title: Environmental Heterogeneity in Parasitoid-Host Interaction for Mutillidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita).
abstract: Environmental heterogeneity is a major factor influencing the spatial distribution of organisms. Due to intimate relationships with their hosts, parasitic insects are inclined to be even more sensitive to variations. This study aimed to verify the relationship between spatial distribution of Mutillidae, potential hosts, and the effect of heterogeneity in the distribution of both, testing the hypotheses: i) the spatial distribution of mutillids depends on the distribution of hosts and ii) variation in environmental heterogeneity affects the distribution of both. Sampling was conducted in four fragments of the Cerrado. We collected Hymenopteran specimens from 25 plots of one hectare using 18 Malaise traps throughout one year, totalizing 32,400 trap-hours. Female Mutillidae were hand collected at all sampling points, for a total of 450 man-hours. At each hectare plot, we obtained the environmental variables from nine plots of 25 m2A total of 1,089 individuals were collected (Apidae: 311; Crabronidae: 165; Shpecidae: 84; Vespidae: 229) belonging to 127 species of potential hosts (bees and wasps) and 300 individuals (42 species) of Mutillidae. Leaf-litter depths showed significant relation in host-parasitoid distribution. The spatiotemporal distribution followed the predator-prey model for Mutillidae, and environmental heterogeneity was a factor that determined the structure of the host-parasitoid community. The results suggest an intense relationship between the Mutillidae and Crabronidae, as well as Sphecidae and two Apidae subfamilies (Halictinae and Colletinae). These families and subfamilies present behavior in which they build nests in aggregations even each female being solitary. Crabronidae is considered the best potential host for Mutillidae.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - Cidade Universitária s/n - CEP: 79070900, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil (rodrigoaranda.biologo@gmail.com) rodrigoaranda.biologo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aranda
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - Cidade Universitária s/n - CEP: 79070900, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil (ggraciolli@yahoo.com.br).
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graciolli
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D011156:Population Density; D014863:Wasps / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Savanna; habitat heterogeneity; parasitoidism