title: A Novel Three-Dimensional Platform to Investigate Neoangiogenesis, Transendothelial Migration, and Metastasis of MDAMB-231 Breast Cancer Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A crucial step in the progression of cancer involves the transendothelial migration of tumor cells into the bloodstream and invasion at distant sites. Most in vitro models of malignant cell behavior do not account for the presence of and interaction with vascular cells. Three-dimensional platforms to further explore the factors responsible for metastatic cellular behavior are under intensive investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydrogels with encapsulated MDAMB-231 breast cancer cells were fabricated with a central microchannel. The microchannel was lined with a co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human aortic smooth muscle cells. For comparison, co-culture-seeded microchannels without breast cancer cells (MDAMB-negative) were fabricated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 7 and 14 days, the endoluminal lining of encapsulated MDAMB-231 co-culture-seeded microchannels demonstrated aberrant endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell organization and breast cancer cell transendothelial migration. MDAMB-231 cells performed matrix remodeling, forming tumor aggregates within the bulk, migrating preferentially toward the hydrogel "neovessel." In contrast, MDAMB-negative constructs demonstrated maintenance of an intact endoluminal lining composed of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells that organized into discrete layers. Furthermore, the thicknesses of the endoluminal lining of MDAMB-negative constructs were significantly greater than encapsulated MDAMB-231 co-culture-seeded constructs after 7 and 14 days (p = 0.012 and p < 0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have created a powerful tool that may have tremendous impact on furthering our understanding of cancer recurrence and metastasis, shedding light on these poorly understood phenomena.
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Rachel C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Ope
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Asanbe
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Hector L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Osoria
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Kerry A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boyko
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Wilminia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Landford
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y.|From the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spector
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054443:Cell Migration Assays; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D005260:Female; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000379:methods; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D057705:Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels