title: Simple physicochemical properties related with lipophilicity, polarity, molecular size and ionization status exert significant impact on the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human breast milk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transfer of xenobiotic compounds into human breast milk has raised serious concerns in the last few years. The present study is aimed to assess whether simple physicochemical properties exert significant impact on human breast milk transfer of drugs and chemicals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large data set of 375 xenobiotic compounds with available experimental milk to plasma (M/P) ratios was systematically compiled from the literature and explored with their physicochemical properties being further analyzed with respect to their extent to transfer into breast milk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Xenobiotic compounds with increased breast milk transfer (M/P ≥ 1) were characterized by enhanced lipophilicity and decreased molecular size (p < 0.05). Enhanced polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity were more frequently observed in xenobiotic compounds with reduced breast milk transfer (p < 0.0001). Xenobiotic compounds presenting increased positive charge at pH 7.4 were characterized by enhanced breast milk transfer (p < 0.001). Xenobiotic compounds presenting increased negative charge at pH 7.4 were characterized by decreased breast milk transfer (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study supports evidence that simple physicochemical properties related with lipophilicity, polarity, molecular size and ionization status exert significant impact on drugs and chemicals transport into human breast milk.
authors: a Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment , University of the Aegean , Lemnos , Greece.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Vasios
authors: a Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment , University of the Aegean , Lemnos , Greece.
authors: Aggeliki
authors: A
authors: Kosmidi
authors: b Department of Environment, School of Environment , University of the Aegean , Lesvos , Greece.
authors: Olga-Ioanna
authors: OI
authors: Kalantzi
authors: c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Tsantili-Kakoulidou
authors: d First Department of Pathology, Medical School , University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors: Nikolaos
authors: N
authors: Kavantzas
authors: d First Department of Pathology, Medical School , University of Athens , Athens , Greece.
authors: Stamatios
authors: S
authors: Theocharis
authors: a Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment , University of the Aegean , Lemnos , Greece.
authors: Constantinos
authors: C
authors: Giaginis
keywords: Breast milk transfer; drugs; environmental pollutants; physicochemical properties; risk estimation