title: Recurrent atrial arrhythmias in the setting of chronic pulmonary vein isolation.
abstract: Atrial arrhythmias may still occur in patients after durable pulmonary vein isolation (PVI).
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of patients undergoing ablation for recurrent arrhythmia despite chronic PVI and their clinical outcomes.
  
  
  
  Patients undergoing repeat left atrial ablation procedures were selected from a prospective registry. From this population, we identified patients with chronic PVI. Clinical characteristics, ablation strategies, and outcomes were analyzed.
  
  
  
  Between January 2003 and December 2013, 1045 patients underwent 1298 repeat left atrial procedures. Of these, 900 patients had atrial fibrillation (AF) and 145 had atrial flutter (AFL)/atrial tachycardia (AT). Fifty-two patients (5.0%; 27 with AF and 25 with AFL/AT) had chronic PVI and were included in the study. Patients were followed for 19.7 ± 5.6 months. In patients with AF, 11 (41%) had a non-PV trigger identified. Ablation strategies included non-PV trigger ablation (n = 11), empiric trigger-site ablation (n = 3), provoked arrhythmia ablation (n = 9), complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablation (n = 2), and linear ablation (n = 2). During follow-up, 9 (33%) had no recurrence, 7 (26%) had rare AF (≤2 episodes during follow-up ≥1 year), and 11 (41%) had AF recurrence. In patients with AFL/AT, 12 (48%) had no recurrence, 4 (16%) had rare recurrence (≤2 episodes during follow-up ≥1 year), and 9 (36%) had recurrence.
  
  
  
  In patients with PVI undergoing a repeat procedure during the time period studied, only a small portion had chronic PVI. A strategy of targeting non-PV triggers for AF and linear/focal ablation for AFL/AT may achieve long-term arrhythmia control in the majority of patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mouhannad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sadek
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chik
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santangeli
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Erica S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Zado
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Schaller
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Supple
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Frankel
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Mathew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Fermin C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Callans
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: Francis.Marchlinski@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Francis E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D000069451:Long Term Adverse Effects / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
keywords: Atrial fibrillation ablation; Catheter ablation; Complex fractionated atrial electrogram; Pulmonary vein isolation; Triggers