title: The pdm3 Locus Is a Hotspot for Recurrent Evolution of Female-Limited Color Dimorphism in Drosophila.
abstract: Sex-limited polymorphisms are an intriguing form of sexual dimorphism that offer unique opportunities to reconstruct the evolutionary changes that decouple male and female traits encoded by a shared genome. We investigated the genetic basis of a Mendelian female-limited color dimorphism (FLCD) that segregates in natural populations of more than 20 species of the Drosophila montium subgroup. In these species, females have alternative abdominal color morphs, light and dark, whereas males have only one color morph in each species. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the montium subgroup supports multiple origins of FLCD. Despite this, we mapped FLCD to the same locus in four distantly related species-the transcription factor POU domain motif 3 (pdm3), which acts as a repressor of abdominal pigmentation in D. melanogaster. In D. serrata, FLCD maps to a structural variant in the first intron of pdm3; however, this variant is not found in the three other species-D. kikkawai, D. leontia, and D. burlai-and sequence analysis strongly suggests the pdm3 alleles responsible for FLCD originated independently at least three times. We propose that cis-regulatory changes in pdm3 form sexually dimorphic and monomorphic alleles that segregate within species and are preserved, at least in one species, by structural variation. Surprisingly, pdm3 has not been implicated in the evolution of sex-specific pigmentation outside the montium subgroup, suggesting that the genetic paths to sexual dimorphism may be constrained within a clade but variable across clades.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reddiex
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
authors.forename: Thaddeus D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Seher
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Héloïse
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bastide
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Justin B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lack
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie (EGCE), CNRS, IRD, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Jean R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chenoweth
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53705, USA. Electronic address: jpool@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pool
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: akopp@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Artyom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003116:Color; D004330:Drosophila / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D050809:POU Domain Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D050809:POU Domain Factors; C579639:Pdm3 protein, Drosophila
keywords: abdominal pigmentation; parallel evolution; pdm3; sex-limited polymorphism; sexual dimorphism