title: Advancements in Aptamer Discovery Technologies.
abstract: Affinity reagents that specifically bind to their target molecules are invaluable tools in nearly every field of modern biomedicine. Nucleic acid-based aptamers offer many advantages in this domain, because they are chemically synthesized, stable, and economical. Despite these compelling features, aptamers are currently not widely used in comparison to antibodies. This is primarily because conventional aptamer-discovery techniques such as SELEX are time-consuming and labor-intensive and often fail to produce aptamers with comparable binding performance to antibodies. This Account describes a body of work from our laboratory in developing advanced methods for consistently producing high-performance aptamers with higher efficiency, fewer resources, and, most importantly, a greater probability of success. We describe our efforts in systematically transforming each major step of the aptamer discovery process: selection, analysis, and characterization. To improve selection, we have developed microfluidic devices (M-SELEX) that enable discovery of high-affinity aptamers after a minimal number of selection rounds by precisely controlling the target concentration and washing stringency. In terms of improving aptamer pool analysis, our group was the first to use high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for the discovery of new aptamers. We showed that tracking the enrichment trajectory of individual aptamer sequences enables the identification of high-performing aptamers without requiring full convergence of the selected aptamer pool. HTS is now widely used for aptamer discovery, and open-source software has become available to facilitate analysis. To improve binding characterization, we used HTS data to design custom aptamer arrays to measure the affinity and specificity of up to ∼10(4) DNA aptamers in parallel as a means to rapidly discover high-quality aptamers. Most recently, our efforts have culminated in the invention of the "particle display" (PD) screening system, which transforms solution-phase aptamers into "aptamer particles" that can be individually screened at high-throughput via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Using PD, we have shown the feasibility of rapidly generating aptamers with exceptional affinities, even for proteins that have previously proven intractable to aptamer discovery. We are confident that these advanced aptamer-discovery methods will accelerate the discovery of aptamer reagents with excellent affinities and specificities, perhaps even exceeding those of the best monoclonal antibodies. Since aptamers are reproducible, renewable, stable, and can be distributed as sequence information, we anticipate that these affinity reagents will become even more valuable tools for both research and clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.|Department of Electrical Engineering and Radiology, Stanford University , Palo Alto, California 94022, United States.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gotrik
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Radiology, Stanford University , Palo Alto, California 94022, United States.
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Feagin
authors.affiliation: Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Csordas
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Radiology, Stanford University , Palo Alto, California 94022, United States.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Radiology, Stanford University , Palo Alto, California 94022, United States.
authors.forename: H Tom
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Soh
mesh_terms: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays / Q000379:methods*; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D052156:SELEX Aptamer Technique / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide