title: Background matching and camouflage efficiency predict population density in four-eyed turtle (Sacalia quadriocellata).
abstract: Background matching is an important way to camouflage and is widespread among animals. In the field, however, few studies have addressed background matching, and there has been no reported camouflage efficiency in freshwater turtles. Background matching and camouflage efficiency of the four-eyed turtle, Sacalia quadriocellata, among three microhabitat sections of Hezonggou stream were investigated by measuring carapace components of CIE L*a*b* (International Commission on Illumination; lightness, red/green and yellow/blue) color space, and scoring camouflage efficiency through the use of humans as predators. The results showed that the color difference (ΔE), lightness difference (ΔL(*)), and chroma difference (Δa(*)b(*)) between carapace and the substrate background in midstream were significantly lower than that upstream and downstream, indicating that the four-eyed turtle carapace color most closely matched the substrate of midstream. In line with these findings, the camouflage efficiency was the best for the turtles that inhabit midstream. These results suggest that the four-eyed turtles may enhance camouflage efficiency by selecting microhabitat that best match their carapace color. This finding may explain the high population density of the four-eyed turtle in the midstream section of Hezonggou stream. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to quantify camouflage of freshwater turtles in the wild, laying the groundwork to further study the function and mechanisms of turtle camouflage.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
authors.forename: Fanrong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
authors.forename: Canchao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China. Electronic address: haitao-shi@263.net.
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
authors.forename: Jichao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D000067558:Biological Mimicry / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China; D017753:Ecosystem; D010858:Pigmentation; D011156:Population Density; D014426:Turtles / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: CIE L*a*b*; Carapace color; Chroma difference; Crypsis; Digital photographs