title: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nail disorders can arise at any age. About half of all nail disorders are of infectious origin, 15% are due to inflammatory or metabolic conditions, and 5% are due to malignancies and pigment disturbances. The differential diagnosis of nail disorders is often an area of uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review is based on publications and guidelines retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, including Cochrane reviews, meta-analyses, and AWMF guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nail disorders are a common reason for derma - tologic consultation. They are assessed by clinical inspection, dermatoscopy, diagnostic imaging, microbiological (including mycological) testing, and histopathological examination. Some 10% of the overall population suffers from onychomycosis, with a point prevalence of around 15%. Bacterial infections of the nails are rarer than fungal colonization. High-risk groups for nail disorders include diabetics, dialysis patients, transplant recipients, and cancer patients. Malignant tumors of the nails are often not correctly diagnosed at first. For subungual melanoma, the mean time from the initial symptom to the correct diagnosis is approximately 2 years; this delay is partly responsible for the low 10-year survival rate of only 43%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of the nail organ is an important diagnostic instrument. Aside from onychomycosis, which is a common nail disorder, important differential diagnoses such as malignant diseases, drug side effects, and bacterial infections must be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dresden-Friedrichstadt Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Mölbis, Georg Schmorl Institute of Pathology, Dresden-Friedrichstadt Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wollina
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nenoff
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haroske
authors.forename: Holger A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Haenssle
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009260:Nail Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome