title: Lincosamides, Streptogramins, Phenicols, and Pleuromutilins: Mode of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance.
abstract: Lincosamides, streptogramins, phenicols, and pleuromutilins (LSPPs) represent four structurally different classes of antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to particular sites on the 50S ribosomal subunit of the ribosomes. Members of all four classes are used for different purposes in human and veterinary medicine in various countries worldwide. Bacteria have developed ways and means to escape the inhibitory effects of LSPP antimicrobial agents by enzymatic inactivation, active export, or modification of the target sites of the agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mode of action of LSPP antimicrobial agents as well as of the mutations and resistance genes known to confer resistance to these agents in various bacteria of human and animal origin.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadlec
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
authors.forename: Geovana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brenner Michael
authors.affiliation: Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Feßler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D055231:Lincosamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008954:Models, Biological; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D025361:Streptogramins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000097567:Pleuromutilins
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D004224:Diterpenes; D055231:Lincosamides; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D025361:Streptogramins; D000097567:Pleuromutilins