title: Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults.
abstract: Few prospective studies have examined dairy fat in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  
  We aimed to evaluate the association between dairy fat and incident CVD in US adults.
  
  
  
  We followed 43,652 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2010), 87,907 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1980-2012), and 90,675 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2011). Dairy fat and other fat intakes were assessed every 4 y with the use of validated food-frequency questionnaires.
  
  
  
  During 5,158,337 person-years of follow-up, we documented 14,815 incident CVD cases including 8974 coronary heart disease cases (nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary disease) and 5841 stroke cases. In multivariate analyses, compared with an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrates (excluding fruit and vegetables), dairy fat intake was not significantly related to risk of total CVD (for a 5% increase in energy from dairy fat, the RR was 1.02; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.05), coronary heart disease (RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.09), or stroke (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.05) (P > 0.05 for all). In models in which we estimated the effects of exchanging different fat sources, the replacement of 5% of energy intake from dairy fat with equivalent energy intake from polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) or vegetable fat was associated with 24% (RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.81) and 10% (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.93) lower risk of CVD, respectively, whereas the 5% energy intake substitution of other animal fat with dairy fat was associated with 6% increased CVD risk (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09).
  
  
  
  The replacement of animal fats, including dairy fat, with vegetable sources of fats and PUFAs may reduce risk of CVD. Whether the food matrix may modify the effect of dairy fat on health outcomes warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and.|Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Mu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and.|Channing Division of Network Medicine and.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and.
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rexrode
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and.|Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine and.
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and.|Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine and.
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and frank.hu@channing.harvard.edu.|Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine and.
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
keywords: animal fat; cardiovascular disease; dairy fat; prospective; vegetable fat