title: Power in everyday life.
abstract: How does power manifest itself in everyday life? Using experience-sampling methodology, we investigated the prevalence, sources, and correlates of power in people's natural environments. Participants experienced power-relevant situations regularly, though not frequently. High power was not restricted to a limited few: almost half of the sample reported experiencing high-power positions. Positional power and subjective feelings of power were strongly related but had unique relations with several individual difference measures and independent effects on participants' affect, cognition, and interpersonal relations. Subjective feelings of power resulted more from within-participant situational fluctuation, such as the social roles participants held at different times, than from stable differences between people. Our data supported some theoretical predictions about power's effects on affect, cognition, and interpersonal relations, but qualified others, particularly highlighting the role of responsibility in power's effects. Although the power literature has focused on high power, we found stronger effects of low power than high power.
authors.affiliation: Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0553; psmith@rady.ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0211-4728
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hofmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D019369:Life; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011209:Power, Psychological
keywords: ecological setting; experience sampling; positional power; social roles; subjective feelings of power