title: A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology.
abstract: Knowledge of root and root canal morphology is a prerequisite for effective nonsurgical and surgical endodontic treatments. The external and internal morphological features of roots are variable and complex, and several classifications have been proposed to define the various types of canal configurations that occur commonly. More recently, improvements in nondestructive digital image systems, such as cone-beam and micro-computed tomography, as well as the use of magnification in clinical practice, have increased the number of reports on complex root canal anatomy. Importantly, using these newer techniques, it has become apparent that it is not possible to classify many root canal configurations using the existing systems. The purpose of this article is to introduce a new classification system that can be adapted to categorize root and root canal configurations in an accurate, simple and reliable manner that can be used in research, clinical practice and training.
authors: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors: H M A
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0776-9288
authors: HMA
authors: Ahmed
authors: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Versiani
authors: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: De-Deus
authors: School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors: P M H
authors: PMH
authors: Dummer
mesh_terms: D063405:Anatomic Variation; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
keywords: anatomy; canal configuration; classification; morphology; root; root canal