title: Comparative Evaluation of Real-Time PCR Methods for Human Noroviruses in Wastewater and Human Stool.
abstract: Selecting the best quantitative PCR assay is essential to detect human norovirus genome effectively from clinical and environmental samples because no cell lines have been developed to propagate this virus. The real-time PCR methods for noroviruses GI (4 assays) and GII (3 assays) were evaluated using wastewater (n = 70) and norovirus-positive stool (n = 77) samples collected in Japan between 2012 and 2013. Standard quantitative PCR assays recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, International Organization for Standardization, and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, together with recently reported assays were included. Significant differences in positive rates and quantification cycles were observed by non-parametric analysis. The present study identifies the best assay for norovirus GI and GII to amplify norovirus genomes efficiently.
authors.affiliation: New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7418-869X
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masago
authors.affiliation: New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Konta
authors.affiliation: New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazama
authors.affiliation: New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Manami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imagawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tohma
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshitani
authors.affiliation: New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Omura
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater