title: New Approaches in Glioblastoma Multiforme: The Potential Role of Immune- check Point Inhibitors.
abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent brain tumor. Despite recent advances in treatment approaches the prognosis remains poor, with a median overall survival of 14.6 months. Immunotherapy is the subject of ongoing research and its benefit is becoming evident in other malignancies. Immune check-points such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor (PD-1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) reduce immune response.
  
  
  
  To clarify the role of immune check point inhibitors in GBM management.
  
  
  
  Preclinical and clinical trials of immune check-point inhibitors in GBM were obtained by searching for English peer-reviewed articles on PubMed databases, trials registered on clincaltrials. gov and abstracts recently presented at international congresses.
  
  
  
  Immune check point inhibitors may be of critical importance for the design of future immunotherapy approaches in GBM management.
  
  
  
  Immune check-point inhibitors should be considered a promising treatment option in GBM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 326, Rome, 00161, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Felice
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musio
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cassese
authors.forename: Giovanni Luca
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gravina
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tombolini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: CTLA-4; Immunotherapy; PD-1; check-point; glioblastoma multiforme; immune system; ipilimumab; radiotherapy