title: Recurrent pregnancy loss: what is the impact of consecutive versus non-consecutive losses?
abstract: Is there a different prognostic impact for consecutive and non-consecutive early pregnancy losses in women with secondary recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)?
  
  
  
  Only consecutive early pregnancy losses after the last birth have a statistically significant negative prognostic impact in women with secondary RPL.
  
  
  
  The risk of a new pregnancy loss increases with the number of previous pregnancy losses in patients with RPL. Second trimester losses seem to exhibit a stronger negative impact than early losses. It is unknown whether the sequence of pregnancy losses plays a role for the prognosis in patients with a prior birth.
  
  
  
  This retrospective cohort study of pregnancy outcome in patients with unexplained secondary RPL included in three previously published, Danish double-blinded placebo-controlled trials of intravenous immunoglobulin (IvIg) conducted from 1991 to 2014. No other treatments were given. Patients with documented explained pregnancy losses (ectopic pregnancies and aneuploid miscarriages) were excluded.
  
  
  
  Of the 168 patients included in the trials, 127 had secondary RPL and experienced a subsequent live birth or unexplained pregnancy loss in the first pregnancy after giving informed consent to participate in the trials (the index pregnancy). Data analyzed by multivariate analysis included the independent variables age, the number of early pregnancy losses before and after the last birth, respectively and a second trimester pregnancy loss before or after the last birth, respectively. The outcome variable was unexplained loss in the index pregnancy.
  
  
  
  In patients with secondary RPL, both a late and each early loss before the last birth did not significantly influence the risk of a new pregnancy loss in the index pregnancy: incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.31 (95% CI 0.62-2.77) and IRR 0.88 (95% CI 0.70-1.11), respectively. In contrast, the impact on risk of pregnancy loss conferred by a late and by each early pregnancy loss occurring after the birth was significant: IRR 2.15 (95% CI 1.57-2.94, P < 0.0001) and IRR 1.14 (95% CI 1.04-1.24, P = 0.002), respectively.
  
  
  
  Of the patients, 48% were treated with IvIg, which could influence the results. However, allocation to IvIg was random and prognostic variables were equally distributed in IvIg and placebo-treated patients.
  
  
  
  A birth in women with secondary RPL eradicates the negative prognostic impact of previous pregnancy losses and this finding is important for our understanding of the pathogenesis. It indicates that only consecutive pregnancy losses should count in the definition of RPL.
  
  
  
  There was no particular funding for this study. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
  
  
  
  Not applicable for two of the included randomized controlled trials. For the last trial: Clinical.Gov NCT00722475.
authors: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit, Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Egerup
authors: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit, Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Kolte
authors: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit, Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: E C
authors: EC
authors: Larsen
authors: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit, Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Krog
authors: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit, Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: H S
authors: HS
authors: Nielsen
authors: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit, Fertility Clinic 4071, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark olbc@rn.dk.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aalborg University Hospital, Reberbansgade, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors: O B
authors: OB
authors: Christiansen
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000209:etiology*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050498:Live Birth; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: cohort study; randomized controlled trial; recurrent miscarriage; recurrent pregnancy loss; secondary recurrent pregnancy loss