title: Microvascularization of the spleen in larval and adult Xenopus laevis: Histomorphology and scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts.
abstract: Microvascular anatomy and histomorphology of larval and adult spleens of the Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis were studied by light microscopy of paraplast embedded serial tissue sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts (VCCs). Histology showed i) that white and red pulp are present at the onset of metamorphic climax (stage 57) and ii) that splenic vessels penetrated deeply into the splenic parenchyma at the height of metamorphic climax (stage 64). Scanning electron microscopy of VCCs demonstrated gross arterial supply and venous drainage, splenic microvascular patterns as well as the structure of the interstitial (extravasal) spaces representing the "open circulation routes." These spaces identified themselves as interconnected resin masses of two distinct forms, namely "broccoli-shaped" forms and highly interconnected small resin structures. Arterial and venous trees were clearly identified, as were transitions from capillaries to interstitial spaces and from interstitial spaces to pulp venules. Venous sinuses were not diagnosed (nonsinusal spleen). The splenic circulation in Xenopus laevis is "open." It is hypothesized that red blood cells circulate via splenic artery, central arteries, penicillar arteries, and red pulp capillaries primarily via "broccoli-shaped" interstitial spaces, pulp venules and veins into subcapsular veins to splenic veins while lymphocytes circulate also via the interstitial spaces represented by the highly interconnected small resin structures in vascular corrosion casts. In physiological terms, the former most likely represent the fast route for blood circulation, while the latter represent the slow route. J. Morphol. 277:1559-1569, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors: University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Division of Animal Structure & Function, Vascular and Performance Biology Research Group, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria, Europe.
authors: Alois
authors: A
authors: Lametschwandtner
authors: University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Division of Animal Structure & Function, Vascular and Performance Biology Research Group, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria, Europe.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Radner
authors: University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology Division of Animal Structure & Function, Vascular and Performance Biology Research Group, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria, Europe.
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Minnich
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D016319:Corrosion Casting / Q000379:methods*; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D055806:Microvessels / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009024:Morphogenesis; D013154:Spleen / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014680:Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Xenopus; histomorphology; microvascularization; spleen; vascular casts