title: Genomes of Candidatus Wolbachia bourtzisii wDacA and Candidatus Wolbachia pipientis wDacB from the Cochineal Insect Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae).
abstract: Dactylopius species, known as cochineal insects, are the source of the carminic acid dye used worldwide. The presence of two Wolbachia strains in Dactylopius coccus from Mexico was revealed by PCR amplification of wsp and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. A metagenome analysis recovered the genome sequences of Candidatus Wolbachia bourtzisii wDacA (supergroup A) and Candidatus Wolbachia pipientis wDacB (supergroup B). Genome read coverage, as well as 16S rRNA clone sequencing, revealed that wDacB was more abundant than wDacA. The strains shared similar predicted metabolic capabilities that are common to Wolbachia, including riboflavin, ubiquinone, and heme biosynthesis, but lacked other vitamin and cofactor biosynthesis as well as glycolysis, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and sugar uptake systems. A complete tricarboxylic acid cycle and gluconeogenesis were predicted as well as limited amino acid biosynthesis. Uptake and catabolism of proline were evidenced in Dactylopius Wolbachia strains. Both strains possessed WO-like phage regions and type I and type IV secretion systems. Several efflux systems found suggested the existence of metal toxicity within their host. Besides already described putative virulence factors like ankyrin domain proteins, VlrC homologs, and patatin-like proteins, putative novel virulence factors related to those found in intracellular pathogens like Legionella and Mycobacterium are highlighted for the first time in Wolbachia Candidate genes identified in other Wolbachia that are likely involved in cytoplasmic incompatibility were found in wDacB but not in wDacA.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Shamayim T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Puebla
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Biotecnología "Marino Tabusso", Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 12, Peru.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ormeño-Orrillo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vera-Ponce de León
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Flores
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenblueth
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, Mexico emartine@ccg.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Esperanza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-Romero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000382:microbiology*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D013559:Symbiosis; D037521:Virulence Factors; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058947:Bacterial Secretion Systems; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: endosymbiont; scale insect