title: Assessment of Phenolic Compounds and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethyl Acetate Phase of Anacardium occidentale L. Bark.
abstract: The bark of A. occidentale L. is rich in tannins. Studies have described various biological activities of the plant, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic and antiinflammatory actions. The objective of this study was to assess the activity of the ethyl acetate phase (EtOAc) of A. occidentale on acute inflammation and to identify and quantify its phenolic compounds by HPLC. The method was validated and shown to be linear, precise and accurate for catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin and gallic acid. Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) were treated with saline, Carrageenan (2.5%), Indomethacin (10 mg/kg), Bradykinin (6 nmol) and Prostaglandine E2 (5 µg) at different concentrations of EtOAc - A. occidentale (12.5; 25; 50; and 100 mg/kg/weight p.o.) for the paw edema test. Challenge was performed with carrageenan (500 µg/mL i.p.) for the doses 50 and 100 mg/kg of EtOAc. Levels of cytokines IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were also measured. All EtOAc - A. occidentale concentrations reduced the edema. At 50 and 100 mg/kg, an anti-inflammatory response of the EtOAc was observed. Carrageenan stimulus produced a neutrophil count of 28.6% while 50 and 100 mg/kg of the phase reduced this to 14.5% and 9.1%, respectively. The EtOAc extract reduced levels of IL-1 and TNF-α. These results suggest that the EtOAc plays a modulatory role in the inflammatory response. The chromatographic method can be used for the analysis of the phenolic compounds of the EtOAc phase.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil. peritaquimica@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Marina Suênia de Araújo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vilar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil. graziene.lopes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Graziene Lopes
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil. dani_1011@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Daniela de Araújo
authors.initials: Dde A
authors.lastname: Vilar
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil. jacqalvesleite@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jacqueline Alves
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil. feraffin@ufrnet.br.
authors.forename: Fernanda Nervo
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Raffin
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil. jbarbosa@ltf.ufpb.br.
authors.forename: José Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Barbosa-Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil. fhanogueira@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernando Henrique Andrade
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa-PB 58051-900, Brazil. sandra@cbiotec.ufpb.br.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Mascarenhas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN 59012-570, Brazil. mouratf@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Túlio Flávio Accioly de Lima
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Moura
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry*; D031021:Anacardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000009:adverse effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C007650:ethyl acetate; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: Anacardium occidentale; acute inflammation; anti-inflammatory activity; high-performance liquid chromatography; phenolic compounds