title: Predicting clinical outcomes in chordoma patients receiving immunotherapy: a comparison between volumetric segmentation and RECIST.
abstract: The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) are the current standard for evaluating disease progression or therapy response in patients with solid tumors. RECIST 1.1 calls for axial, longest-diameter (or perpendicular short axis of lymph nodes) measurements of a maximum of five tumors, which limits clinicians' ability to adequately measure disease burden, especially in patients with irregularly shaped tumors. This is especially problematic in chordoma, a disease for which RECIST does not always adequately capture disease burden because chordoma tumors are typically irregularly shaped and slow-growing. Furthermore, primary chordoma tumors tend to be adjacent to vital structures in the skull or sacrum that, when compressed, lead to significant clinical consequences.
  
  
  
  Volumetric segmentation is a newer technology that allows tumor burden to be measured in three dimensions on either MR or CT. Here, we compared the ability of RECIST measurements and tumor volumes to predict clinical outcomes in a cohort of 21 chordoma patients receiving immunotherapy.
  
  
  
  There was a significant difference in radiologic time to progression Kaplan-Meier curves between clinical outcome groups using volumetric segmentation (P = 0.012) but not RECIST (P = 0.38). In several cases, changes in volume were earlier and more sensitive reflections of clinical status.
  
  
  
  RECIST is a useful evaluation method when obvious changes are occurring in patients with chordoma. However, in many cases, RECIST does not detect small changes, and volumetric assessment was capable of detecting changes and predicting clinical outcome earlier than RECIST. Although this study was small and retrospective, we believe our results warrant further research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Fenerty
authors.affiliation: Cancer Imaging Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Les R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Folio
authors.affiliation: Cancer Imaging Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Patronas
authors.affiliation: Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marté
authors.affiliation: Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gulley
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. heerycr@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Heery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002817:Chordoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D066066:Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D047368:Tumor Burden
keywords: Chordoma; RECIST; Radiologic; Response criteria; Volumetric