title: ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY AND TEMPERAMENT IN EARLY INFANCY: FINDINGS FROM A MULTI-ETHNIC, ASIAN, PROSPECTIVE BIRTH COHORT STUDY.
abstract: Maternal antenatal mood is associated with negative infant temperament. This link has not been substantiated in Asian populations. We evaluated the association between antenatal maternal mood and infant temperament among Asian mother-infant pairs. Antenatal maternal depression and anxiety were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (J. Cox, J. Holden, & R. Sagovsky, 1987) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (C. Spielberger, R. Gorsuch, R. Lushene, P. Vagg, & G. Jacobs, 1983), respectively, at 26 weeks of pregnancy and 3 months' postnatally. Infant temperament was evaluated with the Early Infant Temperament Questionnaire (B. Medoff-Cooper, W.B. Carey, & S.C. McDevitt, 1993) at 3 months. Factor analysis was performed to extract culturally relevant categories of temperamental traits. Linear regression was performed to examine the influences of antenatal maternal mood on the factor-model-derived infant temperament. Of the 609 mothers, 11% met risk criteria for depression, 17% for state-anxiety, and 19% for trait-anxiety during pregnancy. Factor analysis yielded three infant temperament factors: Emotionality and Attentional Regulation, Sensory Reactivity, and Regularity and Motor Expression, Cronbach's αs = 0.613, 0.712, and 0.752, respectively. Maternal antenatal state-anxiety, p < .001, and trait anxiety, p = .005, were associated with negative emotionality and poor attentional regulation, especially among Chinese, whereas depression was not, p = .090. There was an association between maternal antenatal anxiety and negative infant temperamental traits in this Asian sample.
authors.affiliation: National University Health System. shang_chee_chong@nuhs.edu.sg.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. shang_chee_chong@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Shang-Chee
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: National University Hospital.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University Health System.
authors.forename: Birit Fp
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Broekman
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University Health System.|National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: Anqi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University Health System.
authors.forename: Izzuddin M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Aris
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: Yiong Huak
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University Health System.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rifkin-Graboi
authors.affiliation: National University Health System.|Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Law
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
authors.forename: Cornelia Yin Ing
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.affiliation: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University Health System.
authors.forename: Yap-Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kenneth Y C
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kwek
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System.|Singapore Eye Research Institute; and Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Seang Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University Health System.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, National University Health System.|Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health and Faculty of Medicine, McGill University.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Meaney
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School and KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D044466:Asian People; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament
keywords: Asian; Asiat; Asiatique; ansiedad materna; antenatal mood; anxiété maternelle; asiático; cohorte de nacimiento longitudinal; cohorte de naissance longitudinale; estado de ánimo antenatal; humeur anténatale; longitudinal birth cohort; longitudinale Geburtskohorte; maternal anxiety; mütterliche Angst; negative infant temperament; negatives Temperament des Säuglings; pränatale Stimmung; temperamento negativo del infante; tempérament négatif du nourrisson; アジア人; ネガティブな乳児の気質; 亞洲人; 嬰兒負面氣質; 母親の不安; 產前情緒; 產婦焦慮; 産前の気分; 縦断的出生コホート; 縱向出生隊列