title: Predicting Alzheimer disease from a blood-based biomarker profile: A 54-month follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed a blood-based signature, which previously demonstrated high accuracy at stratifying individuals with high or low neocortical β-amyloid burden (NAB), to determine whether it could also identify individuals at risk of progression to Alzheimer disease (AD) within 54 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  We generated the blood-based signature for 585 healthy controls (HCs) and 74 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study who underwent clinical reclassification (blinded to biomarker findings) at 54-month follow-up. The individuals were split into estimated high and low NAB groups based on a cutoff of 1.5 standardized uptake value ratio. We assessed the predictive accuracy of the high and low NAB groupings based on progression to mild cognitive impairment or AD according to clinical reclassification at 54-month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve percent of HCs with estimated high NAB progressed in comparison to 5% of HCs with estimated low NAB (odds ratio = 2.4). Forty percent of the participants with MCI who had estimated high NAB progressed in comparison to 5% of the participants with MCI who had estimated low NAB (odds ratio = 12.3). These ratios are in line with those reported for Pittsburgh compound B-PET results. Individuals with estimated high NAB had faster rates of memory decline than those with estimated low NAB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that a simple blood-based signature not only provides estimates of NAB but also predicts cognitive decline and disease progression, identifying individuals at risk of progressing toward AD at the prodromal and preclinical stages.
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia. samantha.burnham@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Samantha C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Burnham
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashley I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Doecke
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Noel G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Faux
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Laws
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Ralph N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maruff
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: S Lance
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rainey-Smith
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Colin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: From eHealth (S.C.B.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Floreat; Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET (C.C.R.), Austin Health, Heidelberg; Department of Medicine (C.C.R., V.L.V.), Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia; Janssen Research and Development (D.B.), Titusville, NJ; Mental Health Research Institute (A.I.B., N.G.F.), Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry (D.A.), and The Florey Institute (C.L.M., V.L.V.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; eHealth (J.D.D.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research & Care (S.M.L., R.N.M., S.R.-S.), School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; School of Biomedical Sciences (S.M.L.), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley; Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital) (R.N.M., S.R.-S.), Perth; Cogstate (P.M.), Melbourne; CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship (S.L.M.), Melbourne; Department of Psychology (G.S.), Macquarie University, Sydney; and eHealth (W.W.), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, Australia.
authors.forename: Victor L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Villemagne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016017:Odds Ratio; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers