title: Modeling of light propagation in the human neck for diagnoses of thyroid cancers by diffuse optical tomography.
abstract: Diffuse optical tomography using near-infrared light in a wavelength range from 700 to 1000 nm has the potential to enable non-invasive diagnoses of thyroid cancers; some of which are difficult to detect by conventional methods such as ultrasound tomography. Diffuse optical tomography needs to be based on a physically accurate model of light propagation in the neck, because it reconstructs tomographic images of the optical properties in the human neck by inverse analysis. Our objective here was to investigate the effects of three factors on light propagation in the neck using the 2D time-dependent radiative transfer equation: (1) the presence of the trachea, (2) the refractive-index mismatch at the trachea-tissue interface, and (3) the effect of neck organs other than the trachea (spine, spinal cord, and blood vessels). There was a significant influence of reflection and refraction at the trachea-tissue interface on the light intensities in the region between the trachea and the front of the neck surface. Organs other than the trachea showed little effect on the light intensities measured at the front of the neck surface although these organs affected the light intensities locally. These results indicated the necessity of modeling the refractive-index mismatch at the trachea-tissue interface and the possibility of modeling other neck organs simply as a homogeneous medium when the source and detectors were far from large blood vessels.
authors.affiliation: Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7528-7654
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Mechanical and Space Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Reseach Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Sizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D012031:Refractometry; D013116:Spinal Cord; D013131:Spine; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D041622:Tomography, Optical; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply
keywords: diffuse optical tomography, light propagation in tissues, radiative transfer equation, thyroid cancers in human neck