title: Early demographic and clinical predictors of developing acute kidney injury in snake bite patients: A retrospective controlled study from an Indian tertiary care hospital in North Eastern Uttar Pradesh India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted retrospectively to define early demographic and clinical predictors for acute kidney injury (AKI) among snake bite patients at the time of hospital admission.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 138 cases with a poisonous snake bite. Patients were classified into two groups according to the presence and absence of AKI. The data regarding clinical features and demographic profile of these patients were collected from the hospital records in a prestructured pro forma and statistically compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 138 patients of venomous snake bite, 62 developed AKI (44.92%). Patients who developed AKI were older in age. Moreover, prolonged bite to anti-snake venom (ASV) time had a significant relationship in developing AKI (P < 0.05). Among the clinical features, there was an independent positive association of AKI with abdomen pain, tenderness and vomiting, cellulitis, bleeding tendencies, myalgia, and black or brown urine (P < 0.05). Neurological features were inversely associated with renal involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that marked abdominal pain, tenderness and vomiting, myalgia, black or brown urine, bite site cellulitis, bleeding tendencies, and prolonged (>2 h) bite to ASV time were significantly associated with the development of AKI in snake bite patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Dharmendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uraiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anoop
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tripathi
keywords: Acute kidney injury; clinical predictors; snake bite