title: Equality in sexual health promotion: a systematic review of effective interventions for black and minority ethnic men who have sex with men.
abstract: Over the past decade, new diagnoses of HIV have increased eightfold among men who have sex with men (MSM) of other or of mixed ethnicity in the UK. Yet there is little intervention research on HIV among black and minority ethnic (BME) MSM. This article aimed to identify effective HIV and sexual health prevention strategies for BME MSM.
  
  
  
  We searched three databases PubMed, Scopus and PsychInfo using a combination of search terms: MSM or men who have sex with men and women (MSMW); Black and Minority Ethnic; HIV or sexual health; and evaluation, intervention, program* or implementation. We identified a total of 19 studies to include in the review including those which used randomised control, pre/post-test and cross-sectional design; in addition, we included intervention development studies.
  
  
  
  A total of 12 studies reported statistically significant results in at least one of the behavioural outcomes assessed; one study reported significant increases in HIV knowledge and changes in safer sex practices. In 10 studies, reductions were reported in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), number of sexual partners, or in both of these measures. Six out of the 13 studies reported reductions in UAI; while seven reported reductions in number of sexual partners. Seven were intervention development studies.
  
  
  
  Research into the mechanisms and underpinnings of future sexual health interventions is urgently needed in order to reduce HIV and other sexually transmitted infection (STI) among UK BME MSM. The design of interventions should be informed by the members of these groups for whom they are targeted to ensure the cultural and linguistic sensitivity of the tools and approaches generated.
authors.affiliation: Centre for LGBTQ Research, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK. Jfish@dmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5308-9174
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.affiliation: Mary Seacole Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
authors.forename: Periklis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papaloukas
authors.affiliation: Mary Seacole Research Centre, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
authors.forename: Rusi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaspal
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Social Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D021841:Safe Sex / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Black and minority ethnic (BME); Evaluation; Implementation research; Men who have sex with men (MSM); Sexual health and HIV; Systematic review