title: Modelling water flow under glaciers and ice sheets.
abstract: Recent observations of dynamic water systems beneath the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have sparked renewed interest in modelling subglacial drainage. The foundations of today's models were laid decades ago, inspired by measurements from mountain glaciers, discovery of the modern ice streams and the study of landscapes evacuated by former ice sheets. Models have progressed from strict adherence to the principles of groundwater flow, to the incorporation of flow 'elements' specific to the subglacial environment, to sophisticated two-dimensional representations of interacting distributed and channelized drainage. Although presently in a state of rapid development, subglacial drainage models, when coupled to models of ice flow, are now able to reproduce many of the canonical phenomena that characterize this coupled system. Model calibration remains generally out of reach, whereas widespread application of these models to large problems and real geometries awaits the next level of development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences , Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive , Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.
authors.forename: Gwenn E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Flowers
keywords: basal processes; cryosphere; glacier and ice-sheet dynamics; hydraulics; hydrological models; subglacial hydrology