title: The Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptors in Kidney Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is a hallmark of almost all forms of renal injury and the activation of the innate immune system is of importance in the development of many kidney diseases. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) act as sensors of the innate immune system to detect pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns, which initiate immune responses to resolve infections and repair damaged tissues. Abnormalities in PRR activation will lead to excessive inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are recently identified intracellular PRRs that are essential to innate immune responses and tissue homeostasis. A better understanding of the function of NLRs will provide unexpected opportunities to develop new therapies for kidney diseases by modulation of the innate immune system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NLRs are constitutively expressed in the kidney and emerging evidence has shown that activation of NLRs plays an important role in the pathogenesis of renal injury. Among NLRs, NOD2 and NLRP3 inflammasome are the best characterized members in the kidney. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the pathological mechanisms that are related to NOD2 and NLRP3 inflammasome in various kidney diseases by their canonical and non-canonical effects and discuss the opportunities of pharmacological targeting of NLR-mediated signaling pathways at multiple levels for the treatment of renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yi
keywords: Inflammation; Kidney disease; NLRP3; NOD2; Pattern recognition receptors