title: The effects of graded motor imagery and its components on phantom limb pain and disability in upper and lower limb amputees: a systematic review protocol.
abstract: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is characterized by the anatomical shifting of neighbouring somatosensory and motor areas into a deafferented cortical area of the brain contralateral to the amputated limb. It has been shown that maladaptive neuroplasticity is positively correlated to the perception of PLP in amputees. Recent studies support the use of graded motor imagery (GMI) and its component to alleviate the severity of PLP and disability. However, there is insufficient collective empirical evidence exploring the effectiveness of these treatment modalities in amputees with PLP. This systematic review will therefore explore the effects of GMI and its individual components on PLP and disability in upper and lower limb amputees.
  
  
  
  We will utilize a customized search strategy to search PubMed, Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PEDro, Scopus, CINAHL, LILACS, DARE, Africa-Wide Information and Web of Science. We will also look at clinicaltrials.gov ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ ), Pactr.gov ( http://www.pactr.org/ ) and EU Clinical trials register ( https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ ) for ongoing research. Two independent reviewers will screen articles for methodological validity. Thereafter, data from included studies will be extracted by two independent reviewers through a customized pre-set data extraction sheet. Studies with a comparable intervention and outcome measure will be pooled for meta-analysis. Studies with high heterogeneity will be analysed through random effects model. A narrative data analysis will be considered where there is insufficient data to perform a meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  Several studies investigating the effectiveness of GMI and its different components on PLP have drawn contrasting conclusions regarding the efficacy and applicability of GMI in clinical practice. This systematic review will therefore gather and critically appraise all relevant data, to generate a substantial conclusion and recommendations for clinical practice and research on this subject.
  
  
  
  PROSPERO CRD42016036471.
authors: Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. lmkmax001@myuct.ac.za.|Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, F45 Old Main Building, Cape Town, South Africa. lmkmax001@myuct.ac.za.
authors: Katleho
authors: 0000-0002-7906-4415
authors: K
authors: Limakatso
authors: Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Lieselotte
authors: L
authors: Corten
authors: Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Romy
authors: R
authors: Parker
mesh_terms: D000674:Amputees / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D035002:Lower Extremity; D059408:Pain Management / Q000523:psychology; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D034941:Upper Extremity
keywords: Disability; Explicit motor imagery; Graded motor imagery; Laterality recognition; Mirror visual feedback; Phantom limb pain