title: The African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris): Low phase I and phase II metabolism activities.
abstract: The African hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris, is a spiny mammal that has become popular as an exotic pet in many countries. To elucidate the ability of hedgehogs to metabolize xenobiotics, the animals were exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pyrene. The in vivo exposure study indicated that pyrene was biotransformed to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, such as pyrene-1-glucuronide, pyrene-1-sulfate, and pyrenediol-sulfate, and excreted in the urine. Pyrene-1-glucuronide was the main metabolite, and limited sulfate conjugate excretion was observed. The main products excreted in feces were 1-hydroxypyrene and pyrene. Based on the results of the in vivo exposure study, in vitro enzymatic kinetic experiments were performed using various substrates and compared to rats and pigs. The enzyme efficiencies of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and warfarin 4'-, 6-, and 8-hydroxylation activity in hedgehogs were lower than those of rats. Furthermore, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in hedgehogs also had a lower Kmvalue than that in pigs. Interestingly, the enzyme efficiencies of sulfation activity toward 1-hydroxypyrene and β-estradiol in hedgehogs were significantly lower than those in pigs. These observations suggested that phenol and estrogen sulfotransferases may have limited roles in xenobiotic metabolism in hedgehogs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Latyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Aksorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saengtienchai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. Electronic address: y_ikenaka@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikenaka
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Nesta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bortey-Sam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Latyaow, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
authors.forename: Usuma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jermnark
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Hazuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, ,Obihiro 080-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Shouta M M
authors.initials: SMM
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000378:metabolism; D006364:Hedgehogs / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D050216:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I; D050217:Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D065667:Renal Elimination; D013045:Species Specificity; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D020719:Glucuronides; D011721:Pyrenes; D013431:Sulfates; C030984:pyrene
keywords: Enzymatic efficiency; Hedgehog; Interspecies difference; Sulfation