title: Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities.
abstract: Shigellae are sensitive indicator species for studying trends in the international transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Orthodox Jewish communities (OJCs) are a known risk group for shigellosis; Shigella sonnei is cyclically epidemic in OJCs in Israel, and sporadic outbreaks occur in OJCs elsewhere. We generated whole-genome sequences for 437 isolates of S. sonnei from OJCs and non-OJCs collected over 22 years in Europe (the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium), the United States, Canada, and Israel and analyzed these within a known global genomic context. Through phylogenetic and genomic analysis, we showed that strains from outbreaks in OJCs outside of Israel are distinct from strains in the general population and relate to a single multidrug-resistant sublineage of S. sonnei that prevails in Israel. Further Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain emerged approximately 30 years ago, demonstrating the speed at which antimicrobial drug-resistant pathogens can spread widely through geographically dispersed, but internationally connected, communities.
authors.forename: Kate S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dallman
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Behar
authors.forename: François-Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Weill
authors.forename: Malika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gouali
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fookes
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valinsky
authors.forename: Ohad
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gal-Mor
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nissan
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parkhill
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Dani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D014943:Global Health; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007585:Jews; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012764:Shigella sonnei / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014195:Travel; D000073336:Whole Genome Sequencing
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Belgium; Canada; Enterobacteriaceae; Europe; France; Israel; Jewish orthodox; Shigella sonnei; United States; antimicrobial resistance; bacteria; diarrhea; dysentery; enteric infections; gastroenteritis; shigellosis