title: Test-Retest Reliability of 10 Hz Conditioning Electrical Stimulation Inducing Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)-Like Pain Amplification in Humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  10 Hz conditioning electrical stimulation (CES) has been shown to induce long-term potentiation (LTP)-like pain amplification similar to traditional 100 Hz CES in healthy humans. The aim of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability and to estimate sample sizes required for future crossover and parallel study designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 10 Hz paradigm (500 rectangular pulses lasting 50 s) was repeated on two separate days with one week interval in twenty volunteers. Perceptual intensities to single electrical stimulation (SES) at the conditioned skin site and to mechanical stimuli (pinprick and light stroking) in immediate vicinity to the conditioned skin site were recorded. Superficial blood flow (SBF) was assessed as indicator of neurogenic inflammation. All outcome measures were assessed with 10 min interval three times before and six times after the CES. The coefficient of variation and intra-class correlation coefficient were calculated within session and between sessions. Sample sizes were estimated for future crossover (Ncr) and parallel (Np) drug testing studies expected to detect a 30% decrease for the individual outcome measure following 10 Hz CES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Perceptual intensity ratings to light stroking (Ncr = 2, Np = 33) and pinprick stimulation (491 mN) (Ncr = 6, Np = 54) increased after CES and showed better reliability in crossover than parallel design. The SBF increased after CES, and then declined until reaching a plateau 20 minutes postCES. SBF showed acceptable reliability both in crossover and parallel designs (Ncr = 3, Np = 13). Pain ratings to SES were reliable, but with large estimated sample sizes (Ncr = 634, Np = 11310) due to the minor pain amplification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reliability of 10 Hz CES was acceptable in inducing LTP-like effects in the assessments of superficial blood flow, heterotopic mechanical hyperalgesia, and dysesthesia in terms of sample sizes for future crossover study designs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI ®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.|China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI ®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Carsten Dahl
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Mørch
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI ®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole Kæseler
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult