title: Role of galectin-3 in plasma as a predictive biomarker of outcome after acute intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms underlying secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Enhanced circulating levels of galectin-3, a proinflammatory cytokine, have close relation to poor prognosis of some inflammatory illnesses. This study was designed to investigate whether plasma galectin-3 levels are related to the inflammation, severity and prognosis following intracerebral hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this observational, prospective study, plasma galectin-3 levels of 110 patients and 110 controls were determined. We further assessed the association of galectin-3 levels with inflammation reflected by systemic C-reactive protein levels, severity indicated by hematoma volumes and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, and endpoints including 1-week mortality, 6-month mortality, 6-month overall survival and 6-month unfavorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score>2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma galectin-3 levels of patients were significantly higher than those of controls. Galectin-3 was identified as an independent prognostic predictor for 1-week mortality, 6-month mortality, 6-month overall survival and 6-month unfavorable outcome, as well as had strong relation to C-reactive protein levels, hematoma volumes and NIHSS scores. Compared with NIHSS scores and hematoma volumes, plasma galectin-3 levels had similar areas under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Moreover, galectin-3 levels significantly improved AUCs of NIHSS scores or hematoma volumes alone for prediction of 6-month mortality and 6-month unfavorable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated plasma galectin-3 levels are strongly associated with the inflammation, severity and poor prognosis after intracerebral hemorrhage, indicating galectin-3, involved in brain inflammation, might have the potential to be a prognostic biomarker for hemorrhagic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, 2 Zhongloudi Road, Kecheng District, Quzhou 324100, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Jiang
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, 2 Zhongloudi Road, Kecheng District, Quzhou 324100, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Feng
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, 2 Zhongloudi Road, Kecheng District, Quzhou 324100, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Jie
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, 2 Zhongloudi Road, Kecheng District, Quzhou 324100, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, 2 Zhongloudi Road, Kecheng District, Quzhou 324100, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, 2 Zhongloudi Road, Kecheng District, Quzhou 324100, China. Electronic address: uanuenuau@163.com.
authors.forename: Wei-Min
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000097:blood*; D037161:Galectins; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D037502:Galectin 3; D037161:Galectins; C428445:LGALS3 protein, human; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Galectin-3; Inflammation; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Prognosis; Severity