title: MRI of paediatric liver tumours: How we review and report.
abstract: Liver tumours are fortunately rare in children. Benign tumours such as haemangiomas and cystic mesenchymal hamartomas are typically seen in infancy, often before 6 months of age. After that age, malignant hepatic tumours increase in frequency. The differentiation of a malignant from benign lesion on imaging can often negate the need for biopsy. Ultrasound is currently the main screening tool for suspected liver pathology, and is ideally suited for evaluation of hepatic lesions in children due to their generally small size. With increasing research, public awareness and parental anxiety regarding radiation dosage from CT imaging, MRI is now unquestionably the modality of choice for further characterisation of hepatic mass lesions.Nevertheless the cost, length of imaging time and perceived complexity of a paediatric liver MR study can be intimidating to the general radiologist and referring clinician. This article outlines standard MR sequences utilised, reasons for their utilisation, types of mixed hepatocyte specific/extracellular contrast agents employed and imaging features that aid the interpretation of paediatric liver lesions. The two commonest paediatric liver malignancies, namely hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma are described. Differentiation of primary hepatic malignancies with metastatic disease and mimickers of malignancy such as focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatic adenomas are also featured in this review..Imaging should aim to clarify the presence of a lesion, the likelihood of malignancy and potential for complete surgical resection. Reviewing and reporting the studies should address these issues in a systematic fashion whilst also commenting upon background liver parenchymal appearances. Clinical information and adequate patient preparation prior to MR imaging studies help enhance the diagnostic yield.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. susie.shelmerdine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shelmerdine
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Derek J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Roebuck
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McHugh
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007223:Infant; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008499:Medical Records / Q000592:standards; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
keywords: Hepatic; Hepatobiliary; Lesion; Liver; MRI; Malignancy; Mass; Paediatric; Tumour