title: Traumatic Brain Injury and Blood-Brain Barrier Cross-Talk.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury, often referred to as the "silent epidemic," is a nondegenerative, non-congenital insult to the brain due to a blow or penetrating object that disrupts the function of the brain leading to permanent or temporary impairment of cognition, physical and psychosocial functions. Traumatic brain injury usually has poor prognosis for long-term treatment and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide; approximately 10 million deaths and/or hospitalizations annually are directly related to traumatic brain injury. Traumatic brain injury involves primary and secondary insults. Primary injury occurs during the initial insult, and results from direct or indirect force applied to the physical structures of the brain. Secondary injury is characterized by longer-term degeneration of neurons, glial cells, and vascular tissues due to activation of several proteases, glutamate and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, there is growing evidence that the blood-brain barrier is involved in the course of traumatic brain injury pathophysiology and has detrimental effects on the overall pathology of brain trauma, as will be discussed in this work.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasser
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bejjani
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raad
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abou-El-Hassan
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mantash
authors.forename: Amaly
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nokkari
authors.forename: Naify
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Nouhad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kassem
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mondello
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamade
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.affiliation: ER045-Laboratory of Stem Cells, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Campus Museum Street-BP5, Beirut, Lebanon. kzibara@ul.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zibara
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, DTS Bldg, Room 221, PO Box 110236/41, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107-2020 Beirut, Lebanon. firasko@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kobeissy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans