title: Pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Impact of the bubble dynamics on particle formation.
abstract: Pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) is a multiscale process, involving multiple mutually interacting phenomena. In order to synthesize nanoparticles with well-defined properties it is important to understand the dynamics of the underlying structure evolution. We use visible-light stroboscopic imaging and X-ray radiography to investigate the dynamics occurring during PLAL of silver and gold on a macroscopic scale, whilst X-ray small angle scattering is utilized to deepen the understanding on particle genesis. By comparing our results with earlier reports we can elucidate the role of the cavitation bubble. We find that symmetry breaking at the liquid-solid interface is a critical factor for bubble motion and that the bubble motion acts on the particle distribution as confinement and retraction force to create secondary agglomerates.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schönfeld
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitaetsstrasse 7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagener
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitaetsstrasse 7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Letzel
authors.affiliation: MPI for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Shyjumon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrahimkutty
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitaetsstrasse 7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gökce
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitaetsstrasse 7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barcikowski
authors.affiliation: Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Tomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Rolo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: anton.plech@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plech
keywords: Fast X-ray radiography; Hydrodynamics; Pulsed laser ablation in liquids; Stroboscopy; Time-resolved small angle scattering