title: Attitudes towards human papillomavirus vaccination among African parents in a city in the north of England: a qualitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted and has been conclusively linked to cervical cancer and genital warts. Cervical cancer is attributed to approximately 1100 deaths annually in UK, and is the second most common female cancer globally. It has been suggested that black African women are more predisposed to HPV infection and cervical cancer. A vaccine has been developed to reduce HPV infection, and in the UK, has been offered to 12-13 year old adolescent girls through schools as part of their childhood immunization programme since 2008. Upon programme initiation, it was noted that vaccine uptake was lower in schools where girls from ethnic minority groups were proportionately higher. The study's objectives were to explore factors influencing UK based African parents' acceptance or decline of the HPV vaccine, whether fathers and mothers share similar views pertaining to vaccination and any interfamily tensions resulting from differing views.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study was conducted with five African couples residing in north England. Face to face semi-structured interviews were carried out. Participants were parents to at least one daughter aged between 8 and 14 years. Recruitment was done through purposive sampling using snowballing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV and cervical cancer awareness was generally low, with awareness lower in fathers. HPV vaccination was generally unacceptable among the participants, with fear of promiscuity, infertility and concerns that it's still a new vaccine with yet unknown side effects cited as reasons for vaccine decline. There was HPV risk denial as religion and good cultural upbringing seemed to result in low risk perceptions, with HPV and cervical cancer generally perceived as a white person's disease. Religious values and cultural norms influenced vaccine decision-making, with fathers acting as the ultimate decision makers. Current information about why the vaccine is necessary was generally misunderstood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tailored information addressing religious and cultural concerns may improve vaccine acceptability in African parents.
authors.affiliation: Yorkshire Mesmac, 22-23 Blayds Yard, Leeds, LS1 4AD, UK. edmupanda@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Edith T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Mupandawana
authors.affiliation: Leeds Beckett University, 518 Calverley, Portland Way, LS1 3HE, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000523:psychology*; D003469:Culture; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: Cervical cancer; Childhood vaccination; Culture; HPV