title: Mild Aerobic Exercise Training Hardly Affects the Diaphragm of mdx Mice.
abstract: In the mdx mice model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), mild endurance exercise training positively affected limb skeletal muscles, whereas few and controversial data exist on the effects of training on the diaphragm. The diaphragm was examined in mdx (C57BL/10ScSn-Dmdmdx) and wild-type (WT, C57BL/10ScSc) mice under sedentary conditions (mdx-SD, WT-SD) and during mild exercise training (mdx-EX, WT-EX). At baseline, and after 30 and 45 days (training: 5 d/wk for 6 weeks), diaphragm muscle morphology and Cx39 protein were assessed. In addition, tissue levels of the chaperonins Hsp60 and Hsp70 and the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) were measured in diaphragm, gastrocnemius, and quadriceps in each experimental group at all time points. Although morphological analysis showed unchanged total area of necrosis/regeneration in the diaphragm after training, there was a trend for larger areas of regeneration than necrosis in the diaphragm of mdx-EX compared to mdx-SD mice. However, the levels of Cx39, a protein associated with active regeneration in damaged muscle, were similar in the diaphragm of mdx-EX and mdx-SD mice. Hsp60 significantly decreased at 45 days in the diaphragm, but not in limb muscles, in both trained and sedentary mdx compared to WT mice. In limb muscles, but not in the diaphragm, Hsp70 and NF-kB p65 levels were increased in mdx mice irrespective of training at 30 and 45 days. Therefore, the diaphragm of mdx mice showed little inflammatory and stress responses over time, and appeared hardly affected by mild endurance training. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2044-2052, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Morici
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Frinchi
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Pitruzzella
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Di Liberto
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Rosario
authors: R
authors: Barone
authors: Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.|Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO)-University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Pace
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Di Felice
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Natale
authors: N
authors: Belluardo
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.|Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Cappello
authors: Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Giuseppa
authors: G
authors: Mudò
authors: Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy.|Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DiBiMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors: Maria R
authors: MR
authors: Bonsignore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018834:Chaperonin 60 / Q000378:metabolism; D017630:Connexins / Q000378:metabolism; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053580:Muscle Strength; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009336:Necrosis; D010641:Phenotype; D010807:Physical Endurance; D013997:Time Factors; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018834:Chaperonin 60; D017630:Connexins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; C557066:Hspd1 protein, mouse; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; C498144:Rela protein, mouse; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; C500394:connexin 39 protein, mouse