title: Plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide following supplementation with vitamin D or D plus B vitamins.
abstract: We compared the effect of supplementation with vitamin D + B or vitamin D on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and choline metabolites.
  
  
  
  This is a randomized single-blinded nonplacebo-controlled study. Twenty-seven participants received 1200 IU vitamin D3 and 800 mg calcium, and 25 participants received additionally 0.5 mg folic acid, 50 mg B6, and 0.5 mg B12 for 1 year. Plasma homocysteine (Hcy), TMAO, and choline metabolites were measured at baseline and 12 months later. TMAO declined in the vitamin D arm by 0.5 versus 2.8 μmol/L in the D + B arm (p = 0.005). Hcy decreased and betaine increased in the D + B compared to the D arm. Within-subject levels of plasma choline and dimethylglycine and urine betaine increased in both arms and changes did not differ between the arms. TMAO reduction was predicted by higher baseline TMAO and lowering Hcy in stepwise regression analysis. The test-retest variations of TMAO were greater in the D + B arm compared to vitamin D arm.
  
  
  
  B vitamins plus vitamin D lowered plasma fasting TMAO compared to vitamin D. Vitamin D caused alterations in choline metabolism, which may reflect the metabolic flexibility of C1-metabolism. The molecular mechanisms and health implications of these changes are currently unknown.
authors: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.|Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors: Rima
authors: R
authors: Obeid
authors: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors: Hussain M
authors: HM
authors: Awwad
authors: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors: Susanne H
authors: SH
authors: Kirsch
authors: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors: Christiane
authors: C
authors: Waldura
authors: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Herrmann
authors: Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Graeber
authors: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors: Juergen
authors: J
authors: Geisel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008744:Methylamines / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008744:Methylamines; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D014807:Vitamin D; C005855:trimethyloxamine; D002794:Choline; D002118:Calcium
keywords: B vitamins; Choline; Dimethylglycine; Trimethylamine N-oxide; Vitamin D