title: Dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults: a case-control study with propensity score matching.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have indicated that consumption of particular foods or nutrients is associated with depressive symptoms, but little is known about the role of overall dietary patterns in depressive symptoms. We design this case-control study to evaluate the associations between dietary patterns and high depression symptoms in Chinese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1351 participants with high depressive symptoms were matched with 1351 controls using the 1:1 ratio propensity score matching method. Dietary intake was assessed using a valid self-administered food frequency questionnaire, and high depressive symptoms were assessed with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, wherein cutoff point of 45 was used as a definition of high depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis revealed three dietary patterns (vegetables and fruits pattern; sweets pattern; and animal foods pattern) explaining 25.1 % of the total variance. Compared with the participants in the lowest quartile, the participants in the highest quartile of vegetables and fruits pattern, which was defined as a healthy pattern, were associated with reduced odds of high depressive symptoms (OR 0.65, 95 % CI 0.52-0.83, P for trend <0.001) while the sweets pattern (OR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.06-1.66) and the animal foods pattern (OR 1.79, 95 % CI 1.43-2.24, P for trend <0.0001) were associated with increased prevalence of high depressive symptoms, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study adds to the evidence that the sweets pattern and animal foods pattern are positively associated with the prevalence of high depressive symptoms. In contrast, the dietary pattern rich in vegetables, fruits, and soya bean products, but low in animal foods, candied fruits, cakes, ice cream, sugared beverages, and alcoholic drinks is negatively associated with the prevalence of high depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Huanmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Peipei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Renwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xiuyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Yeqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Liyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Huijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yixuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Shaomei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qiyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
authors.forename: Yuntang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China. nkj0809@gmail.com.|Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. nkj0809@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kaijun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D057216:Propensity Score; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Dietary patterns; OR; Propensity score matching