title: Toxic effects of copper sulfate and copper nanoparticles on minerals, enzymes, thyroid hormones and protein fractions of plasma and histopathology in common carp Cyprinus carpio.
abstract: Differences in toxicological effects of dissolved copper and copper nanoparticles were studied in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The fish were exposed to 0.25mgL-1copper as copper sulfate (0.25Cu), 0.25mgL-1copper as copper oxide nanoparticles (0.25NCu) and 25mgL-1copper as copper oxide nanoparticles (25NCu) over 14days. Plasma biochemical, enzymatic and hormonal characteristics, and liver and kidney histopathology were examined at the end of the experiment. The results showed that both forms of copper had no significant effects on plasma calcium levels, however, significantly increased plasma phosphorous levels, compared to control group (no added copper). Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) activity increased in 0.25Cu and 25NCu treatments compared to the control and 0.25NCu treatments. Nanoparticle copper exposure significantly decreased plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity compared to the control and 0.25Cu treatments. Only copper sulfate exposure caused plasma aspartate transaminase (AST) elevation. Both copper forms increased plasma T4and free T4(FT4); however, copper sulfate effect was higher than nanoparticle copper. Copper sulfate exposure increased plasma albumin fraction, whereas, 25mgL-1copper nanoparticle exposure increased plasma α2-globulin fraction compared to the control. Both copper forms damaged the fish liver and kidney, however, copper sulfate caused more severe damages compared to nanoparticle copper. Overall, except for plasma ALP and α2-globulin fraction, dissolved copper seems to be more toxic than nanoparticle copper in common carp.
authors.affiliation: Inland Waters Aquatic Stocks Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran. Electronic address: seyyedmorteza.hoseini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seyyed Morteza
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hoseini
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Aliakbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taheri Mirghaed
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Melika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghelichpour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; D019327:Copper Sulfate
keywords: Copper; Histopathology; Nanoparticle; Plasma enzymes; Plasma protein fractions; Thyroid hormones