title: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and associated risk factors in women of child-bearing age in Njinikom, NW Cameroon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxoplasmosis is a widely distributed zoonotic disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. Infections can result in stillbirths, abortions or congenital defects during pregnancy, as well as toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV/AIDS patients. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for T. gondii infection in women seeking antenatal and medical care in the locality of Njinikom, North West of Cameroon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study from August to December 2014 consecutively enrolling 178 consenting women aged 15 to 49 years attending antenatal care or medical check-ups at the hospital. A questionnaire survey was administered to study participants and potential risk factors for Toxoplasma exposure sought. Venous blood was collected and serum from each participant analysed for T. gondii infection as evidenced by the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies detected using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The proportion of anti-T. gondii antibody positivity calculated as the percentage of antibody seropositivity to T. gondii antigens. Predictors of T. gondii infection were analysed by univariate and multivariate regression and association with T. gondii seropositivity assessed. Epi-Info 3.5.4 was used for statistical analyses. A p < 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies (IgM or IgG) were 54.5 % (97/178). Among seropositive women, 88.7 % (86/97), 30.9 % (30/97), and 19.6 % (19/97) were respectively seropositive for IgG antibody, IgM antibody and both IgM and IgG antibodies. Among the risk factors evaluated, only the consumption of raw or undercooked meat (p = 0.02) was observed to be an independent risk factor of T. gondii infection. The consumption of unwashed vegetables and fruits was significant (p = 0.01) only with simple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest recent T. gondii exposure is high in our study population, and may constitute a significant risk factor for stillbirths, abortions or congenital defects during pregnancy in women attending antenatal care, or toxoplasmic encephalitis in those who are immunosuppressed such as in HIV/AIDS. Education and screening of HIV-positive individuals and pregnant women for T. gondii infection may be important primary prevention strategies in this population.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Elvis Chongsi
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wam
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Leonard Fonkeng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Sama
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.|Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Innocent Mbulli
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Meilleurs Accès Aux Soins de Santé Yaoundé, P.O. Box 33490, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Walter Akoh
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ebile
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.|Medical Diagnostics Centre, Yaounde, Cameroon.
authors.forename: Lucy Agyingi
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Aghangu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. tumechrist@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Christopher Bonglavnyuy
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Tume
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M
keywords: Antibodies; Cameroon; HIV; IgG; IgM; Pregnancy; Seroprevalence; Toxoplasmosis