title: Chronological Review on Scientific Findings of Bonghan System and Primo Vascular System.
abstract: In 1962, Bonghan Kim in North Korea published a report on a new vascular system in mammals, which he claimed as the acupuncture meridian. He soon named it the Bonghan System. Between 1962 and 1965, he published five reports, with detailed descriptions on the system. Kim also described the self-regenerating nature of a unique cell type Sanals in the system and these cells are now confirmed to be a type of stem cells. According to his findings, the system appears to have vital roles in maintaining mammalian lives. Kim disappeared in around 1965 and the research on this system also completely stopped. In 2002, Kwang-Sup Soh reported re-discovery of the system and, since then, his team has been leading the research on the system. The Soh team has confirmed many of Kim's findings to be valid, although so many of Kim's results are still to be verified. In 2010, the system was renamed the Primo Vascular System (PVS). Soh and researchers trained by Soh have also been reporting new scientific facts on the system. The PVS exists throughout the entire body, including inside the blood and lymphatic vessels. Recent reports revealed more evidence for it to be the acupuncture meridian, where some acupuncture therapies are applied for the blood pressure control. Thus, the PVS is expected to have roles in the oxygen transport in tissues. Many study results also suggest that the PVS may have roles in body homeostasis and regeneration. This article chronologically reviews Kim's scientific findings on the Bonghan System, which were verified by the PVS scientists (after 2000), and also the new findings reported by the PVS scientists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA. kyung.kang@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Kyung A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D026881:Acupuncture / Q000266:history*; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000266:history*; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D016740:Meridians; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Acupuncture meridian; Bonghan system; Homeostasis; Primo vascular system; Regeneration