title: Occurrence and fate of amisulpride, sulpiride, and lamotrigine in municipal wastewater treatment plants with biological treatment and ozonation.
abstract: This study examines the transformation and removal of the atypical antipsychotics amisulpride and sulpiride and the anticonvulsant lamotrigine in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Amisulpride, sulpiride and lamotrigine were selected using a tailored non-target screening approach. In WWTPs, lamotrigine concentrations increased from 1.1 to 1.6μg/L while sulpiride and amisulpride exhibited similar concentrations, up to 1.1μg/L and 1.3μg/L, respectively. It was found that N2-glucuronide conjugates of lamotrigine were cleaved to form lamotrigine. Both lamotrigine and amisulpride were detected in groundwater with a concentration of 0.07μg/L. Sulpiride was identified but not quantified. This demonstrates that amisulpride, sulpiride and lamotrigine might be used as indicators for treated wastewater in raw waters used for drinking water production. Furthermore, it could be shown that all three pharmaceutical compounds are efficiently oxidized by ozonation, leading mainly to N-oxide oxidation products. No significant removal of the N-oxides of amisulpride, sulpiride and lamotrigine was observed in the bench-scale biodegradation experiments with activated sludge. This indicated their high biological persistence. Therefore, N-oxides might be appropriate as indicators for post-ozonation as a major technology for the advanced treatment of secondary effluent.
authors.affiliation: Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna Franka
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bollmann
authors.affiliation: Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany. Electronic address: seitz.w@lw-online.de.
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfG, Koblenz, Germany; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prasse
authors.affiliation: Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lucke
authors.affiliation: Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute of Hydrology, BfG, Koblenz, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ternes
mesh_terms: D000077582:Amisulpride; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D010126:Ozone; D013469:Sulpiride / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014227:Triazines / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D000077582:Amisulpride; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D010126:Ozone; D013469:Sulpiride; D014227:Triazines; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Groundwater; N-Oxide; Non-target screening; Surface water; Transformation product