title: Strains of the Group I Lineage of Acidovorax citrulli, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbitaceous Crops, are Predominant in Brazil.
abstract: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), caused by the seedborne bacterium Acidovorax citrulli, is an economically important threat to cucurbitaceous crops worldwide. Since the first report of BFB in Brazil in 1990, outbreaks have occurred sporadically on watermelon and, more frequently, on melon, resulting in significant yield losses. At present, the genetic diversity and the population structure of A. citrulli strains in Brazil remain unclear. A collection of 74 A. citrulli strains isolated from naturally infected tissues of different cucurbit hosts in Brazil between 2000 and 2014 and 18 A. citrulli reference strains from other countries were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of housekeeping and virulence-associated genes, and pathogenicity tests on seedlings of different cucurbit species. The Brazilian population comprised predominantly group I strains (98%), regardless of the year of isolation, geographical region, or host. Whole-genome restriction digestion and PFGE analysis revealed that three unique and previously unreported A. citrulli haplotypes (assigned as haplotypes B22, B23, and B24) occurred in Brazil. The greatest diversity of A. citrulli (four haplotypes) was found among strains collected from the northeastern region of Brazil, which accounts for more than 90% of the country's melon production. MLSA clearly distinguished A. citrulli strains into two well-supported clades, in agreement with observations based on PFGE analysis. Five Brazilian A. citrulli strains, representing different group I haplotypes, were moderately aggressive on watermelon seedlings compared with four group II strains that were highly aggressive. In contrast, no significant differences in BFB severity were observed between group I and II A. citrulli strains on melon and squash seedlings. Finally, we observed a differential effect of temperature on in vitro growth of representative group I and II A. citrulli haplotypes. Specifically, of 18 group II strains tested, all grew at 40 and 41°C, whereas only 3 of 15 group I strains (haplotypes B8[P], B3[K], and B15) grew at 40°C. Three strains representing haplotype B8(P) were the only group I strains that grew at 41°C. These results contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of A. citrulli associated with BFB outbreaks in Brazil, and reinforce the efficiency of MLSA and PFGE analysis for assessing population structure. This study also provides the first evidence to suggest that temperature might be a driver in the ecological adaptation of A. citrulli populations.
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil; third author: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; fourth author: Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens.
authors.forename: Gustavo M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil; third author: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; fourth author: Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens.
authors.forename: Ricardo M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil; third author: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; fourth author: Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens.
authors.forename: Lichun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil; third author: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; fourth author: Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens.
authors.forename: Rui S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Júnior
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil; third author: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; fourth author: Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens.
authors.forename: Flavio H V
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Medeiros
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil; third author: College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; fourth author: Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens.
authors.forename: Ron R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Walcott
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D029773:Citrullus / Q000382:microbiology*; D042621:Comamonadaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D019662:Cucurbitaceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000382:microbiology; D013696:Temperature; D014774:Virulence