title: Potentially inappropriate medications in elderly ambulatory and institutionalized patients: an observational study.
abstract: The elderly are frequently exposed to drug related problems causing hospitalizations and increased costs of care. Information about Romanian prescribing practices among the elderly and potential medication associated- risks is lacking. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the most frequent potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) recommended to ambulatory and institutionalized Romanian elderly, through an observational retrospective design.
  
  
  
  All reimbursed medications prescribed to a sample of ambulatory elderly accessing two community pharmacies and all medications recommended to a group of institutionalized elderly (urban facilities, Romania, same month) were analyzed. The STOPP/START criteria and the PRISCUS list were used for PIM identification and for classification as misprescribed, underprescribed or overprescribed -subtypes.
  
  
  
  The analysis involved 345 prescriptions recommended to ambulatory elderly and 91 medical files available for the institutionalized patients. The ambulatory elderly had a mean age of 74.8 years old and were daily exposed to a median number of 3 prescribed medications. The institutionalized elderly were older (mean age 80.77) received 8 medications daily and 69 % of them were functionally dependent. Cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric indications were the most frequent: 64.34 % and 18.55 % of the ambulatory prescriptions, 93.40 % and 41.75 % of the institutionalized patients' medical files. 159 PIM were identified on 34.49 % of the ambulatory prescriptions. 82.41 % of the institutionalized patients' medical files contained 140 PIM. The potential underprescribing of cardiovascular therapies was the most frequent PIM category on the ambulatory prescriptions (55.34 % of all PIM), while for the institutionalized patients' medical files, the misprescribed and overprescribed PIM were those predominantly represented (62.14 % and 27.14 % of all PIM). In both subgroups of data, NSAIDs (56.66 % of ambulatory prescriptions and 35.63 % of institutionalized patients' data) and benzodiazepines (26.66 % of ambulatory prescriptions and 24.13 % of institutionalized patient's data) were predominantly misprescribed. Anticholinergics were rarely used (0.62 % of total PIM from ambulatory prescriptions, 2.14 % of total PIM from institutionalized patients' data).
  
  
  
  The PIM identified in both elderly groups suggested potential risks for the occurrence of adverse events specific to the elderly population. Larger studies, both observational and interventional, are needed to ensure a safer therapeutic approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creanga St, 400010, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. danaprimejdie@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniela Petruta
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Primejdie
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur St, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Marius Traian
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bojita
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creanga St, 400010, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Adina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Popa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007326:Institutionalization / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000067561:Potentially Inappropriate Medication List / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012383:Romania / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
keywords: Ambulatory elderly; Drug -related problems; Inappropriate prescribing; Institutionalized elderly; PRISCUS list; STOPP/START criteria