title: Application of the Benchmark Dose (BMD) Method to Identify Thresholds of Cadmium-Induced Renal Effects in Non-Polluted Areas in China.
abstract: The benchmark dose (BMD) method has been increasingly used to assess the health risks of cadmium (Cd) in epidemiological studies. The aim of our study was to estimate the threshold levels of urinary Cd (UCd) using the BMD method in a general population of Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province of China. In our study, a total of 934 people (469 men, 465 women) were recruited and morning urine samples were collected from all the participants. Levels of Cd, creatinine, and renal dysfunction indicators such as retinol binding protein (RBP), β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and N-acetyl-b-glucosaminidase (NAG) in urine were detected for analysis of BMD and BMD low (BMDL) of UCd. RBP, β2-MG, and NAG in urine all correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with UCd except of age (P = 0.767). When the benchmark response (BMR) was 5%, the BMD/BMDL of UCd for RBP, β2-MG, and NAG was 1.69/ 0.89, 1.24/0.62, 0.85/0.49 μg/g Cr in men and 1.70/0.76, 1.35/0.64, 1.36/0.65 μg/g Cr in women, respectively. If the BMR was set at 10%, the BMD/BMDL of UCd for RBP, β2-MG, and NAG was 2.44/1.59, 2.09/1.30, 1.80/1.04 μg/g Cr in men and 2.43/1.53, 2.10/1.34, 2.31/1.37 μg/g Cr in women, respectively. Our results provided evidence for Cd-induced tubular effects in cadmium non-polluted areas in China. Both β2-MG and NAG were more sensitive than RBP in response to Cd exposure. But β2-MG was the most sensitive indicator in women, and NAG was the most sensitive one in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lingfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shibo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Tianhui
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hailing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhaoqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jianlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lou
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D012737:Sex Factors; D020711:Threshold Limit Values; D055815:Young Adult; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase