title: Dead or gone? Bayesian inference on mortality for the dispersing sex.
abstract: Estimates of age-specific mortality are regularly used in ecology, evolution, and conservation research. However, estimating mortality of the dispersing sex, in species where one sex undergoes natal dispersal, is difficult. This is because it is often unclear whether members of the dispersing sex that disappear from monitored areas have died or dispersed. Here, we develop an extension of a multievent model that imputes dispersal state (i.e., died or dispersed) for uncertain records of the dispersing sex as a latent state and estimates age-specific mortality and dispersal parameters in a Bayesian hierarchical framework. To check the performance of our model, we first conduct a simulation study. We then apply our model to a long-term data set of African lions. Using these data, we further study how well our model estimates mortality of the dispersing sex by incrementally reducing the level of uncertainty in the records of male lions. We achieve this by taking advantage of an expert's indication on the likely fate of each missing male (i.e., likely died or dispersed). We find that our model produces accurate mortality estimates for simulated data of varying sample sizes and proportions of uncertain male records. From the empirical study, we learned that our model provides similar mortality estimates for different levels of uncertainty in records. However, a sensitivity of the mortality estimates to varying uncertainty is, as can be expected, detectable. We conclude that our model provides a solution to the challenge of estimating mortality of the dispersing sex in species with data deficiency due to natal dispersal. Given the utility of sex-specific mortality estimates in biological and conservation research, and the virtual ubiquity of sex-biased dispersal, our model will be useful to a wide variety of applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK; Department of Public Health Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging University of Southern Denmark J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000 Odense C Denmark; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse-Str. 118057 Rostock Germany; Present address: Department of Public Health Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging University of Southern Denmark J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B5000 Odense C Denmark.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9223-1778
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barthold
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1987 Upper Buford Circle Saint Paul Minnesota 55108.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Packer
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Loveridge
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse-Str. 118057 Rostock Germany; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 555230 Odense M Denmark.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colchero
keywords: African lion; Siler model; age‐specific mortality; dispersal; sex differences in mortality; true survival