title: Continuous spike-waves during slow-wave sleep in a mouse model of focal cortical dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine if mice with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) develop spontaneous epileptic seizures and, if so, determine the key electroencephalography (EEG) features.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unilateral single freeze lesions to the S1 region (SFLS1R) were made in postnatal day 0-1 pups to induce a neocortical microgyrus in the right cortical hemisphere. Continuous 24-h recordings with intracranial EEG electrodes and behavioral tests were performed in adult SFLS1R and sham-control mice to assess neurologic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high percentage of adult SFLS1R animals (89%, 40/45) exhibited at least one or more spontaneous nonconvulsive seizure events over the course of 24 h. Of these animals, 60% (27/45) presented with a chronic seizure state that was persistent throughout the recording session, consisting of bursts of rhythmic high-amplitude spike-wave activities and primarily occurring during periods of slow-wave sleep. In comparison, none of the control, age-matched, mice (0/12) developed seizures. The epileptic discharge pattern closely resembled a pattern of continuous spike-waves during slow-wave sleep (CSWS) of the human syndrome described as an electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES). Key findings in the SFLS1R model indicated that the observed CSWS (1) were more prevalent in female (18/23) versus male (9/22, p < 0.05), (2) were strongest in the right S1 region although generalized to other brain regions, (3) were associated with significant cognitive and behavioral deficits, (4) were temporarily alleviated by ethosuximide treatment or optogenetic activation of cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and (5) theta and alpha band rhythms may play a key role in the generalization of spike-wave activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of an in vivo animal FCD model that induces chronic spontaneous electrographic brain seizures. Further characterization of the abnormal oscillations in this mouse model may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of CSWS/ESES.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A. neuron@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: Qian-Quan
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Weiguo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petrus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001931:Brain Mapping; D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D000075402:Channelrhodopsins; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000209:etiology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing / Q000009:adverse effects; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000075402:Channelrhodopsins; D050495:Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins; C493406:vesicular GABA transporter
keywords: Cortical malformation; Freeze lesion; Optogenetic; Spike-wave seizure