title: Bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental pesticide contamination.
abstract: Honeybees and bee products are potential bioindicators of the presence of contaminants in the environment, enabling monitoring of large areas due to the long distances travelled by bees. This work evaluates the use of bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental contamination by pesticides. A GC-MS/MS analytical method for multiresidue determination of 26 different pesticides in pollen was developed and validated in accordance with the recommendations of the European Union SANCO guide. Environmental monitoring was conducted using the analysis of 145 pollen samples collected from ten beehives in the experimental apiary of Embrapa in Jaguariúna (São Paulo State, Brazil). Bioallethrin and pendimethalin were identified in four and eighteen samples, respectively, at concentrations below the LOQ of the method (25 ng g(-1)). Passive sampling with polyurethane foam discs was used as a control, and no pesticides were found. The detection of pesticide residues in seven samples (33%) from commercial apiaries in Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo State) confirmed the efficiency of the analytical method and the need for environmental monitoring for the presence of pesticide residues. The results demonstrated the potential of bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental contamination by pesticides.
authors: Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Renata Cabrera
authors: RC
authors: de Oliveira
authors: EMBRAPA Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
authors: Sonia Claudia do Nascimento
authors: SCDN
authors: Queiroz
authors: Center for Research in Palynology, Institute of Botany, Department of the Environment of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors: Cynthia Fernandes Pinto
authors: CFP
authors: da Luz
authors: Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Rafael Silveira
authors: RS
authors: Porto
authors: Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: Susanne.rath@gmail.com.
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Rath
mesh_terms: D000487:Allethrins; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D001938:Brazil; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007477:Ions; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000487:Allethrins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007477:Ions; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; C018465:bioallethrin
keywords: Bee pollen; Bioindicator; Contamination; GC-MS/MS; Multiresidues; Pesticides