title: Anger Expression Style Predicts the Domain of the First Smoking Relapse After a Quit Attempt.
abstract: Risk for smoking relapse may be associated with context-dependent social and behavioral cues. However, lack of research examining the role of trait negative mood such as anger in this relationship and assessment of objective indices related to smoking status (e.g., biochemical measures) may limit existing findings. We examined the roles of trait anger, habitual anger expression behavior, and the situation in which the first incident of smoking lapse following a quit attempt occurs.
  
  
  
  One-hundred and five smokers interested in cessation (mean age, SD: 34.7 ± 11.8) set a quit day and attended multiple post-quit assessments where they were asked to provide biochemical measures including exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and self-report measurements, including smoking status.
  
  
  
  Eighty-eight participants (40 women) returned to smoking over the 12-month study period. Self-reported smoking status was verified by exhaled CO measurements. Thirty-one percent of participants who relapsed reported the first lapse occurring at home, 15% at work, 14% at a restaurant or a bar, and 8% in a car. Multinomial logistic regression models found that high levels of anger-out were associated with smoking relapse in situations other than work or home (p <.05).
  
  
  
  These results expand prior work suggesting habitual anger expression style may moderate associations between situational factors and risk for smoking relapse, highlighting the need to incorporate findings in treatment methods. Absence of gender differences suggests the situational factors explored here affect relapse independent of gender.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main , Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bongard
authors.affiliation: b University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: b University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: b University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth , Minnesota , USA.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: al'Absi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Smoking; anger expression; relapse; situational cues; tobacco