title: Investigating the ability of nanoparticle-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and xanthan gum gels to enhance drug penetration into the skin.
abstract: Nanoparticle-loaded topical formulations can disrupt drug aggregation through controlled drug-nanoparticle interactions to enhance topical drug delivery. However, the complex relationship between the drug, nanoparticle and formulation vehicle requires further understanding. The aim of this study was to use nanoparticle-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum gels to probe how the drug, nanoparticle and formulation vehicle interactions influenced the delivery of an aggregated drug into the skin. Tetracaine was chosen as a model drug. It was loaded into HPMC and xanthan gum gels, and it was presented to porcine skin using infinite and finite dosing protocols. Gel infinite doses showed no important differences in tetracaine skin permeation rate, but HPMC gel finite doses delivered the drug more efficiently (46.99±7.96μg/cm2/h) compared to the xanthan gum (1.16±0.14μg/cm2/h). Finite doses of the nanoparticle-loaded HPMC gel generated a 10-fold increase in drug flux (109.95±28.63μg/cm2/h) compared to the equivalent xanthan gum system (14.19±2.27μg/cm2/h). Rheology measurements suggested that the differences in the gels ability to administer the drug into the skin were not a consequence of gel-nanoparticle interactions rather, they were a consequence of the dehydration mediated diffusional restriction imparted on the drug by xanthan gum compared to the viscosity independent interactions of HPMC with the drug.
authors: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Kings College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
authors: X J
authors: XJ
authors: Cai
authors: King's College London, Department of Physics, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, UK.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Mesquida
authors: Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Kings College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK. Electronic address: stuart.jones@kcl.ac.uk.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D005782:Gels / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D012212:Rheology; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005782:Gels; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013748:Tetracaine; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; C002563:xanthan gum
keywords: Aggregation; Gel; HPMC; Nanoparticles; Permeation; Skin; Tetracaine; Xanthan gum