title: Tissue-Specific Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging.
abstract: Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence light has been widely utilized in clinical imaging by providing surgeons highly specific images of target tissue. The "NIR window" from 650 to 900 nm is especially useful due to several special features such as minimal autofluorescence and absorption of biomolecules in tissue, as well as low light scattering. Compared with visible wavelengths, NIR fluorescence light is invisible, thus allowing highly sensitivity real-time image guidance in human surgery without changing the surgical field. The benefit of using NIR fluorescence light as a clinical imaging technology can be attributed to its molecular fluorescence as an exogenous contrast agent. Indeed, whole body preoperative imaging of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) remains important in diagnostic utility, but they lack the efficacy of innocuous and targeted NIR fluorophores to simultaneously facilitate the real-time delineation of diseased tissue while preserving vital tissues. Admittedly, NIR imaging technology has been slow to enter clinical use mostly due to the late-coming development of truly breakthrough contrast agents for use with current imaging systems. Therefore, clearly defining the physical margins of tumorous tissue remains of paramount importance in bioimaging and targeted therapy. An equally noteworthy yet less researched goal is the ability to outline healthy vital tissues that should be carefully navigated without transection during the intraoperative surgery. Both of these paths require optimizing a gauntlet of design considerations to obtain not only an effective imaging agent in the NIR window but also high molecular brightness, water solubility, biocompatibility, and tissue-specific targetability. The imaging community recognizes three strategic approaches which include (1) passive targeting via the EPR effect, (2) active targeting using the innate overall biodistribution of known molecules, and (3) activatable targeting through an internal stimulus, which turns on fluorescence from an off state. Recent advances in nanomedicine and bioimaging offer much needed promise toward fulfilling these stringent requirements as we develop a successful catalog of targeted contrast agents for illuminating both tumors and vital tissues in the same surgical space by employing spectrally distinct fluorophores in real time. These tissue-specific contrast agents can be versatile arsenals to physicians for real-time intraoperative navigation as well as image-guided targeted therapy. There is a versatile library of tissue-specific fluorophores available in the literature, with many discussed herein, which offers clinicians an array of possibilities that will undoubtedly improve intraoperative success and long-term postoperation prognosis.
authors: Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Owens
authors: Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States.
authors: Maged
authors: M
authors: Henary
authors: Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.
authors: Georges
authors: G
authors: El Fakhri
authors: Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.
authors: Hak Soo
authors: HS
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D058726:Nanoconjugates / Q000528:radiation effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D058726:Nanoconjugates