title: Zebrafish: A complete animal model to enumerate the nanoparticle toxicity.
abstract: Presently, nanotechnology is a multi-trillion dollar business sector that covers a wide range of industries, such as medicine, electronics and chemistry. In the current era, the commercial transition of nanotechnology from research level to industrial level is stimulating the world's total economic growth. However, commercialization of nanoparticles might offer possible risks once they are liberated in the environment. In recent years, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an established animal model system for nanoparticle toxicity assay is growing exponentially. In the current in-depth review, we discuss the recent research approaches employing adult zebrafish and their embryos for nanoparticle toxicity assessment. Different types of parameters are being discussed here which are used to evaluate nanoparticle toxicity such as hatching achievement rate, developmental malformation of organs, damage in gill and skin, abnormal behavior (movement impairment), immunotoxicity, genotoxicity or gene expression, neurotoxicity, endocrine system disruption, reproduction toxicity and finally mortality. Furthermore, we have also highlighted the toxic effect of different nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticle, gold nanoparticle, and metal oxide nanoparticles (TiO2, Al2O3, CuO, NiO and ZnO). At the end, future directions of zebrafish model and relevant assays to study nanoparticle toxicity have also been argued.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, School of Computer and Information Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. drchiranjib@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Chiranjib
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Institute of Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ashish Ranjan
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea. totalhip@hallym.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015027:Zebrafish
keywords: Animal model; Nanoparticle; Toxicity; Zebrafish