title: Renal ischemia and reperfusion assessment with three-dimensional hyperpolarized13C,15N2-urea.
abstract: The aim of this work was to investigate whether hyperpolarized13C,15N2-urea can be used as an imaging marker of renal injury in renal unilateral ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), given that urea is correlated with the renal osmotic gradient, which describes the renal function.
  
  
  
  Hyperpolarized three-dimensional balanced steady-state13C magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiments alongside kidney function parameters and quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements were performed in rats subjected to unilateral renal ischemia for 60-minute and 24-hour reperfusion.
  
  
  
  We revealed a significant reduction in the intrarenal gradient in the ischemic kidney in agreement with cortical injury markers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule 1, as well as functional kidney parameters.
  
  
  
  Hyperpolarized functional13C,15N2urea MRI can be used to successfully detect changes in the intrarenal urea gradient post-IRI, thereby enabling in vivo monitoring of the intrarenal functional status in the rat kidney. Magn Reson Med 76:1524-1530, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per Mose
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.|Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Esben Søvsø
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Szocska Hansen
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas Stokholm
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nørlinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nørregaard
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonde Bertelsen
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stødkilde Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. cl@clin.au.dk.
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laustsen
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014508:Urea
keywords: IRI; MRI; hyperpolarization; kidney; renal