title: Dietary Salba (Salvia hispanica L.) ameliorates the adipose tissue dysfunction of dyslipemic insulin-resistant rats through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rats fed a long-term sucrose-rich diet (SRD) developed adipose tissue dysfunction. In the adipose tissue of these SRD-fed rats, the present study analyzed the possible beneficial effects of dietary Salba (chia) seeds in improving or reversing the depletion of antioxidant defenses, changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were fed a SRD for 3 months. After that, half of the animals continued with the SRD until month 6, while in the other half, corn oil was replaced by chia seeds for 3 months (SRD + chia). A reference group consumed a control diet all the time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the SRD-fed rats, the animals fed a SRD + chia showed a reduction in epididymal fat pad weight; the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and GPx returned to control values, while GR significantly improved; mRNA GPx increased, and both mRNA SOD and the redox state of glutathione returned to control values; a significant increase in the expression of Nrf2 was recorded. These results were accompanied by a decrease in XO activity and ROS contents as well as plasma IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Chia seeds reversed the decrease in PPARγ protein mass level and increased the n-3/n-6 fatty acids ratio of membrane phospholipids. Besides, dyslipidemia and insulin sensitivity were normalized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides new information concerning some mechanisms related to the beneficial effects of dietary chia seeds in reversing adipose tissue oxidative stress and improving the adipose tissue dysfunction induced by a SRD.
authors: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors: M R
authors: MR
authors: Ferreira
authors: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Alvarez
authors: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Illesca
authors: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700, San Luis, Argentina.
authors: M S
authors: MS
authors: Giménez
authors: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria El Pozo cc 242, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina. ylombard@fbcb.unl.edu.ar.
authors: Y B
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5690-5437
authors: YB
authors: Lombardo
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D007249:Inflammation; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D027544:Salvia; D012639:Seeds
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D047495:PPAR gamma
keywords: Adipose tissue; Dyslipidemia; High-sucrose diet; Insulin resistance; Oxidative stress; α-linolenic acid (ALA)