title: Biosynthetic gene clusters for relevant secondary metabolites produced by Penicillium roqueforti in blue cheeses.
abstract: Ripening of blue-veined cheeses, such as the French Bleu and Roquefort, the Italian Gorgonzola, the English Stilton, the Danish Danablu or the Spanish Cabrales, Picón Bejes-Tresviso, and Valdeón, requires the growth and enzymatic activity of the mold Penicillium roqueforti, which is responsible for the characteristic texture, blue-green spots, and aroma of these types of cheeses. This filamentous fungus is able to synthesize different secondary metabolites, including andrastins, mycophenolic acid, and several mycotoxins, such as roquefortines C and D, PR-toxin and eremofortins, isofumigaclavines A and B, and festuclavine. This review provides a detailed description of the main secondary metabolites produced by P. roqueforti in blue cheese, giving a special emphasis to roquefortine, PR-toxin and mycophenolic acid, and their biosynthetic gene clusters and pathways. The knowledge of these clusters and secondary metabolism pathways, together with the ability of P. roqueforti to produce beneficial secondary metabolites, is of interest for commercial purposes.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Avda. Real n°1, 24006, León, Spain. c.gestrada@unileon.es.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-9669
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan-Francisco
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martín
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products / Q000378:metabolism*; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000235:genetics*; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology*; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D009284:Naphthols / Q000378:metabolism; D010407:Penicillium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000378:metabolism; D064210:Secondary Metabolism
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D007211:Indoles; D009284:Naphthols; D010879:Piperazines; C012536:roquefortine; C015483:PR Toxin; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid
keywords: Blue cheese; Mycophenolic acid; PR-toxin; Penicillium roqueforti; Roquefortine