title: Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among women presenting for cervical cancer screening in Chile, 2014-2015.
abstract: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women worldwide. In Chile, cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death among women of reproductive age, causing more than 600 deaths annually. This study was carried out to determine the burden and confirm the predominant human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes among women presenting for cervical cancer screening in public health services in Chile. Women aged 18-64 years residing in the north and central areas covered by six primary care centers of Santiago, Chile, were invited to participate from March 2014 to August 2015. Cervical swabs were examined both HPV genotyping by PCR and Reverse Line Blot, and cervical cytology by Pap testing. A total of 1738 women were included in this study: 11.1 % were HPV positive, 9.7 % were high-risk types positive, 3.2 % were low-risk types positive, 1.4 % were Pap positive and 0.9 % were positive by both tests. The four most predominant genotypes were 16, 66, 51 and 59, with prevalence of 2.8, 1.4, 1.2 and 1.2 %, respectively. Multiple HPV infections were detected among 3.8 % participants. Age-specific prevalence of HPV showed a peak in HPV infection at younger ages (≤30 years), declining to a plateau in middle age. Among women with normal cytology, the 9.4 % were HPV positive, while 58.3 % of women with abnormal cytology were HPV positive. These findings show new epidemiological data confirming HPV 16 and 66 as the most predominant genotypes in Chile. These data are important for design successful strategies for prevention of cervical cancer in Chile.
authors.affiliation: Sección Virus Oncogénicos, Subdepto. de Enfermedades Virales, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Avenida Marathon 1000, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Monserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balanda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Salud, Municipalidad de Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.|Dirección de Atención Primaria, Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Central, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quiero
authors.affiliation: Sección Virus Oncogénicos, Subdepto. de Enfermedades Virales, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Avenida Marathon 1000, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Salud, Municipalidad de Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.|Dirección de Atención Primaria, Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Central, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Sección Virus Oncogénicos, Subdepto. de Enfermedades Virales, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Avenida Marathon 1000, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Héctor San
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Salud, Municipalidad de Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.affiliation: Sección Virus Oncogénicos, Subdepto. de Enfermedades Virales, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Avenida Marathon 1000, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile. eramirez@ispch.cl.|Programa de Virología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. eramirez@ispch.cl.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5299-7928
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramírez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cervical cancer; Cervical cytology; Genotypes; Human papillomavirus; Prevalence