title: Yogic breathing when compared to attention control reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in saliva: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-report measures indicate that Yoga practices are perceived to reduce stress; however, molecular mechanisms through which YB affects stress are just beginning to be understood. While invasive sampling such as blood has been widely used to measure biological indicators such as pro-inflammatory biomarkers, the use of saliva to measure changes in various biomolecules has been increasingly recognized. As Yoga practice stimulates salivary secretion, and saliva is considered a source of biomarkers, changes in salivary cytokines before and after Yogic breathing exercise as specified in an ancient Tamil script, Thirumanthiram, were examined using a Cytokine Multiplex to compare to Attention Control (AC) group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy volunteers were randomized into two groups stratified by gender (N = 10 per YB and AC groups); The YB group performed two YB exercises, each for ten minutes, for a total of twenty minutes in a single session as directed by a trained Yoga instructor. The AC group read a text of their choice for 20 min. Saliva was collected immediately after YB training at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min and analyzed by Multiplex enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein -1 (MCP-1) were significantly reduced in YB group when compared to AC group. The level of reduction of IL-8 was significant at all time points tested, whereas IL-1β showed reduction at 15 and 20 min time points (p < 0.05), and MCP-1 level was marginally different at 5-20 min. There were no significant differences between YB and AC groups in the salivary levels of IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IP-10, MIP-1b, and TNF-α.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data are the first to demonstrate the feasibility of detecting salivary cytokines using multiplex assay in response to a Yoga practice. This study was registered in Clinical Trials.gov # NCT02108769.
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Waleed O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Twal
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wahlquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. balasubr@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Sundaravadivel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D015013:Yoga
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; Multiplex; Pranayama; Pro-inflammatory; Salivary biomarkers; Stress; Tamil; Thirumanthiram; Yoga; Yogic breathing