title: Bo-Gan-Whan regulates proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bo-Gan-Whan (BGH), a Korean polyherbal medicine, is used as a hepatoprotective drug. It has six natural sources, and has been demonstrated to have anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effect on vascular diseases remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability and proliferation assays were employed using an EZ-Cytox Cell Viability Assay Kit. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration was measured by scratch wound healing assay and Boyden chamber assay. The expression levels of the phosphorylated signaling proteins relevant to proliferation, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined by western blot analysis. Chromatogram and mass analysis were employed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) system. Cell prolife ration and migration were also explored using the PDGF-BB-induced aortic sprout assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BGH (100-500 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs through the reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in comparison to untreated PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC. Moreover, we identified the paeoniflorin as the major composition of BGH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that BGH may have an anti-atherosclerosis effect by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs through down-regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Science, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang Pa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6136-4970
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongguk-Ro 32, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jai-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongguk-Ro 32, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuck
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Science, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae Ryong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Science, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongguk-Ro 32, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea. diapwh@dongguk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Won-Hwan
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Bo-Gan-Whan; Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; Platelet-derived growth factor-BB; Vascular smooth muscle cells; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase