title: Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Nanoparticles for Apoptotic Cell Imaging.
abstract: Three anionic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with poly(p-phenylene ethynylene thiophene) backbones were designed and synthesized, among which PPET3-CO2Na showed greater molar extinction coefficient with red-shifted bands in both absorption and emission spectra compared to the well-studied PPE-CO2Na polymer. PPET3-CO2Na was thus chosen to construct CPE-based nanoparticles (CPNs) with cationic octaarginine (R8) peptide through electrostatic-interaction-induced self-assembly. Due to plasma membrane permeabilization and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) in early apoptotic cells, PPET3/R8 CPNs demonstrated excellent colocalization with MitoTracker Red in apoptotic cells instead of normal cells, which had potential application in cell imaging for early apoptosis recognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China.|The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab - Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China.|The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab - Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China.|The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab - Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jiatao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab - Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.|Shenzhen Technology and Engineering Laboratory for Personalized Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China.|The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab - Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China.|The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab - Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab - Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.|Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000838:Anions; D002412:Cations; D002462:Cell Membrane; D053758:Nanoparticles; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002412:Cations; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers
keywords: apoptosis; cell imaging; conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs); conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs); self-assemble