title: Cinobufagin enhances the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine through Th1 immune response.
abstract: Cinobufagin (CBG), one active ingredient isolated from Venenum Bufonis, has been demonstrated to have immunoregulatory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CBG can enhance the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated Salmonella typhimurium (FIST) in mice. ICR mice were immunized with FIST (106CFU/mouse) alone or mixed with CBG (10, 20, and 40 μg) or alum (200 μg) on day 1 and day 15. Two weeks after the second immunization, serum and spleen were sampled for measuring FIST-specific antibody levels, cytokine levels, and splenocyte proliferation. The results showed that CBG enhanced FIST-specific IgG and IgG2a, the levels of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and nitric oxide (NO), and the splenocyte proliferation response induced by concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide, and FIST. In vivo protection studies showed that CBG significantly decreased the bacterial burdens in the spleen and prolonged the survival time of FIST-immunized mice challenged with live Salmonella typhimurium. In vivo IFNγ neutralization led to a significant reduction in FIST-specific IgG2a and IFNγ levels, and in the protective efficacy in CBG/FIST-immunized mice. In conclusion, CBG enhances the protective efficacy of formalin-inactivated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine by promoting the Th1 immune response.
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China; Department of Animal Medicine, College of Life Science, Linyi University, No. 1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, PR China.
authors: Shuai-Cheng
authors: SC
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Peng-Fei
authors: PF
authors: Yi
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Xun
authors: X
authors: Guo
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Li-Yan
authors: LY
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Dao-Xiu
authors: DX
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Yun-Xing
authors: YX
authors: Fu
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Zhen-Qiang
authors: ZQ
authors: Cui
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Hai-Qing
authors: HQ
authors: Shen
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
authors: Xu-Bin
authors: XB
authors: Wei
authors: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China. Electronic address: fubd@jlu.edu.cn.
authors: Ben-Dong
authors: BD
authors: Fu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D002018:Bufanolides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000276:immunology*; D044967:Serum / Q000276:immunology; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000534:Alum Compounds; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D002018:Bufanolides; D016207:Cytokines; D005404:Fixatives; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D022562:Salmonella Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D005557:Formaldehyde; C041524:aluminum sulfate; C002471:cinobufagin
keywords: Cinobufagin; IFNγ; Salmonella typhimurium; Th1 immune response