title: Sensors in the Stream: The High-Frequency Wave of the Present.
abstract: New scientific understanding is catalyzed by novel technologies that enhance measurement precision, resolution or type, and that provide new tools to test and develop theory. Over the last 50 years, technology has transformed the hydrologic sciences by enabling direct measurements of watershed fluxes (evapotranspiration, streamflow) at time scales and spatial extents aligned with variation in physical drivers. High frequency water quality measurements, increasingly obtained by in situ water quality sensors, are extending that transformation. Widely available sensors for some physical (temperature) and chemical (conductivity, dissolved oxygen) attributes have become integral to aquatic science, and emerging sensors for nutrients, dissolved CO2, turbidity, algal pigments, and dissolved organic matter are now enabling observations of watersheds and streams at time scales commensurate with their fundamental hydrological, energetic, elemental, and biological drivers. Here we synthesize insights from emerging technologies across a suite of applications, and envision future advances, enabled by sensors, in our ability to understand, predict, and restore watershed and stream systems.
authors: Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Rode
authors: Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Wade
authors: School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Cohen
authors: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.
authors: Robert T
authors: RT
authors: Hensley
authors: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon. OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Bowes
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-ETH , Zürich, Switzerland.|Swiss Federal Research Institute, WSL , Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
authors: James W
authors: JW
authors: Kirchner
authors: Ecological Modelling Laboratory, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario Canada.
authors: George B
authors: GB
authors: Arhonditsis
authors: School of Environmental Sciences, Ulster University , Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
authors: Phil
authors: P
authors: Jordan
authors: Department of Bioscience and DCE-National Centre of Environment and Energy, Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Kronvang
authors: Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Halliday
authors: Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors: Richard A
authors: RA
authors: Skeffington
authors: Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, NL-3508TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Joachim C
authors: JC
authors: Rozemeijer
authors: Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors: Alice H
authors: AH
authors: Aubert
authors: Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Karsten
authors: K
authors: Rinke
authors: Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Brueckstrasse 3a, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: Seifeddine
authors: S
authors: Jomaa
mesh_terms: D062070:Hydrology; D045483:Rivers; D013696:Temperature; D060753:Water Quality