title: Outcomes after acute traumatic spinal cord injury in Botswana: from admission to discharge.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective follow-up study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To increase the knowledge regarding clinical and functional outcomes after traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) in a resource-constrained setting. A special focus was placed on secondary complications such as pressure ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The national referral hospital in Gaborone, Botswana.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included all patients admitted with an acute TSCI during a 2-year period (n=39). Data collection was conducted at the time of discharge, and clinical characteristics, length of stay and pressure ulcers were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Completeness of injury and presence of pressure ulcers were the factors found to significantly prolong hospitalization, which was 5 months (median). One patient died before discharge and one was discharged to rehabilitation in South Africa; all other patients were living with close or distant family members after discharge. Patients were supplied with electrical or manual active wheelchairs. Self-catheterization or suprapubic catheters were the main methods for bladder management, and ano-rectal stimulation to manage the bowel. Pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections and pain were the most frequent complications during in-patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rehabilitation of patients with TSCI in Botswana has been going through big changes, and new rehabilitation objectives, such as techniques used for the management of bladder and bowel dysfunctions and the provision of technical aids, have been implemented, which likely can contribute to an overall improvement in the outcomes. However, basic care at the general wards is still lagging behind, causing high rates of pressure ulcers that significantly extend hospitalization periods.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Spinalis/Rehab Station Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Löfvenmark
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasselberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nilsson Wikmar
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hultling
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Norrbrink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001902:Botswana / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000639:trends*; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000639:trends*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000639:trends; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult