title: 5-Aminolevulinic acid coated microneedles for photodynamic therapy of skin tumors.
abstract: This study evaluated the potential of coated microneedles for improved dermal delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which naturally gets converted by cells of the tissue in to a photosensitizer called protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). Microneedle patches containing 57 microneedles were coated with 5-ALA using an in-house developed micro-precision dip coater. The coating process was optimized to achieve higher 5-ALA loading on microneedles and a high delivery efficiency into porcine cadaver skin. Using 5 dips with 25% w/v 5-ALA solution, a mass of about 350μg of 5-ALA was coated per patch, which gave a delivery efficiency of about 90% in porcine cadaver skin. Bright-field and scanning electron microscopy established that coatings of 5-ALA on microneedles of the patch were uniform. In vivo dermal pharmacokinetics showed that delivery of just 350μg of 5-ALA using coated microneedles led to about 3.2-fold higher PPIX formation after 4h, as compared to topical application of 20% w/w 5-ALA in a conventional cream formulation (25mg cream). Furthermore, with use of coated microneedles, PPIX was observed in deeper regions of the skin (~480μm) as compared to topical 5-ALA cream formulation (~150μm). The potential of PPIX for photodynamic therapy was tested in vivo. After light exposure (633nm; 118J/cm(2)), PPIX got photosensitized, and due to higher initial amount of PPIX in the coated microneedle group, about twice the amount of PPIX was photobleached compared to topical cream application. Finally, even with a lower dose of just 1.75mg 5-ALA, coated microneedles suppressed the growth of subcutaneous tumors by ~57%, while a topical cream containing 5mg of 5-ALA did not suppress the tumor volume and led to tumor growth comparable to the untreated control group. Overall, the strategy of delivering 5-ALA using coated microneedles could be a promising approach for photodynamic therapy of skin tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 8th Street and Canton Ave, Mail Stop 3121, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA.
authors.forename: Amit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 8th Street and Canton Ave, Mail Stop 3121, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA.
authors.forename: Chang Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 8th Street and Canton Ave, Mail Stop 3121, Lubbock, TX 79409-3121, USA. Electronic address: harvinder.gill@ttu.edu.
authors.forename: Harvinder S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008845:Microinjections / Q000379:methods*; D009339:Needles; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid
keywords: 5-ALA; Coated microneedles; PPIX; Photobleaching; Photodynamic therapy; Skin cancer