title: Dynamic functional connectivity of neurocognitive networks in children.
abstract: The human brain is highly dynamic, supporting a remarkable range of cognitive abilities that emerge over the course of development. While flexible and dynamic coordination between neural systems is firmly established for children, our understanding of brain functional organization in early life has been built largely on the implicit assumption that functional connectivity (FC) is static. Understanding the nature of dynamic neural interactions during development is a critical issue for cognitive neuroscience, with implications for neurodevelopmental pathologies that involve anomalies in brain connectivity. In this work, FC dynamics of neurocognitive networks in a sample of 146 youth from varied sociodemographic backgrounds were delineated. Independent component analysis, sliding time window correlation, and k-means clustering were applied to resting-state fMRI data. Results revealed six dynamic FC states that re-occur over time and that complement, but significantly extend, measures of static FC. Moreover, the occurrence and amount of time spent in specific FC states are related to the content of self-generated thought during the scan. Additionally, some connections are more variable over time than are others, including those between inferior parietal lobe and precuneus. These regions contribute to multiple networks and likely play a role in adaptive processes in childhood. Age-related increases in temporal variability of FC among neurocognitive networks were also found. Taken together, these findings lay the groundwork for understanding how variation in the developing chronnectome is related to risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding how brain systems reconfigure with development should provide insight into the ontogeny of complex, flexible cognitive processes. Hum Brain Mapp 38:97-108, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Hilary A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Marusak
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, North Mexico.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, North Mexico.
authors.forename: Vince D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sala-Hamrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gotlib
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland.|Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.|Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
authors.forename: Moriah E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thomason
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012146:Rest; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: brain development; central executive network; default mode network; fMRI; independent component analysis; intrinsic activity; intrinsic connectivity; resting-state; salience network; state variability