title: Prevalence of coronary heart disease in rural and urban Vellore: A repeat cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the increase of cardiovascular risk factors in India, the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is also expected to rise. A cross-sectional study in 2010-2012 assessed the prevalence and risk factors for CHD in urban and rural Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The secondary objectives were to compare the current prevalence with the prevalence of CHD in the same areas in 1991-1994.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was carried out among adults aged 30-64 years to determine the prevalence of CHD (previously diagnosed disease, symptoms detected using Rose angina questionnaire, or ischemic changes on electrocardiography). The study used the WHO STEPS method in addition to the Rose angina questionnaire and resting electrocardiography and was conducted in nine clusters of a rural block in Vellore district and 48 wards of Vellore town. The results were compared with a similar study in the same area in 1991-1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CHD was 3.4% (95% CI: 1.6-5.2%) among rural men, 7.4% (95% CI: 4.7-10.1%) among rural women, 7.3% (95% CI: 5.7-8.9%) among urban men, and 13.4% (95% CI: 11.2-15.6%) among urban women in 2010-2012. The age-adjusted prevalence in rural women tripled and in urban women doubled, with only a slight increase among males, between 1991-1994 and 2010-2012.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large increase in prevalence of CHD, among both pre- and post-menopausal females, suggests the need for further confirmatory studies and interventions for prevention in both rural and urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India. Electronic address: anuoommen@cmcvellore.ac.in.
authors.forename: Anu Mary
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Oommen
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India.
authors.forename: Vinod Joseph
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India.
authors.forename: Kuryan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India.
authors.forename: V Jacob
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Jose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Coronary heart disease; Electrocardiography; Prevalence; Rose angina