title: Mineralization of the Common Groundwater Pollutant 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide (BAM) and its Metabolite 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic Acid (2,6-DCBA) in Sand Filter Units of Drinking Water Treatment Plants.
abstract: The intrinsic capacity to mineralize the groundwater pollutant 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) and its metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,6-DCBA) was evaluated in samples from sand filters (SFs) of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Whereas BAM mineralization occurred rarely and only in SFs exposed to BAM, 2,6-DCBA mineralization was common in SFs, including those treating uncontaminated water. Nevertheless, SFs treating BAM contaminated water showed the highest 2,6-DCBA mineralization rates. For comparison, 2,6-DCBA and BAM mineralization were determined in various topsoil samples. As in SF samples, BAM mineralization was rare, whereas 2,6-DCBA mineralization capacity appeared widespread, with high mineralization rates found especially in forest soils. Multivariate analysis showed that in both SF and soil samples, high 2,6-DCBA mineralization correlated with high organic carbon content. Adding a 2,6-DCBA degradation deficient mutant of the BAM mineralizing Aminobacter sp. MSH1 confirmed that 2,6-DCBA produced from BAM is rapidly mineralized by the endogenous microbial community in SFs showing intrinsic 2,6-DCBA mineralization. This study demonstrates that (i) 2,6-DCBA mineralization is widely established in SFs of DWTPs, allowing the mineralization of 2,6-DCBA produced during BAM degradation and (ii) the first metabolic step in BAM mineralization is rare in microbial communities, rather than its further degradation beyond 2,6-DCBA.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2459, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandermaesen
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2459, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horemans
authors.affiliation: Centraal laboratorium, De Watergroep, Researchpark Haasrode Leuven 1834 - Technologielaan 23, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Degryse
authors.affiliation: Centraal laboratorium, De Watergroep, Researchpark Haasrode Leuven 1834 - Technologielaan 23, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boonen
authors.affiliation: Centraal laboratorium, De Watergroep, Researchpark Haasrode Leuven 1834 - Technologielaan 23, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Walravens
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 bus 2459, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springael
mesh_terms: D060587:Groundwater; D059127:Phyllobacteriaceae / Q000378:metabolism; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D012822:Silicon Dioxide