title: Genomic data mining reveals a rich repertoire of transport proteins in Streptomyces.
abstract: Streptomycetes are soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacteria that are best known as the major producers of antibiotics used in the pharmaceutical industry. The evolution of exceptionally powerful transporter systems in streptomycetes has enabled their adaptation to the complex soil environment.
  
  
  
  Our comparative genomic analyses revealed that each of the eleven Streptomyces species examined possesses a rich repertoire of from 761-1258 transport proteins, accounting for 10.2 to 13.7 % of each respective proteome. These transporters can be divided into seven functional classes and 171 transporter families. Among them, the ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily and the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) represent more than 40 % of all the transport proteins in Streptomyces. They play important roles in both nutrient uptake and substrate secretion, especially in the efflux of drugs and toxicants. The evolutionary flexibility across eleven Streptomyces species is seen in the lineage-specific distribution of transport proteins in two major protein translocation pathways: the general secretory (Sec) pathway and the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway.
  
  
  
  Our results present a catalog of transport systems in eleven Streptomyces species. These expansive transport systems are important mediators of the complex processes including nutrient uptake, concentration balance of elements, efflux of drugs and toxins, and the timely and orderly secretion of proteins. A better understanding of transport systems will allow enhanced optimization of production processes for both pharmaceutical and industrial applications of Streptomyces, which are widely used in antibiotic production and heterologous expression of recombinant proteins.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolism Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.|Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolism Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China. lyq@zju.edu.cn.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolism Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China. lyq@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yong-Quan
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA. yufeng.wang@utsa.edu.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D057225:Data Mining; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins
keywords: Comparative genomics; Drug efflux; Protein translocation; Streptomyces; Transport proteins