title: Messages about appearance, food, weight and exercise in "tween" television.
abstract: Tweens (children ages ~8-14years) are a relatively recently defined age group, increasingly targeted by marketers. Individuals in this age group are particularly vulnerable to opinions and behaviors presented in media messages, given their level of cognitive and social development. However, little research has examined messages about appearance, food, weight, and exercise in television specifically targeting tweens, despite the popularity of this media type among this age group. This study used a content analytic approach to explore these messages in the five most popular television shows for tweens on the Disney Channel (as of 2015). Using a multiple-pass approach, relevant content in episodes from the most recently completed seasons of each show was coded. Appearance related incidents occurred in every episode; these most frequently mentioned attractiveness/beauty. Food related incidents were also present in every episode; typically, these situations were appearance and weight neutral. Exercise related incidents occurred in 53.3% of episodes; the majority expressed resistance to exercise. Weight related incidents occurred in 40.0% of the episodes; the majority praised the muscular ideal. Women were more likely to initiate appearance incidents, and men were more likely to initiate exercise incidents. These results suggest that programs specifically marketed to tweens reinforce appearance ideals, including stereotypes about female attractiveness and male athleticism, two constructs linked to eating pathology and body dissatisfaction. Given the developmental vulnerability of the target group, these findings are concerning, and highlight potential foci for prevention programming, including media literacy, for tweens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kwitowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boutte
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gow
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: semazzeo@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Suzanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mazzeo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D013690:Television
keywords: Media; Preadolescent; Television; Tweens