title: Mechanisms Underlying Anti-hyperalgesic Properties of Kaempferol-3,7- di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside Isolated from Dryopteris cycadina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-hyperalgesic effect of kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble part of Dryopteris cycadina. Pretreatment of the compound at the doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg caused a significant reduction in abdominal constrictions in acetic acid-induced writhing test with maximum effect of 63.03% (P < 0.001) at 10 mg/kg i.p. When subjected in formalin test, it evoked a marked antinociceptive effect in both phases in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum (p < 0.01) pain-inhibiting effects were 61.36% and 65.89% in 1st and 2nd phases at 10 mg/kg i.p., respectively. Administration of atropine (non-selective cholinergic receptor antagonist) significantly (p < 0.05) antagonized the antihyperalgesic effect of the compound, while glibenclamide and naloxone did not alter the induced antinociceptive effect and thus, antinociceptive activity of the compound is mediated, at least in part, through cholinergic system antagonism; independent of calcium channel and opioidergic receptor participation. Furthermore, docking studies underlined strong COX-2 inhibitory activity of the compound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data concluded that overall analgesic activity of the compound seems to involve COX-2 inhibition and activation of cholinergic receptors. However, further detailed studies are required in this direction to confirm the analgesic effect of the compound for its possible clinical utility.
authors: Mumtaz
authors: M
authors: Ali
authors: Geology Department, Univesity of Swabi, Anbar-23561, KPK, Pakistan.
authors: Abdur
authors: A
authors: Rauf
authors: Taibi Ben
authors: TB
authors: Hadda
authors: Saud
authors: S
authors: Bawazeer
authors: Tareq
authors: T
authors: Abu-Izneid
authors: Haroon
authors: H
authors: Khan
authors: Muslim
authors: M
authors: Raza
authors: Sher Ali
authors: SA
authors: Khan
authors: S U A
authors: SU
authors: Shah
authors: Samreen
authors: S
authors: Pervez
authors: Seema
authors: S
authors: Patel
authors: Ilkay Erdogan
authors: IE
authors: Orhan
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D032492:Dryopteris / Q000737:chemistry*; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D044949:Kaempferols