title: Warfare-related secondary anterior cranioplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior cranial bone defects secondary to global war cranial defects pose a unique reconstructive challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of alloplastic reconstructions of cranial bone with titanium mesh and fat graft after warfare-related cranial trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients at the plastic and reconstructive surgery ward of our hospital underwent anterior cranioplasty with titanium mesh with or without fat grafts from lower abdominal wall. Inclusion criteria were anterior cranial bone defect due to warfare injuries, the mean age of these patients was 31 years (range, 23-48 years). Ninety-five percent were male, and 5% were female. Average follow-up was 12 months. Fat grafts were used to help obliterate endocranial dead spaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients (71%) had more than 0.5 cm dead space under cranial defects, and we used fat graft under the titanium mesh. The majority groups of patients (80%) were injured as a result of previous explosive device blasts with or without neurosurgical procedures in the past. The average patient age was 31 years, and 95% of patients were male. The mean anterior cranial defect size was 6 cm × 8 cm, and there were no wound infection or flap necrosis after operations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend this procedure (titanium mesh with or without fat graft) for warfare injured cranial defects in secondary anterior cranial reconstructions. Fat grafts eliminates dead space and reduce secondary complications.
authors: Department of Plastic Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Ebrahimi
authors: Deputy of Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Nasrin
authors: N
authors: Nejadsarvari
authors: Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hamid Reza
authors: HR
authors: Rasouli
authors: Deputy of Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Azin
authors: A
authors: Ebrahimi
keywords: Cranioplasty; fat grafts; reconstructions; titanium mesh