title: Clinical Manifestations of Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is an uncommon disorder with only a few reported clinical studies. The goals of this study were to investigate the clinical manifestations and the natural course of SPM, as well as examine the current available treatment options for SPM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 91 patients diagnosed with SPM between January 2008 and June 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 22.7±13.2 years, and 67 (73.6%) were male. Chest pain (58, 37.2%) was the predominant symptom. The most frequent precipitating factor before developing SPM was a cough (15.4%), but the majority of patients (51, 56.0%) had no precipitating factors. Chest X-ray was diagnostic in 44 patients (48.4%), and chest computed tomography (CT) showed mediastinal air in all cases. Esophagography (10, 11.0%), esophagoduodenoscopy (1, 1.1%), and bronchoscopy (5, 5.5%) were performed selectively due to clinical suspicion, but no abnormal findings that implicated organ injury were documented. Twelve patients (13.2%) were discharged after a visit to the emergency room, and the others were admitted and received conservative treatment. The mean length of hospital stay was 3.0±1.6 days. There were no complications related to SPM except for recurrence in 2 patients (2.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPM responds well to conservative treatment and follows a benign natural course. Hospitalization and aggressive treatment can be performed in selective cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Soo Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Ji Ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Joonho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Seong Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Mediastinal emphysema; Outpatients; Spontaneous pneumomediastinum