title: Prevalence of diabetes and its correlates in urban population of Pakistan: A Cross-sectional survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its associated risk factors in urban population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional study was carried out at four union councils of Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from May to September 2014, and comprised members of the general public.A questionnaire was administered to obtain information about demographic characteristics and risk factors. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were obtained from the participants. Venous blood samples were taken for measuring glycated haemoglobin. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 404 participants, 181(44.8%) were men and 223(55.2%) were women. The overall mean age was 42.3±13 years. Overall prevalence of diabetes was 133(32.9%) and that of pre-diabetes was 151(37.4%). The prevalence of diabetes was 203(50.3%) in 50-65 years age group and 143(35.4%) among obese subjects. Diabetes was significantly associated with increasing age (35-49 years (p<0.05); 50-65 years (p<0.01), positive parental (p<0.05) and sibling (p<0.05) history of diabetes, hypertension (p<0.01) and central obesity (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes was very high. Prevalence increased with increasing age and body mass index. Major independent risk factors were increasing age, central obesity, and family history of diabetes and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.affiliation: Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Danish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nadeem
authors.affiliation: Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shahzad Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mudassar Mushtaq
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Jawad Abbasi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, UAE University, UAE.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shabana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Prevalence, Risk factors.