title: Maternal creatine in pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate creatine concentrations in maternal plasma and urine, and establish relationships with maternal characteristics, diet and fetal growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lyell McEwin Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A biobank of plasma and urine samples collected at 13, 18, 30 and 36 weeks' gestation from 287 pregnant women from a prospective cohort of asthmatic and non-asthmatic women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Creatine was measured by enzymatic analysis. Change in creatine over pregnancy was assessed using the Friedman test. Linear mixed models regression was used to determine associations between maternal factors and diet with creatine across pregnancy and between creatine with indices of fetal growth at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal creatine concentrations, associations between maternal factors and creatine and between creatine and fetal growth parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal smoking, body mass index, asthma and socio-economic status were positively and parity negatively associated with maternal plasma and/or urine creatine. Maternal urine creatine concentration was positively associated with birthweight centile and birth length. After adjustment, each μmol/l increase in maternal urinary creatine was associated with a 1.23 (95% CI 0.44-2.02) unit increase in birthweight centile and a 0.11-cm (95% CI 0.03-0.2) increase in birth length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal factors and fetal growth measures are associated with maternal plasma and urine creatine concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal creatine is altered by pregnancy; fetal growth measures are associated with maternal creatine concentrations.
authors.affiliation: The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia. hayley.dickinson@hudson.org.au.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia. hayley.dickinson@hudson.org.au.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.affiliation: The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davies-Tuck
authors.affiliation: The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ellery
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grieger
authors.affiliation: The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.affiliation: The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.|Mater Medical Research Institute and Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Clifton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018070:Biological Specimen Banks; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology; D003401:Creatine / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016014:Linear Models; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D003401:Creatine
keywords: Fetal growth; phosphocreatine; placenta