title: The Empty Nose Syndrome 6-Item Questionnaire (ENS6Q): a validated 6-item questionnaire as a diagnostic aid for empty nose syndrome patients.
abstract: Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is considered an acquired condition that remains difficult to diagnose objectively. Defining specific symptoms that can be reliably associated with this disorder would be essential to identifying possible ENS patients. We sought to validate an ENS-specific, 6-item questionnaire as an adjunct to the standard Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire to discriminate patients suspected of having ENS.
  
  
  
  The Empty Nose Syndrome 6-item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) paired 6 common ENS symptoms (nasal suffocation, nasal burning, nasal openness, crusting, dryness, and impaired air sensation through nasal cavities) with testing on 75 patients divided in 3 patient cohorts: ENS; chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis; and healthy controls. Participants answered 2 rounds of both the SNOT-22 questionnaire and ENS6Q within 48 hours of each other. No changes in treatments occurred in the test interval between questionnaires. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, validity, and area under the curve were assessed to differentiate between patient cohorts using the 2 instruments.
  
  
  
  We found high internal consistency for ENS6Q and SNOT-22 questionnaire at 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90-0.95) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.94-0.96), respectively. The test-retest reliability between timepoints for ENS6Q testing was 0.969. The ENS6Q statistically significantly discriminated between ENS and control patients and between ENS and chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis (CRSsNP) patients, without significant differences between CRSsNP and controls. The area-under-the-curve (AUC) threshold score comparison further supported the ability of the ENS6Q to differentiate ENS from CRSsNP patients.
  
  
  
  The ENS6Q is the first validated, specific, adjunct questionnaire to the SNOT-22 to more reliably identify patients suspected of developing ENS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
authors.forename: Nathalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Velasquez
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thamboo
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Al-Rahim R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhenxiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
authors.forename: Jayakar V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: ENS; SNOT-22; SNOT-25; empty nose syndrome; nasal airway; paradoxical nasal obstruction; questionnaire; survey; upper airway; validated