title: Phytochemical profiling as a solution to palliate disinfectant limitations.
abstract: The indiscriminate use of biocides for general disinfection has contributed to the increased incidence of antimicrobial tolerant microorganisms. This study aims to assess the potential of seven phytochemicals (tyrosol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamaldehyde, coumaric acid, cinnamic acid and eugenol) in the control of planktonic and sessile cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol showed antimicrobial properties, minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3-5 and 5-12 mM and minimum bactericidal concentrations of 10-12 and 10-14 mM against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Cinnamic acid was able to completely control adhered bacteria with effects comparable to peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite and it was more effective than hydrogen peroxide (all at 10 mM). This phytochemical caused significant changes in bacterial membrane hydrophilicity. The observed effectiveness of phytochemicals makes them interesting alternatives and/or complementary products to commonly used biocidal products. Cinnamic acid is of particular interest for the control of sessile cells.
authors.affiliation: a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.|b CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.|c Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malheiro
authors.affiliation: a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.|b CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: M M S M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.affiliation: c Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.affiliation: b CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: a LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simões
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015394:Molecular Structure; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012996:Solutions; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D064209:Phytochemicals; D012996:Solutions
keywords: Biocides; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; disinfection; phytochemicals; sessile cells