title: Toxicity and oxidative stress induced by chromium in workers exposed from different occupational settings around the globe: A review.
abstract: The present review focused on the levels and toxicological status of heavy metals especially chromium (Cr) in the exposed workers from different occupational settings around the globe and in Pakistan. It was found that exposed workers from leather tanning and metal plating units showed elevated levels of Cr than the workers from other occupational settings. Cr and other heavy metals level in biological matrices of the exposed workers in different occupational settings revealed that developing countries are severely contaminated. Occupational settings from the Sialkot district, Pakistan exhibited elevated level of Cr in biological entities of the exposed workers. Review suggested that higher level of Cr exposure to the workers enhance the oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydroxyl (OH) radical generation) which may cause; cellular and molecular damage such as genotoxicity and chromosomal aberration formations, and carcinogenic effects. This review will help to understand the Cr contamination mechanisms and associated health implications in different occupational settings around the globe in general and particularly to Pakistan. This study will also assist occupational health and safety management authorities to devise or change the Cr recommended exposure limits (REL) for different occupational settings.
authors: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.|Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Lab, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.|Research Center for Environment and Health, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Junaid
authors: Department of Meteorology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. hashmi_qau@yahoo.com.
authors: Muhammad Zaffar
authors: MZ
authors: Hashmi
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Lab, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. r_n_malik2000@yahoo.co.uk.
authors: Riffat Naseem
authors: RN
authors: Malik
authors: Research Center for Environment and Health, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China. peids@cigit.ac.cn.
authors: De-Sheng
authors: DS
authors: Pei
mesh_terms: D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010154:Pakistan; D017132:Workplace / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium
keywords: Chromium; Cr toxicity; Occupational setting; Oxidative stress; Workers