title: The size and behavior of the human upper airway during inhalation of aerosols.
abstract: The mouth, the pharynx and the larynx are potential sites of aerosol deposition in the upper airway during inhalation of aerosolized drugs. The right angle bend of the lumen at the back of the mouth, the position of the tongue, the variable size and shape of the lumen in the pharynx and the larynx, and the breathing pattern could increase aerosol deposition in the upper airway and decrease lung deposition. Areas covered: In this review, the anatomy of the upper airway from the oral cavity to the glottis and the impact of mandibular protrusion and incisal opening on the size of the upper airway are highlighted. In addition, the impact of inhalation maneuvers, inhaler mouthpiece geometries and a stepped mouthpiece on the size of the upper airway are discussed. Expert opinion: The structure of the upper airway lumen does not have a fixed cross sectional area and is susceptible to both constriction and distension during inhalation. The size of the upper airway can be enlarged through mandibular protrusion and/or incisal opening which might decrease aerosol deposition in the upper airway and increase lung deposition.
authors.affiliation: a InDevCo AB , Nyköping , Sweden.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nikander
authors.affiliation: b Respironics Inc., a Philips Healthcare Company , Murrysville , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: von Hollen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , UK.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Larhrib
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D009055:Mouth / Q000378:metabolism*; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D010614:Pharynx / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols
keywords: Upper airway; incisal opening; inhalation; inhaler mouthpiece; mandibular protrusion; stepped mouthpiece