title: Dental implant customization using numerical optimization design and 3-dimensional printing fabrication of zirconia ceramic.
abstract: This study proposes a new methodology for dental implant customization consisting of numerical geometric optimization and 3-dimensional printing fabrication of zirconia ceramic. In the numerical modeling, exogenous factors for implant shape include the thread pitch, thread depth, maximal diameter of implant neck, and body size. Endogenous factors are bone density, cortical bone thickness, and non-osseointegration. An integration procedure, including uniform design method, Kriging interpolation and genetic algorithm, is applied to optimize the geometry of dental implants. The threshold of minimal micromotion for optimization evaluation was 100 μm. The optimized model is imported to the 3-dimensional slurry printer to fabricate the zirconia green body (powder is bonded by polymer weakly) of the implant. The sintered implant is obtained using a 2-stage sintering process. Twelve models are constructed according to uniform design method and simulated the micromotion behavior using finite element modeling. The result of uniform design models yields a set of exogenous factors that can provide the minimal micromotion (30.61 μm), as a suitable model. Kriging interpolation and genetic algorithm modified the exogenous factor of the suitable model, resulting in 27.11 μm as an optimization model. Experimental results show that the 3-dimensional slurry printer successfully fabricated the green body of the optimization model, but the accuracy of sintered part still needs to be improved. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy morphology is a stabilized t-phase microstructure, and the average compressive strength of the sintered part is 632.1 MPa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yung-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Deng-Huei
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cho-Pei
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D015921:Dental Implants; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: 2-stage sintering; 3-dimensional slurry printer; Kriging interpolation; dental implant; micromotion; uniform design