title: Reversibility of glioma stem cells' phenotypes explains their complex in vitro and in vivo behavior: Discovery of a novel neurosphere-specific enzyme, cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1, using the genomic landscape of human glioma stem cells as a discovery tool.
abstract: Glioma cells grow in two phenotypic forms, as adherent monolayers and as free floating "neurospheres/tumorspheres", using specific media supplements. Whether each phenotype is irreversible remains unknown. Herein we show that both states are reversible using patient derived glioblastoma cell cultures (i.e., HF2303, IN859, MGG8, IN2045). Both phenotypic states differ in proliferation rate, invasion, migration, chemotaxis and chemosensitivity. We used microarrays to characterize gene expression across the patient derived glioblastoma cell cultures, to find specific inhibitors of the sphere population. Traditional chemotherapeutics (i.e., doxorubicin or paclitaxel) inhibit rapidly dividing adherent cells; it has been more challenging to inhibit the growth of the sphere phenotype. PRKG1, known to induce apoptosis when activated, is increased in all patient derived glioblastoma spheres. Stimulation of PRKG1 activity preferentially reduced cell viability in the sphere phenotype. Computational network and gene ontology analysis identified novel potential target genes linked to the PRKG1 expression node.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Wilson
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Daniel B
authors: DB
authors: Zamler
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Doherty
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Training Programs in Cancer Biology, Immunology & Neurosciences, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Maria G
authors: MG
authors: Castro
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Training Programs in Cancer Biology, Immunology & Neurosciences, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors: Pedro R
authors: PR
authors: Lowenstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002633:Chemotaxis; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010641:Phenotype; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D000077204:Temozolomide
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003606:Dacarbazine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; C569718:PRKG1 protein, human; D017239:Paclitaxel; D000077204:Temozolomide
keywords: PRKG1; genomics; glioblastoma; plasticity; stem cells