title: Estimation of human absorbed dose for (166)Ho-PAM: comparison with (166)Ho-DOTMP and (166)Ho-TTHMP.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the human absorbed dose of holmium-166 ((166)Ho)-pamidronate (PAM) as a potential agent for the management of multiple myeloma was estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  (166)Ho-PAM complex was prepared at optimized conditions and injected into the rats. The equivalent and effective absorbed doses to human organs after injection of the complex were estimated by radiation-absorbed dose assessment resource and methods proposed by Sparks et al based on rat data. The red marrow to other organ absorbed dose ratios were compared with these data for (166)Ho-DOTMP, as the only clinically used (166)Ho bone marrow ablative agent, and (166)Ho-TTHMP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest absorbed dose amounts are observed in the bone surface and bone marrow with 1.11 and 0.903 mGy MBq(-1), respectively. Most other organs would receive approximately insignificant absorbed dose. While (166)Ho-PAM demonstrated a higher red marrow to total body absorbed dose ratio than (166)Ho-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo dodecane-1,4,7,10 tetra ethylene phosphonic acid (DOTMP) and (166)Ho-triethylene tetramine hexa (methylene phosphonic acid) (TTHMP), the red marrow to most organ absorbed dose ratios for (166)Ho-TTHMP and (166)Ho-PAM are much higher than the ratios for (166)Ho-DOTMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result showed that (166)Ho-PAM has significant characteristics than (166)Ho-DOTMP and therefore, this complex can be considered as a good agent for bone marrow ablative therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this work, two separate points have been investigated: (1) human absorbed dose of (166)Ho-PAM, as a potential bone marrow ablative agent, has been estimated; and (2) the complex has been compared with (166)Ho-DOTMP, as the only clinically used bone marrow ablative radiopharmaceutical, showing significant characteristics.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdokht
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaez-Tehrani
authors.affiliation: 2 Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zolghadri
authors.affiliation: 2 Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yousefnia
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Afarideh
mesh_terms: D065638:Absorption, Radiation; D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects*; D056831:Coordination Complexes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006695:Holmium; D006801:Humans; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000188:drug therapy; D009928:Organ Specificity; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: C000612077:(166)Ho-propylene di-amino tetra(methylenephosphonic acid); D056831:Coordination Complexes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D011868:Radioisotopes; C093387:holmium-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid); C082084:1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid); D006695:Holmium