title: Predictors of specific phobia in children with Williams syndrome.
abstract: Specific phobia (SP) is the most common anxiety disorder among children with Williams syndrome (WS); prevalence rates derived from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnostic interviews range from 37% to 56%. We evaluated the effects of gender, age, intellectual abilities and/or behaviour regulation difficulties on the likelihood that a child with WS would be diagnosed with SP.
  
  
  
  A total of 194 6-17 year-olds with WS were evaluated. To best characterise the relations between the predictors and the probability of a SP diagnosis, we explored not only possible linear effects but also curvilinear effects.
  
  
  
  No gender differences were detected. As age increased, the likelihood of receiving a SP diagnosis decreased. As IQ increased, the probability of receiving a SP diagnosis also decreased. Behaviour regulation difficulties were the strongest predictor of a positive diagnosis. A quadratic relation was detected: The probability of receiving a SP diagnosis gradually rose as behaviour regulation difficulties increased. However, once behaviour regulation difficulties approached the clinical range, the probability of receiving a SP diagnosis asymptoted at a high level.
  
  
  
  Children with behaviour regulation difficulties in or just below the clinical range were at the greatest risk of developing SP. These findings highlight the value of large samples and the importance of evaluating for nonlinear effects to provide accurate model specification when characterising relations among a dependent variable and possible predictors.
authors.affiliation: University of Louisville, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA. chpitt03@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Pitts
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Psychology, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Klein-Tasman
authors.affiliation: Clemson University, Mathematical Sciences, Clemson, SC, USA.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.affiliation: University of Louisville, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mervis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000068356:Self-Control; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF); Williams syndrome; anxiety; behaviour regulation; curvilinear effects; intellectual disability; logistic regression; specific phobia