title: Quality of greywater treated in biochar filter and risk assessment of gastroenteritis due to household exposure during maintenance and irrigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated treatment of greywater (GW) by a biochar filter in Jordan and assessed the annual risks of infection (Pi-annual), annual risk of disease (Pd-annual) and disease burden (in disability-adjusted life years; DALYs) of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella spp. and rotavirus due to ingestion of GW during system maintenance and consumption of green onions irrigated with treated and nontreated GW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biochar filter efficiently removed 93% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and 85% of solids, while removal of Escherichia coli was insignificant. Treatment of GW decreased the median Pd-annualdue to ingestion of GW from 1·39 × 10-2to 6·0 × 10-3for Salmonella spp. but did not affect Pd-annualcaused by rotavirus (9·73 × 10-1to 1·0). Consumption of onions irrigated with treated GW had a median Pd-annualof 1·25 × 10-9to 1·2 × 10-8for Salmonella spp. and 4·96 × 10-4to 4·37 × 10-3for rotavirus infection, which was 99·9 and 90% lower, respectively, than the risk when consuming onions irrigated with nontreated GW. The highest risks of gastrointestinal disease were thus associated mainly with direct ingestion of GW when maintaining the system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Garden produce irrigated with GW treated in biochar filter did not display intolerable risks of rotavirus-based gastroenteritis during summer season in the study area given that the produce is harvested 1 to 2 days, and washed, before consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study contributes to scientific-based knowledge on the suitability of biochar filters for onsite greywater treatment and confirms the microbial safety of recycling treated greywater for garden irrigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden. sahar.dalahmeh@slu.se.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dalahmeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lalander
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pell
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vinnerås
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jönsson
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D002606:Charcoal; D062065:Wastewater; C540010:biochar
keywords: 
  QMRA
  ; Salmonella spp; biochar filters; greywater; reuse irrigation; risk