title: Hybrid Neuroprosthesis for the Upper Limb: Combining Brain-Controlled Neuromuscular Stimulation with a Multi-Joint Arm Exoskeleton.
abstract: Brain-machine interface-controlled (BMI) neurofeedback training aims to modulate cortical physiology and is applied during neurorehabilitation to increase the responsiveness of the brain to subsequent physiotherapy. In a parallel line of research, robotic exoskeletons are used in goal-oriented rehabilitation exercises for patients with severe motor impairment to extend their range of motion (ROM) and the intensity of training. Furthermore, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is applied in neurologically impaired patients to restore muscle strength by closing the sensorimotor loop. In this proof-of-principle study, we explored an integrated approach for providing assistance as needed to amplify the task-related ROM and the movement-related brain modulation during rehabilitation exercises of severely impaired patients. For this purpose, we combined these three approaches (BMI, NMES, and exoskeleton) in an integrated neuroprosthesis and studied the feasibility of this device in seven severely affected chronic stroke patients who performed wrist flexion and extension exercises while receiving feedback via a virtual environment. They were assisted by a gravity-compensating, seven degree-of-freedom exoskeleton which was attached to the paretic arm. NMES was applied to the wrist extensor and flexor muscles during the exercises and was controlled by a hybrid BMI based on both sensorimotor cortical desynchronization (ERD) and electromyography (EMG) activity. The stimulation intensity was individualized for each targeted muscle and remained subthreshold, i.e., induced no overt support. The hybrid BMI controlled the stimulation significantly better than the offline analyzed ERD (p = 0.028) or EMG (p = 0.021) modality alone. Neuromuscular stimulation could be well integrated into the exoskeleton-based training and amplified both the task-related ROM (p = 0.009) and the movement-related brain modulation (p = 0.019). Combining a hybrid BMI with neuromuscular stimulation and antigravity assistance augments upper limb function and brain activity during rehabilitation exercises and may thus provide a novel restorative framework for severely affected stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grimm
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Engineering, Wilhelm Schickard Institute for Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Engineering, Wilhelm Schickard Institute for Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spüler
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naros
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Engineering, Wilhelm Schickard Institute for Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rosenstiel
authors.affiliation: Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gharabaghi
keywords: brain-computer interface; brain-machine interface; brain-robot interface; functional electrical stimulation; functional restoration; motor recovery; robot-assisted rehabilitation; upper-limb assistance