title: Discrimination of botanical origins for Chinese honey according to free amino acids content by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection with chemometric approaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The contents of 18 free amino acids in 87 Chinese honey samples from four botanical origins (linden, acacia, vitex and rape) were determined by developing a high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) method with an in-loop automated pre-column derivatization. The free amino acid profiles of these samples were used to construct a statistical model to distinguish honeys from various floral origins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average contents of all free amino acids in linden honey were lower than in the other three types of honey. Phenylalanine was particularly useful in the present study because its average content in vitex honey was far higher than in any other honey samples. There is no doubt that both phenylalanine and tyrosine can be considered as the marker free amino acid in Chinese vitex honey. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted based on 15 free amino acids and showed significant differences among the honey samples. The cumulative variance for the first two components was 80.62%, and the four principal components can explain 94.18% of the total variance. In the two first component scores, the honey samples can be separated according to their botanical origins. Cluster analysis of amino acid data also revealed that the botanical origins of honey samples correlated with their amino acid content. Back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) and naïve Bayes methods were employed to construct the classification models. The results revealed an excellent separation among honey samples according to their botanical origin with 100% accuracy in model training for both BP-ANN and naïve Bayes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It indicated that the free amino acid profile determined by HPLC-FLD can provide sufficient information to discriminate honey samples according to their botanical origins. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors: Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua South Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Chen
authors: Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua South Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
authors: Linghe
authors: L
authors: Jin
authors: Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua South Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
authors: Qiaoying
authors: Q
authors: Chang
authors: Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua South Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Peng
authors: Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua South Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
authors: Xueyan
authors: X
authors: Hu
authors: Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua South Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
authors: Chunlin
authors: C
authors: Fan
authors: Agro-Product Safety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua South Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 100176, China.
authors: Guofang
authors: G
authors: Pang
authors: Agilent Technologies (China) Company, Ltd., No. 3 Wang Jing Bei Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.
authors: Meiling
authors: M
authors: Lu
authors: Agilent Technologies (China) Company, Ltd., No. 3 Wang Jing Bei Lu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.
authors: Wenwen
authors: W
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D005453:Fluorescence; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids
keywords:  BP-ANN;  HPLC-FLD;  PCA; amino acids; botanical origin; honey; naïve Bayes