title: Psychosocial development of 5-year-old children with hearing loss: Risks and protective factors.
abstract: The aims of this paper were to report on the global psychosocial functioning of 5-year-old DHH children and examine the risk and protective factors that predict outcomes.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional analysis of data collected from a prospective, population-based longitudinal study.
  
  
  
  Parents/caregivers of 356 children completed questionnaires on psychosocial development (CDI, SDQ), functional communication (PEACH) and demographic information. Children completed standardized assessments of non-verbal cognitive ability (WNV) and language (PLS-4).
  
  
  
  On average, global psychosocial functioning was within the range of typically developing children; however, variability was high and 12% of children had scores that were more than 2 SDs below the norm. Non-verbal cognitive ability, presence of additional disabilities, language and functional communication significantly predicted outcomes. In contrast, type of hearing device, severity of hearing loss and age at intervention did not.
  
  
  
  The global psychosocial functioning of this cohort of 5-year-old DHH children fell within the range of typically developing children. The findings suggest that spoken language ability and functional communication skills are vital for healthy psychosocial development.
authors.affiliation: a National Acoustics Laboratories (NAL) and HEARing CRC.
authors.forename: Cara L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: a National Acoustics Laboratories (NAL) and HEARing CRC.
authors.forename: Teresa Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.affiliation: b Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children (RIDBC) , and.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.affiliation: c Macquarie University, New South Wales , Australia.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.affiliation: a National Acoustics Laboratories (NAL) and HEARing CRC.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Button
authors.affiliation: a National Acoustics Laboratories (NAL) and HEARing CRC.
authors.forename: Vivienne
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marnane
authors.affiliation: a National Acoustics Laboratories (NAL) and HEARing CRC.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.affiliation: a National Acoustics Laboratories (NAL) and HEARing CRC.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunnourie
authors.affiliation: a National Acoustics Laboratories (NAL) and HEARing CRC.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D066107:Social Skills
keywords: Deaf or hard of hearing; communication; emotional and behavioral; hearing loss; language; pediatric; psychosocial/emotional; social skills