title: Stress hormone release is a key component of the metabolic response to lipopolysaccharide: studies in hypopituitary and healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute and chronic inflammatory and metabolic responses are generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during acute illness and in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but whether these responses depend on intact pituitary release of hormones are not clearly identified. We compared the metabolic effects of LPS in hypopituitary patients (HPs) (in the absence of growth hormone (GH) and ACTH responses) and healthy control subjects (CTR) (with normal pituitary hormone responses).
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blind randomized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the effects of LPS on glucose, protein and lipid metabolism in eight HP and eight matched CTR twice during 4-h basal and 2-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp conditions with muscle and fat biopsies in each period during infusion with saline or LPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS increased cortisol and GH levels in CTR but not in HP. Also, it increased whole-body palmitate fluxes (3-fold) and decreased palmitate-specific activity (SA) 40-50% in CTR, but not in HP. G(0)/G(1) Switch Gene 2 (G0S2 - an inhibitor of lipolysis) adipose tissue (AT) mRNA was decreased in CTR. Although LPS increased phenylalanine fluxes significantly more in CTR, there was no difference in glucose metabolism between groups and intramyocellular insulin signaling was unaltered in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS increased indices of lipolysis and amino acid/protein fluxes significantly more in CTR compared with HP and decreased adipocyte G0S2 mRNA only in CTR. Thus, in humans intact pituitary function and appropriate cortisol and GH release are crucial components of the metabolic response to LPS.
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Bach.Ermina@gmail.com.
authors: Ermina
authors: E
authors: Bach
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine.
authors: Andreas B
authors: AB
authors: Møller
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine.
authors: Jens O L
authors: JO
authors: Jørgensen
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-CentreAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Mikkel H
authors: MH
authors: Vendelbo
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Jessen
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine.
authors: Steen B
authors: SB
authors: Pedersen
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic ResearchSection on Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Thomas S
authors: TS
authors: Nielsen
authors: Medical Research LaboratoriesDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Incuba/Skejby, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Møller
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D006854:Hydrocortisone