title: Mechanisms by Which Interleukin-12 Corrects Defective NK Cell Anticryptococcal Activity in HIV-Infected Patients.
abstract: Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast and a leading cause of life-threatening meningitis in AIDS patients. Natural killer (NK) cells are important immune effector cells that directly recognize and kill C. neoformans via a perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanism. We previously showed that NK cells from HIV-infected patients have aberrant anticryptococcal killing and that interleukin-12 (IL-12) restores the activity at least partially through restoration of NKp30. However, the mechanisms causing this defect or how IL-12 restores the function was unknown. By examining the sequential steps in NK cell killing of Cryptococcus, we found that NK cells from HIV-infected patients had defective binding of NK cells to C. neoformans Moreover, those NK cells that bound to C. neoformans failed to polarize perforin-containing granules to the microbial synapse compared to healthy controls, suggesting that binding was insufficient to restore a defect in perforin polarization. We also identified lower expression of intracellular perforin and defective perforin release from NK cells of HIV-infected patients in response to C. neoformans Importantly, treatment of NK cells from HIV-infected patients with IL-12 reversed the multiple defects in binding, granule polarization, perforin content, and perforin release and restored anticryptococcal activity. Thus, there are multiple defects in the cytolytic machinery of NK cells from HIV-infected patients, which cumulatively result in defective NK cell anticryptococcal activity, and each of these defects can be reversed with IL-12.
  
  
  
  The mechanisms by which NK cells bind directly to pathogens and deploy their deadly cytolytic machinery during microbial host defense are only beginning to be elucidated. With the goal of understanding this process, we used NK cells from HIV-infected patients, which were known to have a defect in killing of Cryptococcus neoformans Taking advantage of previous studies that had shown that IL-12 restored killing, we used the cytokine as a gain-of-function approach to define the relevance of multiple steps in the recognition and cytolytic pathway. We demonstrated that NK cells from HIV-infected patients failed to kill Cryptococcus due to defects in perforin expression, granule polarization, and release of perforin. Additionally, IL-12 restored recognition of C. neoformans through binding of the NK-activating receptor NKp30. These observations identify important mechanisms used by NK cells to kill microbes and determine that defects in NK cells from HIV-infected patients are reversible.
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kyei
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogbomo
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: ShuShun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timm-McCann
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Shaunna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Huston
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Anutosh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Pina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colarusso
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: M John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.affiliation: The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada cmody@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7264-3679
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Mody
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000276:immunology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000276:immunology*; D003594:Cytoplasmic Granules / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D054353:Perforin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054353:Perforin; D018664:Interleukin-12