title: Direct detection and measurement of wall shear stress using a filamentous bio-nanoparticle.
abstract: The wall shear stress (WSS) that a moving fluid exerts on a surface affects many processes including those relating to vascular function. WSS plays an important role in normal physiology (e.g. angiogenesis) and affects the microvasculature's primary function of molecular transport. Points of fluctuating WSS show abnormalities in a number of diseases; however, there is no established technique for measuring WSS directly in physiological systems. All current methods rely on estimates obtained from measured velocity gradients in bulk flow data. In this work, we report a nanosensor that can directly measure WSS in microfluidic chambers with sub-micron spatial resolution by using a specific type of virus, the bacteriophage M13, which has been fluorescently labeled and anchored to a surface. It is demonstrated that the nanosensor can be calibrated and adapted for biological tissue, revealing WSS in micro-domains of cells that cannot be calculated accurately from bulk flow measurements. This method lends itself to a platform applicable to many applications in biology and microfluidics.
authors: Department of Chemistry and Warwick Analytical Science Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors: Daniela P
authors: DP
authors: Lobo
authors: Department of Chemistry and Warwick Analytical Science Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors: Alan M
authors: AM
authors: Wemyss
authors: Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Smith
authors: Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Straube
authors: Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
authors: Kai B
authors: KB
authors: Betteridge
authors: Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
authors: Andrew H J
authors: AH
authors: Salmon
authors: Clinical Sciences, Whitson Street, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
authors: Rebecca R
authors: RR
authors: Foster
authors: Clinical Sciences, Whitson Street, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
authors: Hesham E
authors: HE
authors: Elhegni
authors: Clinical Sciences, Whitson Street, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
authors: Simon C
authors: SC
authors: Satchell
authors: School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
authors: Haydn A
authors: HA
authors: Little
authors: Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
authors: Raúl
authors: R
authors: Pacheco-Gómez
authors: Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Simmons
authors: Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Hicks
authors: School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK.
authors: David O
authors: DO
authors: Bates
authors: Department of Chemistry and Warwick Analytical Science Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors: Alison
authors: A
authors: Rodger
authors: Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK.
authors: Timothy R
authors: TR
authors: Dafforn
authors: Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
authors: Kenton P
authors: KP
authors: Arkill
keywords: M13 bacteriophage; fluorescent microscopy; microfluidics; nanoparticle; wall shear stress