title: Has the pelvic renal stone position inside the upper loop of JJ stent any influence on the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy results?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  JJ stents are often encountered in patients with pelvic renal stones referred for shock wave lithotripsy, most of them being placed either for obstructive renal pelvic stones or for ureteric stones mobilized retrograde during the JJ stent insertion. The aim of the study was to determine whether the relative stone position in the upper loop of the JJ stent during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) influences the efficiency of the procedure. The study was designed as a prospective cohort study on 162 patients addressing the same urological department, with single renal pelvic stone (primary or mobilized to the renal pelvis during the insertion of JJ stent), smaller than 15 mm, with JJ stent, treated by SWL using a second generation spark gap lithotripter, 18 kV, 3000 waves/session. Patients were divided in three groups according to the relative position of the stone to the upper loop of the JJ stent as appears on plain X-ray: stone-inside-loop, loop-crossing-stone and stone-outside the loop. The SWL success rate was the primary outcome of the study. p Value, Chi square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For stone-inside-loop cases, SWL efficiency was 22.7 versus 42 % for all the other cases (p = 0.002). Other factors for decreased SWL success rate were: higher stone radio-opacity, larger JJ of stent and obese patients. Study limitation is represented by the relative small study group and by the evaluation of stone density using plain X-ray instead of computer tomography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For pelvic renal stones having the same density characteristics studied by plain X-ray, the SWL efficiency is lower in stone-inside-loop cases comparing with the other positions. The overall stone free rate for renal pelvic stones could be explained by the second generation lithotripter used for all procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, "C. I. Parhon" Hospital, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Catalin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pricop
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Center for Study and Therapy of Pain, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Dragomir N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Serban
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Center for Study and Therapy of Pain, "Gr. T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.
authors.forename: Ionela Lacramioara
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Serban
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
authors.forename: Alin-Adrian
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Cumpanas
authors.affiliation: Center of Urological Surgery and Renal Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Constantin-Virgil
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Gingu
keywords: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; Renal stones; Ureteral JJ stent