title: Assigning breed origin to alleles in crossbred animals.
abstract: For some species, animal production systems are based on the use of crossbreeding to take advantage of the increased performance of crossbred compared to purebred animals. Effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may differ between purebred and crossbred animals for several reasons: (1) differences in linkage disequilibrium between SNP alleles and a quantitative trait locus; (2) differences in genetic backgrounds (e.g., dominance and epistatic interactions); and (3) differences in environmental conditions, which result in genotype-by-environment interactions. Thus, SNP effects may be breed-specific, which has led to the development of genomic evaluations for crossbred performance that take such effects into account. However, to estimate breed-specific effects, it is necessary to know breed origin of alleles in crossbred animals. Therefore, our aim was to develop an approach for assigning breed origin to alleles of crossbred animals (termed BOA) without information on pedigree and to study its accuracy by considering various factors, including distance between breeds.
  
  
  
  The BOA approach consists of: (1) phasing genotypes of purebred and crossbred animals; (2) assigning breed origin to phased haplotypes; and (3) assigning breed origin to alleles of crossbred animals based on a library of assigned haplotypes, the breed composition of crossbred animals, and their SNP genotypes. The accuracy of allele assignments was determined for simulated datasets that include crosses between closely-related, distantly-related and unrelated breeds. Across these scenarios, the percentage of alleles of a crossbred animal that were correctly assigned to their breed origin was greater than 90 %, and increased with increasing distance between breeds, while the percentage of incorrectly assigned alleles was always less than 2 %. For the remaining alleles, i.e. 0 to 10 % of all alleles of a crossbred animal, breed origin could not be assigned.
  
  
  
  The BOA approach accurately assigns breed origin to alleles of crossbred animals, even if their pedigree is not recorded.
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. jeremie.vandenplas@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2554-072X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandenplas
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mario P L
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Calus
authors.affiliation: Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V., 6640 AA, Beuningen, The Netherlands.|Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sevillano
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Windig
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bastiaansen
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D058751:Livestock / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010375:Pedigree; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000235:genetics