title: Substrate vibrations mediate behavioral responses via femoral chordotonal organs in a cerambycid beetle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vibrational senses are vital for plant-dwelling animals because vibrations transmitted through plants allow them to detect approaching predators or conspecifics. Little is known, however, about how coleopteran insects detect vibrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We investigated vibrational responses of the Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, and its putative sense organs. This beetle showed startle responses, stridulation, freezing, and walking in response to vibrations below 1 kHz, indicating that they are able to detect low-frequency vibrations. For the first time in a coleopteran species, we have identified the sense organ involved in the freezing behavior. The femoral chordotonal organ (FCO), located in the mid-femur, contained 60-70 sensory neurons and was distally attached to the proximal tibia via a cuticular apodeme. Beetles with operated FCOs did not freeze in response to low-frequency vibrations during walking, whereas intact beetles did. These results indicate that the FCO is responsible for detecting low-frequency vibrations and mediating the behavioral responses. We discuss the behavioral significance of vibrational responses and physiological functions of FCOs in M. alternatus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings revealed that substrate vibrations mediate behavioral responses via femoral chordotonal organs in M. alternatus.
authors: Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors: Takuma
authors: T
authors: Takanashi
authors: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ; College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors: Midori
authors: M
authors: Fukaya
authors: Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan ; Present address: Department of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan.
authors: Kiyoshi
authors: K
authors: Nakamuta
authors: Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan ; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Skals
authors: Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Nishino
keywords: Behavior; Coleoptera; Sense organ; Vibration