title: The German Version of the Humor Styles Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Overlap With Other Styles of Humor.
abstract: The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ; Martin et al., 2003) is one of the most frequently used questionnaires in humor research and has been adapted to several languages. The HSQ measures four humor styles (affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating), which should be adaptive or potentially maladaptive to psychosocial well-being. The present study analyzes the internal consistency, factorial validity, and factorial invariance of the HSQ on the basis of several German-speaking samples combined (total N = 1,101). Separate analyses were conducted for gender (male/female), age groups (16-24, 25-35, >36 years old), and countries (Germany/Switzerland). Internal consistencies were good for the overall sample and the demographic subgroups (.80-.89), with lower values obtained for the aggressive scale (.66-.73). Principal components and confirmatory factor analyses mostly supported the four-factor structure of the HSQ. Weak factorial invariance was found across gender and age groups, while strong factorial invariance was supported across countries. Two subsamples also provided self-ratings on ten styles of humorous conduct (n = 344) and of eight comic styles (n = 285). The four HSQ scales showed small to large correlations to the styles of humorous conduct (-.54 to .65) and small to medium correlations to the comic styles (-.27 to .42). The HSQ shared on average 27.5-35.0% of the variance with the styles of humorous conduct and 13.0-15.0% of the variance with the comic styles. Thus-despite similar labels-these styles of humorous conduct and comic styles differed from the HSQ humor styles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Willibald
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ruch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heintz
keywords: German adaptation; Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ); comic styles; factorial invariance; factorial validity; reliability; styles of humorous conduct