title: Geijigajakyak decoction inhibits the motility and tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies report that inflammatory diseases of the large intestine are associated with colorectal cancer. Geijigajakyak Decoction (GJD) has antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, in light of the connection between chronic bowel inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC), we asked whether GJD inhibits colorectal tumorigenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of GJD on the viability and proliferation of CRC cells were evaluated using MTT and BrdU assays, respectively. The motility of CRC cells was examined by a Transwell migration/invasion assay and immunoblot analysis was used to examine the signaling pathways associated with migration. A syngeneic Balb/c mice allograft model, in which CT26 cells were injected into the dorsum, was used to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of GJD in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GJD had no cytotoxic effects against HCT116 CRC cells, although it did inhibit their proliferation. GJD inhibited the migration of HCT116 cells, and suppressed the invasion of HCT116, Caco2, and CSC221 CRC cells. In addition, GJD downregulated the expression of p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK, which are downstream signaling molecules associated with invasiveness. Furthermore, oral administration of GJD (333 mg/kg, twice a day) inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GJD inhibited the motility of human CRC cells and suppressed tumorigenesis in a mouse model. These results suggest that GJD warrants further study as a potential adjuvant anti-cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea.|College of Korean Medicine, DongShin University, Naju, Korea.
authors.forename: Soong-In
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoo-Seung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Industrialization Center, DongShin University, Naju, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung-In
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hangun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea. kimkk@chonnam.ac.kr.|Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hak-Dong 5, Dong-Ku, Kwangju, 61469, Korea. kimkk@chonnam.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyung Keun
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal
keywords: Cell invasion; Colorectal cancer; Geijigajakyak decoction; Herbal medicine; Tumorigenesis