title: Dysfunctional coagulation and fibrinolysis systems due to adenomyosis is a possible cause of thrombosis and menorrhagia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of adenomyosis on the coagulation and fibrinolysis system during menstruation and the relationship between dysfunction of the coagulation and fibrinolysis system and the symptoms and complications of adenomyosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) and soluble fibrin (SF) as markers of coagulation, D-dimer (DD) as a marker of both coagulation and fibrinolysis, and plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC) as a marker of fibrinolysis in the peripheral blood of eight patients with adenomyosis were measured daily from the first to fifth day of menstruation. Associations between levels of these markers during menstruation and patient characteristics, history of thrombotic disorder, and hemoglobin loss during menstruation were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TAT, SF, DD and PIC increased in 5, 2, 3 and 1 of the 8 patients, respectively. TAT increased in 5 of the 6 patients with an adenomyotic uterus ≥100 cubic centimeters. Patients with elevated DD, SF and/or PIC were among patients with elevated TAT. DD was only increased in 3 patients with a past history of small cerebral infarction or pulmonary thromboembolism and/or hemoglobin loss >2.0g/dl during menstruation. SF was increased only in 2 patients with a past history of cerebral infarction or pulmonary thromboembolism. PIC increased in 1 of the 2 patients with hemoglobin loss >2.0g/dl during menstruation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adenomyosis patients with a uterus volume ≥100 cubic centimeters are at risk of having an activated coagulation system. These patients, particularly those with elevated SF and DD, may be at risk of thrombotic disorders. Fibrinolysis is activated in a portion of patients with activated coagulation during menstruation. Activated fibrinolysis during menstruation may contribute to menorrhagia in patients with adenomyosis, as only patients with activated fibrinolysis suffered menorrhagia, even though patients with an adenomyotic uterus ≥100 cubic centimeters without activated fibrinolysis did not. These results suggest extensive adenomyosis confers a potential risk of infarction and thrombosis and exacerbates menorrhagia via activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during menstruation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. Electronic address: ykiyoshi@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Fuminori
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Perinatal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakmai
mesh_terms: D062788:Adenomyosis / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000990:Antithrombin III; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005337:Fibrin / Q000378:metabolism; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000097:blood*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000097:blood; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000097:blood*; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin; C046193:antithrombin III-protease complex; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C037742:plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005337:Fibrin; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D005341:Fibrinolysin
keywords: Adenomyosis; Coagulation; Fibrinolysis; Menorrhagia; Menstruation