title: Utilization of Waste Materials for Microbial Carrier in Wastewater Treatment.
abstract: This research focused on the ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) removal from the domestic wastewater using the attached growth reactors. Two types of waste material of corncob (biodegradable material) and concrete (nonbiodegradable material) were used as the carrier for microorganisms' attachment. During operation, both reactors achieved absolutely high performance of ammonium removal (up to 99%) and total nitrogen removal (up to 95%). The significant advantage of corncob carrier was that the corncob was able to be a source of carbon for biological denitrification, leading to no external carbon requirement for operating the system. However, the corncob caused an increasing turbidity of the effluent. On the other hand, the concrete carrier required the minimal external carbon of 3.5 C/N ratio to reach the good performance. Moreover, a longer period for microorganisms' adaptation was found in the concrete carrier rather than the corncob carrier. Further, the same physiological and biochemical characteristics of active bacteria were found at the two carriers, which were negative gram, cocci shape, and smooth and white-turbid colony. Due to the effluent quality, the concrete was more appropriate carrier than the corncob for wastewater treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapho Subdistrict, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence for Innovation and Technology for Water Treatment, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapho Subdistrict, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapho Subdistrict, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence for Innovation and Technology for Water Treatment, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapho Subdistrict, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jantarat
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapho Subdistrict, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; Centre of Excellence for Innovation and Technology for Water Treatment, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapho Subdistrict, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
authors.forename: W
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5358-5493
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khanitchaidecha
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Kalasin University, 62/1 Kaset Sombun Road, Kalasin Subdistrict, Muang District, Kalasin 46000, Thailand.
authors.forename: K
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7979-1471
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ratananikom
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapho Subdistrict, Muang District, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7399-5016
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakaruk
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D062065:Wastewater