title: Immune-physiological aspects of synergy between avermectins and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii in Colorado potato beetle larvae.
abstract: The interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii and natural avermectin metabolites of the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis were investigated on Colorado potato beetle larvae. A synergy in the mortality of larvae was detected after simultaneous treatment with half-lethal doses of avermectins (commercial name actarophit) 0.005% and fungus (5×105conidia/ml). The treatment with avermectins led to rapid fungal colonization of the hemolymph. The defense strategies of insects infected by fungus and treated with avermectins and untreated insects were compared to investigate the mechanisms of this synergy. We have shown an increase in hemocytes, especially immunocompetent cells - plasmatocytes and granular cells in the initial stages of mycosis (third day post inoculation). In contrast, avermectins suppressed cellular immunity in hemolymph. Specifically, avermectins dramatically decreased the count of granular cells in larvae infected and uninfected with fungus. Apoptosis inducement and hemocyte necrosis under the influence of avermectins has been shown in vitro as one of the possible reasons for hemocyte mortality. In addition, avermectins enhanced the activity of phenoloxidases in integuments and hemolymph and increased the activity of glutathione-S-transferases activity in the fat body and hemolymph of infected and uninfected larvae, thereby intensifying the development of fungal infection by M. robertsii in Colorado potato beetle larvae. The combination of fungal infection and avermectins constitutes a new perspective for developing multicomponent bioinsecticides.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. Electronic address: toksina@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Oksana G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Tomilova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. Electronic address: krukoff@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Vadim Yu
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Kryukov
authors.affiliation: Kazakh Research Institute for Plant Protection and Quarantine, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Electronic address: bduisembekov@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Bahytzhan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Duisembekov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. Electronic address: yarosl@inbox.ru.
authors.forename: Olga N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Yaroslavtseva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. Electronic address: maktolt@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Maksim V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Tyurin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. Electronic address: dragonfly6@yandex.ru.
authors.forename: Natalia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kryukova
authors.affiliation: Plant Microbiological Synthesis Preparations «Enzim», Vinnitsa, Ukraine. Electronic address: info@enzim.biz.
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Skorokhod
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. Electronic address: dubovskiy2000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ivan M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Dubovskiy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. Electronic address: skif@eco.nsc.ru.
authors.forename: Viktor V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Glupov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D007814:Larva; D052981:Metarhizium; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin; C019264:avermectin
keywords: Avermectins; Biocontrol; Glutathione-S-transferase; Hemocytes; Resistance; Synergy