title: Selective Predation of a Stalking Predator on Ungulate Prey.
abstract: Prey selection is a key factor shaping animal populations and evolutionary dynamics. An optimal forager should target prey that offers the highest benefits in terms of energy content at the lowest costs. Predators are therefore expected to select for prey of optimal size. Stalking predators do not pursue their prey long, which may lead to a more random choice of prey individuals. Due to difficulties in assessing the composition of available prey populations, data on prey selection of stalking carnivores are still scarce. We show how the stalking predator Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) selects prey individuals based on species identity, age, sex and individual behaviour. To address the difficulties in assessing prey population structure, we confirm inferred selection patterns by using two independent data sets: (1) data of 387 documented kills of radio-collared lynx were compared to the prey population structure retrieved from systematic camera trapping using Manly's standardized selection ratio alpha and (2) data on 120 radio-collared roe deer were analysed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Among the larger red deer prey, lynx selected against adult males-the largest and potentially most dangerous prey individuals. In roe deer lynx preyed selectively on males and did not select for a specific age class. Activity during high risk periods reduced the risk of falling victim to a lynx attack. Our results suggest that the stalking predator lynx actively selects for size, while prey behaviour induces selection by encounter and stalking success rates.
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Forest National Park, Department of Conservation and Research, Freyunger Straße 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.|Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heurich
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Department of Statistics, Statistical Consulting Unit, Ludwigstraße 33, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeis
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Department of Statistics, Statistical Consulting Unit, Ludwigstraße 33, 80539 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Küchenhoff
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Forest National Park, Department of Conservation and Research, Freyunger Straße 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.|Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 1176, CZ-16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic.|Department of Research and Nature Protection, Šumava National Park Administration, Sušická 399, CZ-34192 Kašperské Hory, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Belotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Nature Protection, Šumava National Park Administration, Sušická 399, CZ-34192 Kašperské Hory, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Luděk
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bufka
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Forest National Park, Department of Conservation and Research, Freyunger Straße 2, 94481 Grafenau, Germany.
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Woelfing
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D020387:Food Chain; D046008:Lynx / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D055807:Stalking / Q000523:psychology*