title: Gut microbiota associated with HIV infection is significantly enriched in bacteria tolerant to oxygen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gut microbiota modifications occurring during HIV infection have recently been associated with inflammation and microbial translocation. However, discrepancies between studies justified a comprehensive analysis performed on a large sample size.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was applied to the faecal microbiota of 31 HIV-infected patients, of whom 18 were treated with antiretroviral treatment (ART), compared with 27 healthy controls. 21 sera samples from HIV-infected patients and 7 sera samples from control participants were used to test the presence of 25 markers of inflammation and/or immune activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diversity was significantly reduced in HIV individuals when compared with controls and was not restored in the ART group. The relative abundance of several members of Ruminococcaceae such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was critically less abundant in the HIV-infected group and inversely correlated with inflammation/immune activation markers. Members of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were found to be enriched and positively correlated with these markers. There were significantly more aerotolerant species enriched in HIV samples (42/52 species, 80.8%) when compared with the control group (14/87 species, 16.1%; χ(2) test, p<10(-5), conditional maximum-likelihood estimate (CMLE) OR=21.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imbalance between aerobic and anaerobic flora observed in HIV faecal microbiota could be a consequence of the gut impairment classically observed in HIV infection via the production of oxygen. Overgrowth of proinflammatory aerobic species during HIV infection raises the question of antioxidant supplementation, such as vitamin C, E or N-acetylcysteine.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, University Hospital Centre Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Grégory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dubourg
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lagier
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie biologique, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hüe
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Surenaud
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bachar
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE , UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelle
authors.affiliation: Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de la Conception , 147, boulevard Baille, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ravaux
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Saadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mokhtari
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Million
authors.affiliation: Service de Maladies Infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de la Conception , 147, boulevard Baille, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brouqui
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie biologique, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique et maladies infectieuses, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine, URMITE, UMR CNRS 6236-IRD 198, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, University Hospital Centre Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
keywords: HIV/AIDS; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINAL BACTERIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS