title: Impact of sleep behavior on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes: the role of social jetlag.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep behavior is changing toward shorter sleep duration and a later chronotype. It results in a sleep debt that is acquitted on work-free days, inducing a small but recurrent sleep misalignment each week, referred to as "social jetlag". These sleep habits could affect health through misalignment with circadian rhythms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective is to address the impact of sleep behavior on glycemic control, assessed by HbA1c, in patients with type 1 diabetes, independently of other lifestyle or sleep-related factors. The secondary objective is to address whether circadian phase affects glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 80 adult patients with type 1 diabetes (46% female) were included in a clinical cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep behavior was addressed objectively by a 7-day actimetry, lifestyle by questionnaires, sleep breathing disorders by nocturnal oximetry and circadian phase by dim light melatonin onset (DLMO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analyses showed that chronotype (r = 0.23, P = 0.042) and social jetlag (r = 0.30, P = 0.008) were significantly associated with HbA1c. In multivariable analysis, social jetlag was the only sleep habit independently associated with HbA1c (β = 0.012 (0.006; 0.017), P < 0.001). HbA1c was lower in patients with a social jetlag below versus above the median (7.7% (7.1-8.7) and 8.7% (7.6-9.8), P = 0.011). DLMO was not associated with HbA1c. However, the later the DLMO, the worse the sleep efficiency (r = -0.41, P < 0.001) and fragmentation index (r = 0.35, P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social jetlag, a small but recurrent circadian misalignment, is associated with worse glycemic control in type 1 diabetes, whereas circadian phase is not. Further intervention studies should address the potential improvement of glycemic control by correcting social jetlag.
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University HospitalPole DIGIDUNE, Department of Endocrinology, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Larcher
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University HospitalPole biology, "Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie", Grenoble, France UMR-S INSERM 1039.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gauchez
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University HospitalPole DIGIDUNE, Department of Endocrinology, Grenoble, France "Laboratoire de bioénergétique fondamentale et appliquée"INSERM U1055.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lablanche
authors.affiliation: Hypoxia Pathophysiology LaboratoryINSERM U1042, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France Grenoble Alpes University HospitalPole Thorax et Vaisseaux, Physiology, Sleep and Exercise Clinic, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pépin
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University HospitalPole DIGIDUNE, Department of Endocrinology, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Benhamou
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University HospitalPole DIGIDUNE, Department of Endocrinology, Grenoble, France Hypoxia Pathophysiology LaboratoryINSERM U1042, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France alborel@chu-grenoble.fr.
authors.forename: Anne-Laure
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Borel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010092:Oximetry; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008550:Melatonin