title: Minimising invasiveness in diagnostics: developing a rapid urine-based monoclonal antibody dipstick test for malaria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for developing a rapid malaria diagnostic urine-based assay (RUBDA), using Plasmodium-infected human urinary antigens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasmodium-infected human urinary (PAgHU) and cultured parasite (CPfAg) antigens were used to generate mouse MAbs. The reactivity and accuracy of the MAbs produced were then evaluated using microplate ELISA, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting assay, microscopy and immunochromatographic tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-six MAb clones were generated, of which 68.8% reacted to both PAgHU and CPfAg, 31.3% reacted to PAgHU only, and none reacted to CPfAg only. One promising MAb (UCP4W7) reacted in WBA, to both PAgHU and CPfAg, but not to Plasmodium-negative human urine and blood, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni antigens nor measles and poliomyelitis vaccines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MAb UCP4W7 seems promising for diagnosing Plasmodium infection. Urine is a reliable biomarker source for developing non-invasive malaria diagnostic tests. SDS-PAGE and MAb-based WBA appear explorable in assays for detecting different levels of Plasmodium parasitaemia.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. umarkakpo@ug.edu.gh.|Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. umarkakpo@ug.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Uri S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Markakpo
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwabena M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bosompem
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Mawuli
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dzodzomenyo
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danso-Appiah
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Essuman
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Anyan
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.|Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korlebu, Ghana.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Anim-Baidoo
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korlebu, Ghana.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Asmah
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ofori
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Parnor
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madjitey
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Jonas B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Danquah
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Naa Adjeley
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Frempong
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kofi D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Kwofie
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amoa-Bosompem
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Julius N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Fobil
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Isabella A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Quakyi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000652:urine*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000652:urine*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010961:Plasmodium; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan
keywords: Malaria; Plasmodium; anticorps monoclonal; anticuerpo monoclonal; antigène sur bandelette; antígeno; dipstick antigen monoclonal antibody; malaria; paludisme; tira reactiva