title: Conservative Care in Lumbar Spine Surgery Trials: A Descriptive Literature Review.
abstract: To evaluate the degree to which conservative care and failure were specifically defined in studies comparing nonoperative treatment versus surgery for low back pain (LBP) conditions in adults.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive literature search was conducted by an experienced librarian using MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL from January 2003 to June 2014. Endnote bibliographic management application was used to remove duplicates and organize the citations.
  
  
  
  Prospective, randomized, or cohort trials comparing surgery versus conservative intervention for patients with LBP conditions. Study selection was conducted by 2 independent reviewers.
  
  
  
  Three independent reviewers extracted data from each article using a structured data extraction form. Data extracted included type of study, participant characteristics, sample size, description, and duration of conservative care and whether failed conservative care criterion was defined.
  
  
  
  A total of 852 unique records were screened for eligibility; of those, 72 articles were identified for further full-text review. Thirty-four full texts were excluded based on the exclusion criteria, and 38 articles, representing 20 unique studies, were included for qualitative synthesis. Fifteen of the 20 studies defined the duration of conservative care. Only 3 studies defined the dosage of physical therapy sessions, including total number of visits and visit duration. Two studies described medication usage, including the duration and type. No studies specifically defined what constituted failed conservative therapy.
  
  
  
  This literature review suggests conservative care is poorly defined in randomized trials, which can lead to ambiguity of research procedures and unclear guidelines for clinicians. Future studies should increase transparency and explicitly define conservative care.
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. Electronic address: aaron.yang@vanderbilt.edu.
authors: Aaron J
authors: AJ
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors: Rogelio A
authors: RA
authors: Coronado
authors: Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors: Lilian
authors: L
authors: Hoffecker
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
authors: Chan
authors: C
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Saurwein
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors: Danielle
authors: D
authors: Shoreman
authors: Veterans Administration, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors: Adam S
authors: AS
authors: Hoffberg
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors: Venu
authors: V
authors: Akuthota
mesh_terms: D000072700:Conservative Treatment; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D017211:Treatment Failure
keywords: Clinical trials as topic; Low back pain; Rehabilitation; Spinal fusion