title: Evolution of the Dynamic Symptoms Model.
abstract: Theories and conceptual models can be thought of as broad nets that attempt to rationalize, explain, and master a phenomenon within clinical nursing and interdisciplinary care. They can be used to guide a review of the literature and to formulate and organize research variables and relationships. Gaps in the literature can be identified and opportunities for additional research revealed (Fawcett, 2005). A variety of symptom models or theories exist, including the Theory of Symptom Management (Dodd et al., 2001), Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms (Lenz, Pugh, Milligan, Gift, & Suppe, 1997), Symptoms Experience Model (Armstrong, 2003), and Symptom Experiences in Time Theory (Henly, Kallas, Klatt, & Swenson, 2003). Most recently, the National Institute of Nursing Research identified a new National Institutes of Health Symptom Science Model to guide symptom science research (Cashion & Grady, 2015). .
authors.affiliation: Billings Clinic Hospital.
authors.forename: Jeannine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brant
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Utah.
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.affiliation: University of Utah.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016294:Models, Nursing; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000145:classification* / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States
keywords: models; symptom science; theory