title: Fatigue and fluid hydration status in multiple sclerosis: A hypothesis.
abstract: Fatigue is a prevalent and functionally disabling symptom for individuals living with multiple sclerosis (MS) which is poorly understood and multifactorial in etiology. Bladder dysfunction is another common MS symptom which limits social engagement and quality of life. To manage bladder issues, individuals with MS tend to limit their fluid intake, which may contribute to a low-hydration (LoH) state and fatigue.
  
  
  
  To evaluate the relationship between patient-reported MS fatigue, bladder dysfunction, and hydration status.
  
  
  
  We performed a prospective cross-sectional study in 50 women with MS. Participants submitted a random urine sample and completed several fatigue-related surveys. Using a urine specific gravity (USG) threshold of 1.015, we classified MS subjects into two groups: high-hydration (HiH) and LoH states.
  
  
  
  LoH status was more common in MS subjects with bladder dysfunction. Statistically significant differences in self-reported Fatigue Performance Scale were observed between HiH and LoH subjects (p = 0.022). USG was significantly correlated with fatigue as measured by the MS Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score (r = 0.328, p = 0.020).
  
  
  
  Hydration status correlates with self-reported fatigue, with lower fatigue scores found in those with HiH status (USG < 1.015).
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Molly C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cincotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Engelhard
authors.affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Makela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stankey
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA mdg3n@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Myla D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Goldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003681:Dehydration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004327:Drinking Behavior; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
keywords: Multiple sclerosis; bladder control scale; dehydration; fatigue; fatigue severity scale; lifestyle; modified fatigue impact scale