title: In vitro and in vivo antibiofilm potential of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from seaweed surface associated bacterium Bacillus subtilis against group A streptococcus.
abstract: Biofilm formation of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is recognized as an important virulent determinant. The present study reports the antibiofilm potential of seaweed (Gracilaria gracilis) surface associated Bacillus subtilis against GAS. Purification revealed 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-phenol (DTBP) as the active principle. DTBP exhibited a dose dependent antibiofilm activity against GAS (SF370 & six different clinical M serotypes). Microscopic analysis revealed changes in cell surface architecture and reduced thickness upon DTBP treatment. Results of extracellular polymeric substance quantification, microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon assay and fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis suggested that DTBP probably interferes with the initial adhesion stage of biofilm formation cascade. Reduction in hyaluronic acid synthesis goes in unison with blood survival assay wherein, increased susceptibility to phagocytosis was observed. In vivo studies using Caenorhabditis elegans manifested the reduction in adherence and virulence, which prompts further investigation of the potential of DTBP for the treatment of GAS infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630004, India.
authors.forename: Dharmaprakash
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viszwapriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630004, India.
authors.forename: Udayakumar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Prithika
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630004, India.
authors.forename: Sundaresan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deebika
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630004, India.
authors.forename: Krishnaswamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630004, India. Electronic address: sk_pandian@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Shunmugiah Karutha
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pandian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000032:analysis; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000382:microbiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008853:Microscopy; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012624:Seaweed / Q000382:microbiology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001704:Biopolymers; D010636:Phenols; C056559:2,4-di-tert-butylphenol
keywords: 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-phenol; Biofilm; GAS; Hyaluronic acid; Hydrophobicity