title: Validation of the Dutch language version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ-NL).
abstract: As the first objective of caring for patients is to do no harm, patient safety is a priority in delivering clinical care. An essential component of safe care in a clinical department is its safety climate. Safety climate correlates with safety-specific behaviour, injury rates, and accidents. Safety climate in healthcare can be assessed by the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ), which provides insight by scoring six dimensions: Teamwork Climate, Job Satisfaction, Safety Climate, Stress Recognition, Working Conditions and Perceptions of Management. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Dutch language version of the SAQ in a variety of clinical departments in Dutch hospitals.
  
  
  
  The Dutch version (SAQ-NL) of the SAQ was back translated, and analyzed for semantic characteristics and content. From October 2010 to November 2015 SAQ-NL surveys were carried out in 17 departments in two university and seven large non-university teaching hospitals in the Netherlands, prior to a Crew Resource Management human factors intervention. Statistical analyses were used to examine response patterns, mean scores, correlations, internal consistency reliability and model fit. Cronbach's α's and inter-item correlations were calculated to examine internal consistency reliability.
  
  
  
  One thousand three hundred fourteen completed questionnaires were returned from 2113 administered to health care workers, resulting in a response rate of 62 %. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed the 6-factor structure fit the data adequately. Response patterns were similar for professional positions, departments, physicians and nurses, and university and non-university teaching hospitals. The SAQ-NL showed strong internal consistency (α = .87). Exploratory analysis revealed differences in scores on the SAQ dimensions when comparing different professional positions, when comparing physicians to nurses and when comparing university to non-university hospitals.
  
  
  
  The SAQ-NL demonstrated good psychometric properties and is therefore a useful instrument to measure patient safety climate in Dutch clinical work settings. As removal of one item resulted in an increased reliability of the Working Conditions dimension, revision or deletion of this item should be considered. The results from this study provide researchers and practitioners with insight into safety climate in a variety of departments and functional positions in Dutch hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. marck.haerkens@radboudumc.nl.|Wings of Care, Koepelweg 12, 5263, AS, Vught, The Netherlands. marck.haerkens@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Marck Htm
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Haerkens
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15804, 1001, NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Royal Netherlands Air Force, PO Box 8762, 4820, BB, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.|Duke Patient Safety Center, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: J Bryan
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sexton
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pickkers
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D009426:Netherlands; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017751:Safety Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations
keywords: Crew Resource Management (CRM); Dutch hospital setting; Human factors; Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ)