title: Temporal Changes of Protein Composition in Breast Milk of Chinese Urban Mothers and Impact of Caesarean Section Delivery.
abstract: Human breast milk (BM) protein composition may be impacted by lactation stage or factors related to geographical location. The present study aimed at assessing the temporal changes of BM major proteins over lactation stages and the impact of mode of delivery on immune factors, in a large cohort of urban mothers in China. 450 BM samples, collected in three Chinese cities, covering 8 months of lactation were analyzed for α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin, total caseins, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM and IgG) and transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and β2 content by microfluidic chip- or ELISA-based quantitative methods. Concentrations and changes over lactation were aligned with previous reports. α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, IgA, IgM and TGF-β1 contents followed similar variations characterized by highest concentrations in early lactation that rapidly decreased before remaining stable up to end of lactation. TGF-β2 content displayed same early dynamics before increasing again. Total caseins followed a different pattern, showing initial increase before decreasing back to starting values. Serum albumin and IgG levels appeared stable throughout lactation. In conclusion, BM content in major proteins of urban mothers in China was comparable with previous studies carried out in other parts of the world and C-section delivery had only very limited impact on BM immune factors.
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. michael.affolter@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Affolter
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. clara.garcia@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Clara L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Garcia-Rodenas
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center Beijing, Nestec Ltd., Beijing 100095, China. gerard.vinyespares@rd.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vinyes-Pares
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. rosemarie.jenni@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenni
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. iris.roggero@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roggero
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. ornella.avanti-nigro@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Ornella
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Avanti-Nigro
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. carlosantonio.decastro@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Carlos Antonio
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. xiaochaai@163.com.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. zhangyumei@hsc.pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. wpeiyu@bjmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peiyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. sagar.thakkar@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Sagar K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.affiliation: Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. laurent.favre1@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Favre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000032:analysis; D007774:Lactation; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000032:analysis; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000032:analysis; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins; D008894:Milk Proteins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2
keywords: CAESAREAN-section; Chinese mothers; breast milk; immune factors; proteins