title: Interactions of graphene with mammalian cells: Molecular mechanisms and biomedical insights.
abstract: Carbon-based functional nanomaterials have attracted immense scientific interest from many disciplines and, due to their extraordinary properties, have offered tremendous potential in a diverse range of applications. Among the different carbon nanomaterials, graphene is one of the newest and is considered the most important. Graphene, a monolayer material composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms hexagonally arranged in a two-dimensional structure, can be easily functionalized by chemical modification. Functionalized graphene and its derivatives have been used in diverse nano-biotechnological applications, such as in environmental engineering, biomedicine, and biotechnology. However, the prospective use of graphene-related materials in a biological context requires a detailed comprehension of these materials, which is essential for expanding their biomedical applications in the future. In recent years, the number of biological studies involving graphene-related nanomaterials has rapidly increased. These studies have documented the effects of the biological interactions between graphene-related materials and different organizational levels of living systems, ranging from biomolecules to animals. In the present review, we will summarize the recent progress in understanding mainly the interactions between graphene and cells. The impact of graphene on intracellular components, and especially the uptake and transport of graphene by cells, will be discussed in detail.
authors: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Zhang
authors: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Wei
authors: College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
authors: Zhixiang
authors: Z
authors: Zhou
authors: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address: weitt@moon.ibp.ac.cn.
authors: Taotao
authors: T
authors: Wei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects; D049490:Systems Biology
chemical_list: D006108:Graphite
keywords: Biomedicine; Cancer therapy; Graphene; Interaction; Intracellular components; Lysosome; Metabolism; Mitochondria