title: Characterization of Oxacillinase and Metallo-β-Lactamas Genes and Molecular Typing of Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Ahvaz, South-West of Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen associated with a variety of infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study aimed to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility, analyze the prevalence of oxacillinase and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes and molecular typing of clinical isolates of A. baumannii.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 124 non-repetitive isolates of A. baumannii were collected from various clinical specimens in two teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, south-west of Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of imipenem, meropenem, colistin and tigecycline were determined using E-test. To screen for MBL production, double disk synergy (DDs) test and MBL E-test were performed. The presence of bla OXA-23-like, bla OXA-24-like, bla OXA-51-like, bla OXA-58-like, bla VIM, bla IMP and bla SPM genes was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To identify clonal relatedness, all isolates were subjected to repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on disk diffusion results, the highest rate of resistance was observed in rifampin (96.8%). Colistin and polymyxin-B were the most effective agents in vitro. According to the MIC results, the rate of resistance to imipenem, meropenem, colistin and tigecycline were 78.2%, 73.4%, 0.8% and 0, respectively. Metallo-β-lactamase production was positive in 42.3% and 79.4% of the isolates by DDs test and E-test, respectively. All isolates (100%) carried bla OXA-51-like gene. According to the results of multiplex PCR, bla OXA-23-like and bla OXA-24-like genes were detected in 85.6% and 6.2% of carbapenem resistant isolates, respectively. No bla OXA-58- like, bla VIM, bla IMP and bla SPM were detected. By rep-PCR, carbapenem resistant isolates were separated into six genotypes (A to F). Genotype A (30.9%) was the most prevalent (P value < 0.001). Genotypes B and C were found in 28.9% and 26.8% of the isolates, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii isolates were high in this study. Since, bla OXA-58-like or MBL genes were not detected, it seems that resistance to carbapenems is related to bla OXA-23-like and bla OXA-24-like. Moreover, bla OXA-23-like was the most prevalent oxacillinase (OXA) gene. Most of the isolates belonged to one of the four dominant genotypes indicating clonal dissemination in the hospitals under study. In order to control the spread of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, infection- control strategies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shoja
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moosavian
authors.affiliation: Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Soodabeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rostami
authors.affiliation: Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tabatabaiefar
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peymani
keywords: Acinetobacter baumannii; Carbapenems; Oxacillinase; Typing