title: Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that results from the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The excess morbidity and mortality resulting from its complications, coupled with its increasing incidence, emphasize the importance of better understanding the causes of this condition. Over the past several decades, a substantive amount of work has been done and, although many advances have occurred in identifying disease-susceptibility genes, there has been a lag in understanding the environmental triggers. Several putative environmental risk factors have been proposed, including infections, dietary factors, air pollution, vaccines, location of residence, family environment and stress. However, most of these factors have been inconclusive, thus supporting the need for further study into the causes of type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: sbutalia@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Gilaad G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khokhar
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Doreen M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rabi
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: diabète de type 1; environment; environnement; examen; expositions; exposures; facteurs de risque; review; risk factors; type 1 diabetes