title: Clinical periodontal status and inflammatory cytokines in gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to compare clinical periodontal findings as well as gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-33 between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and GCF samples were collected, full-mouth recordings comprising plaque index, bleeding on probing and probing depth were performed in 96 females with GDM (cases) and 65 non-diabetic pregnant females (controls). Age, smoking status, pre-pregnancy body mass index, pregnancy outcomes were recorded. Serum and GCF IL-10, IL-33, TNF-α levels were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GDM group was significantly older than the control group with an age difference of 3.27 years (mean ages were 32.05 and 28.78 years, respectively) (p<0.0001). Plaque Index (50.0 and 30.0 p=0.005), bleeding on probing (50.0 and 30.0 p=0.003) values were significantly higher in the GDM group. Serum TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in the nonGDM group than the GDM group (p=0.001). GCF IL-10 concentrations and total amounts were significantly higher in the GDM group than the controls (p=0.004 and p<0.0001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated GCF IL-10 levels may be a consequence of higher levels of inflammation as indicated by higher PI and BOP in the GDM group. However, the investigated clinical parameters may not have prominent effects on TNF-α and IL-33 levels. These findings provide further support for the importance of periodontal health during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey. Electronic address: ozgunozcaka@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Özgün
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Özçaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Aydın State Hospital, Aydın, Turkey.
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ceyhan-Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gümüş
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aliye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akcalı
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nalbantsoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buduneli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D000067596:Interleukin-33 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000067596:Interleukin-33; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Diabetes, gestational; Gingival crevicular fluid; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-33, gingival disease; Serum; Tumour necrosis factor-alpha