title: Cardiovascular Risk and Disease Among Masters Endurance Athletes: Insights from the Boston MASTER (Masters Athletes Survey To Evaluate Risk) Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Masters athletes (MAs), people over the age of 35 that participate in competitive sports, are a rapidly growing population that may be uniquely at risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease. The objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive clinical CV profile of MA.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic Internet-based survey (survey response rate = 66 %) was used to characterize a community cohort of MAs residing in Eastern Massachusetts, USA. Clinical and lifestyle factors associated with prevalent CV disease were determined using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 591 MAs (66 % men, age = 50 ± 9 years) with 21.3 ± 5.5 years of competitive endurance sport exposure, at least one CV risk factor was present in 64 % including the following: family history of premature atherosclerosis (32 %), prior/current tobacco exposure (23 %), hypertension (12.0 %), and dyslipidemia (7.4 %). There was a 9 % (54/591) prevalence of established CV disease which was accounted for largely by atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary atherosclerosis (CAD). Prevalent AF was associated with years of exercise exposure [adjusted odds ratio, OR (95 % confidence intervals); OR = 1.10 (1.06, 1.21)] and hypertension [OR = 1.05 (1.01, 1.10)] while CAD was associated with dyslipidemia [OR = 9.09 (2.40, 34.39)] and tobacco use [OR = 1.78 (1.34, 3.10)] but was independent of exercise exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among MAs, AF is associated with prior exercise exposure whereas CAD is associated with typical risk factors including dyslipidemia and prior tobacco use. These findings suggest that there are numerous opportunities to improve disease prevention and clinical care in this population.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA.|Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: Kayle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shapero
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deluca
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contursi
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: Meagan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasfy
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: Rory B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: Adolph
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey Suite 5B, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
authors.forename: Aaron L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baggish
keywords: Cardiovascular risk factors; Exercise; Masters athlete; Sports cardiology