title: How maturity influences annulus-endplate integration in the ovine intervertebral disc: a micro- and ultra-structural study.
abstract: The annulus-endplate anchorage system plays a vital role in structurally linking the compliant disc to its adjacent much more rigid vertebrae. Past literature has identified the endplate as a region of weakness, not just in the mature spine but also in the immature spine. The aim of this structural study was to investigate in detail the morphological changes associated with annulus-endplate integration through different stages of maturity. Ovine lumbar motion segments were collected from two immature age groups: (i) newborn and (ii) spring lamb (roughly 3 months old); these were compared with a third group of previously analysed mature ewe samples (3-5 years). Sections from the posterior region of each motion segment were obtained for microstructural analysis and imaged in their fully hydrated state via differential interference contrast (DIC) optical microscopy. Selected slices were further prepared and imaged via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyse fibril-level modes of integration. Despite significant changes in endplate morphology, the annular fibre bundles in all three age groups displayed a similar branching mechanism, with the main bundle splitting into several sub-bundles on entering the cartilaginous endplate. This morphology, previously described in the mature ovine disc, is thought to strengthen significantly annulus-endplate integration. Its prevalence from an age as young as birth emphasizes the critical role that it plays in the anchorage system. The structure of the branched sub-bundles and their integration with the surrounding matrix were found to vary with age due to changes in the cartilaginous and vertebral components of the endplate. Microscopically, the sub-bundles in both immature age groups appeared to fade into the surrounding tissue due to their fibril-level integration with the cartilaginous endplate tissue, this mechanism being particularly complex in the spring lamb disc. However, in the fully mature disc, the sub-bundles remained as separate entities throughout the full depth of their anchorage into the cartilaginous endplate. Cell morphology was also found to vary with maturity within the cartilaginous matrix and it is proposed that this relates to endplate development and ossification.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Samantha A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ashvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thambyah
authors.affiliation: Experimental Tissue Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Broom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008857:Microscopy, Interference / Q000379:methods; D012756:Sheep; D034561:Sheep, Domestic / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: annulus-endplate anchorage; fibril-level integration; intervertebral disc; maturity; microstructure