title: Cognitive Motor Interference in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights From a Systematic Quantitative Review.
abstract: To synthesize the evidence for differences in cognitive motor interference (CMI) between persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and those without MS by using systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  EMBASE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Our focused literature search was informed by past systematic reviews of CMI during walking in MS.
  
  
  
  The key terms searched included Multiple sclerosis and synonyms of motor function (eg, Gait disorders, Gait, Walking, Balance, or Fall) and motor and cognitive functions (eg, Cognitive motor interference or Thinking).
  
  
  
  From the 116 abstract-identified articles, 13 experimental studies were selected for the final analysis and were rated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. A meta-analysis was performed for all considered outcomes.
  
  
  
  The results yielded a small overall effect size (ES) of .08 (SE=.17; 95% confidence interval, -.25 to .40; z=.49; P>.05), which indicated a nonsignificant minimal difference in CMI between persons with MS and those without MS. The moderator analysis for motor task (mobility task: ES, .22; postural task: ES, -.11) was not significantly different between persons with MS and those without MS. The moderator analysis for cognitive task (verbal fluency task: ES, .66; mental tracking task: ES, .04; discrimination and decision-making task: ES, -.30) resulted in a significant difference in CMI between persons with MS and those without MS (P<.05).
  
  
  
  We provide evidence that overall there is a minimal difference in CMI between persons with MS and those without MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Yvonne C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Learmonth
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
authors.forename: Ipek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ensari
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Electronic address: robmotl@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Motl
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Meta-analysis; Multiple sclerosis; Rehabilitation; Review