title: Primary and key secondary results from the ROCKET AF trial, and their implications on clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The safety and efficacy of the oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban were studied in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF trial). A number of subanalyses of the ROCKET AF trial have subsequently analyzed the use of rivaroxaban in special patient populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcomes of the ROCKET AF trial were reviewed. The use of rivaroxaban in higher risk populations, as determined by the presence of co-morbidities included in the CHADS2 criteria, was analyzed. Requirements for dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment and in East Asian patients were described. Finally, clinical management challenges, including interruptions in therapy, drug discontinuation, management of bleeding events, drug interactions, and management of patients requiring cardioversion/ablation were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rivaroxaban is efficacious in high-risk populations, including elderly patients, patients with diabetes, heart failure, history of stroke, prior myocardial infarction, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Patients with PAD have a higher risk of bleeding with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin. East Asian populations do not require a dose adjustment for rivaroxaban, while a reduced dose of 15 mg daily is required for patients with moderate renal impairment. Rivaroxaban remains effective with temporary interruptions in therapy and in patients requiring cardioversion/ablation. Rates of major bleeding and subsequent outcomes were similar in patients on warfarin and rivaroxaban, although rates of gastrointestinal bleeding were higher with rivaroxaban. Concurrent use of antiarrhythmic therapy was not associated with adverse outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rivaroxaban represents an efficacious alternative to warfarin in high-risk patients with AF. Dose adjustment is required for patients with moderate renal impairment. Rivaroxaban can be used safely in a number of challenging clinical management scenarios although the concurrent use of amiodarone requires more study.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, PO Box 17969, 2400 Pratt St, Durham, NC 27715, USA.
authors.forename: Manesh R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D000069552:Rivaroxaban / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D000069552:Rivaroxaban
keywords: atrial fibrillation; rivaroxaban; warfarin