title: Fluorescent reporter analysis revealed the timing and localization of AVR-Pia expression, an avirulence effector of Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: In order to facilitate infection, the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes an abundance of proteins, including avirulence effectors, to diminish its host's defences. Avirulence effectors are recognized by host resistance proteins and trigger the host's hypersensitive response, which is a rapid and effective form of innate plant immunity. An understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of such interactions is crucial for the development of strategies to control disease. However, the expression and secretion of certain effector proteins, such as AVR-Pia, have yet to be reported. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that AVR-Pia was only expressed during infection. Fluorescently labelled AVR-Pia indicated that AVR-Pia expression was induced during appressorial differentiation in the cells of both rice and onion, as well as in a penetration-deficient (Δpls1) mutant capable of developing melanized appressoria, but unable to penetrate host cells, suggesting that AVR-Pia expression is independent of fungal penetration. Using live-cell imaging, we also documented the co-localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled AVR-Pia and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-labelled PWL2, which indicates that AVR-Pia accumulates in biotrophic interfacial complexes before being delivered to the plant cytosol. Together, these results suggest that AVR-Pia is a cytoplasmic effector that is expressed at the onset of appressorial differentiation and is translocated to the biotrophic interfacial complex, and then into the host's cytoplasm.
authors.affiliation: Graduation School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Worawan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sornkom
authors.affiliation: Graduation School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Graduation School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Graduation School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Graduation School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Kozo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.affiliation: Graduation School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sone
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D005453:Fluorescence; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology; D059828:Plant Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D021381:Protein Transport; D013997:Time Factors; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: AVR-Pia; BIC, Pyricularia oryzae; appressorium; avirulence effector; rice