title: Do Cyclosporine A, an IL-1 Receptor Antagonist, Uridine Triphosphate, Rebamipide, and/or Bimatoprost Regulate Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells?
abstract: Researchers have hypothesized that treatment with cyclosporine A (CyA), interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1RA; e.g., anakinra), P2Y2 receptor agonists (e.g., uridine triphosphate; UTP), and rebamipide may alleviate human meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and/or dry eye disease. Investigators have also proposed that prostaglandin analogues (e.g., bimatoprost) may induce MGD. Our goal was to determine whether these compounds directly influence human meibomian gland epithelial cell (HMGEC) function.
  
  
  
  Multiple concentrations of each compound were tested for effects on immortalized (I) HMGEC morphology and survival. Nontoxic dosages were used for our studies. Immortalized HMGEC were cultured in the presence of vehicle, CyA, IL-1RA, UTP, rebamipide, or bimatoprost for up to 6 days in various media. Experiments included positive controls for proliferation (epidermal growth factor and bovine pituitary extract), differentiation (azithromycin), and signaling pathway activation (insulin-like growth factor 1). Cells were analyzed for neutral lipid staining, lysosome accumulation, lipid composition, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt (AKT), phosphorylation.
  
  
  
  Our findings demonstrate that CyA, IL-1RA, UTP, rebamipide, and bimatoprost had no effect on the proliferation; neutral lipid content; lysosome number; or levels of free cholesterol, triglycerides, or phospholipids in IHMGECs. Cylosporine A, IL-1RA, rebamipide, and bimatoprost significantly reduced the phosphorylation of AKT, as compared to control. Of interest, tested doses of CyA above 8 nM killed the IHMGECs.
  
  
  
  Our results show that CyA, IL-1RA, UTP, rebamipide, and bimatoprost do not influence the proliferation or differentiation of IHMGEC. However, with the exception of UTP, these compounds do decrease the activity of the AKT signaling pathway, which is known to promote cell survival.
authors.forename: Wendy R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Kam
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069580:Bimatoprost / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014544:Uridine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D015363:Quinolones; D016572:Cyclosporine; C052785:rebamipide; D000409:Alanine; D000069580:Bimatoprost; D014544:Uridine Triphosphate