title: New biorecognition molecules in biosensors for the detection of toxins.
abstract: Biological and synthetic recognition elements are at the heart of the majority of modern bioreceptor assays. Traditionally, enzymes and antibodies have been integrated in the biosensor designs as a popular choice for the detection of toxin molecules. But since 1970s, alternative biological and synthetic binders have been emerged as a promising alternative to conventional biorecognition elements in detection systems for laboratory and field-based applications. Recent research has witnessed immense interest in the use of recombinant enzymatic methodologies and nanozymes to circumvent the drawbacks associated with natural enzymes. In the area of antibody production, technologies based on the modification of in vivo synthesized materials and in vitro approaches with development of "display "systems have been introduced in the recent years. Subsequently, molecularly-imprinted polymers and Peptide nucleic acid (PNAs) were developed as an attractive receptor with applications in the area of sample preparation and detection systems. In this article, we discuss all alternatives to conventional biomolecules employed in the detection of various toxin molecules We review recent developments in modified enzymes, nanozymes, nanobodies, aptamers, peptides, protein scaffolds and DNazymes. With the advent of nanostructures and new interface materials, these recognition elements will be major players in future biosensor development.
authors: École des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenuede Clavières, 30100 Alès Cedex, France. Electronic address: ingrid.bazin@mines-ales.fr.
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Bazin
authors: École des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenuede Clavières, 30100 Alès Cedex, France.
authors: Scherrine A
authors: SA
authors: Tria
authors: BAE (Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement), Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan.
authors: Akhtar
authors: A
authors: Hayat
authors: BAE (Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement), Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France.
authors: Jean-Louis
authors: JL
authors: Marty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000737:chemistry; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D021881:DNA, Catalytic / Q000737:chemistry; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D054802:Molecular Imprinting; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000737:chemistry; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D021881:DNA, Catalytic; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D020135:Peptide Nucleic Acids; D010455:Peptides; D011108:Polymers; D011506:Proteins; D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D014118:Toxins, Biological
keywords: Bioreceptors; Biosensors; Future development; Novel designs; Toxin molecules