title: Non-invasive photo acoustic approach for human bone diagnosis.
abstract: The existing modalities of bone diagnosis including X-ray and ultrasound may cite drawback in some cases related to health issues and penetration depth, while the ultrasound modality may lack image quality. Photo acoustic approach however, provides light energy to the acoustic wave, enabling it to activate and respond according to the propagating media (which is type of bones in this case). At the same time, a differential temperature change may result in the bio heat response, resulting from the heat absorbed across the multiple materials under study. In this work, we have demonstrated the features of using photo acoustic modality in order to non-invasively diagnose the type of human bones based on their electrical, thermal, and acoustic properties that differentiate the output response of each type. COMSOL software was utilized to combine both acoustic equations and bio heat equations, in order to study both the thermal and acoustic responses through which the differential diagnosis can be obtained. In this study, we solved both the acoustic equation and bio heat equations for four types of bones, bone (cancellous), bone (cortical), bone marrow (red), and bone marrow (yellow). 1 MHz acoustic source frequency was chosen and 10(5) W/m(2) power source was used in the simulation. The simulation tested the dynamic response of the wave over a distance of 5 cm from each side for the source. Near 2.4 cm was detected from simulation from each side of the source with a temperature change of within 0.5 K for various types of bones, citing a promising technique for a practical model to detect the type of bones via the differential temperature as well as the acoustic was response via the multiple materials associated with the human bones (skin and blood). The simulation results suggest that the PA technique may be applied to non-invasive diagnosis for the different types of bones, including cancerous bones. A practical model for detecting both the temperature change via IR sensors, and acoustic wave signals may be detected via sensitive pressure transducer, which is reserved for future realization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), United States.
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Thella
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, School of Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rizkalla
authors.affiliation: Indiana University, School of Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Ahdy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helmy
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), United States.
authors.forename: Vinay Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Suryadevara
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), United States.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), United States; Integrated Nanosystem Development Institute (NDI), IUPUI, United States.
authors.forename: Maher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizkalla
keywords: COMSOL; Diagnosis; Ortho; PA; Photo acoustic tomography- PAT