title: A Deep Learning Scheme for Motor Imagery Classification based on Restricted Boltzmann Machines.
abstract: Motor imagery classification is an important topic in brain-computer interface (BCI) research that enables the recognition of a subject's intension to, e.g., implement prosthesis control. The brain dynamics of motor imagery are usually measured by electroencephalography (EEG) as nonstationary time series of low signal-to-noise ratio. Although a variety of methods have been previously developed to learn EEG signal features, the deep learning idea has rarely been explored to generate new representation of EEG features and achieve further performance improvement for motor imagery classification. In this study, a novel deep learning scheme based on restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) is proposed. Specifically, frequency domain representations of EEG signals obtained via fast Fourier transform (FFT) and wavelet package decomposition (WPD) are obtained to train three RBMs. These RBMs are then stacked up with an extra output layer to form a four-layer neural network, which is named the frequential deep belief network (FDBN). The output layer employs the softmax regression to accomplish the classification task. Also, the conjugate gradient method and backpropagation are used to fine tune the FDBN. Extensive and systematic experiments have been performed on public benchmark datasets, and the results show that the performance improvement of FDBN over other selected state-of-the-art methods is statistically significant. Also, several findings that may be of significant interest to the BCI community are presented in this article.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Tengfei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miao
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D033182:Intention; D000069550:Machine Learning; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted