title: A Common Variant and the Transcript Levels of MC4R Gene Are Associated With Adiposity in Children: The IDEFICS Study.
abstract: The melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of body fat and food and energy intake.
  
  
  
  The objectives of the study were as follows: 1) to evaluate the association of variants rs17782313 and rs17700633 near the coding region of MC4R and 2) to evaluate the association of the transcript levels of MC4R with adiposity indices and percentage of energy from fat, carbohydrates, and protein in children.
  
  
  
  The Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-Induced Health Effects in Children and Infants (IDEFICS) cohort was used, with examinations at baseline (T0) and after 2 years (T1).
  
  
  
  A total of 16 228 schoolchildren (2-9 y) from eight European countries participated in the study. A random sample of 4381 children genotyped for MC4R variants and a subsample of 410 children with MC4R expression data in peripheral blood cells (PBCs) were included in the analyses.
  
  
  
  Anthropometric measures and energy intake (total and from fat, carbohydrates, and protein) served as outcomes for adiposity status and for dietary behavior, respectively.
  
  
  
  At T0, the C allele of rs17782313 (minor frequency allele 23%) was significantly associated with higher values of adiposity indices (all P < .001). No association was found between rs17700633 (minor frequency allele 28%) and the variables under study. At T1, the C allele of rs17782313 was associated with a significantly higher increase in the adiposity indices over time (all P < .05). The MC4R expression levels in PBCs were inversely associated with body fat and energy intake from carbohydrates and directly with energy from fat (all P ≤ .05) but were not influenced by variants rs17782313 and rs17700633.
  
  
  
  The common variant rs17782313 near MC4R was cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with body mass index and measures of body fatness in children aged 2-9 years. We showed, for the first time in humans, that MC4R expression levels in PBCs are related to body fat distribution and percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates and fat.
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Lauria
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Alfonso
authors: A
authors: Siani
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Catalina
authors: C
authors: Picó
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Ahrens
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Bammann
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Stefaan
authors: S
authors: De Henauw
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Ronja
authors: R
authors: Foraita
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Licia
authors: L
authors: Iacoviello
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Yiannis
authors: Y
authors: Kourides
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Staffan
authors: S
authors: Marild
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Denes
authors: D
authors: Molnar
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Luis A
authors: LA
authors: Moreno
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Yannis
authors: Y
authors: Pitsiladis
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Juana
authors: J
authors: Sánchez
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Toomas
authors: T
authors: Veidebaum
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Guan
authors: G
authors: Wang
authors: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics (F.L., A.S., P.R.), Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, I-83100 Avellino, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics) (C.P., J.S.), University of the Balearic Islands and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Palma de 07122 Mallorca, Spain; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS (W.A., K.B., R.F.), and Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science (W.A.), University of Bremen, and Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (K.B.), Faculty for Human and Health Sciences, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Public Health (S.D.H.), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (L.I.), Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Research and Education Institute of Child Health (Y.K.), 2015 Strovolos, Cyprus; Department of Pediatrics (S.M.), Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics (D.M.), Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) research group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), (L.A.M.) Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain) FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research (Y.P., G.W.), University of Brighton, Eastbourne BN2 4AT, United Kingdom; and National Institute for Health Development (T.V.), 11619 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Russo
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C470072:MC4R protein, human; D044105:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4