title: The assessment of circulating volume using inferior vena cava collapse index and carotid Doppler velocity time integral in healthy volunteers: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of circulating volume and the requirement for fluid replacement are fundamental to resuscitation but remain largely empirical. Passive leg raise (PLR) may determine fluid responders while avoiding potential fluid overload. We hypothesised that inferior vena cava collapse index (IVCCI) and carotid artery blood flow would change predictably in response to PLR, potentially providing a non-invasive tool to assess circulating volume and identifying fluid responsive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective proof of concept pilot study on fasted healthy volunteers. One operator measured IVC diameter during quiet respiration and sniff, and carotid artery flow. Stroke volume (SV) was also measured using suprasternal Doppler. Our primary endpoint was change in IVCCI after PLR. We also studied changes in IVCCI after "sniff", and correlation between carotid artery flow and SV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Passive leg raise was associated with significant reduction in the mean inferior vena cava collapsibility index from 0.24 to 0.17 (p < 0.01). Mean stroke volume increased from 56.0 to 69.2 mL (p < 0.01). There was no significant change in common carotid artery blood flow. Changes in physiology consequent upon passive leg raise normalised rapidly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Passive leg raise is associated with a decrease of IVCCI and increase in stroke volume. However, the wide range of values observed suggests that factors other than circulating volume predominate in determining the proportion of collapse with respiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to other studies, we did not find that carotid blood flow increased with passive leg raise. Rapid normalisation of post-PLR physiology may account for this.
authors: Emergency Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1BB, UK.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Peachey
authors: Emergency Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1BB, UK.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Tang
authors: Emergency Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1BB, UK.
authors: Elinor C
authors: EC
authors: Baker
authors: Emergency Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1BB, UK.
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Pott
authors: Emergency Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1BB, UK.|Sorbonne université, UPMC univ Paris-06, Paris, France.
authors: Yonathan
authors: Y
authors: Freund
authors: Emergency Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Rd, London, E1 1BB, UK. tim.harris@bartshealth.nhs.uk.|Emergency Department, Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK. tim.harris@bartshealth.nhs.uk.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Harris
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Cardiac index; Carotid Doppler; Circulating volume; Fluid resuscitation; Inferior vena cava; Passive leg raise