title: Genetic and antigenic characterization of H5, H6 and H9 avian influenza viruses circulating in live bird markets with intervention in the center part of Vietnam.
abstract: A total of 3,045 environmental samples and oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from apparently healthy poultry have been collected at three live bird markets (LBMs) at which practices were applied to reduce avian influenza (AI) virus transmission (intervention LBMs) and six conventional LBMs (non-intervention LBMs) in Thua Thien Hue province in 2014 to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention LBMs. The 178 AI viruses, including H3 (19 viruses), H4 (2), H5 (8), H6 (30), H9 (114), and H11 (5), were isolated from domestic ducks, muscovy ducks, chickens, and the environment. The prevalence of AI viruses in intervention LBMs (6.1%; 95% CI: 5.0-7.5) was similar to that in non-intervention LBMs (5.6%; 95% CI: 4.5-6.8; χ(2)=0.532; df=1; P=0.53) in the study area. Eight H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses were isolated from apparently healthy ducks, muscovy ducks, and an environmental sample in an intervention LBM. The hemagglutinin genes of the H5N6 HPAI viruses belonged to the genetic clade 2.3.4.4, and the antigenicity of the H5N6 HPAI viruses differed from the H5N1 HPAI viruses previously circulating in Vietnam. Phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the H6 and H9 viruses isolated in both types of LBMs revealed that they were closely related to the viruses isolated from domestic birds in China, Group II of H6 viruses and Y280 lineage of H9 viruses. These results indicate that the interventions currently applied in LBMs are insufficient to control AI. A risk analysis should be conducted to identify the key factors contributing to AI virus prevalence in intervention LBMs.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Duc-Huy
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamatsu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiono
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
authors.forename: Lam Thanh
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tien Ngoc
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thuy Thu
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Dang Hoang
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tho Dang
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 15/78 Giai Phong, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thanh Long
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: To
authors.affiliation: Sub-Department of Animal Health, 62 Nguyen Chi Dieu, Hue city, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan. Electronic address: sakoda@vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakoda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D002645:Chickens; D004372:Ducks; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral
keywords: Antigenic analysis; Avian influenza; Live bird market; Phylogenetic analysis; Surveillance