title: Focusing the Neuroscience and Societal Implications of Cognitive Enhancers.
abstract: Cognitive enhancement can benefit the individual and society, but also has associated risks and ethical concerns. Cognitive-enhancing drugs are used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nonpharmacological strategies are also emerging, which have the potential to improve motivational deficits associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms and should be prioritized for development. The increasing lifestyle use of "smart" and other drugs indicates the desire for healthy people to improve themselves. Safety and ethical implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Savulich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piercy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Brühl
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sahakian
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077408:Modafinil; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D018910:Video Games
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D008774:Methylphenidate; D000077408:Modafinil