title: Prevalence of suicidal behaviour following traumatic brain injury: Longitudinal follow-up data from the NIDRR Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems.
abstract: This study utilized the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) National Database to examine the prevalence of depression and suicidal behaviour in a large cohort of patients who sustained moderate-to-severe TBI.
  
  
  
  Participants presented to a TBIMS acute care hospital within 72 hours of injury and received acute care and comprehensive rehabilitation in a TBIMS designated brain injury inpatient rehabilitation programme. Depression and suicidal ideation were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Self-reported suicide attempts during the past year were recorded at each follow-up examination, at 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 20 years post-injury.
  
  
  
  Throughout the 20 years of follow-up, rates of depression ranged from 24.8-28.1%, suicidal ideation ranged from 7.0-10.1% and suicide attempts (past year) ranged from 0.8-1.7%. Participants who endorsed depression and/or suicidal behaviour at year 1 demonstrated consistently elevated rates of depression and suicidal behaviour 5 years after TBI.
  
  
  
  Compared to the general population, individuals with TBI are at greater risk for depression and suicidal behaviour many years after TBI. The significant psychiatric symptoms evidenced by individuals with TBI highlight the need for routine screening and mental health treatment in this population.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pedrelli
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.|e Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.affiliation: f Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Mayo Clinic College of Medicine at Rochester , Rochester , MN , USA.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Bergquist
authors.affiliation: g Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Clinical and Neuropsychology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.affiliation: h Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.|i Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana , Indianapolis , IN , USA.
authors.forename: Flora M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: j Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute , Elkins Park , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: k Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology , Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ketchum
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.|c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.|d Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giacino
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.|e Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program , Boston , MA , USA.|l Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.|m Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zafonte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Traumatic brain injury; depression; prevalence; suicidal ideation; suicide; suicide attempt