title: Additive Effects of Millimeter Waves and 2-Deoxyglucose Co-Exposure on the Human Keratinocyte Transcriptome.
abstract: Millimeter Waves (MMW) will be used in the next-generation of high-speed wireless technologies, especially in future Ultra-Broadband small cells in 5G cellular networks. Therefore, their biocompatibilities must be evaluated prior to their massive deployment. Using a microarray-based approach, we analyzed modifications to the whole genome of a human keratinocyte model that was exposed at 60.4 GHz-MMW at an incident power density (IPD) of 20 mW/cm2 for 3 hours in athermic conditions. No keratinocyte transcriptome modifications were observed. We tested the effects of MMWs on cell metabolism by co-treating MMW-exposed cells with a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2dG, 20 mM for 3 hours), and whole genome expression was evaluated along with the ATP content. We found that the 2dG treatment decreased the cellular ATP content and induced a high modification in the transcriptome (632 coding genes). The affected genes were associated with transcriptional repression, cellular communication and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. The MMW/2dG co-treatment did not alter the keratinocyte ATP content, but it did slightly alter the transcriptome, which reflected the capacity of MMW to interfere with the bioenergetic stress response. The RT-PCR-based validation confirmed 6 MMW-sensitive genes (SOCS3, SPRY2, TRIB1, FAM46A, CSRNP1 and PPP1R15A) during the 2dG treatment. These 6 genes encoded transcription factors or inhibitors of cytokine pathways, which raised questions regarding the potential impact of long-term or chronic MMW exposure on metabolically stressed cells.
authors.affiliation: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.|University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.|University of Djibouti, Djibouti City, Djibouti.
authors.forename: Yonis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soubere Mahamoud
authors.affiliation: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.|University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Meziane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aite
authors.affiliation: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.|University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.|Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhadobov
authors.affiliation: University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.|Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sauleau
authors.affiliation: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.|University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Dréan
authors.affiliation: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.|University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-3839
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Habauzit
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011846:Radio Waves; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D003847:Deoxyglucose