title: The relationship of management modality in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes to components of metabolic syndrome, γ glutamyl transferase and highly sensitive C-reactive protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among management modality, glycemic control, components of metabolic syndrome (MS) and serum levels of γ glutamyl transferase (GGT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with T2DM, not suffering from diabetes complications, were recruited from outpatients clinics at two hospitals in Jeddah. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure (BP) were taken. A treatment plan was recorded. Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids profile, highly sensitive (hs)-CRP and GGT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 71 men and 82 women were recruited. Lower mean HbA1c was found in people receiving oral glucose-lowering drugs compared with those on insulin therapy (p < 0.001). Management modality had no effect on mean GGT or hs-CRP. Higher mean GGT was associated with poor glycemic control, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. GGT correlated significantly (p < 0.05) and directly with triglycerides in men (r = 0.401) and diastolic BP (r = 0.279 for men, r = 0.194, for women), but inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = -0.298 for men, r = -0.171 for women). hs-CRP correlated with waist circumference (p < 0.05, r = 0.312, for men, r = 0.305, for women), with a higher mean being found in men with poor glycemic control (p = 0.015), in hypertensive women (p = 0.030), and in patients who were abdominally obese (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of GGT and hs-CRP are associated with components of MS and poor glycemic control, hence increased cardiovascular risk. Due to their value as independent risk predictors of vascular injury, these measures should be included in routine monitoring of patients with T2DM.
authors: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saudi Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21441, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Suhad M
authors: SM
authors: Bahijri
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Maimoona
authors: M
authors: Ahmed
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid
authors: K
authors: Al-Shali
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Samia
authors: S
authors: Bokhari
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Amani
authors: A
authors: Alhozali
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Anwar
authors: A
authors: Borai
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Amani
authors: A
authors: Gusti
authors: Department Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ghada
authors: G
authors: Ajabnoor
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Alghamdi
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Mohammed
authors: M
authors: Asiri
authors: Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Jaakko
authors: J
authors: Tuomilehto
keywords: highly sensitive C-reactive protein; metabolic syndrome; type 2 diabetes; γ glutamyl transferase