title: Sex estimation based on tooth measurements using panoramic radiographs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sex determination is an important step in establishing the biological profile of unidentified human remains.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the study were, firstly, to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in permanent teeth, based on digital tooth measurements performed on panoramic radiographs. Secondly, to identify sex-related tooth position-specific measurements or combinations of such measurements, and to assess their applicability for potential sex determination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred digital panoramic radiographs (100 males, 100 females; age range 22-34 years) were retrospectively collected from the dental clinic files of the Dentomaxillofacial Radiology Center of the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium, and imported in image enhancement software. Tooth length- and width-related variables were measured on all teeth in upper and lower left quadrant, and ratios of variables were calculated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to quantify the sex discriminative value of the tooth position-specific variables and their combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mandibular and maxillary canine showed the greatest sexual dimorphism, and tooth length variables had the highest discriminative potential. Compared to single variables, combining variables or ratios of variables did not improve substantially the discrimination between males and females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering that the discriminative ability values (area under the curve (AUC)) were not higher than 0.80, it is not advocated to use the currently studied dental variables for accurate sex estimation in forensic practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Forensic Dentistry, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Cezar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capitaneanu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Forensic Dentistry, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: OMFS IMPATH research group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Reinhilde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fieuws
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Forensic Dentistry, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. patrick.thevissen@kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thevissen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Forensic odontology; Panoramic radiographs; Sex estimation; Tooth length; Tooth width