title: Effects of two commonly used fungicides on the amphipod Austrochiltonia subtenuis.
abstract: Fungicides are used widely in agriculture and have been detected in adjacent rivers and wetlands. However, relatively little is known about the potential effects of fungicides on aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the effects of 2 commonly used fungicides, the boscalid fungicide Filan®and the myclobutanil fungicide Systhane™400 WP, on life history traits (survival, growth, and reproduction) and energy reserves (lipid, protein, and glycogen content) of the amphipod Austrochiltonia subtenuis under laboratory conditions, at concentrations detected in aquatic environments. Amphipods were exposed to 3 concentrations of Filan (1 μg active ingredient [a.i.]/L, 10 μg a.i./L, and 40 μg a.i./L) and Systhane (0.3 μg a.i./L, 3 μg a.i./L, and 30 μg a.i./L) over 56 d. Both fungicides had similar effects on the amphipod at the organism level. Reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint, with offspring produced in controls but none produced in any of the fungicide treatments, and total numbers of gravid females in all fungicide treatments were reduced by up to 95%. Female amphipods were more sensitive than males in terms of growth. Systhane had significant effects on survival at all concentrations, whereas significant effects of Filan on survival were observed only at 10 μg a.i./L and 40 μg a.i./L. The effects of fungicides on energy reserves of the female amphipod were different. Filan significantly reduced amphipod protein content, whereas Systhane significantly reduced the lipid content. The present study demonstrates wide-ranging effects of 2 common fungicides on an ecologically important species that has a key role in trophic transfer and nutrient recycling in aquatic environments. These results emphasize the importance of considering the long-term effects of fungicides in the risk assessment of aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:720-726. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Hung T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Keough
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Pettigrove
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017753:Ecosystem; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009536:Niacinamide; C550088:2-chloro-N-(4-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide; C446685:systhane
keywords: Aquatic invertebrates; Chronic effects; Energy reserves; Fungicide; Reproductive toxicity