title: Ultrasound-guided single- vs double-level thoracic paravertebral block for postoperative analgesia in total mastectomy with axillary clearance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) for breast surgery reduces acute and chronic postoperative pain. Using ultrasound for administering the block makes it easier, with its administration at multiple levels decreasing the number of unblocked segments. We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of single- vs double-level ultrasound-guided TPVB in patients undergoing total mastectomy with axillary clearance under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective, randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recovery room and operation theater.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty ASA I and II patients, aged 18 to 60 years, who were scheduled to undergo total mastectomy with axillary clearance under general anesthesia were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received either single- (group S) or double-level (group D) ultrasound-guided TPVB at T4 or at T2 and T5 levels, respectively, using 0.3 mL/kg of 0.5% ropivacaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measure was 24-hour analgesic consumption, and secondary outcomes included number of segments blocked, postoperative pain scores, time to first request for rescue analgesic, and any side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean total amount of rescue analgesic given in group S was 175.3 ± 70 mg and in group D was 115.7 ± 48 mg (P = .002). Median number of segments showing less sensation to pinprick was 3 in group S and 4 in group D (P < .001). The mean time to first request for rescue analgesic was 533 ± 124 minutes in group S and was 611 ± 214 minutes in group D (P = .118).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients receiving double-level TPVB had significantly less 24-hour analgesic consumption in the postoperative period than those in the single-level TPVB group. This could be due to decreased pain sensation to pinprick in significantly greater number of segments in the double-level TPVB group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: rajeshkasimahanti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kasimahanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: drsumanarora@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: nidhi.bhatia75@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: gsinghpgi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gurpreet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001365:Axilla / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
keywords: Breast surgery; Paravertebral block; Postoperative analgesia