title: Poor sleep after military deployment: associations with mental health difficulties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep difficulties, alcohol use and mental illness are often related; military studies suggest that post-deployment is a high-risk period for sleep problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the prevalence of post-deployment sleep difficulties in UK Armed Forces (UKAF) personnel and associations with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and any mental disorder (AMD) symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, self-report, observational study of UKAF members returning from Afghanistan, questionnaire data were collected immediately following and 6 months post-deployment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1636 participants provided study data at both time points. Twenty-three per cent of personnel reported sleep difficulties at follow-up; 11% reported sleep-related interference with daily functioning. Sleep problems were significantly associated with AUD and AMD. Initial post-deployment sleep problems were predictive of AMD but not AUD at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The disclosure of alcohol misuse and mental ill-health in UKAF personnel is often inhibited by stigmatizing beliefs; detection could be enhanced by inquiring about sleep problems which may be less stigmatizing than direct enquiries about alcohol misuse and psychological well-being.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 9RJ, UK.
authors.forename: E J F
authors.initials: EJF
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 9RJ, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London SE5 9RJ, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
keywords: Alcohol; common mental disorder; military; occupation; sleep.