title: In Vivo Measurement in Pigs of Wash-In Kinetics of Xenon at its Site of Action.
abstract: Xenon (Xe) in many respects is an ideal anaesthetic agent. Its blood/gas partition coefficient is lower than that of any other anaesthetic, enabling rapid induction of and emergence from anaesthesia. While the whole body kinetics during wash-in of inhalational anaesthesia is well known, data describing the pharmacokinetics of xenon in the cerebral compartment at the site of action are still largely missing.
  
  
  
  In order to illuminate xenon's cerebral pharmacokinetics, we anaesthetised five pigs and measured arterial, mixed- and sagittal sinus-venous blood, as well as end-expiratory gas concentrations of xenon by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) up to 30 minutes after starting the anaesthetic gas mixture.
  
  
  
  Despite xenon's fast onset of effect the half-time for equilibration between xenon concentration in arterial blood and at the site of action is measured to be 1.49 ± 0.04 minutes versus 3.91 ± 0.1 minutes. Successful loading of xenon in the brain during inhalational anesthesia was accomplished after approximately 15 minutes although the end-expiratory xenon concentration reached a plateau after 7 minutes. Thus cerebral xenon uptake rate is only moderate, xenon fast onset of action being largely due to its extremely fast alveolar uptake.
  
  
  
  To ensure safety and precise control during anaesthesia we need a profound knowledge about to what extent the measured end-tidal concentrations reflect the drug concentrations in the target tissue. The results of this study expand our knowledge about the temporal characteristics of xenon´s pharmacokinetics at its site of action and provide the basis for appropriate clinical protocols and experimental designs of future studies.
authors.forename: Gebhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Froeba
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Adolph
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006207:Half-Life; D008297:Male; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014978:Xenon / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D014978:Xenon