title: The relationship between self-reported habitual exercise and visual field defect progression: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in the short term. However, it is not known whether exercise contributes to slower glaucomatous visual field defect progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four primary open-angle glaucoma or exfoliation glaucoma patients who were evaluated by the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) 24-2 program ≥ four times in 3 years were enrolled. Patients with a history of intraocular surgery in past 3 years or other eye diseases threatening visual fields were excluded. Patients were classified into two groups whether they had exercise habits or not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven patients had exercise habits. The mean ± standard error of IOP and MD slope were 14.8 ± 0.9 mmHg and +0.20 ± 0.20 dB/year in the exercise group and 13.3 ± 0.8 mmHg and -0.53 ± 0.18 dB/year in the non-exercise group (P = 0.24 and P = 0.01, respectively). Higher IOP [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44/1 mmHg increase; P = 0.02] and habitual exercise (OR = 0.04; P = 0.02) reduced the visual field defect progression risk in logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with self-reported exercise habits had slower glaucoma progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.|Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanako
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Yoshida, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan. inatani@u-fukui.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inatani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Glaucoma; Self-reported habitual exercise; Visual field defect