title: Exercise barriers and the relationship to self-efficacy for exercise over 12 months of a lifestyle-change program for people with heart disease and/or diabetes.
abstract: Barriers to exercise are common in people with coronary heart disease (CHD) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM), and may influence self-efficacy for exercise.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study was to describe the exercise barriers experienced by people who have CHD and/or DM participating in the Healthy Eating and Exercise Lifestyle Program and to determine whether these barriers influence self-efficacy.
  
  
  
  Participants ( n = 134) identified their barriers to exercise and completed the self-efficacy for exercise survey at baseline, at 4 months (following structured and supervised exercise) and at 12 months (following home-based exercise with three follow-up calls).
  
  
  
  The sample mean age was 63.6 years (SD 8.5) and 58% were male. Barriers to exercise were reported by 88% at baseline, 76% at 4 months, and 47% at 12 months. The most common barriers were lack of motivation (40.3%), lack of time overall (30.6%), and lack of time due to family commitments (17.2%). Only motivation changed significantly over time from baseline (40%) to 4 months (23%, p = 0.040). Lower self-efficacy for exercise was associated with lack of motivation at 12 months only, more depressive symptoms at baseline and 4 months, and a CHD diagnosis and higher body mass index at 12 months. In contrast, male gender and having higher self-efficacy at baseline were associated with higher self-efficacy for exercise at 4 and 12 months.
  
  
  
  Patients identified many exercise barriers despite participating in a lifestyle-change program. Lack of motivation negatively influenced self-efficacy for exercise at 12 months. Other factors needing attention include baseline self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, being female, being more overweight, and having CHD.
authors: 1 Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors: Muaddi
authors: M
authors: Alharbi
authors: 1 Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors: Robyn
authors: R
authors: Gallagher
authors: 1 Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors: Lis
authors: L
authors: Neubeck
authors: 1 Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors: Adrian
authors: A
authors: Bauman
authors: 2 University of Sydney, Australia.
authors: Gabrielle
authors: G
authors: Prebill
authors: 3 Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Kirkness
authors: 4 Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors: Sue
authors: S
authors: Randall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy
keywords: Exercise; barriers; coronary heart disease; diabetes; intervention; self-efficacy