title: Spoligotype diversity and 5-year trends of bovine tuberculosis in Extremadura, southern Spain.
abstract: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) causes significant losses to farming economies worldwide. A better understanding on the epidemiology of this disease and the role that the different hosts develop in the maintenance and spread of bTB is vital to control this zoonotic disease. This study reports the spoligotype diversity and temporal evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) isolates obtained from Extremadura (southern Spain). Genotyping data of Mycobacterium bovis (n = 2102) and Mycobacterium caprae (n = 96) isolates from cattle and wildlife species, collected between 2008 and 2012, were used in this study. The isolates resulted clustered into 88 spoligotypes which varied largely in frequency and occurrence in the three hosts. The 20 most frequent patterns represented 91.99 % of the isolates, the spoligotype SB0121 being the clearly predominant and most widely dispersed geographically. The major variety of the spoligotype patterns (78 out of 88) was isolated from the cattle, in fact 50 (56.83 %) of the patterns were found only in this species. Within the spoligotypes shared between the cattle and wildlife species, 17 patterns (1747 isolates) were shared with wild boar and Iberian red deer, 10 patterns (308 isolates) were exclusively shared with wild boar, and only one pattern (two isolates) was shared exclusively with Iberian red deer. The significant number of spoligotypes shared between the three hosts (79.49 %) highlights the components of the multi-host system that allows the bTB maintenance in our study area. The greater percentage of isolates shared by the wild boar and cattle (93.50 %) supports the role of wild boar as main maintenance host for bTB in cattle. These results could be extrapolated to areas with a similar epidemiological scenario and could be helpful for other countries where wild reservoirs represent a handicap for the successful eradication of bTB from livestock.
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. walgarjim@unex.es.|School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK. walgarjim@unex.es.
authors.forename: Waldo L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: García-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cortés
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Benítez-Medina
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hurtado
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Remigio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Producción Animal - CICYTEX, 06187, Badajoz, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.|Innovación en Gestión y Conservación de Ungulados SL, 10002, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Risco
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.|Innovación en Gestión y Conservación de Ungulados SL, 10002, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cerrato
authors.affiliation: Dirección General de Agricultura y Ganadería, Consejería de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Medio Ambiente y Energía, 06800, Mérida, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermoso-de-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.|Innovación en Gestión y Conservación de Ungulados SL, 10002, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fernández-Llario
authors.affiliation: Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hermoso-de-Mendoza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000382:microbiology; D002417:Cattle; D003670:Deer / Q000382:microbiology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000382:microbiology; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
keywords: Bovine tuberculosis; Cattle; Spoligotyping; Wildlife reservoirs