title: Quantification of radiation exposure in the operating theatre during management of common fractures of the upper extremity in children.
abstract: Introduction Surgical procedures to manage trauma to the wrist, forearm and elbow in children are very common. Image intensifiers are used routinely, yet studies/guidelines that quantify expected radiation exposure in such procedures are lacking. Methods Information on demographics, injury type, surgeon grade and dose area product (DAP) of radiation exposure per procedure was collected prospectively for 248 patients undergoing manipulation/fixation of injuries to the elbow, forearm or wrist at a paediatric hospital over 1 year. Results DAP exposure (in cGycm(2)) differed significantly across different procedures (p<0.001): wrist manipulation under anaesthesia (MUA; median, 0.39), wrist k-wiring (1.01), forearm MUA (0.50), flexible nailing of the forearm (2.67), supracondylar fracture MUA and k-wiring (2.23) and open reduction and internal fixation of the lateral humeral condyle (0.96). Fixation of a Gartland grade-3 supracondylar fracture (2.94cGycm(2)) was associated with higher exposure than grade-2 fixation (1.95cGycm(2)) (p=0.048). Fractures of the wrist or forearm necessitating metalwork fixation resulted in higher exposure than those requiring manipulation only (both p<0.001). For procedures undertaken by trainees, trainee seniority (between year-5 and year-8 and clinical fellow, p≥0.24) did not affect the DAP significantly. Conclusions The spectrum of radiation exposures for common procedures utilised in the management of paediatric upper limb trauma were quantified. These findings will be useful to surgeons auditing their practice and quantifying radiation-associated risks to patients. Our data may serve as a basis for implementing protocols designed to improve patient safety.
authors: Royal Hospital for Sick Children , Edinburgh , UK.
authors: J F
authors: JF
authors: Maempel
authors: Royal Hospital for Sick Children , Edinburgh , UK.
authors: O D
authors: OD
authors: Stone
authors: Royal Hospital for Sick Children , Edinburgh , UK.
authors: A W
authors: AW
authors: Murray
mesh_terms: D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005543:Forearm Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011859:Radiography; D014954:Wrist Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000092464:Elbow Injuries
keywords: Image intensifier; Paediatric; Radiation exposure; Trauma; Upper limb