title: Disentangling Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients' Implicit and Explicit Attitudes toward Methotrexate.
abstract: Medication non-adherence is a major public health problem that has been termed an 'invisible epidemic.' Non-adherence is not only associated with negative clinical consequences but can also result in substantial healthcare costs. Up to now, effective adherence interventions are scarce and a more comprehensive model of adherence determinants is required to target the determinants for not taking the medication as prescribed. Current approaches only included explicit attitudes such as self-reported evaluations of medication as determinants, neglecting the role of associative processes that shape implicit attitudes. Implicit processes can predict daily behavior more accurately than explicit attitudes. Our aim is to assess explicit and implicit attitudes toward medication and explore the relation with beliefs, adherence and clinical (laboratory) outcomes in chronically ill patients. Fifty two Rheumatic Arthritis (RA) patients' attitudes toward Methotrexate (MTX) were explicitly (self-reported) and implicitly (Single-Category Implicit Association Test) assessed and related to the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire, the Compliance Questionnaire on Rheumatology and laboratory parameters [Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein (CRP)]. Results show that explicit attitudes were positive and health-related. Implicit attitudes were, however, negative and sickness-related. Half of the patients displayed explicitly positive but implicitly negative attitudes. Explicit attitudes were positively related to ESR. A positive relationship between implicit attitudes and disease duration was observed. In this study, we have obtained evidence suggesting that the measurement of implicit attitudes and associations provides different information than explicit, self-reported attitudes toward medication. Since patients' implicit attitudes deviated from explicit attitudes, we can conclude that the relationship between implicit attitudes and medication adherence is worthwhile to be further explored. With this information we can improve our understanding of the subconscious, automatic processes underlying adherence and we can develop interventions that target these implicit attitudes.
authors: Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Annemiek J
authors: AJ
authors: Linn
authors: Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Vandeberg
authors: Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Social ResearchDen Haag, Netherlands.
authors: Annemarie M
authors: AM
authors: Wennekers
authors: Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors: Marcia
authors: M
authors: Vervloet
authors: Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors: Liset
authors: L
authors: van Dijk
authors: Department of Pharmacy and Department of Rheumatology, Sint MaartenskliniekNijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.
authors: Bart J F
authors: BJ
authors: van den Bemt
keywords: disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs); implicit attitudes toward medication; medication adherence; rheumatoid arthritis