title: Evaluating Perceived Probability of Threat-Relevant Outcomes and Temporal Orientation in Flying Phobia.
abstract: Probability bias regarding threat-relevant outcomes has been demonstrated across anxiety disorders but has not been investigated in flying phobia. Individual temporal orientation (time perspective) may be hypothesised to influence estimates of negative outcomes occurring. The present study investigated whether probability bias could be demonstrated in flying phobia and whether probability estimates of negative flying events was predicted by time perspective. Sixty flying phobic and fifty-five non-flying-phobic adults were recruited to complete an online questionnaire. Participants completed the Flight Anxiety Scale, Probability Scale (measuring perceived probability of flying-negative events, general-negative and general positive events) and the Past-Negative, Future and Present-Hedonistic subscales of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (variables argued to predict mental travel forward and backward in time). The flying phobic group estimated the probability of flying negative and general negative events occurring as significantly higher than non-flying phobics. Past-Negative scores (positively) and Present-Hedonistic scores (negatively) predicted probability estimates of flying negative events. The Future Orientation subscale did not significantly predict probability estimates. This study is the first to demonstrate probability bias for threat-relevant outcomes in flying phobia. Results suggest that time perspective may influence perceived probability of threat-relevant outcomes but the nature of this relationship remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mavromoustakos
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
authors.forename: Gavin I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rock
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult