title: Photodynamic therapy: Promotion of efficacy by a sequential protocol.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a new approach to selective tumor eradication. Modifications designed to increase and optimize efficacy continue to emerge. Selective photodamage to malignant cells and their environment can bring about tumor cell destruction, shutdown of the tumor vasculature, stimulation of immunologic anti-tumor effects and potentiation of other therapeutic effects. Current development of combination protocols may provide a better rationale for integration of PDT into clinical practice. An example described here is the ability of a sequential (two-sensitizer) PDT protocol to enhance the efficacy of photokilling. The first step involves low-level lysosomal photodamage that has been shown to promote the apoptotic response to subsequent photodynamic effects directed at mitochondria. In this report, we demonstrate the ability of Photofrin, an FDA-approved photosensitizing agent, to serve as either the first or second element of the sequential protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kessel
keywords: apoptosis; autophagy; lysosomes; mitochondria; photosensitizer; porphyrin