title: 6-Gingerol Suppresses Adipocyte-Derived Mediators of Inflammation In Vitro and in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Zebra Fish.
abstract: The present study was performed to investigate the molecular mechanism of 6-gingerol on adipocyte-mediated systemic inflammationin vitroand in high-fat diet-induced obese zebra fish. 6-Gingerol decreased adipogenesis due to the suppression of adipocyte differentiation markers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAATT enhancer binding proteinα, and adipocyte protein 2, and triglyceride synthesis enzymes, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, fatty acid synthase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, and acyl-coA : diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, in 3T3-L1. A coculture insert system using 3T3-L1 with RAW 264.7 (coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages) revealed that 6-gingerol increased anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. The expression of TNFα, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were decreased in the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 6-gingerol. Moreover, the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with 6-gingerol inhibited the protein expression of TNFαand monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in RAW 264.7. 6-Gingerol decreased c-JUN N-terminal kinase and I kappa B kinase beta and its downstream target AP-1 expression in the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 6-gingerol decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase stimulated by the coculture insert system using fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages in RAW 264.7 and attenuated nitric oxide production in diet-induced obese zebra fish. Our results suggest that 6-gingerol suppresses inflammation through the regulation of the c-JUN N-terminal kinase-I kappa B kinase beta and its downstream targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kui-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology & Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Hak
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jeong
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Kyonggi, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Boo-Yong
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D051048:Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000187:drug effects; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D016207:Cytokines; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D047495:PPAR gamma; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014280:Triglycerides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C007845:gingerol; D000217:Acyltransferases; D051048:Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase; C018764:2-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases