title: Robots drive the German radical prostatectomy market: a total population analysis from 2006 to 2013.
abstract: To assess trends in the distribution of patients for radical prostatectomy in Germany from 2006 to 2013 and the impact of robotic surgery on annual caseloads. We hypothesized that the advent of robotics and the establishment of certified prostate cancer centers caused centralization in the German radical prostatectomy market.
  
  
  
  Using remote data processing we analyzed the nationwide German billing data from 2006 to 2013. We supplemented this database with additional hospital characteristics like the prostate cancer center certification status. Inclusion criteria were a prostate cancer diagnosis combined with radical prostatectomy. Hospitals with certification or a surgical robot in 2009 were defined as 'early' group. Linear covariant-analytic models were applied to describe trends over time.
  
  
  
  Annual radical prostatectomy numbers declined from 28 374 (2006) to 21 850 (2013). High-volume hospitals (⩾100 cases) decreased from 87 (22.0%) in 2006 to 43 (10.4%) in 2013. Low-volume hospitals (<50 cases) increased from 193 (48.7%) to 280 (67.4%). Mean radical prostatectomy caseloads of hospitals with early vs without certification declined from 155 to 130 vs 77 to 39 (P=0.021 for trend comparison). Early robotic hospitals maintained their volume >200 cases per year contrary to the overall trend (P<0.001 for trend comparison). A multivariate model for caseload numbers of 2013 indicated a robotic system to be the most important factor for higher caseloads (multiplication factor 7.3; 95% confidence interval: 6.6-8.0). A prostate cancer center certification (multiplication factor 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.50-1.59) had a much smaller impact.
  
  
  
  We found decentralization of radical prostatectomy in Germany. The driving force for this development might consist in the overall decline of radical prostatectomy numbers. The most important factor for achieving higher caseloads was the presence of a robotic system. In order to optimize outcomes of radical prostatectomy additional health policy measures might be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Groeben
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics and Biometry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baunacke
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000601:surgery*; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods