title: Acclimation Training Improves Endurance Cycling Performance in the Heat without Inducing Endotoxemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While the intention of endurance athletes undertaking short term heat training protocols is to rapidly gain meaningful physical adaption prior to competition in the heat, it is currently unclear whether or not this process also presents an overt, acute challenge to the immune system. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the effects of heat training on both endurance performance and biomarkers associated with inflammatory and immune system responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Moderately-actively males (n = 24) were allocated randomly to either HOT (n = 8, 35°C, and 70% RH; NEUTRAL (n = 8, 20°C, and 45% RH); or a non-exercising control group, (CON, n = 8). Over the 18 day study HOT and NEUTRAL performed seven training sessions (40 min cycling at 55 of VO2 max) and all participants completed three heat stress tests (HST) at 35°C and 70% RH. The HST protocol comprised three × sub-maximal intervals followed by a 5 km time trial on a cycle ergometer. Serum samples were collected before and after each HST and analyzed for interleukin-6, immunoglobulin M and lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both HOT and NEUTRAL groups experienced substantial improvement to 5 km time trial performance (HOT -33 ± 20 s, p = 0.02, NEUTRAL -39 ± 18 s, p = 0.01) but only HOT were faster (-45 ± 25 s, and -12 s ± 7 s, p = 0.01) in HST3 compared to baseline and HST2. Interleukin-6 was elevated after exercise for all groups however there were no significant changes for immunoglobulin M or lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term heat training enhances 5 km cycling time trial performance in moderately-fit subjects by ~6%, similar in magnitude to exercise training in neutral conditions.Three top-up training sessions yielded a further 3% improvement in performance for the HOT group. Furthermore, the heat training did not pose a substantial challenge to the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook UniversityCairns, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of St Mark & St JohnPlymouth, UK.
authors.forename: Joshua H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook UniversityCairns, QLD, Australia; Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of SportCanberra, ACT, Australia.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Pyne
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University Cairns, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Glen B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Deakin
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Vet Sciences, James Cook University Cairns, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook UniversityCairns, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of St Mark & St JohnPlymouth, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Edwards
keywords: cycling; cytokine; endurance performance; heat acclimation; inflammation; lipopolysacharide