title: The Effect of Holder Pasteurization on Activin A Levels in Human Milk.
abstract: There is evidence that mother's own milk is the best nutrient in terms of multiorgan protection and infection prevention. However, when maternal milk is scarce, the solution can be represented by donor milk (DM), which requires specific storage procedures such as Holder Pasteurization (HoP). HoP is not free from side effects since it is widely known that it causes qualitative/quantitative changes in milk composition, particularly in the protein content. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of HoP on Activin A, a neurobiomarker known to play an important role in the development and protection of the central nervous system.
  
  
  
  In 24 mothers who delivered preterm (n = 12) and term (n = 12) healthy newborns, we conducted a pretest/test study where the milk donors acted as their own controls. Each sample was divided into two parts: the first was frozen at -80°C (Group 1); the second was Holder-pasteurized before freezing at -80°C (Group 2). Activin A was quantified using an ELISA test.
  
  
  
  Activin A was detected in all samples. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups, also when the analysis was stratified for gestational age at delivery and milk maturation degree (p > 0.05, for both).
  
  
  
  The present findings on the absence of any side effects of HoP on the milk concentration of Activin A offer additional support to the efficacy of HoP in DM storage. Our data open up to further investigations on neurobiomarkers' assessment in human milk and their preanalytical stability according to storage procedures.
authors.affiliation: 1 Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin , Turin, Italy .
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peila
authors.affiliation: 1 Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin , Turin, Italy .
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coscia
authors.affiliation: 1 Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin , Turin, Italy .
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertino
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania , Catania, Italy .
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li Volti
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania , Catania, Italy .
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galvano
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania , Catania, Italy .
authors.forename: Ignazio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barbagallo
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Obstetrics, University Medical Center , Utrecht, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Gerard H A
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Health, C. Arrigo Children's Hospital , Alessandria, Italy .
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gazzolo
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000032:analysis*; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D061353:Food Storage / Q000379:methods*; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017784:Milk Banks; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D009035:Mothers; D009753:Nutritive Value; D061352:Pasteurization / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: C422405:activin A; D028341:Activins
keywords: Activin A; donor human milk; holder pasteurization; human milk; human milk banks