title: Fine-scale flight strategies of gulls in urban airflows indicate risk and reward in city living.
abstract: Birds modulate their flight paths in relation to regional and global airflows in order to reduce their travel costs. Birds should also respond to fine-scale airflows, although the incidence and value of this remains largely unknown. We resolved the three-dimensional trajectories of gulls flying along a built-up coastline, and used computational fluid dynamic models to examine how gulls reacted to airflows around buildings. Birds systematically altered their flight trajectories with wind conditions to exploit updraughts over features as small as a row of low-rise buildings. This provides the first evidence that human activities can change patterns of space-use in flying birds by altering the profitability of the airscape. At finer scales still, gulls varied their position to select a narrow range of updraught values, rather than exploiting the strongest updraughts available, and their precise positions were consistent with a strategy to increase their velocity control in gusty conditions. Ultimately, strategies such as these could help unmanned aerial vehicles negotiate complex airflows. Overall, airflows around fine-scale features have profound implications for flight control and energy use, and consideration of this could lead to a paradigm-shift in the way ecologists view the urban environment.This article is part of the themed issue 'Moving in a moving medium: new perspectives on flight'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK e.l.c.shepard@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Emily L C
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK.
authors.forename: Cara
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3944-7750
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK.
authors.forename: Shane P
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7597-4497
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Windsor
mesh_terms: D000392:Air Movements; D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D002947:Cities; D004739:England; D005426:Flight, Animal
keywords: UAV; energy landscape; flight; gull; soaring; urbanization