title: Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome in the Foot and Ankle.
abstract: Bone marrow edema syndrome (BMES) is an uncommon and self-limited syndrome characterized by extremity pain of unknown etiology. Symptoms may include sudden or gradual onset of swelling and pain at rest or during activity, usually at night. This syndrome mostly affects middle-aged men and younger women who have pain in the lower extremities. The most common sites involved with BMES, in decreasing order of frequency, are the bones about the hip, knee, ankle, and foot. The diagnosis of BMES is confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging to exclude other causes of bone marrow edema. The correct diagnosis in the foot and ankle often is delayed because of the low prevalence and nonspecific signs. This delay may intensify bone pain and impair patient function and quality of life. The goal of BMES treatment is to relieve pain and shorten disease duration. Treatment options are limited and may include symptomatic treatment, pharmacologic treatment, and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level V, expert opinion.
authors: Orthopedic Surgery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran ali.r.mirghasemi@gmail.com.
authors: Seyed Alireza
authors: SA
authors: Mirghasemi
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors: Elly
authors: E
authors: Trepman
authors: School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors: Mohammad Saleh
authors: MS
authors: Sadeghi
authors: Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, AJA Medical Science University, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Narges
authors: N
authors: Rahimi
authors: School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
authors: Shervin
authors: S
authors: Rashidinia
mesh_terms: D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D004487:Edema / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005534:Foot Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology
keywords: bisphosphonates; iloprost; pain; transient osteoporosis