title: Pre-breeding beef heifer management and season affect mid to late gestation uterine artery hemodynamics.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of beef heifer development practices and the influence of season on uterine artery hemodynamics during mid to late gestation. Metrics of uterine artery blood flow (BF) of fall calving and spring calving crossbred beef heifers (n = 27) developed on either a low-input (LOW|FALL n = 6; LOW|SPRING n = 6) or a conventional (CON|FALL n = 9; CON|SPRING n = 6) heifer development scheme were evaluated. Heifer body weight (BW) was measured every 30 days, and uterine BF, arterial diameter (AD), pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index were measured for uterine arteries ipsilateral and contralateral to the conceptus on days 180, 210, and 240 of gestation. Calf birth weight was assessed at parturition. Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed. There were significant treatment × season (P = 0.0001) and season × day (P = 0.003) interactions on heifer BW. Main effects of season (P = 0.04) and gestational day (P = 0.0001) were observed on contralateral BF, and there was a season × day interaction (P = 0.03) on ipsilateral BF. As such, there was a season × day interaction on total blood flow (TBF; P = 0.05), whereby TBF increased as gestation progressed and spring calving heifers displayed increased TBF. However, when adjusted for BW, an additional main effect of treatment was observed (P = 0.0007) in which LOW heifers had increased TBF compared with CON heifers. Correspondingly, LOW heifers displayed increased AD compared with CON heifers, and spring calving heifers had greater AD than fall calving females. There was also a main effect of season on calf birth weight (P = 0.02). It was concluded that developing replacement heifers with low-input management schemes does not yield compromised uteroplacental hemodynamics compared with traditionally developed females when nutrition during gestation is adequate. Furthermore, spring calving 2-year-old heifers have increased uteroplacental BF compared with their fall calving counterparts. Our results imply that producers who seek to decrease development costs by feeding replacements to lighter target breeding weights may do so without compromising mid to late gestation uterine BF when heifers are not nutrient restricted during pregnancy.
authors: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors: Amanda J
authors: AJ
authors: Cain
authors: Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors: Caleb O
authors: CO
authors: Lemley
authors: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors: F Kevin
authors: FK
authors: Walters
authors: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Christiansen
authors: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
authors: E Heath
authors: EH
authors: King
authors: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA. Electronic address: hopper@cvm.msstate.edu.
authors: Richard M
authors: RM
authors: Hopper
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012621:Seasons; D055988:Uterine Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply*
keywords: Blood flow; Fetal programming; Heifer development; Seasonality; Uterine artery