title: Hypoxia and its implications in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Alterations in tissue oxygen pressure contribute to a number of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Low partial pressure of oxygen, a condition known as hypoxia, is a relevant feature in RA since it is involved in angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, cartilage degradation, energy metabolism, and oxidative damage. Therefore, alterations in hypoxia-related signaling pathways are considered potential mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. The objective of this review is to highlight and update our current knowledge of the role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of RA. We describe the experimental evidence that RA synovial tissue exists in a hypoxic state, as well as the origin and involvement of synovial hypoxia in different aspects of the pathogenic process.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240, México.|Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240, México.
authors.forename: Celia María
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Quiñonez-Flores
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240, México.|Facultad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240, México.
authors.forename: Susana Aideé
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: González-Chávez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito No.1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Chihuahua, C.P. 31240, México. dr.cesarpacheco@gmail.com.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pacheco-Tena
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000473:pathology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000737:chemistry*
keywords: Autoimmune disease; Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF); Inflammation