title: Anti-biofilm mechanisms of 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol against clinically relevant fungal pathogens.
abstract: The methanolic extract (PFME) of Pleurotus florida was assessed for anti-biofilm activity against Candida species. 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol (3,5-DTB) was identified as the major antifungal constituent in PFME. In its pure form 3,5-DTB inhibits, disrupts, and reduces the viability of biofilm cells as seen from scanning electron and confocal microscopy studies. Microscopic studies and propidium iodide uptake assays confirmed that 3,5-DTB damages the cell membrane of Candida cells. In addition, 3,5-DTB induces accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which contribute to its pronounced anti-biofilm activity. The results of the present study show that 3,5-DTB exhibits combined anti-biofilm and conventional fungicidal activity against Candida species and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , India.
authors.forename: Janarthanam
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rathna
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , India.
authors.forename: Dhamodharan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bakkiyaraj
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , India.
authors.forename: Shunmugiah Karutha
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pandian
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020076:Pleurotus / Q000737:chemistry*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C000622259:3,5-di-tert-butylphenol; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010636:Phenols; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol; Candida albicans; Candida tropicalis; Pleurotus florida; ROS accumulation; cell wall integrity