title: The Cystoscope Sheath as a Platform for Performing Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery in a Transplanted Kidney with Complex Renal Anatomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endourology is a widely used means by which to manage urolithiasis. Patient anatomy can oftentimes limit what can be accomplished with current technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a case of a patient with renal and ureteral stones within a transplant kidney. Her anatomy would not allow for a standard retrograde ureteroscopic approach. We describe a method by which to overcome this difficult scenario by using a rigid cystoscope as a platform by which a ureteroscope was passed to allow for stone removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For this difficult case, we effectively used our instruments to achieve our goal of retrograde ureteroscopy in a transplant kidney with an unfavorably angulated ureter.
authors: Department of Urology, UF Health/College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.
authors: Aaron F
authors: AF
authors: Brafman
authors: Department of Urology, UF Health/College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.
authors: Marla J
authors: MJ
authors: Wardenburg
authors: Department of Urology, UF Health/College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Bird