title: Deep Venous Thrombosis and Tendon Healing.
abstract: Tendon metabolism after acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is associated with major complications related to immobilization, which results in reduced circulation, high risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), impaired healing and functional deficits.DVT has been demonstrated to occur in up to 50 % of the patients with ATR. Suffering from a DVT during tendon healing has been demonstrated as an independent predictive factor for impaired patient outcome at 1 year after ATR, suggesting that specific interventions are warranted to prevent DVT. Since pharmacological DVT prophylaxis has low or no effect during lower leg immobilization it is speculated whether adjuvant treatment with intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) applied during lower limb immobilization can reduce the incidence of DVT.IPC, which acts through mechanical, chemical and molecular mechanisms, has been demonstrated to enhance neuro-vascular ingrowth in a tendon repair model and stimulate collagen production leading to improved maximum force during healing.Recently, a prospective randomized trial compared adjuvant IPC applied under an orthosis versus plaster cast only in ATR patients. The study found at 2 weeks post-operatively 21 % DVTs in the IPC-group compared to 37 % in the control group. Patients that received no IPC treatment exhibited an almost threefold increased odds for DVT, independently of age. Furthermore, using microdialysis technique, adjuvant IPC treatment was shown to increase the metabolic healing activity at 2 weeks post-ATR.Tendon healing is impaired by reduced circulation and DVT. The demonstration that adjuvant IPC effectively reduced DVT incidence, and also is capable of enhancing the metabolic response suggests that IPC treatment may not only be a viable means of prophylaxis against DVT, but possibly also a method of promoting healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden. erica.domeij-arverud@ds.se.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, SE-17176, Sweden. erica.domeij-arverud@ds.se.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Domeij-Arverud
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Ackermann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods; D048228:Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D013710:Tendons / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014945:Wound Healing
keywords: Deep venous thrombosis; Functional outcome; Intermittent pneumatic compression; Microdialysis; Tendon healing; Tendon metabolism