title: Pharmacodynamic evaluation of intragastric pH and implications for famotidine dosing in the prophylaxis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced gastropathy-a proof of concept analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Famotidine given at a dose of 80 mg/day is effective in preventing NSAID-induced gastropathy. The aim of this proof of concept study was to compare twice a day (BID) vs 3-times a day (TID) administration of this total dose of famotidine on intragastric pH in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two analyses were undertaken: (1) a 13 subject controlled cross-over 24-h intragastric pH evaluation of the BID and TID administration of 80 mg/day of famotidine, as well as measures for drug accumulation over 5 days (EudraCT, number 2006-002930-39); and (2) a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model which predicted steady-state famotidine plasma concentrations and pH of the two regimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the cross-over study, gastric pH was above 3.5 for a mean of 20 min longer for TID dosing compared to BID dosing on Day 1. On Day 5, the mean time above this threshold was higher with the BID regimen by ∼25 min. For pH 4, subjects' gastric pH was above this pH value for a mean of 25 min longer for TID dosing compared to BID dosing on Day 1. For Day 5, the pH was above 4 for ∼45 min longer with the TID regimen as compared with the BID regimen. The mean 24-h gastric pH values when taken in the upright position trended higher for the TID dosing period compared to the BID regimen on Day 1. The steady-state simulation model indicated that, following TID dosing, intragastric pH will be above 3 for 24 h vs 16 h for the BID regimen. There was no evidence for plasma accumulation of famotidine with TID dosing as compared to BID dosing from either analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data indicate that overall more time is spent above the acidic threshold pH values when 80 mg/day of famotidine is administered TID vs BID. Key limitations included small study size with a short duration and lack of a baseline examination, but was compensated for by the cross-over and PK/PD modeling design. Although most of the comparisons in this proof of concept study were not statistically significant these results have important implications for future research on gastric acid lowering agents used for the prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy.
authors.affiliation: Horizon Pharma, Inc, Deerfield, ILUSA.
authors.forename: Jeffery D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois-Chicago, ILUSA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Services, Inc, Cupertino, CAUSA.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CAUSA.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Tidmarsh
authors.affiliation: Horizon Pharma, Inc, Deerfield, ILUSA.
authors.forename: Amy Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Grahn
authors.affiliation: Horizon Pharma, Inc, Deerfield, ILUSA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VAUSA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Peura
keywords: Famotidine; Gastropathy; Intragastric; NSAID; Prophylaxis; pH