title: The biogeography of kin discrimination across microbial neighbourhoods.
abstract: The spatial distribution of potential interactants is critical to social evolution in all cooperative organisms. Yet the biogeography of microbial kin discrimination at the scales most relevant to social interactions is poorly understood. Here we resolve the microbiogeography of social identity and genetic relatedness in local populations of the model cooperative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus at small spatial scales, across which the potential for dispersal is high. Using two criteria of relatedness-colony-merger compatibility during cooperative motility and DNA-sequence similarity at highly polymorphic loci-we find that relatedness decreases greatly with spatial distance even across the smallest scale transition. Both social relatedness and genetic relatedness are maximal within individual fruiting bodies at the micrometre scale but are much lower already across adjacent fruiting bodies at the millimetre scale. Genetic relatedness was found to be yet lower among centimetre-scale samples, whereas social allotype relatedness decreased further only at the metre scale, at and beyond which the probability of social or genetic identity among randomly sampled isolates is effectively zero. Thus, in M. xanthus, high-relatedness patches form a rich mosaic of diverse social allotypes across fruiting body neighbourhoods at the millimetre scale and beyond. Individuals that migrate even short distances across adjacent groups will frequently encounter allotypic conspecifics and territorial kin discrimination may profoundly influence the spatial dynamics of local migration. Finally, we also found that the phylogenetic scope of intraspecific biogeographic analysis can affect the detection of spatial structure, as some patterns evident in clade-specific analysis were masked by simultaneous analysis of all strains.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK. susanne.kraemer@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Susanne A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland. sebastien.wielgoss@env.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wielgoss
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiegna
authors.affiliation: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Velicer
mesh_terms: D005828:Genetics, Population; D007196:Indiana; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D016941:Myxococcus xanthus / Q000145:classification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D062206:Spatial Analysis
keywords: myxobacteria; social micro-organisms; social neighbourhoods; social population structure; sociogeography