title: Highly localized and persistent induction of Bx1-dependent herbivore resistance factors in maize.
abstract: The induced production of secondary metabolites in herbivore-attacked plants varies in space and time. However, the consequences of these spatiotemporal patterns for herbivore performance are not well understood. This is particularly true for 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones (BXs), the major induced defensive metabolites of maize. Here we report on the spatiotemporal dynamics of BX induction and its consequences for the leaf feeder Spodoptera littoralis. Defence-related phytohormones and transcript levels of BX biosynthetic genes were upregulated locally at the wound site within 12 h of herbivory. Within another 12 h, the insecticidal BX HDMBOA-Glc started to accumulate in a highly localized manner at the feeding site. Changes in BX metabolism away from the feeding site within the same leaf were much weaker and were undetected in systemic leaves. Following the removal of the caterpillars, local HDMBOA-Glc levels remained elevated for 7 days. Caterpillars that were forced to feed directly on locally induced leaf parts, but not on adjacent leaf parts, suffered from reduced growth. This effect was abolished in the BX-deficient bx1 mutant. We did not find any evidence that BXs regulate defensive phytohormones or their own accumulation. In summary, this study shows that induced herbivore resistance in maize is highly localized and dependent on BXs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.|Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maag
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christelle A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 8, 85350, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wolfender
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ted C J
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Turlings
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.|Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gaétan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glauser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erb
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000378:metabolism; D060434:Herbivory / Q000502:physiology*; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D000040:Abscisic Acid
keywords: 
  Spodoptera littoralis
  ; 
  Zea mays
  ; abscisic acid; auxin; benzoxazinoid derivatives; jasmonic acid; signalling