title: Role of Muscle Synergies in Real-Time Classification of Upper Limb Motions using Extreme Learning Machines.
abstract: Myoelectric signals offer significant insights in interpreting the motion intention and extent of effort involved in performing a movement, with application in prostheses, orthosis and exoskeletons. Feature extraction plays a vital role, and follows two approaches: EMG and synergy features. More recently, muscle synergy based features are being increasingly explored, since it simplifies dimensionality of control, and are considered to be more robust to signal variations. Another important aspect in a myoelectrically controlled devices is the learning capability and speed of performance for online decoding. Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a relatively new neural-network based learning algorithm: its performance hasn't been explored in the context of online control, which is a more reliable measure compared to offline analysis. To this purpose we aim at focusing our investigation on a myoelectric-based interface which is able to identify and online classify, upper limb motions involving shoulder and elbow. The main objective is to compare the performance of the decoder trained using ELM, for two different features: EMG and synergy features.
  
  
  
  The experiments are broadly divided in two phases training/calibration and testing respectively. ELM is used to train the decoder using data acquired during the calibration phase. The performance of the decoder is then tested in online motion control by using a simulated graphical user interface replicating the human limb: subjects are requested to control a virtual arm by using their muscular activity. The decoder performance is quantified using ad-hoc metrics based on the following indicators: motion selection time, motion completion time, and classification accuracy.
  
  
  
  Performance has been evaluated for both offline and online contexts. The offline classification results indicated better performance in the case of EMG features, whereas a better classification accuracy for synergy feature was observed for online decoding. Also the other indicators as motion selection time and motion completion time, showed better trend in the case of synergy than time-domain features.
  
  
  
  This work demonstrates better robustness of online decoding of upper-limb motions and motor intentions when using synergy feature. Furthermore, we have quantified the performance of the decoder trained using ELM for online control, providing a potential and viable option for real-time myoelectric control in assistive technology.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chris Wilson
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Antuvan
authors.affiliation: Department of Naval, Electrical, Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bisio
authors.affiliation: Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shih-Cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cambria
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. lorenzo.masia@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D034941:Upper Extremity
keywords: Electromyography; Muscle synergy; Myoelectric control; Pattern recognition; Real-time control