title: Stereoscopy Amplifies Emotions Elicited by Facial Expressions.
abstract: Mediated facial expressions do not elicit emotions as strongly as real-life facial expressions, possibly due to the low fidelity of pictorial presentations in typical mediation technologies. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which stereoscopy amplifies emotions elicited by images of neutral, angry, and happy facial expressions. The emotional self-reports of positive and negative valence (which were evaluated separately) and arousal of 40 participants were recorded. The magnitude of perceived depth in the stereoscopic images was manipulated by varying the camera base at 15, 40, 65, 90, and 115 mm. The analyses controlled for participants' gender, gender match, emotional empathy, and trait alexithymia. The results indicated that stereoscopy significantly amplified the negative valence and arousal elicited by angry expressions at the most natural (65 mm) camera base, whereas stereoscopy amplified the positive valence elicited by happy expressions in both the narrowed and most natural (15-65 mm) base conditions. Overall, the results indicate that stereoscopy amplifies the emotions elicited by mediated emotional facial expressions when the depth geometry is close to natural. The findings highlight the sensitivity of the visual system to depth and its effect on emotions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hakala
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kätsyri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
keywords: Face perception; mentalizing; presence; self-relevance; theory of mind; three-dimensional