title: Smoking and prevalence of nocturia in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a post-hoc analysis of The Dogo Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No evidence exists regarding the association between smoking status and nocturia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We evaluated this association among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by post-hoc analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects were 817 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study subjects were considered to have nocturia if they answered "once or more" to the question: "Within one week, how many times do you typically wake up to urinate from sleeping at night until waking in the morning?" We used the following three outcomes: (1) nocturia was ≥1 voids per night; (2) moderate nocturia was ≥2 voids per night; and (3) severe nocturia was ≥3 voids per night. Adjustments were made for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, glycated hemoglobin, current drinking, use of anti-hypertensive agent, use of insulin, use of oral anti-hyperglycemic agent, and diabetic retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence values of one void per night, two voids per night, and three or more voids per night were 39.5%, 27.1%, and 14.8%, respectively. Current smoking was independently inversely associated with severe nocturia compared with never or former smoking; the adjusted PR was 0.47 (95%CI: 0.25-0.89). Among the 443 patients who had ever smoked, compared with former smoking, current smoking was independently inversely related to severe nocturia; the adjusted PR was 0.44 (95%CI: 0.24-0.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, current smoking may be independently inversely associated with severe nocturia.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.|Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Shinya
authors: S
authors: Furukawa
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Yawatahama General City Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Takenori
authors: T
authors: Sakai
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Tetsuji
authors: T
authors: Niiya
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Hiroaki
authors: H
authors: Miyaoka
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Teruki
authors: T
authors: Miyake
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Shin
authors: S
authors: Yamamoto
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Sayaka
authors: S
authors: Kanzaki
authors: Department of Public Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Koutatsu
authors: K
authors: Maruyama
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.|Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Tanaka
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Teruhisa
authors: T
authors: Ueda
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Hidenori
authors: H
authors: Senba
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Saijo Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Masamoto
authors: M
authors: Torisu
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Niihama Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Hisaka
authors: H
authors: Minami
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Imabari Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Morikazu
authors: M
authors: Onji
authors: Department of Public Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Tanigawa
authors: Department of Lifestyle-Related Medicine and Endocrinology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Bunzo
authors: B
authors: Matsuura
authors: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Yoichi
authors: Y
authors: Hiasa
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.|Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors: Yoshihiro
authors: Y
authors: Miyake
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053158:Nocturia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Japanese; diabetes; lower urinary tract symptoms; smoking; tobacco