title: A needs assessment study for optimising prescribing practice in secondary care junior doctors: the Antibiotic Prescribing Education among Doctors (APED).
abstract: Appropriate antimicrobial prescribing is essential for patient care, yet up to half of antimicrobial prescriptions written in the UK are sub-optimal. Improving prescriber education has recently been promoted as a mechanism to optimise antimicrobial use, but identification of key learning objectives to facilitate this is so far lacking. Using qualitative methods we investigated junior doctor knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours around antimicrobial prescribing to identify key areas to address in future educational programmes.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional survey of qualified doctors in training in West London was undertaken exploring antimicrobial prescribing practices and educational needs.
  
  
  
  Among 140 junior doctors from 5 London hospitals, a third (34 %) reported prescribing primarily unsupervised, and two thirds (67 %) reported difficulties obtaining prescribing support outside of hours. 20 % stated not feeling confident in writing an antimicrobial prescription, but confidence was increased through having confirmatory diagnostic results (24) and obtaining advice from a senior doctor (26 %); whether this senior was from their own specialty, or an infection-specialist, varied significantly (p < 0.01) by experience. Only a small percentage (5-13 %; depending on number of years post-qualification) of participants stated their previous antimicrobial education was effective. 60 % of those in their first year post qualification reported wanting further education in antimicrobial prescribing, rising to 74 % among more experienced junior doctors. Specific areas of educational need identified were (i) principles of antimicrobial prescribing, (ii) diagnosis of infections, (iii) clinical review of patients with infections, (iv) prescribing in the context of antimicrobial resistance, and (v) laboratory testing and test results.
  
  
  
  A significant proportion of junior doctors report lone prescribing of antimicrobials in the context of low self-perceived confidence and knowledge in this field, and frequent difficulty in accessing help when necessary. Innovative training, targeting five specific areas identified through this needs assessment, is urgently needed by junior doctors practising in secondary care.
authors: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK. m.gharbi@yahoo.fr.|National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK. m.gharbi@yahoo.fr.
authors: Myriam
authors: 0000-0002-8994-2816
authors: M
authors: Gharbi
authors: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.|National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.|Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
authors: Luke S P
authors: LS
authors: Moore
authors: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.|National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
authors: Enrique
authors: E
authors: Castro-Sánchez
authors: National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
authors: Elpiniki
authors: E
authors: Spanoudaki
authors: National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Grady
authors: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.|National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.|Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
authors: Alison H
authors: AH
authors: Holmes
authors: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS, UK.|Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
authors: Lydia N
authors: LN
authors: Drumright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000592:standards; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000517:prevention & control; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards; D020380:Needs Assessment; D005791:Patient Care / Q000592:standards; D010820:Physicians; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000592:standards; D063127:Secondary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antimicrobials; Behaviour; Clinical education; Continuing medical education; Knowledge