title: Creatine kinase in the U.S. population: Impact of demographics, comorbidities, and body composition on the normal range.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Creatine kinase (CK) values are a critical part of the workup of suspected myopathies and are often assessed in patients that develop myalgia on statin therapy. CK elevations may influence the initiation and cessation of statin treatment, and incidentally discovered CK elevation may lead to further testing. A number of factors influence CK levels in healthy patients, but current reference ranges do not incorporate important influencers of CK such as race. Objectives of this study were to evaluate clinical factors associated with CK among healthy individuals and to develop practical reference ranges for important subgroups to improve test interpretation.
  
  
  METHODS
  CK was evaluated in nonpregnant participants ≥20 years old from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Linear and logistic regression stratified by sex identified clinical factors associated with CK levels. Adjustment for anthropomorphic measures assessed whether age and race-ethnicity differences in CK were explained by differences in body composition. The 95th and 97.5th percentiles of CK in sex/race-ethnicity subgroups were calculated, excluding patients with recent strenuous exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 10,096 nonpregnant adults were studied. Black race was strongly associated with CK. The odds ratio of having an abnormal CK for black women was 5.08 (95% CI 3.65-7.08) and for black men was 8.39 (95% CI 6.11-11.52). CK was substantially lower in older men. Differences in CK by age but not race-ethnicity were largely explained by body composition. Women with low body mass index were less likely to have an elevated CK, and overweight or obese men had an almost 2-fold greater odds of having an elevated CK. The 97.5th percentile of CK was 382 (95% CI 295-469) in white men, 1001 (95% CI 718-1284) in black men, 295 (95% CI 216-374) in white women, and 487 (95% CI 310-664) in black women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CK is substantially higher in men and in black patients. Differences in body size and composition are also important but do not explain racial differences in CK. The 95th and 97.5th percentiles in sex and race-ethnicity subgroups provide a practical guide for clinicians interpreting CK values.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia VA Medical Center Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Neilia-Kay
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: Joshua F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D044469:Racial Groups; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D003402:Creatine Kinase