title: Work motivation in health care: a scoping literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this scoping literature review was to examine and summarize the factors, context, and processes that influence work motivation of health care workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A scoping literature review was done to answer the question: What is known from the existing empirical literature about factors, context, and processes that influence work motivation of health care workers? This scoping review used the Arksey and O'Malley framework to describe and summarize findings. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to screen studies. Relevant studies published between January 2005 and May 2016 were identified using five electronic databases. Study abstracts were screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Following this screening process, full-text articles were reviewed to determine the eligibility of the studies. Eligible studies were then evaluated by coding findings with descriptive labels to distinguish elements that appeared pertinent to this review. Coding was used to form groups, and these groups led to the development of themes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five studies met the eligibility criteria for this literature review. The themes identified were work performance, organizational justice, pay, status, personal characteristics, work relationships (including bullying), autonomy, organizational identification, training, and meaningfulness of work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the research involved the use of surveys. There is a need for more qualitative research and for the use of case studies to examine work motivation in health care organizations. All of the studies were cross-sectional. Longitudinal research would provide insight into how work motivation changes, and how it can be influenced and shaped. Several implications for practice were identified. There is a need to ensure that health care workers have access to training opportunities, and that autonomy is optimized. To improve work motivation, there is a need to address bullying and hostile behaviours in the workplace. Addressing the factors that influence work motivation in health care settings has the potential to influence the care that patients receive.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Organization & Management, Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tyrone A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Perreira
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Innis
authors.forename: Whitney
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berta
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D007318:Inservice Training; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D009042:Motivation; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D000066477:Work Performance