title: Interventions to reduce inequalities in vaccine uptake in children and adolescents aged <19 years: a systematic review.
abstract: In high-income countries, substantial differences exist in vaccine uptake relating to socioeconomic status, gender, ethnic group, geographic location and religious belief. This paper updates a 2009 systematic review on effective interventions to decrease vaccine uptake inequalities in light of new technologies applied to vaccination and new vaccine programmes (eg, human papillomavirus in adolescents).
  
  
  
  We searched MEDLINE, Embase, ASSIA, The Campbell Collaboration, CINAHL, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Eppi Centre, Eric and PsychINFO for intervention, cohort or ecological studies conducted at primary/community care level in children and young people from birth to 19 years in OECD countries, with vaccine uptake or coverage as outcomes, published between 2008 and 2015.
  
  
  
  The 41 included studies evaluated complex multicomponent interventions (n=16), reminder/recall systems (n=18), outreach programmes (n=3) or computer-based interventions (n=2). Complex, locally designed interventions demonstrated the best evidence for effectiveness in reducing inequalities in deprived, urban, ethnically diverse communities. There is some evidence that postal and telephone reminders are effective, however, evidence remains mixed for text-message reminders, although these may be more effective in adolescents. Interventions that escalated in intensity appeared particularly effective. Computer-based interventions were not effective. Few studies targeted an inequality specifically, although several reported differential effects by the ethnic group.
  
  
  
  Locally designed, multicomponent interventions should be used in urban, ethnically diverse, deprived populations. Some evidence is emerging for text-message reminders, particularly in adolescents. Further research should be conducted in the UK and Europe with a focus on reducing specific inequalities.
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crocker-Buque
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety, Public Health England, London, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edelstein
authors.affiliation: Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mounier-Jack
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs / Q000458:organization & administration; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017010:Reminder Systems; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D060145:Text Messaging; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines
keywords: COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; INEQUALITIES; PRIMARY CARE; VACCINATION