title: How detrimental are seed galls to their hosts? Plant performance, germination, developmental instability and tolerance to herbivory in Inga laurina, a leguminous tree.
abstract: Gall inducers use these structures as shelters and sources of nutrition. Consequently, they cause multiple physiological changes in host plants. We studied the impact caused by seed coat galls of a braconid wasp on the performance of fruits, seeds and seedlings of tree Inga laurina. We tested whether these seed galls are 'nutrient sinks' with respect to the fruit/seed of host plant, and so constrain the reproductive ability and reduce seedling longevity. We measured the influence of such galls on the secondary compounds, fruit and seed parameters, seed viability and germination and seedling performance. Inga laurina has indehiscent legumes with polyembryonic seeds surrounded by a fleshy sarcotesta rich in sugars. The galls formed inside the seed coat and galled tissues presented higher phenol concentrations, around 7-fold that of ungalled tissues. Galls caused a significant reduction in parameters such as fruit and seed size, seed weight and the number of embryos. Fluctuating asymmetry (a stress indicator) was 31% higher in leaves of galled seed plants in comparison to ungalled seed plants. However, the negative effects on fruit and seed parameters were not sufficient to reduce seed germination (except the synchronization index) or seedling performance (except leaf area and chlorophyll content). We attributed these results to the ability of I. laurina to tolerate gall attack on seeds without a marked influence on seedling performance. Moreover, because of the intensity of seed galling on host plant, we suggest that polyembryony may play a role in I. laurina reproduction increasing tolerance to seed damage.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia (InBio), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. jcsantos@ufu.br.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. jcsantos@ufu.br.
authors.forename: J C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6031-9193
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia (InBio), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: N A V
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: de Araujo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia (InBio), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Venâncio
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia (InBio), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia (InBio), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alves-Silva
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia (InBio), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: W R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biologia (InBio), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carmo-Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000166:cytology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000166:cytology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D018525:Germination; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000166:cytology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D014197:Trees; D014863:Wasps / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Fluctuating asymmetry; herbivory; insect gall; insect-plant interactions; phenolic content; seed coat; seedling