title: 1H NMR-based metabolic study reveals the improvements of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) on energy metabolism in diet-induced obese mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity can be ameliorated by some natural products such as polyphenol, flavones and saponin. As a typical medicinal plant, Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) (bitter melon, BM) contains these natural chemicals and reduces diet-induced obesity in mice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the metabolic effects of dietary BM supplement, investigates a global metabolic profile and determines associated perturbations in metabolic pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD supplemented with 5% BM based on 37.6 g/kg body weight in average for 12 weeks, respectively. Then energy metabolism was quantified using PhenoMaster/LabMaster. The spectroscopy of urine was acquired by nuclear magnetic resonance and latent biomarkers were identified. Pattern recognition analysis was used to discriminate associated metabolic profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary BM supplement reduced body weight gain (-0.15-fold, p < 0.01) and blood glucose levels (-0.19-fold, p < 0.01) in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, the levels of energy metabolism were enhanced (0.08-0.11-fold, p < 0.01). According to pattern recognition analysis, dietary BM supplement changed metabolic profiles in HFD-fed mice and the modified profiles were similar to those in LFD-fed mice. Finally, the mapping of metabolic pathways showed that dietary BM supplement primarily affected glucose metabolism-associated pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that BM improves weight loss in diet-induced obesity and elevate energy expenditure in HFD-fed mice. The pattern recognition with metabolic study may be used as a noninvasive detection method to assess the effects of dietary BM supplement on mouse energy metabolism.
authors.affiliation: a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Hui-Xi
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Bian
authors.affiliation: b Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Ze-Yu
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D029777:Momordica charantia; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D011522:Protons
keywords: Metabolomic profiling; nuclear magnetic resonance; obesity; pattern recognition analysis