title: Virtual exploration of early stage atherosclerosis.
abstract: Biological mechanisms contributing to atherogenesis are multiple and complex. The early stage of atherosclerosis (AS) is characterized by the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) droplets, leading to the creation of foam cells (FC). To address the difficulty to explore the dynamics of interactions that controls this process, this study aimed to develop a model of agents and infer on the most influential cell- and molecule-related parameters.
  
  
  
  FC started to accumulate after six to eight months of simulated hypercholesterolemia. A sensitivity analysis revealed the strong influence of LDL oxidation rate on the risk of FC creation, which was exploited to model the antioxidant effect of statins. Combined with an empirical simulation of the drug ability to decrease the level of LDL, the virtual statins treatment led to reductions of oxidized LDL levels similar to reductions measured in vivo.
  
  
  
  An Open source software was used to develop the agent-based model of early AS. Two different concentrations of LDL agents were imposed in the intima layer to simulate healthy and hypercholesterolemia groups of 'virtual patients'. The interactions programmed between molecules and cells were based on experiments and models reported in the literature. A factorial sensitivity analysis explored the respective effects of the less documented model parameters as (i) agent migration speed, (ii) LDL oxidation rate and (iii) concentration of autoantibody agents. Finally, the response of the model to known perturbations was assessed by introducing statins agents, able to reduce the oxidation rate of LDL agents and the LDL boundary concentrations.
  
  
  
  jerome.noailly@upf.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors: Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Information and Communication Technologies (DTIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08018 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Andy L
authors: AL
authors: Olivares
authors: Department of Information and Communication Technologies (DTIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08018 Barcelona, Spain.|ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Miguel A
authors: MA
authors: González Ballester
authors: Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Information and Communication Technologies (DTIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08018 Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Jérôme
authors: J
authors: Noailly
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012984:Software
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL