title: Effect of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase recycling on bio-crude yields and composition.
abstract: Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermo-chemical processing technology for the production of biofuels but produces large amounts of process water. Therefore recirculation of process water from HTL of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is investigated. Two sets of recirculation on a continuous reactor system using K2CO3 as catalyst were carried out. Following this, the process water was recirculated in batch experiments for a total of 10 rounds. To assess the effect of alkali catalyst, non-catalytic HTL process water recycling was performed with 9 recycle rounds. Both sets of experiments showed a large increase in bio-crude yields from approximately 35 to 55wt%. The water phase and bio-crude samples from all experiments were analysed via quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate their composition and build-up of organic compounds. Overall the results show an increase in HTL conversion efficiency and a lower volume, more concentrated aqueous by-product following recycling.
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Biller
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: René B
authors: RB
authors: Madsen
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Maika
authors: M
authors: Klemmer
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Jacob
authors: J
authors: Becker
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Bo B
authors: BB
authors: Iversen
authors: Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. Electronic address: glasius@chem.au.dk.
authors: Marianne
authors: M
authors: Glasius
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis; D002384:Catalysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D014867:Water
keywords: Aqueous phase; Bio-crude; Catalysis; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Water phase recycle