title: Naturally Occurring Diterpenoid Dimers: Source, Biosynthesis, Chemistry and Bioactivities.
abstract: Diterpenoid dimers are rare in nature and mainly found in higher plants including the families Acanthaceae, Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Calceolariaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Meliaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Taxaceae, Velloziaceae, and Zingiberaceae. In addition, a few diterpenoid dimers have been also reported from fungi (Psathyrellaceae), liverworts (Scapaniaceae), and a gorgonian (Gorgoniidae). They feature a wide variety of structures due to different core skeletons, linkage patterns, substituents, and configurations. Accordingly, diterpenoid dimers exhibit a broad range of bioactivities, including cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antifouling properties, which have attracted more and more research interests in the past decades. This review with 176 metabolites from 109 references provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the source, biosynthesis, structure, synthesis, and bioactivities of diterpenoid dimers.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Gen
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Carolina Oi Lam
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Ung
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhe-Ling
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, PR China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D005658:Fungi; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D029582:Meliaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D043982:Rhizophoraceae / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000962:Antimalarials; D004224:Diterpenes; C525885:grandione; C000597632:taiwaniadduct B