title: Well-Being and Diabetes Management in Early Pregnant Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: This paper explores well-being and diabetes management in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in early pregnancy and investigates associations among perceived well-being, diabetes management, and maternal characteristics. Questionnaires were answered by 168 Swedish women. Correlation analyses were conducted with Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs). The women reported relatively high scores of self-efficacy in diabetes management (SWE-DES-10: 3.91 (0.51)) and self-perceived health (excellent (6.5%), very good (42.3%), good (38.7%), fair (11.3%) and poor (1.2%)). Moderate scores were reported for general well-being (WBQ-12: 22.6 (5.7)) and sense of coherence (SOC-13: 68.9 (9.7), moderate/low scores for hypoglycemia fear (SWE-HFS 26.6 (11.8)) and low scores of diabetes-distress (SWE-PAID-20 27.1 (15.9)). A higher capability of self-efficacy in diabetes management showed positive correlations with self-perceived health (rs = -0.41, p < 0.0001) and well-being (rs = 0.34, p < 0.0001) as well as negative correlations with diabetes distress (rs = -0.51, p < 0.0001) and hypoglycemia worries (rs = -0.27, p = 0.0009). Women with HbA1c levels of ≤48 mmL/mol scored higher in the subscales "goal achievement" in SWE-DES (p = 0.0028) and "comprehensibility" in SOC (p = 0.016). Well-being and diabetes management could be supported by strengthening the women's capability to achieve glycemic goals and their comprehensibility in relation to the treatment. Further studies are needed to test this.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. karolina.linden@gu.se.|Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. karolina.linden@gu.se.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. carina.s-lundin@fhs.gu.se.|Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. carina.s-lundin@fhs.gu.se.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sparud-Lundin
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden. annsofie.adolfsson@oru.se.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing Science, Vestfold University College of Southeast Norway, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway. annsofie.adolfsson@oru.se.
authors.forename: Annsofie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adolfsson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. marie.berg@fhs.gu.se.|Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. marie.berg@fhs.gu.se.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D012648:Self Care; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: diabetes management; pregnancy; type 1 diabetes mellitus; well-being