title: Fabrication of Novel Bioactive Cellulose-Based Films Derived from Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester-Loaded Nanoparticles via a Rapid Expansion Process: RESOLV.
abstract: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of ∼40 nm obtained from TEM and binomial average sizes of ∼90 and ∼400 nm obtained from DLS were successfully produced by rapid expansion of subcritical solutions into liquid solvents (RESOLV). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of CAPE and CAPE-NPs were determined by plate count method against 12 pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and 3 strains of yeast. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of CAPE-NPs were quantified and subsequently investigated using two assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). CAPE-NP-incorporated cellulose-based films were prepared and characterized. MICs and MBCs of CAPE-NPs against most bacteria and Candida albicans were 700 and 1400 μg/mL, respectively. CAPE-NPs yielded a TPC value of 426.74 μgGAE/mg and lower antioxidant activities than those of CAPE in ethanol (CAPE-EtOH), whereas BHT yielded lower FRAP than that of CAPE-NPs. The impregnation of CAPE into cellulose-based films was confirmed by FTIR spectra. Moreover, incorporation of only 0.5 wt % CAPE-NPs into the films resulted in an inhibitory effect against microorganisms. Fortunately, incorporation of higher concentration of CAPE-NPs-MC films led to a significantly higher antioxidant activity and vice versa. This indicated that CAPE-NPs significantly enhanced the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of CAPE. The results show that the environmentally benign supercritical CO2 technique should be generally applicable to NP fabrication of other important bioactive ingredients, especially in liquid form. In addition, it is suggested that CAPE-NPs can be used to reduce the dosage of CAPE and improve their bioavailability and thus merit further investigation for bioactive packaging film and coating applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, and Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University , 50 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Suparak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kitipong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Assatarakul
authors.affiliation: Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, and Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University , 50 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Amporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sane
authors.affiliation: Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, and Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University , 50 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.|Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Center for Intelligent Agro-Food Packaging, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Panuwat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suppakul
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D002482:Cellulose; C055494:caffeic acid phenethyl ester; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol
keywords: antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; bioactive packaging; biopolymer; caffeic acid phenethyl ester; cellulose-based packaging film; nanocomposites; nanoparticles