title: Degradation of Kidney and Psoas Muscle Proteins as Indicators of Post-Mortem Interval in a Rat Model, with Use of Lateral Flow Technology.
abstract: We investigated potential protein markers of post-mortem interval (PMI) using rat kidney and psoas muscle. Tissue samples were taken at 12 h intervals for up to 96 h after death by suffocation. Expression levels of eight soluble proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Degradation patterns of selected proteins were clearly divided into three groups: short-term, mid-term, and long-term PMI markers based on the half maximum intensity of intact protein expression. In kidney, glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β were degraded completely within 48 h making them short-term PMI markers. AMP-activated protein kinase α, caspase 3 and GS were short-term PMI markers in psoas muscle. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was a mid-term PMI marker in both tissues. Expression levels of the typical long-term PMI markers, p53 and β-catenin, were constant for at least 96 h post-mortem in both tissues. The degradation patterns of GS and caspase-3 were verified by immunohistochemistry in both tissues. GAPDH was chosen as a test PMI protein to perform a lateral flow assay (LFA). The presence of recombinant GAPDH was clearly detected in LFA and quantified in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that LFA might be used to estimate PMI at a crime scene.
authors.affiliation: Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Gi
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyeong Eun
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwan-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Yeul
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Core Research Center for Nanomedical Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seoyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joonchul
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ik-Soon
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heesun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: National Core Research Center for Nanomedical Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo-Il
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Biological Disaster Analysis Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.|Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Soon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001344:Autopsy; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D015870:Gene Expression; D024601:Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+) / Q000378:metabolism; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051176:beta Catenin; D024601:Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (NADP+); D006006:Glycogen Synthase