title: 3T magnetic resonance neurography of pudendal nerve with cadaveric dissection correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pudendal nerve segments that could be identified on magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) before and after surgical marking of different nerve segments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hypothesis for this study was that pudendal nerve and its branches would be more easily seen after the surgical nerve marking. Institutional board approval was obtained. One male and one female cadaver pelvis were obtained from the anatomy board and were scanned using 3 Tesla MRI scanner using MR neurography sequences. All possible pudendal nerve branches were identified. The cadavers were then sent to the autopsy lab and were surgically dissected by a peripheral nerve surgeon and an anatomist to identify the pudendal nerve branches. Radiological markers were placed along the course of the pudendal nerve and its branches. The cadavers were then closed and rescanned using the same MRN protocol as the pre-marking scan. The remaining pudendal nerve branches were attempted to be identified using the radiological markers. All scans were read by an experienced musculoskeletal radiologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pre-marking MR Neurography scans clearly showed the pudendal nerve at its exit from the lumbosacral plexus in the sciatic notch, at the level of the ischial spine and in the Alcock's Canal in both cadavers. Additionally, the right hemorrhoidal branch could be identified in the male pelvis cadaver. The perineal and distal genital branches could not be identified. On post-marking scans, the markers were used as identifiable structures. The location of the perineal branch, the hemorroidal branch and the dorsal nerve to penis (in male cadaver)/clitoris (in female cadaver) could be seen. However, the visualization of these branches was suboptimal. The contralateral corresponding nerves were poorly seen despite marking on the surgical side. The nerve was best seen on axial T1W and T2W SPAIR images. The proximal segment could be seen well on 3D DW PSIF sequence. T2W SPACE was not very useful in visualization of this small nerve or its branches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximal pudendal nerve is easily seen on MR neurography, however it is not possible to identify distal branches of the pudendal nerve even after surgical marking.
authors.affiliation: Avneesh Chhabra, Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
authors.forename: Avneesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.affiliation: Avneesh Chhabra, Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
authors.forename: Courtney A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.affiliation: Avneesh Chhabra, Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
authors.forename: Vibhor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
authors.affiliation: Avneesh Chhabra, Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
authors.forename: Gaurav K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Thawait
authors.affiliation: Avneesh Chhabra, Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carrino
authors.affiliation: Avneesh Chhabra, Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
authors.forename: Gary P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.affiliation: Avneesh Chhabra, Musculoskeletal Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
authors.forename: A Lee
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dellon
keywords: Cadaver; Chronic pelvic pain; Magnetic resonance neurography; Pudendal nerve