title: Incorporation of silicone oil into elastomers enhances barnacle detachment by active surface strain.
abstract: Silicone-oil additives are often used in fouling-release silicone coatings to reduce the adhesion strength of barnacles and other biofouling organisms. This study follows on from a recently reported active approach to detach barnacles, which was based on the surface strain of elastomeric materials, by investigating a new, dual-action approach to barnacle detachment using Ecoflex®-based elastomers incorporated with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based oil additives. The experimental results support the hypothesis that silicone-oil additives reduce the amount of substratum strain required to detach barnacles. The study also de-coupled the two effects of silicone oils (ie surface-activity and alteration of the bulk modulus) and examined their contributions in reducing barnacle adhesion strength. Further, a finite element model based on fracture mechanics was employed to qualitatively understand the effects of surface strain and substratum modulus on barnacle adhesion strength. The study demonstrates that dynamic substratum deformation of elastomers with silicone-oil additives provides a bifunctional approach towards management of biofouling by barnacles.
authors: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.
authors: Phanindhar
authors: P
authors: Shivapooja
authors: b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.
authors: Changyong
authors: C
authors: Cao
authors: c Duke University Marine Laboratory , Nicholas School of the Environment , Beaufort , NC , USA.
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Orihuela
authors: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.
authors: Vrad
authors: V
authors: Levering
authors: b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.|d Research Triangle Material Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.|e Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.
authors: Xuanhe
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: c Duke University Marine Laboratory , Nicholas School of the Environment , Beaufort , NC , USA.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Rittschof
authors: a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.|b Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.|d Research Triangle Material Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA.|f Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA.
authors: Gabriel P
authors: GP
authors: López
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012827:Silicone Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D001468:Thoracica / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D012827:Silicone Oils; C013830:baysilon
keywords: Silicone oil; barnacle; biofouling management; elastomers; surface strain