title: Seedling Emergence and Phenotypic Response of Common Bean Germplasm to Different Temperatures under Controlled Conditions and in Open Field.
abstract: Rapid and uniform seed germination and seedling emergence under diverse environmental conditions is a desirable characteristic for crops. Common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) differ in their low temperature tolerance regarding growth and yield. Cultivars tolerant to low temperature during the germination and emergence stages and carriers of the grain quality standards demanded by consumers are needed for the success of the bean crop. The objectives of this study were (i) to screen the seedling emergence and the phenotypic response of bean germplasm under a range of temperatures in controlled chamber and field conditions to display stress-tolerant genotypes with good agronomic performances and yield potential, and (ii) to compare the emergence of bean seedlings under controlled environment and in open field conditions to assess the efficiency of genebanks standard germination tests for predicting the performance of the seeds in the field. Three trials were conducted with 28 dry bean genotypes in open field and in growth chamber under low, moderate, and warm temperature. Morpho-agronomic data were used to evaluate the phenotypic performance of the different genotypes. Cool temperatures resulted in a reduction of the rate of emergence in the bean genotypes, however, emergence and early growth of bean could be under different genetic control and these processes need further research to be suitably modeled. Nine groups arose from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) representing variation in emergence time and proportion of emergence in the controlled chamber and in the open field indicating a trend to lower emergence in large and extra-large seeded genotypes. Screening of seedling emergence and phenotypic response of the bean germplasm under a range of temperatures in controlled growth chambers and under field conditions showed several genotypes, as landraces 272, 501, 593, and the cultivar Borlotto, with stress-tolerance at emergence, and high yield potential that could be valuable genetic material for breeding programs. Additionally, the potential genetic erosion in genebanks was assessed. Regarding bean commercial traits, under low temperature at sowing time seed reached larger size, and crop yield was higher compared to warmer temperatures at the sowing time. Therefore, early sowing of bean is strongly recommended.
authors.affiliation: Biology of Agrosystems, Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research CouncilPontevedra, Spain; Sistemas Agroforestales, Unidad Asociada a la Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: De Ron
authors.affiliation: Biology of Agrosystems, Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Rodiño
authors.affiliation: Biology of Agrosystems, Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santalla
authors.affiliation: Biology of Agrosystems, Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Sistemas Agroforestales, Unidad Asociada a la Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC)Pontevedra, Spain; Phytopathological Station do Areeiro, Provincial ChamberPontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lema
authors.affiliation: National Center for Plant Genetic Resources, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
authors.forename: Isaura
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kigel
keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris L.; low temperature tolerance; plant breeding; plant genetic resources; seedling emergence; yield