title: UBE2C cell-free RNA in urine can discriminate between bladder cancer and hematuria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing interest in circulating nucleic acids as cancer detection biomarkers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify a key urinary cell-free RNA marker that may assist in the diagnosis of BC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five cell-free RNAs were selected as candidate cell-free RNAs from tissue microarray data. An area under the curve (AUC) cut-off value of 0.7 in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified four urinary cell-free RNAs for further analysis (CDC20, ESM1, UBE2C, and CA9; AUC = 0.716, 0.704, 0.721, and 0.702, respectively). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that high expression of UBE2C was significantly associated with BC (OR, 1.754; CI, 1.147-2.682; p = 0.010). Analysis of UBE2C expression in urine samples from BC patients and hematuria controls yielded an AUC of 0.839, with a sensitivity of 82.5% and a specificity of 76.2%. UBE2C levels was significantly increased in G2 and G3 tumors compared to normal controls (p <0.001, respectively).
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine samples from 212 BC patients and 106 normal controls (64 healthy individuals and 42 with hematuria) were examined. The candidate cell-free RNAs identified from tissue microarrays derived from BC and normal control tissues was then measured in the urine samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of urinary UBE2C cell-free RNA were significantly higher in BC samples than in normal and hematuria control samples. The higher levels of urinary UBE2C cell-free RNA in BC might reflect high expression in BC tissues. Therefore, urinary UBE2C cell-free RNA may be a valuable diagnostic marker for BC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Won Tae
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Pildu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chunri
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ye Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Seok
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Won
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-June
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Cheol
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Myongji Hospital, Seonam University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea.|Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yung-Hyun
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Section of Urological Oncology, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Isaac Yi
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Joong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea.
authors.forename: Wun-Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine; D000073888:Cell-Free Nucleic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006417:Hematuria / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012313:RNA / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine*; D012372:ROC Curve; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000073888:Cell-Free Nucleic Acids; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D012313:RNA; C105156:UBE2C protein, human; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
keywords: RNA; biomarkers; urinary bladder neoplasms; urine