title: Dietary patterns in an elderly population and their relation with bone mineral density: the Rotterdam Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to identify dietary patterns that are associated with bone mineral density (BMD) against a background of relatively high dairy intake in elderly Dutch subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 55 years of age and older (n = 5144) who were enrolled in The Rotterdam Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. Baseline intake of 28 pre-defined food groups was determined using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and at three subsequent visits (between 1993 and 2004). Linear mixed modelling was used to longitudinally analyse associations of adherence to each pattern with repeatedly measured BMD (both in Z scores).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for confounders, two dietary patterns were associated with high BMD: a "Traditional" pattern, characterized by high intake of potatoes, meat and fat (β = 0.06; 95 % CI 0.03, 0.09) and a "Health conscious" pattern, characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, poultry and fish (β = 0.06; 95 % CI 0.04, 0.08). The "Processed" pattern, characterized by high intake of processed meat and alcohol, was associated with low BMD (β = -0.03; 95 % CI -0.06, -0.01). Associations of adherence to the "Health conscious" and "Processed" pattern with BMD were independent of body weight and height, whereas the association between adherence to the "Traditional" pattern with BMD was not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Against a background of high dairy intake and independent of anthropometrics, a "Health conscious" dietary pattern may have benefits for BMD, whereas a "Processed" dietary pattern may pose a risk for low BMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ester A L
authors.initials: EAL
authors.lastname: de Jonge
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivadeneira
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Erler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Oscar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, PO box 2040, 3000, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. j.c.kiefte-dejong@erasmusmc.nl.|Department of Global Public Health, Leiden University College, PO box 13228, 2501, The Hague, The Netherlands. j.c.kiefte-dejong@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kiefte-de Jong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005511:Food Handling; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011200:Poultry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011198:Solanum tuberosum; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: Body weight; Bone mineral density; Dietary patterns; Overall diet; Principal component analysis