: Ní Almhain
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas (Biommar), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; División de Biología Marina, ECOMAR Consultoría Ambiental, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Néstor E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Ardila-Espitia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología-Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle , Cali , Colombia.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cantera-Kintz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Física, Universidad de los Andes , Bogota , Colombia.
authors.forename: Manu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forero-Shelton
keywords: Cabo Corrientes; Chocó; Colombia; Evolution games; Malpelo Island; Masquerade camouflage; Mimicry; Mitochondrial DNA; Neosimnia; Octocoral; Pacifigorgia; Simnia avena; Simnialena rufa; Tropical Eastern Pacific