title: Pathomechanics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Thrower's Shoulder.
abstract: Repetitive, high-velocity overhead throwing can lead to several adaptive changes in the throwing shoulder, which over time lead to structural microtrauma and eventually overt injury. MR imaging is a useful imaging modality to evaluate these changes and to characterize their acuity and severity. Understanding the throwing motion and the effects of this motion on the structures of the shoulder can help radiologists to recognize these findings and provide useful information to referring physicians, which may affect the treatment of these athletes. This article reviews shoulder pathomechanics and MR imaging findings in overhead throwing athletes.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A21, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: I-Yuan Joseph
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A21, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Musculoskeletal Section, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A21, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: Polstej@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Polster
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Baseball; GIRD; Internal impingement; MR imaging; Rotator cuff; SLAP tear; Shoulder; Throwing