title: Memory Binding Test Predicts Incident Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.
abstract: The Memory Binding Test (MBT), previously known as Memory Capacity Test, has demonstrated discriminative validity for distinguishing persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and dementia from cognitively normal elderly.
  
  
  
  We aimed to assess the predictive validity of the MBT for incident aMCI.
  
  
  
  In a longitudinal, community-based study of adults aged 70+, we administered the MBT to 246 cognitively normal elderly adults at baseline and followed them annually. Based on previous work, a subtle reduction in memory binding at baseline was defined by a Total Items in the Paired (TIP) condition score of ≤22 on the MBT. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the predictive validity of the MBT for incident aMCI accounting for the effects of covariates. The hazard ratio of incident aMCI was also assessed for different prediction time windows ranging from 4 to 7 years of follow-up, separately.
  
  
  
  Among 246 controls who were cognitively normal at baseline, 48 developed incident aMCI during follow-up. A baseline MBT reduction was associated with an increased risk for developing incident aMCI (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-4.56, p = 0.005). When varying the prediction window from 4-7 years, the MBT reduction remained significant for predicting incident aMCI (HR range: 2.33-3.12, p: 0.0007-0.04).
  
  
  
  Persons with poor performance on the MBT are at significantly greater risk for developing incident aMCI. High hazard ratios up to seven years of follow-up suggest that the MBT is sensitive to early disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.|The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Wenzhu B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Mowrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.|The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.|The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mindy J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.|The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ramratan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Loewenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.|The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Molly E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.|The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Buschke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000647:Amnesia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Aging; Alzheimer’s disease; cognition; dementia; longitudinal studies; memory; mild cognitive impairment; preclinical; survival analysis