title: "Perspectives on financing population-based health care towards Universal Health Coverage among employed individuals in Ghanzi district, Botswana: A qualitative study".
abstract: Globally, about 150 million people experience catastrophic healthcare expenditure services annually. Among low and middle income countries, out-of-pocket expenditure pushes about 100 million people into poverty annually. In Botswana, 83 % of the general population and 58 % of employed individuals do not have medical aid coverage. Moreover, inequity allocation of financial resources between health services suggests marginalization of population-based health care services (i.e. diseases prevention and health promotion). The purpose of the study is to explore perspectives on employed individuals regarding financing population based health care interventions towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in order to make recommendations to the Ministry of Health on health financing options to cover population-based health services.
  
  
  
  A qualitative design grounded in interpretivist epistemology through social constructivism lens was critical for exploring perspectives of employed individuals. Through purposive and snowballing sampling techniques, a total of 15 respondents including 8 males and 7 females were recruited and interviewed using a semi-structured format. Their age ranged from 23 to 59 years with a median of 36 years. Data was analyzed using Thematic Content Analysis technique.
  
  
  
  Use of social constructivism lens enabled to classify emerging themes into population coverage, health services coverage and financial protection issues. Despite broad understanding of health coverage schemes among participants, knowledge appears insignificant in increasing enrolment. Participants indicated limited understanding of UHC concepts, however showed willingness to embrace UHC upon brief description. Main thematic issues raised include: exclusion of population-based health services from coverage scheme; disparity in financial protection and health services coverage among enrollees; inability to sustain contracted employees; and systematic exclusion of unemployed individuals and informal sector employees.
  
  
  
  Increasing enrolment in health coverage schemes requires targeted campaign for information dissemination through use of myriads mass media including: social networks, TV, Radio and others. Moreover, re-designing health insurance schemes is critical in order to include population-based interventions; expand uptake of unemployed and informal sector employees; flexibility in monthly premiums payment plan and use of technology to increase access to payment points. Further study need to evaluate the content of health financing policy in Botswana measured against the World Health Organization Universal Health Coverage conceptual requirements for Low and Middle Income Countries.
authors.affiliation: Ghanzi District Health Management Team, P.O. Box 7, Ghanzi, Botswana. drbmbogo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Barnabas Africanus
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mbogo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001902:Botswana; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006296:Health Services; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017150:Public Sector; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000191:economics*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Botswana; Community perceptions; Health coverage schemes; Health financing; Qualitative study; Universal Health Coverage