title: Urinary kidney injury molecules in children with febrile seizures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypoxia occurs following convulsions, and hypoxia is one of the most common causes of acute renal damage. The aim of this study was to investigate urinary levels of kidney injury molecules, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in children with febrile seizures (FS) for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 28 children with FS and 34 age and gender matched healthy children. Serum biochemistry and blood gases were measured in the serum samples. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. NGAL, NAG, L-FABP, and creatinine (Cr) were measured in the urine samples. The ratios of kidney injury markers to urinary Cr were used for comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in eGFR and serum chemistry values between the FS and the control group (p > 0.05). Hypoxia was detected in 67.9% of the FS patients. The FS group had significantly higher urinary kidney injury molecules to Cr ratios compared to the controls, including NGAL/Cr (17.9 ± 9.8; 6.7 ± 4.0, respectively; p < 0.001), NAG/Cr (0.55 ± 0.29; 0.21 ± 0.16, p < 0.001), and L-FABP/Cr (4.85 ± 2.93; 1.74 ± 1.16, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased urinary NGAL/Cr, NAG/Cr, and L-FABP/Cr values, in patients with FS compared to healthy controls, suggest a possible subclinical renal damage in these patients.
authors.affiliation: a Medical School Department of Pediatrics , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Güneş
authors.affiliation: b Medical School Department of Pediatric Nephrology , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Aydin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ece
authors.affiliation: c Diyarbakir Pediatrics Hospital , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Halise
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akça
authors.affiliation: a Medical School Department of Pediatrics , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Fesih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aktar
authors.affiliation: c Diyarbakir Pediatrics Hospital , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Şehmus
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Mete
authors.affiliation: c Diyarbakir Pediatrics Hospital , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serhat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samanci
authors.affiliation: a Medical School Department of Pediatrics , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ünal
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Uluca
authors.affiliation: a Medical School Department of Pediatrics , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Velat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Şen
authors.affiliation: a Medical School Department of Pediatrics , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: İlhan
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: d Medical School Department of Biochemistry , Dicle University , Diyarbakir , Turkey.
authors.forename: İbrahim
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000097:blood*; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C493319:FABP1 protein, human; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase
keywords: Febrile convulsion; L-FABP; NAG; NGAL; kidney injury; urinary markers