title: Alterations in gut microbiota during remission and recurrence of diabetes after duodenal-jejunal bypass in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To observe the alterations in gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetes recurrence after duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assigned HDF- and low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats into two major groups to receive DJB and sham operation respectively. When the DJB was completed, we used HFD to induce diabetes recurrence. Then, we grouped the DJB-operated rats by blood glucose level into the DJB-remission (DJB-RM) group and the DJB-recurrence (DJB-RC) group. At a sequence of time points after operations, we compared calorie content in the food intake (calorie intake), oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), serum insulin, total bile acids (TBAs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and alterations in colonic microbiota.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the control (58.06% ± 11.12%; P < 0.05 vs sham; P < 0.05 vs DJB-RC) and DJB-RM (55.58% ± 6.16%; P < 0.05 vs sham; P < 0.05 vs DJB-RC) groups was higher than that in the sham (29.04% ± 1.36%) and DJB-RC (27.44% ± 2.17%) groups; but the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was lower (control group: 33.46% ± 10.52%, P < 0.05 vs sham 46.88% ± 2.34%, P < 0.05 vs DJB-RC 47.41% ± 5.67%. DJB-RM group: 34.63% ± 3.37%, P < 0.05 vs sham; P < 0.05 vs DJB-RC). Escherichia coli was higher in the sham (15.72% ± 1.67%, P < 0.05 vs control, P < 0.05 vs DJB-RM) and DJB-RC (16.42% ± 3.00%; P < 0.05 vs control; P < 0.05 vs DJB-RM) groups than in the control (3.58% ± 3.67%) and DJB-RM (4.15% ± 2.76%) groups. Improved HOMA-IR (2.82 ± 0.73, P < 0.05 vs DJB-RC 4.23 ± 0.72), increased TBAs (27803.17 ± 4673.42 ng/mL; P < 0.05 vs DJB-RC 18744.00 ± 3047.26 ng/mL) and decreased LPS (0.12 ± 0.04 ng/mL, P < 0.05 vs DJB-RC 0.19 ± 0.03 ng/mL) were observed the in DJB-RM group; however, these improvements were reversed in the DJB-RC group, with the exception of GLP-1 (DJB-RM vs DJB-RC P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in gut microbiota may be responsible for the diabetes remission and recurrence after DJB, possibly by influencing serum LPS and TBAs.
authors.affiliation: Ming-Wei Zhong, Shao-Zhuang Liu, Guang-Yong Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Teng Liu, San-Yuan Hu, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Wei
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Ming-Wei Zhong, Shao-Zhuang Liu, Guang-Yong Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Teng Liu, San-Yuan Hu, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Zhuang
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ming-Wei Zhong, Shao-Zhuang Liu, Guang-Yong Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Teng Liu, San-Yuan Hu, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Yong
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ming-Wei Zhong, Shao-Zhuang Liu, Guang-Yong Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Teng Liu, San-Yuan Hu, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ming-Wei Zhong, Shao-Zhuang Liu, Guang-Yong Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Teng Liu, San-Yuan Hu, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ming-Wei Zhong, Shao-Zhuang Liu, Guang-Yong Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Teng Liu, San-Yuan Hu, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: San-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050110:Bariatric Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000382:microbiology*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004386:Duodenum / Q000601:surgery*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007583:Jejunum / Q000601:surgery*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin
keywords: Diabetes recurrence; Duodenal-jejunal bypass; Gut microbiota; Lipopolysaccharide; Total bile acids