title: Norwegian version of the rating anxiety in dementia scale (RAID-N): a validity and reliability study.
abstract: Dementia-specific anxiety scales in the Norwegian language are lacking; the aim of this study was to investigate the validity and inter-rater reliability of a Norwegian version of the Rating Anxiety in Dementia (RAID-N) scale.
  
  
  
  The validity of the RAID-N was tested in a sample of 101 patients with dementia from seven Norwegian nursing homes. One psychogeriatrician (n = 50) or a physician with long experience with nursing home patients (n = 51) 'blind' to the RAID-N score diagnosed anxiety according to DSM-5 criteria of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed the best cut-off point for the RAID-N, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Inter-rater reliability was tested in a subgroup of 53 patients by intraclass correlation (ICC) and Cohen's kappa.
  
  
  
  Twenty-eight of 101 (27.7%) met the GAD criteria. The mean RAID-N score for patients with GAD was 16.1 (SD 6.3) and without GAD, 8.8 (SD 6.5) (p < 0.001). A cut-off score of ≥12 on the RAID-N gave a sensitivity of 82.1%, specificity of 70.0%, and 73.3% accuracy in identifying clinically significant GAD in patients with dementia. Inter-rater reliability on overall RAID-N items was good (ICC = 0.82), Cohen's kappa was 0.58 for total RAID-N score, with satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.81).
  
  
  
  The RAID-N has fairly good validity and inter-rater reliability, and could be useful to assess GAD in patients with dementia. Further studies should investigate the optimal RAID-N cut-off score in different settings.
authors: a Centre of Old Age Psychiatry Research , Innlandet Hospital Trust , Ottestad , Norway.|b Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health , Vestfold Hospital Trust , Vestfold , Norway.|c Department of Nursing Science , Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors: Alka R
authors: AR
authors: Goyal
authors: a Centre of Old Age Psychiatry Research , Innlandet Hospital Trust , Ottestad , Norway.|b Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health , Vestfold Hospital Trust , Vestfold , Norway.
authors: Sverre
authors: S
authors: Bergh
authors: b Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health , Vestfold Hospital Trust , Vestfold , Norway.
authors: Knut
authors: K
authors: Engedal
authors: c Department of Nursing Science , Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors: Marit
authors: M
authors: Kirkevold
authors: a Centre of Old Age Psychiatry Research , Innlandet Hospital Trust , Ottestad , Norway.|b Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health , Vestfold Hospital Trust , Vestfold , Norway.|d Faculty of Health, Care and Nursing , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Gjøvik , Norway.
authors: Øyvind
authors: Ø
authors: Kirkevold
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: Dementia; anxiety; rating scale; reliability; validity