title: Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin on Alzheimer's diseasein vitroandin vivo.
abstract: Grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSPA) consists of catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate, which are strong antioxidants that are beneficial to health and may attenuate or prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, the effects of GSPA on pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell viability were determined using cell counting kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, whereas apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) were measured via flow cytometry analysis. The effect of GSPA administration on the behavior and memory of amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS-1) double transgenic mice was assessed using a Morris water maze. APP Aβ peptides and tau hyperphosphorylation were examined by western blotting; whereas the expression levels of PS-1 were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and compared with pathological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Congo red. Data from thein vitroexperiments demonstrated that GSPA significantly alleviated Aβ25-35 cytotoxicity and LDH leakage ratio, inhibited apoptosis and increased Ψm. The findings from thein vivoexperiments showed a significant enhancement in cognition and spatial memory ability, an improvement in the pathology of APP and tau protein and a decrease in PS-1 mRNA expression levels. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that GSPA may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD or may, at the very least, improve the quality of life of patients with AD.
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Qingwang
authors: Q
authors: Lian
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Yongsheng
authors: Y
authors: Nie
authors: BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China.
authors: Xiaoyou
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Tan
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Hongying
authors: H
authors: Cao
authors: BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China.
authors: Wenling
authors: W
authors: Chen
authors: BannerBioNutraceuticals Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China.
authors: Weiming
authors: W
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Jiayi
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Zhijian
authors: Z
authors: Liang
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Huangling
authors: H
authors: Lai
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Siming
authors: S
authors: Huang
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Yifei
authors: Y
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Weiwen
authors: W
authors: Jiang
authors: Department of Pharmacology Teaching and Research, College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Huang
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Aβ precursor protein; grape seed proanthocyanidin; oxidative stress; presenilin-1; tau protein