title: Development of an oral health-related self-efficacy scale for use with older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-efficacy is considered to be an important factor influencing behavior change; however, there are no existing tools to measure self-efficacy in the context of oral health among older adults. The purpose of the present study was to develop the Geriatric Self-Efficacy Scale for Oral Health (GSEOH) for use with older adults, and to evaluate its reliability and validity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The self-administered questionnaire was completed by 646 Japanese older people. The draft version of the scale consisted of 35 items that were generated to measure the three dimensions of personal beliefs in tooth brushing, observing own oral health status and oral function. We carried out a principal components factor analysis with promax rotation, and investigated the scale's internal consistency and construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final version of the scale consisted of three dimensions measured with 20 items. Cronbach's alpha of the GSEOH total scale was 0.924. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in total scores on the GSEOH for the change process of oral health behavior, and in relation to self-rated oral health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We developed the GSEOH, with three factors and 20 items, and confirmed its reliability and validity. More studies are necessary to investigate the cross-cultural validity and reliability with larger samples from other countries. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1406-1411.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Care Education, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Hygiene, Faculty of Health Care Science, Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Human Care Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Obuchi
authors.affiliation: Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mataki
authors.affiliation: Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirano
authors.affiliation: Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.|Department of Oral Diseases Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D009909:Oral Health / Q000639:trends*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: behavior change; older adults; oral function; oral hygiene; scale development