title: Assessing potential health impacts of waste recovery and reuse business models in Hanoi, Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In resource-constrained settings, the recovery of nutrients and the production of energy from liquid and solid waste are important. We determined the range and magnitude of potential community health impacts of six solid and liquid waste recovery and reuse business models in Hanoi, Vietnam.
  
  
  METHODS
  We employed a health impact assessment (HIA) approach using secondary data obtained from various sources supplemented with primary data collection. For determining the direction (positive or negative) and magnitude of potential health impacts in the population, a semiquantitative impact assessment was pursued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a public health perspective, wastewater reuse for inland fish farming, coupled with on-site water treatment has considerable potential for individual and community-level health benefits. One of the business models investigated (i.e. dry fuel manufacturing with agro-waste) resulted in net negative health impacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Hanoi, the reuse of liquid and solid waste-as a mean to recover water and nutrients and to produce energy-has considerable potential for health benefits if appropriately managed and tailored to local contexts. Our HIA methodology provides an evidence-based decision-support tool for identification and promotion of business models for implementation in Hanoi.
authors: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland. mirko.winkler@unibas.ch.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. mirko.winkler@unibas.ch.
authors: Mirko S
authors: MS
authors: Winkler
authors: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Fuhrimann
authors: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors: Phuc
authors: P
authors: Pham-Duc
authors: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Guéladio
authors: G
authors: Cissé
authors: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Jürg
authors: J
authors: Utzinger
authors: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.|International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors: Hung
authors: H
authors: Nguyen-Viet
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources / Q000592:standards; D062489:Health Impact Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012722:Sewage; D014744:Vietnam; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Business models; Health impact assessment; Resource recovery and reuse; Sanitation safety planning; Vietnam