title: The pattern of bacteraemia in children with severe malaria.
abstract: Bacteraemia is a recognised complication of severe malaria and may increase mortality. We determined 1) the rate and pattern of bacteraemia in children with severe malaria; 2) the impact of bacteraemia on case-fatality rate; and 3) the rate and pattern of bacteraemia in following blood transfusion for severe malarial anaemia. For the first two objectives, a prospective study was undertaken involving children admitted consecutively to the Malaria Research Project ward between February 1996 and June 1999. Blood culture was performed on admission. Independent associations with bacteraemia and mortality were determined by logistic regression. Of 701 children with a final diagnosis of severe malaria, 36 (5.1%) had bacteraemia. A wide range of bacteria was isolated and the commonest was non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS: n=18 or 50% of all isolates). The rate of bacteraemia was significantly higher in children with severe malarial anaemia without coma (11.2%) than in children with cerebral malaria without anaemia (3.2%) and this was due to the significant association of NTS bacteraemia with severe malarial anaemia (p<0.001). The overall case-fatality rate was 15% and was higher in children with bacteraemia (22%) but this difference was not significant. For the third objective, data were collected retrospectively of all children who received a blood transfusion in the paediatric department from March 1996 until May 1997 inclusive. A total of 1712 children received a blood transfusion. Of these, 243 (14.2%) had a blood culture taken for the investigation of fever following transfusion; a pathogen was grown from 60 (24.7%). NTS bacteraemia accounted for 76.3% of all bacteraemia cases. NTS bacteraemia is a common complication of severe malarial anaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Malaria Project, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Malaria Project, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mwenechanya
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Malaria Project, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi.
authors.forename: Madalitso
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tembo
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabudula
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Malaria Project, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Malaria Project, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Malcolm E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories and Malaria Project, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Malawi; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Taylor