title: Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin BMAA and Mercury in Sharks.
abstract: Sharks have greater risk for bioaccumulation of marine toxins and mercury (Hg), because they are long-lived predators. Shark fins and cartilage also contain β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a ubiquitous cyanobacterial toxin linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Today, a significant number of shark species have found their way onto the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Many species of large sharks are threatened with extinction due in part to the growing high demand for shark fin soup and, to a lesser extent, for shark meat and cartilage products. Recent studies suggest that the consumption of shark parts may be a route to human exposure of marine toxins. Here, we investigated BMAA and Hg concentrations in fins and muscles sampled in ten species of sharks from the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. BMAA was detected in all shark species with only seven of the 55 samples analyzed testing below the limit of detection of the assay. Hg concentrations measured in fins and muscle samples from the 10 species ranged from 0.05 to 13.23 ng/mg. These analytical test results suggest restricting human consumption of shark meat and fins due to the high frequency and co-occurrence of two synergistic environmental neurotoxic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA. nhammerschlag@rsmas.miami.edu.|Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. nhammerschlag@rsmas.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hammerschlag
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. d.davis12@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. kmondo@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kiyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. mxs1904@miami.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Seely
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, 3247 University Way, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada. susan.murch@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Murch
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, 3247 University Way, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada. williambrocglover@gmail.com.
authors.forename: William Broc
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, USA. tim.divoll@briloon.org.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Divoll
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, USA. david.evers@briloon.org.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. dmash@med.miami.edu.|Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA. dmash@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Deborah C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mash
mesh_terms: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D058500:Animal Fins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001822:Body Burden; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017747:Seafood / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000145:classification; D012754:Sharks / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000599:Amino Acids, Diamino; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C001824:beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine
keywords: ">l-alanine; conservation; cyanobacteria; methylmercury; neurodegenerative disease; neurotoxin; sharks; total mercury; β-N-methylamino-