title: The Association Between Patient-Reported and Objective Oral Anticancer Medication Adherence Measures: A Systematic Review .
abstract: Oral anticancer medication (OAM) use has been steadily increasing, leading to several patient benefits. A notable challenge for nurses is accurate monitoring of patient OAM regimens because nonadherence is associated with poor health outcomes and decreased survival. Currently, no gold standard measure of OAM adherence exists. The authors conducted a systematic review of the association between objective and patient-reported measures of OAM adherence. .
  
  
  
  A systematic electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO®, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and CINAHL® databases through November 2014.  .
  
  
  
  Articles were independently reviewed to determine whether they included an original characterization of the level of association between objective and patient-reported measures of OAM adherence. .
  
  
  
  From a total of 11,135 articles retrieved, eight studies met inclusion criteria. Objective adherence was primarily assessed using pill counts or Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMSCap™). Patient-reported adherence was most commonly assessed using study-specific questionnaires. Significant positive correlations were observed between objective and patient-reported adherence across most studies, with three studies reporting higher rates of adherence via patient reporting. .
  
  
  
  Despite variation in the OAMs and measures used, patient-reported adherence rates were equal to or higher than objective adherence measures across studies. Social desirability bias may be a concern; however, given the significant concordance observed, using patient-reported methods in future studies of OAM adherence may be justified.  .
  
  
  
  This review provides evidence to support nursing use of patient-reported measures to accurately monitor OAM adherence and potentially improve the quality of patient-provider communication.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Vivian M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Mallorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Isabelle K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Avildsen
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Emanu
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University.
authors.forename: Sarah T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Jewell
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Anselmi
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ginex
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: medication adherence; neoplasms; oral medicine; patient outcome assessment