title: Virome characterisation from Guthrie cards in children who later developed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
abstract: Some childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (ALL) can be traced back to a prenatal origin, where a virus infection could be involved in the first pre-leukaemic clone development. The DNA virome of 95 children who later developed ALL was characterised from neonatal blood spots (NBS) using unbiased next-generation sequencing (NGS) and compared with the virome of 95 non-ALL controls.
  
  
  
  DNA was individually extracted from the ALL-patients and controls, pooled, randomly amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq Sequencing System.
  
  
  
  Virus-like sequences identified in both groups mapped to human endogenous retroviruses and propionibacterium phage, considered a part of the normal microbial flora. Potential pathogens human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) and parvovirus B19 were also identified, but only few samples in both ALL and controls tested positive by PCR follow-up.
  
  
  
  Unbiased NGS was employed to search for DNA from potential infectious agents in neonatal samples of children who later developed ALL. Although several viral candidates were identified in the NBS samples, further investigation by PCR suggested that these viruses did not have a major role in ALL development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bogdanovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pou
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barrientos-Somarribas
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjerkner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Södertälje Hospital, SE-152 86 Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Honkaniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Allander
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.|Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001769:Blood / Q000821:virology*; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D020451:Contig Mapping; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D020077:Endogenous Retroviruses / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016731:Erythema Infectiosum; D005260:Female; D015654:Herpesvirus 6, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D016732:Parvovirus B19, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000821:virology*; D012494:Sampling Studies; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral