title: Cancer vaccines in colon and rectal cancer over the last decade: lessons learned and future directions.
abstract: Great advances have been made in screening for and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), but recurrence rates remain high and additional therapies are needed. There is great excitement around the field of immunotherapy and many attempts have been made to bring immunotherapy to CRC through a cancer vaccine. Areas covered: This is a detailed review of the last decade's significant CRC vaccine trials. Expert commentary: Monotherapy with a CRC vaccine is likely best suited for adjuvant therapy in disease free patients. Vaccine therapy elicits crucial tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which are lacking in microsatellite-stable tumors, and therefore may be better suited for these patients. The combination of CRC vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors may unlock the potential of immunotherapy for a much broader range of patients. Future studies should focus on vaccine monotherapy in correctly selected patients and combination therapy in more advanced disease.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.|b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.|c Department of Surgery , Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vreeland
authors.affiliation: d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trappey
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.|d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.affiliation: d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Kaitlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peace
authors.affiliation: e Department of Surgery , Keesler Air Force Medical Center, Keesler AFB , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.affiliation: f Department of Surgery , Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital , Seoul , South Korea.
authors.forename: Avery
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: e Department of Surgery , Keesler Air Force Medical Center, Keesler AFB , MS , USA.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.affiliation: d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Fia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.|d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.|d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.|g Department of Surgery , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Peoples
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology* / Q000637:transplantation; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D019496:Cancer Vaccines
keywords: Cancer vaccine; active specific immunotherapy; autologous tumor cell vaccines; colon cancer; colorectal cancer; dendritic cell vaccines; immunotherapy; peptide vaccines; rectal cancer; viral vector vaccines