title: Increased Serum Levels of Oxytocin in 'Treatment Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TRDIA)' Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  'Treatment-resistant depression' is depression that does not respond to an adequate regimen of evidence-based treatment. Treatment-resistant depression frequently becomes chronic. Children with treatment-resistant depression might also develop bipolar disorder (BD). The objective of this study was to determine whether serum levels of oxytocin (OXT) in treatment-resistant depression in adolescents (TRDIA) differ from non-treatment-resistant depression in adolescents (non-TRDIA) or controls. We also investigated the relationships between serum OXT levels and the clinical symptoms, severity, and familial histories of adolescent depressive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum OXT levels: TRDIA (n = 10), non-TRDIA (n = 27), and age- and sex- matched, neurotypical controls (n = 25). Patients were evaluated using the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) and the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children-Japanese Version (DSRS-C-J). The patients were also assessed retrospectively using the following variables: familial history of major depressive disorder and BD (1st degree or 2nd degree), history of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, recurrent depressive disorder (RDD), history of antidepressant activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of OXT among the TRDIA and non-TRDIA patients and controls differed significantly. Interestingly, the rates of a family history of BD (1st or 2nd degree), RDD and a history of antidepressant activation in our TRDIA group were significantly higher than those of the non-TRDIA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum levels of OXT may play a role in the pathophysiology of TRDIA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.|Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8502-6469
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Madoka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yakita
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurata
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.|Departments of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunou
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Jumpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamata
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomihisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niitsu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiina
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Tasuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanahara
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.|Departments of Psychiatry Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.|Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.|Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010121:Oxytocin