title: Autologous Cells for Kidney Bioengineering.
abstract: Worldwide, increasing numbers of patients are developing end-stage renal disease, and at present, the only treatment options are dialysis or kidney transplantation. Dialysis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, poor life quality and high economic costs. Transplantation is by far the better option, but there are insufficient numbers of donor kidneys available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore alternative approaches. In this review, we discuss how this problem could potentially be addressed by using autologous cells and appropriate scaffolds to develop 'bioengineered' kidneys for transplantation. In particular, we will highlight recent breakthroughs in pluripotent stem cell biology that have led to the development of autologous renal progenitor cells capable of differentiating to all renal cell types and will discuss how these cells could be combined with appropriate scaffolds to develop a bioengineered kidney.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Translational Medicine, Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilm
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tamburrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.affiliation: Institute of Translational Medicine, Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murray
keywords: Bioprinting; Decellularisation; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Kidney organoids; Kidney scaffolds; Renal progenitor cells