title: Bacterial Populations Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Products.
abstract: There are an estimated 8 million users of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) in the United States, and yet limited data on microbial populations within these products exist. To better understand the potential microbiological risks associated with STP use, a study was conducted to provide a baseline microbiological profile of STPs. A total of 90 samples, representing 15 common STPs, were purchased in metropolitan areas in Little Rock, AR, and Washington, DC, in November 2012, March 2013, and July 2013. Bacterial populations were evaluated using culture, pyrosequencing, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Moist-snuff products exhibited higher levels of bacteria (average of 1.05 × 106CFU/g STP) and diversity of bacterial populations than snus (average of 8.33 × 101CFU/g STP) and some chewing tobacco products (average of 2.54 × 105CFU/g STP). The most common species identified by culturing were Bacillus pumilus, B. licheniformis, B. safensis, and B. subtilis, followed by members of the genera Oceanobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Tetragenococcus. Pyrosequencing analyses of the 16S rRNA genes identified the genera Tetragenococcus, Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus, Geobacillus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus as the predominant taxa. Several species identified are of possible concern due to their potential to cause opportunistic infections and reported abilities to reduce nitrates to nitrites, which may be an important step in the formation of carcinogenic tobacco-specific N'-nitrosamines. This report provides a microbiological baseline to help fill knowledge gaps associated with microbiological risks of STPs and to inform potential regulations regarding manufacture and testing of STPs.
  
  
  
  It is estimated that there 8 million users of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) in the United States; however, there are limited data on microbial populations that exist within these products. The current study was undertaken to better understand the potential microbiological risks associated with STP use and provide a baseline microbiological profile of STPs. Several bacterial species were identified that are of possible concern due to their potential to cause opportunistic infections. In addition, some species have abilities to reduce nitrates to nitrites, which may be an important step in the formation of carcinogenic tobacco-specific N'-nitrosamines. Overall, this report provides a microbiological baseline to help fill knowledge gaps related to the microbiological risks of STPs and to inform potential regulations regarding the manufacture and testing of STPs.
authors: Division of Microbiology, FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Han
authors: Division of Microbiology, FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
authors: Yasser M
authors: YM
authors: Sanad
authors: Division of Microbiology, FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Deck
authors: Division of Microbiology, FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
authors: John B
authors: JB
authors: Sutherland
authors: Division of Product Science, FDA, Center for Tobacco Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors: Zhong
authors: Z
authors: Li
authors: Division of Product Science, FDA, Center for Tobacco Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Walters
authors: Division of Product Science, FDA, Center for Tobacco Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors: Norma
authors: N
authors: Duran
authors: Division of Product Science, FDA, Center for Tobacco Products, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Holman
authors: Division of Microbiology, FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA steven.foley@fda.hhs.gov.
authors: Steven L
authors: SL
authors: Foley
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000382:microbiology*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites