title: Differences in Medial and Lateral Posterior Tibial Slope: An Osteological Review of 1090 Tibiae Comparing Age, Sex, and Race.
abstract: Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are common, and a number of knee morphological variables have been identified as risk factors for an ACL injury, including the posterior tibial slope (TS). However, limited data exist regarding innate population differences in the TS.
  
  
  
  To (1) establish normative values for the medial and lateral posterior TS; (2) determine what differences exist between ages, sexes, and races; and (3) determine how internal or external tibial rotation (as occurs during sagittal knee motion) influences the stereotactic perception of the TS.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  
  A total of 545 cadaveric specimens (1090 tibiae) were obtained from the Hamann-Todd osteological collection. Specimens were leveled in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes using a digital laser. Virtual representations of each bone were created with a 3-dimensional digitizer apparatus. The TS of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus were measured using techniques adapted from previous radiographic protocols. Medial and lateral TS were then again measured on 200 tibiae that were internally and externally rotated by 10° (axially).
  
  
  
  The mean (±SD) medial TS was 6.9° ± 3.7° posterior, which was greater than the mean lateral TS of 4.7° ± 3.6° posterior ( P < .001). Neither the medial nor lateral TS changed with age. Women had a greater mean TS compared with men on both the medial (7.5° ± 3.8° vs 6.8° ± 3.7°, respectively; P = .03) and lateral (5.2° ± 3.5° vs 4.6° ± 3.5°, respectively; P = .04) sides. Black specimens had a greater mean medial TS (8.7° ± 3.6° vs 5.8° ± 3.3°, respectively; P < .001) and lateral TS (5.9° ± 3.3° vs 3.8° ± 3.5°, respectively; P < .001) compared with white specimens. Axial rotation was shown to increase the perception of the medial and lateral TS ( P < .001).
  
  
  
  The medial TS was shown to be greater than the lateral TS. Important sex- and race-based differences exist in the TS. This study also highlights the role of axial rotation in measuring the TS.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Douglas S
authors: DS
authors: Weinberg
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Drew F K
authors: DF
authors: Williamson
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Jeremy J
authors: JJ
authors: Gebhart
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: Derrick M
authors: DM
authors: Knapik
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors: James E
authors: JE
authors: Voos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D002102:Cadaver; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012399:Rotation; D012737:Sex Factors; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACL injury; proximal tibial geometry; tibial plateau anatomy; tibial slope