title: First outbreaks and phylogenetic analyses of avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry flocks in Morocco.
abstract: H9N2 avian influenza viruses continue to spread in poultry and wild birds worldwide. Morocco just faced its first H9N2 influenza virus outbreaks early 2016 affecting different types of poultry production. After its introduction, the virus spread very rapidly throughout the country.
  
  
  
  Samples were collected from 11 chicken flocks with high morbidity and mortality rates. Four viruses were successfully isolated from broiler chickens and one from broiler breeders and fully sequenced.
  
  
  
  Phylogenetic and molecular markers analyses showed the Moroccan viruses belonged to the G1 lineage and likely originated from the Middle East. As known for H9N2 viruses, the Moroccanisolates possess several genetic markers that enhance virulence in poultry and transmission to humans.
  
  
  
  The present study demonstrated that under field conditions H9N2 could have a devastating effect on egg production and mortalities and highlighted a lack of surveillance data on the pathogen in the region.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco, 10000. elhouadfimohammed@yahoo.fr.|Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat- Instituts, Rabat, Morocco. elhouadfimohammed@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Houadfi
authors.affiliation: Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco, 10000.
authors.forename: Siham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fellahi
authors.affiliation: Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco, 10000.
authors.forename: Saadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nassik
authors.affiliation: IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, F-31076, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.affiliation: IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, F-31076, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Mariette F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ducatez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005838:Genotype; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D009018:Morocco / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology
keywords: H9N2; Influenza Virus; Morocco; Phylogenetic analyses