title: Compatibility of Radiofrequency Surgical Sponge Detection Technology with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and Temporary Pacemakers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency (RF) technology has improved detection of retained surgical sponges with a reported 100% sensitivity and specificity. However, the potential for interactions of the RF signals emitted by the detection system with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) or temporary pacemakers may limit its use in those patients with these devices. This study investigated whether RF detection technology causes interference or clinically significant changes in the programmed settings of implanted pacemakers and defibrillators or temporary epicardial pacemakers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients who were scheduled either for CIED removal or placement of a temporary epicardial pacemaker (at the time of open heart surgery) were recruited for this study. Device settings and measurements from separate interrogations before and after scanning with the RF detection system were compared. For the temporary pacemakers, we observed for any changes in hemodynamics or signs of pacing interference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty (40%) pacemakers, 20 (40%) implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and 10 (20%) temporary pacemakers were analyzed in this study. During scanning, no signal interference was detected in any permanent device, and there were no significant changes in programmed settings after scanning with the RF detection system. However, pacing inhibition was detected with temporary pacing systems when programmed to a synchronous mode (DDD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RF detection technology can be safely used to scan for retained surgical sponges in patients with permanent CIEDs and temporary pacemakers set to asynchronous mode.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Salcedo
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Victor G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Gautam G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Lalani
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Amir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Schricker
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Shrinivas M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hebsur
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McGARRY
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Krummen
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Gregory K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Feld
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Birgersdotter-Green
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011846:Radio Waves
keywords: clinical trials; electrophysiology - clinical; pacing