title: POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks.
abstract: Semi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (∑32PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑14PAHs) were 348 pg/m3and 36 ng/m3, respectively, while it was 273 pg/m3for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-chlordane (α-CHL), γ-chlordane (γ-CHL), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 × 10-16-7.29 × 10-9and 1.38 × 10-10-4.07 × 10-6, respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4-7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for ∑32PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8- and 1.2-4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for ∑14PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 × 10-6, it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 × 10-6.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.|Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tugba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ugranli
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.|Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gungormus
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kavcar
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eylem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demircioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odabasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.|Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sait C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sofuoglu
authors.affiliation: Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.|Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lammel
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe, 35430, Urla, İzmir, Turkey. aysunsofuoglu@iyte.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sofuoglu
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis; D002706:Chlordan / Q000032:analysis; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006533:Heptachlor / Q000032:analysis; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D002706:Chlordan; C040534:alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D006533:Heptachlor; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D004726:Endosulfan; C023888:beta-hexachlorocyclohexane
keywords: Carcinogenic risk; Exposure; OCPs; PAHs; PCBs; Persistent organic pollutants