title: The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.
abstract: Respiratory activities are produced by medullary respiratory rhythm generators and are modulated from various sites in the lower brainstem, and which are then output as motor activities through premotor efferent networks in the brainstem and spinal cord. Over the past few decades, new knowledge has been accumulated on the anatomical and physiological mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of respiratory rhythm. In this review, we focus on the recent findings and attempt to elucidate the anatomical and functional mechanisms underlying respiratory control in the lower brainstem and spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan. kiikeda@hyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. oni@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onimaru
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan. yasumasaokada@1979.jukuin.keio.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasumasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Morphological Neuroscience, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, 693-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigefumi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. nk@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koshiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan. yoku@hyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oku
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. iizukam@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Makito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Systems Neurobiology Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Hidehiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koizumi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D012125:Respiratory Center / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Medulla; Parafacial respiratory group (pFRG); Pons; Pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC); Respiratory rhythm; Spinal cord