title: Current Uses of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Plastic Surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Recognize the various types of botulinum toxins and their differences. 2. Identify current indications, both approved and off-label. 3. Inject botulinum toxin to counteract various natural aging processes, including facial descent and rhytides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Botulinum neurotoxin is a naturally synthesized microbial protein that has been applied in the management of various disorders. In particular, its application within the realm of plastic surgery is addressed in this article. After evaluating the medical literature, the seven indications with the highest quality trials for the use of botulinum neurotoxin in plastic surgery were as follows: rhytides, facial dystonias, facial nerve palsy and aberrant regeneration, hand tremor, palmar hyperhidrosis, neuropathic pain, and upper limb spasticity.
authors.affiliation: Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; Miami, Fla.; and Dallas, Texas.|From Dalhousie University; Baker Plastic Surgery; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
authors.forename: Marie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Noland
authors.affiliation: Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; Miami, Fla.; and Dallas, Texas.|From Dalhousie University; Baker Plastic Surgery; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
authors.forename: Donald H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lalonde
authors.affiliation: Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; Miami, Fla.; and Dallas, Texas.|From Dalhousie University; Baker Plastic Surgery; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
authors.forename: G Jackie
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Yee
authors.affiliation: Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada; Miami, Fla.; and Dallas, Texas.|From Dalhousie University; Baker Plastic Surgery; and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
authors.forename: Rod J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rohrich
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins