title: Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids in rats after acute ingestion of maté tea (Ilex paraguariensis) or 5-caffeoylquinic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Yerba maté is widely consumed in South America as different beverages, such as maté tea (roasted leaves) and chimarrão (green dried leaves), and linked to health benefits, mainly attributed to chlorogenic acids (CGAs). Health effects of CGAs depend on their bioavailability, but such data are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of CGAs and metabolites in tissues, hepatic and plasmatic kinetic profile and urinary excretion after ingestion of maté tea or 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats ingested maté tea (MT) or 5-CQA (ST) and were killed after 1.5 h for tissue distribution analysis (pilot study) or at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h for liver and plasma kinetics (main experiment). Urine was collected in metabolic cages. Biological samples were analyzed by UPLC-DAD-MS with and without incubation with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CGAs and metabolites were detected in all tissues. Caffeic acid was the main compound in plasma up to 2 h after ingestion of maté tea, while 5-CQA predominated in ST group. Concentration of microbial metabolites increased 4 h after gavage and reached higher amounts in MT plasma and liver, when compared to ST group. Approximately 4.0 % of compounds ingested by MT and 3.3 % by ST were recovered in urine up to 8 h after the gavage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirms that not only absorption, but also metabolization of CGAs begins in stomach. There were differences in compounds formed from maté tea or isolated 5-CQA, showing that CGAs profile in food may influence qualitatively and quantitatively the metabolites formed in the body.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Moura
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geni Rodrigues
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina Bonin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: INNOVARE Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua: Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-887, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Ramos
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Catharino
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904, Brazil. dmbastos@usp.br.
authors.forename: Deborah H Markowicz
authors.initials: DHM
authors.lastname: Bastos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000097:blood; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013020:South America; D000069459:Teas, Herbal
chemical_list: D002109:Caffeic Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D000069459:Teas, Herbal; C472707:caffeoylquinic acid; D011801:Quinic Acid; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; C040048:caffeic acid
keywords: Bioavailability; Biotransformation; Chlorogenic acids; Ilex paraguariensis; Phenolic compounds; UPLC-DAD-MS