title: Ex-vivo evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis gums with possible applications for veterinary vaccine delivery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have investigated the interaction of bioadhesives with biologic tissues for veterinary application. Hence, this study evaluates the mucoadhesive property and vaccine delivery properties of polymers from phytogenic origin. Gums from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis were harvested, purified, dried and compressed into 500 mg tablets individually and in combined ratios. The time taken for these tablets, placed on freshly excised (5 × 5 cm) trachea and duodenal tissues of cattle, chicken, pig, sheep and goat and fastened to the basket end of a tablet dissolution machine probe set at 50 rev/min in a phosphate buffer 6.8 pH at 37 °C, to fall off the tissue was the peak adhesion time (PAT). Gum with best PAT was combined with Newcastle disease vaccine and the procedure repeated. Haemagglutination assay (HA) was conducted on the gum polymer-vaccine mix with gum and vaccine individually as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On intestinal and trachea tissues, Cedrela gum polymer averagely had prolonged PAT (≈1 h 30 min and 1 h respectively) while average PAT values of Khaya gums followed the same trend but too transient PAT (≈6 and 0.3 min respectively). However on combination, Cedrela-Khaya polymer mix (1:1) was best on chicken, cattle and sheep trachea and intestinal tissues (PAT of 1 h 30 min and 2 h 24 min respectively). On combination with vaccine, the PAT of the gums reduced slightly on cattle and sheep tissues while other animal tissue showed varied results. The HA results showed the gum polymer boosted the HA property of the vaccine (Log 10(5)), when compared to vaccine alone (Log 10(4)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hence, mucoadhesives from phytogenic sources have potential for non-invasive vaccine application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria ; Center for Control and Prevention of Zoonosis (CCPZ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Benjamin O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Emikpe
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria ; Center for Control and Prevention of Zoonosis (CCPZ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Victor O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Oyebanji
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria ; Centre for Drug Discovery, Development and Production, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Odeniyi
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adebayo M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Salaam
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Omolade A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Oladele
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria ; Center for Control and Prevention of Zoonosis (CCPZ), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Theophilus A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Jarikre
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluwole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Akinboade
keywords: Cedrela odorata; Gum polymer; Khaya senegalensis; Mucoadhesives; Vaccine; Veterinary