title: Subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin repress the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium and protect against Salmonella typhimurium infection.
abstract: Phloretin, a natural component of many fruits, exhibits anti-virulence effects and provides a new alternative to counter bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin on the virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. At concentrations where growth of Salmonella was not inhibited, phloretin significantly inhibited bacteria biofilm formation and motility. Subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin repressed eight genes involved in the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and 3 genes involved in flagella production. Furthermore, subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin inhibited the adhesion and invasion of Salmonella in IEC-6 cells and reduced the LDH levels of S. typhimurium-infected IEC-6 cells. Additionally, phloretin significantly decreased the cecum bacterial loads of the mice infected with live S. typhimurium containing subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin by gavage. These results suggested that subinhibitory concentrations of phloretin attenuate the virulence of S. typhimurium and protect against S. typhimurium infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine, College of Life Science, Linyi University, No. 1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, People's Republic of China. wushuaicheng10@163.com.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shuai-Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ben-Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hu'nan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiu-Ling
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hu'nan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jian-Qing
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yun-Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhen-Qiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dao-Xiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zong-Mei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005407:Flagella / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010693:Phloretin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D014774:Virulence / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D010693:Phloretin
keywords: Anti-virulence; Phloretin; Salmonella typhimurium; Subinhibitory concentrations