title: Salivary and serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adiponectin is produced by adipose cells and is considered an anti-inflammatory molecule. In contrast, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation and used as a risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of interest was the relationship of these two biomarkers to oral health and CVD risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation examined these two molecules in serum and unstimulated whole saliva of patients within 48 h of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to control subjects. We hypothesized a differential response in these biomolecules resulting from the heart attack that would be affected by both the body mass index and oral health characteristics of the individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly lower adiponectin levels were observed in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum adiponectin in both groups and salivary adiponectin in patients with AMI decreased with increasing body mass index. Oral health was significantly worse in patients with AMI, and both serum and salivary adiponectin were elevated with better oral health in control subjects. Serum CRP levels were increased in patients with AMI regardless of their oral health, and both serum and salivary CRP were significantly elevated in S-T wave elevated patients with MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These initial data provide evidence relating obesity and oral health to salivary and serum analyte levels that occur in association with cardiac events. Relationships have been described between CVD risk and periodontal disease. Additionally, various systemic inflammatory biomarkers appear to reflect both the CVD risk and the extent/severity of periodontitis. Our findings indicated that oral health and obesity contribute to altering levels of these salivary and serum analytes in association with cardiac events. The potential that serum and/or salivary biomarkers could aid in evaluating CVD risk requires knowledge regarding how the oral health of the individual would impact the effectiveness of these biological measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ebersole
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kryscio
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kinane
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Christodoulides
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Floriano
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D009909:Oral Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: 
  BMI
  ; 
  CRP
  ; adiponectin; myocardial infarction; oral health; saliva