title: Current and emerging treatment options in the management of lupus.
abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with variable clinical manifestations. While the clearest guidelines for the treatment of SLE exist in the context of lupus nephritis, patients with other lupus manifestations such as neuropsychiatric, hematologic, musculoskeletal, and severe cutaneous lupus frequently require immunosuppression and/or biologic therapy. Conventional immunosuppressive agents such as mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide are widely used in the management of SLE with current more rationalized treatment regimens optimizing the use of these agents while minimizing potential toxicity. The advent of biologic therapies has advanced the treatment of SLE particularly in patients with refractory disease. The CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab and the anti-BLyS agent belimumab are now widely in use in clinical practice. Several other biologic agents are in ongoing clinical trials. While immunosuppressive and biologic agents are the foundation of inflammatory disease control in SLE, the importance of managing comorbidities such as cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and minimizing susceptibility to infection should not be neglected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: Louise Coote Lupus Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Cruz
keywords: azathioprine; belimumab; cyclophosphamide; hydroxychloroquine; mycophenolate mofetil; rituximab