title: Ophthalmic clues to the endocrine disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Eye is a vital sense organ and reflects the physical and mental wellbeing of a person. Detailed examination of the eye is an essential part in the clinical evaluation of patients with any systemic disorder. The interaction between ophthalmologists and endocrinologists is often limited to Graves' ophthalmopathy and diabetic retinopathy. However, there are many ophthalmic manifestations, which are characteristically seen in endocrine disorders. In this review, we shall discuss the ocular manifestations of the endocrine syndromes excluding the Graves' ophthalmopathy and diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a PubMed search of articles published in English showing the ophthalmic features in the endocrine disorders. Relevant cited articles were also retrieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the publications included in the review were case reports and review articles. Many endocrine disorders have characteristic manifestations pertaining to the various structures of the eye. The involvement is seen from the external structures of the eye to the inner most layers of the retina. Many ocular-endocrine syndromes also exist with characteristic clues to the clinical diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The endocrinologists need to be aware of these ocular signs that help in the early diagnosis of the underlying disorder. A syndromic approach is essential in the diagnosis of endocrinopathy in patients presenting with ophthalmic features.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Changchun University of Medicine, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China.
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Changchun University of Medicine, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Changchun University of Medicine, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China.
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Changchun University of Medicine, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China. xiaozheshi55@gmail.com.
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Shi
mesh_terms: D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009885:Ophthalmology
keywords: Endocrine disorders; Endocrinology; Eye; Ophthalmopathy; Window