title: Markov chain Monte Carlo and expectation maximization approaches for estimation of haplotype frequencies for multiply infected human blood samples.
abstract: Haplotypes are important in anti-malarial drug resistance because genes encoding drug resistance may accumulate mutations at several codons in the same gene, each mutation increasing the level of drug resistance and, possibly, reducing the metabolic costs of previous mutation. Patients often have two or more haplotypes in their blood sample which may make it impossible to identify exactly which haplotypes they carry, and hence to measure the type and frequency of resistant haplotypes in the malaria population.
  
  
  
  This study presents two novel statistical methods expectation-maximization (EM) and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to investigate this issue. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated on simulated datasets consisting of patient blood characterized by their multiplicity of infection (MOI) and malaria genotype. The datasets are generated using different resistance allele frequencies (RAF) at each single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and different limit of detection (LoD) of the SNPs and the MOI. The EM and the MCMC algorithm are validated and appear more accurate, faster and slightly less affected by LoD of the SNPs and the MOI compared to previous related statistical approaches.
  
  
  
  The EM and the MCMC algorithms perform well when analysing malaria genetic data obtained from infected human blood samples. The results are robust to genotyping errors caused by LoDs and function well even in the absence of MOI data on individual patients.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L5 3QA, UK. g.kendror@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gie
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ken-Dror
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L5 3QA, UK.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1332-742X
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hastings
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D056808:Biostatistics; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008390:Markov Chains; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Expectation–maximization algorithm; Haplotype reconstruction; Markov chain Monte Carlo; Multiplicity of infection; Single nucleotide polymorphisms