title: Plasminogen Activator System and Breast Cancer: Potential Role in Therapy Decision Making and Precision Medicine.
abstract: Shifting from the historical TNM paradigm to the determination of molecular and genetic subtypes of tumors has been a major improvement to better picture cancerous diseases. The sharper the picture is, the better will be the possibility to develop subsequent strategies, thus achieving higher efficacy and prolonged survival eventually. Recent studies suggest that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA Receptor (uPAR), and plasmino-gen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may play a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis. Consistent with their role in cancer dissemination, high levels of uPA, PAI-1, and uPAR in multiple cancer types correlate with dismal prognosis. In this respect, upfront determination of uPA and PAI-1 as invasion markers has further opened up the possibilities for individualized therapy of breast cancer. Indeed, uPA and PAI-1 could help to classify patients on their risk for metastatic spreading and subsequent relapse, thus helping clinicians in their decision-making process to propose, or not propose, adjuvant therapy. This review covers the implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of uPA and PAI-1, and therefore how they could be major actors in the development of a precision medicine in breast cancer.
authors: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
authors: Adel
authors: A
authors: Gouri
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, EL OKBI Public Hospital, Guelma, Algeria.
authors: Aoulia
authors: A
authors: Dekaken
authors: Independent Research Team in Cancer Biology and Bioactive Compounds, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed 1st University, Oujda, Morocco.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: El Bairi
authors: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
authors: Arifa
authors: A
authors: Aissaoui
authors: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
authors: Nihad
authors: N
authors: Laabed
authors: Laboratory of Biochemistry, La Timone University Hospital of Marseille, France.
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Chefrour
authors: Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, SMARTc unit, Inserm S911 CRO2, La Timone University Hospital of Marseille, France.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Ciccolini
authors: Oncopharmacology Unit, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France.
authors: Gérard
authors: G
authors: Milano
authors: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
authors: Sadek
authors: S
authors: Benharkat
keywords: breast cancer; precision medicine; therapy decision; urokinase plasminogen activator