title: Using chromatogram averaging to improve quantitation of minor impurities.
abstract: Averaging of chromatograms can lead to enhancement of signal to noise ratio (S/N) in proportion to the square root of the number of measurements. Although the general principle has been known for decades, chromatogram averaging is almost never used in current pharmaceutical research. In this study we explore the utility of this approach, showing it to be a simple and easily accessible method for boosting sensitivity for quantification of minor components and trace impurities, where current techniques deliver insufficient S/N.
authors: Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, United States. Electronic address: kerstin.zawatzky@merck.com.
authors: Kerstin
authors: K
authors: Zawatzky
authors: Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, United States.
authors: Mingxiang
authors: M
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, United States.
authors: Wes
authors: W
authors: Schafer
authors: Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, United States.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Mao
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Trapp
authors: Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, United States. Electronic address: christopher_welch@merck.com.
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Welch
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D000409:Alanine
keywords: Chromatogram averaging; Multiplexing; Signal to noise ratio; Trace level impurities