title: Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension in Indonesian Adults Aged ≥40 Years: Findings from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertension is the major driver of the cardiovascular epidemic facing Indonesia in the 21st century. Understanding the socioeconomic inequalities associated with hypertension is essential for designing effective intervention strategies. The aim of the current study was to use sub-nationally representative survey data to examine socio-demographic inequalities in the prevalence, diagnosis and management of hypertension in Indonesian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated factors associated with hypertension prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and control using data on self-reported diagnosis and treatment, and blood pressure measurements, collected from 9755 respondents aged 40 years and up in the 2007 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS 4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-standardized prevalence of hypertension among the study participants was 47.8% (95% CI: 46.8, 48.9), of which almost 70% were undiagnosed. Hypertension was significantly higher in women than men (52.3% versus 43.1%, p-value<0.001). Prevalence of hypertension increased significantly with ageing (Pfor trend <0.001). Over 91% (men: 92.1%, women: 90.0%) of hypertension cases were uncontrolled. Gender, education and socioeconomic status had differential impact on the diagnosis of hypertension and in receiving treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, less than a third were aware of their hypertension and a quarter of those on medication had their blood pressure effectively controlled. Men and those of younger age were more vulnerable to have undiagnosed and untreated hypertension. Substantial effort should be given to improve awareness about the condition and making provision for early diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Akhtar
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6012-3702
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Abdullah Al
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mamun
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Huxley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001364:Awareness; D001794:Blood Pressure; D049628:Body Size; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population