title: Higher Risk of Ischemic Events in Secondary Prevention for Patients With Persistent Than Those With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation.
abstract: The discrimination between paroxysmal and sustained (persistent or permanent) atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been considered in the approach to secondary stroke prevention. We aimed to assess the differences in clinical outcomes between mostly anticoagulated patients with sustained and paroxysmal AF who had previous ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.
  
  
  
  Using data from 1192 nonvalvular AF patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack who were registered in the SAMURAI-NVAF study (Stroke Management With Urgent Risk-Factor Assessment and Improvement-Nonvalvular AF; a prospective, multicenter, observational study), we divided patients into those with paroxysmal AF and those with sustained AF. We compared clinical outcomes between the 2 groups.
  
  
  
  The median follow-up period was 1.8 (interquartile range, 0.93-2.0) years. Of the 1192 patients, 758 (336 women; 77.9±9.9 years old) and 434 (191 women; 77.3±10.0 years old) were assigned to the sustained AF group and paroxysmal AF groups, respectively. After adjusting for sex, age, previous anticoagulation, and initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, sustained AF was negatively associated with 3-month independence (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.87; P=0.006). The annual rate of stroke or systemic embolism was 8.3 and 4.6 per 100 person-years, respectively (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio, 1.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-3.14) and that of major bleeding events was 3.4 and 3.1, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-2.08).
  
  
  
  Among patients with previous ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, those with sustained AF had a higher risk of stroke or systemic embolism compared with those with paroxysmal AF.
  
  
  
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01581502.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.). koga@ncvc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Sohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takamatsu
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Todo
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Eisuke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Furui
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terasaki
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiokawa
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamiyama
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Shunya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takizawa
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kameda
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Yoshinari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagakane
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yagita
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Kazuomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kario
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiozawa
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamagami
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arihiro
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Stroke Care Unit (M.K., S.A.), Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S.Y., M.S., S. Sato, K. Toyoda), and Department of Neurology (H.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan; Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan (Y.H.); Department of Neurology, South Miyagi Medical Center, Ogawara, Japan (S. Shibuya); Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan (Y.I.); Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan (H.M.); Department of Neurology, Ohta Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan (K. Takamatsu); Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan (K.N.); Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Japan (K. Todo); Department of Stroke Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (K. Kimura, Y.Y.); Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan (E.F.); Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (T.T.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Stroke Center, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan (K. Kamiyama); Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan (S.T.); Department of Neurology, NHO Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan (S.O.); Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine, NHO Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.O.); Division of Neurology (T.K.) and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (K. Kario), Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan; and Department of Neurology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan (Y.N.).
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyoda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin
keywords: atrial fibrillation; hemorrhage; secondary prevention; stroke; thromboembolism