title: Spatial assessment of soil organic carbon and physicochemical properties in a horticultural orchard at arid zone of India using geostatistical approaches.
abstract: Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major indicator of long-term sustenance of agricultural production system. Apart from sustaining productivity, SOC plays a crucial role in context of climate change. Keeping in mind these potentials, spatial variation of SOC contents of a fruit orchard comprising several arid fruit plantations located at arid region of India is assessed in this study through geostatistical approaches. For this purpose, surface and subsurface soil samples from 175 locations from a fruit orchard spreading over 14.33 ha area were collected along with geographical coordinates. SOC content and soil physicochemical properties of collected soil samples were determined followed by geostatistical analysis for mapping purposes. Average SOC stock density of the orchard was 14.48 Mg ha(-1) for 0- to 30-cm soil layer ranging from 9.01 Mg ha(-1) in Carissa carandas to 19.52 Mg ha(-1) in Prosopis cineraria block. Range of spatial variation of SOC content was found about 100 m, while two other soil physicochemical properties, e.g., pH and electrical conductivity (EC) also showed similar spatial trend. This indicated that minimum sampling distance for future SOC mapping programme may be kept lower than 100 m for better accuracy. Ordinary kriging technique satisfactorily predicted SOC contents (in percent) at unsampled locations with root-mean-squared residual (RMSR) of 0.35-0.37. Co-kriging approach was found slightly superior (RMSR = 0.26-0.28) than ordinary kriging for spatial prediction of SOC contents because of significant correlations of SOC contents with pH and EC. Uncertainty of SOC estimation was also presented in terms of 90 % confidence interval. Spatial estimates of SOC stock through ordinary kriging or co-kriging approach were also found with low uncertainty of estimation than non-spatial estimates, e.g., arithmetic averaging approach. Among different fruit block plantations of the orchard, the block with Prosopis cineraria ('khejri') has higher SOC stock density than others.
authors.affiliation: ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India. akath2005@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Akath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India.
authors.forename: Priyabrata
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santra
authors.affiliation: ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India.
authors.forename: Mahesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India.
authors.forename: Navraten
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Panwar
authors.affiliation: ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342003, India.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Meghwal
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D057231:Climate Change; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005638:Fruit; D005843:Geography; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007194:India; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012987:Soil; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Arid and semi-arid region; Co-kriging; Fruit orchard; Soil organic carbon; Uncertainty