title: Environmental toxicants: hidden players on the reproductive stage.
abstract: A growing body of evidence suggests that environmental contaminants, including natural gas, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and air pollution, are posing major threats to human reproductive health. Many chemicals are in commonly used personal care products, linings of food containers, pesticides, and toys, as well as in discarded electronic waste, textile treatments, and indoor and outdoor air and soil. They travel across borders through trade, food, wind, and water. Reproductive and other health effects can be incurred by exposures in utero, in the neonatal or adolescent periods, or in adulthood and can have transgenerational effects. Most chemicals do not undergo the level of evaluation for harm that pharmaceuticals, e.g., do, and they are rarely seen or seriously considered as a danger to human health. Herein, the burden of exposures, challenges in assessing data and populations at risk, models for evaluating harm, and mechanisms of effects are briefly reviewed, ending with a call to action for reproductive health care professionals to advocate for further research, education, and chemical policy reform for the health of this and future generations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: linda.giudice@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Giudice
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants
keywords: Reproduction; endocrine disrupting chemicals; environmental toxicants