title: Diuretic Use and Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vertebral fracture is the most common type of osteoporotic fracture. While thiazide diuretics, which are commonly prescribed for the treatment of hypertension, decrease calciuria, they may also induce hyponatremia, which has been associated with increased vertebral fracture risk. Loop diuretics increase calciuria, which would reduce bone mineral density and increase vertebral fracture risk, but they rarely cause hyponatremia. Recent studies on diuretics and fractures did not include or specifically examine vertebral fracture. The few studies of diuretics and vertebral fracture have been limited by cases defined by self-report or administrative data, relatively small number of cases, study design that was not prospective, and lack of long-term follow-up with updated information on diuretic use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective cohort study of thiazide diuretic use, loop diuretic use, and risk of incident clinical vertebral fracture in 55,780 women, 55-82 years of age, participating in the Nurses' Health Study, without a prior history of any fracture. Diuretic use was assessed by questionnaire every 4 years. Self-reported vertebral fracture was confirmed by medical record review. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to simultaneously adjust for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis included 420 incident vertebral fracture cases documented between 2002 and 2012. The multivariate-adjusted relative risk of clinical vertebral fracture for women taking thiazides compared with women not taking thiazides was 1.47 (95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.85). The multivariate adjusted relative risk of vertebral fracture for women taking loop diuretics compared with women not taking loop diuretics was 1.59 (95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.25).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thiazide diuretics and loop diuretics are each independently associated with increased risk of vertebral fracture in women.
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. Electronic address: jmpaik@partners.org.
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Harold N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Division of Adolescent and Transition Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Curhan
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D057566:Self Report; D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D049993:Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Loop diuretic; Nurses' Health Study; Thiazide diuretic; Vertebral fracture