title: Translational and clinical perspectives on sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
abstract: Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is a complex pathophysiologic entity that is associated with significant morbidity causing abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The purpose of this review is to describe the anatomy and physiology of the sphincter of Oddi, to understand the pathologic mechanisms thought to be responsible for symptomatology, review recent major studies, explore endoscopic and pharmacologic therapies and their efficacy, and to explore future research avenues.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama; Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Kondal Rao
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kyanam Kabir Baig
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama.
authors.forename: Charles Melbern
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wilcox
keywords: SOD; abdominal pain; abnormal liver tests; biliary dilation; pancreatitis; sphincter dysfunction