title: Molecular characteristics of Clostridium difficile isolates from human and animals in the North Eastern region of India.
abstract: A total of 1034 samples were collected from different sources and C. difficile was isolated from 18 (9.04%) of 199 human, 9 (4.89%) of 184 cattle, 29 (12.44%) of 233 pig, and from 23 (13.94%) of 165 poultry samples. Variations were observed on the rate of isolation according to age and clinical conditions (diarrhoea). None of the samples from cow, sheep, goat, local chicken, and wild animals yielded any C. difficile. Out of those isolates, 8, 2, 19 and 6 isolates from human, cattle, pig and poultry, respectively were toxigenic. The toxigenic isolates carried both tcdA, and tcdB (A+B+) and most of the human and the pig isolates were also positive for binary toxin genes (cdtA and cdtB). The A+B+isolates belonged to three different toxinotypes (0, VI and XXXIII). Human and pig A+B+isolates belonged to three (045, 126 and ACD 019) and four (046, 087, 126 and ACD 011) different ribotypes, respectively and the ribotypes of two cattle isolates were 014 and ACD 010. Six A+B+avian isolates belonged to six different ribotypes (014, 087, SLO 134, SLO 160, ACD 012, ACD 014). The non-toxigenic isolates from human, cattle, pig and poultry were grouped into 7, 4, 4 and 7 different ribotypes, respectively. PFGE analysis could not differentiate similar ribotypes/toxinotypes of toxigenic isolates. All the toxigenic isolates showed cytopathic effect on Vero and Hela cell monolayers at 1:100 dilutions of cell-free culture supernatants within 18-20 h of inoculation.
authors: Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science & A.H. (FVSc & AH), SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India. Electronic address: isfaqhussain@yahoo.com.
authors: Isfaqul
authors: I
authors: Hussain
authors: Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Khanapara, Guwahati, 22, Assam, India; Department of Animal Biotechnology, CVSc, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, 22, Assam, India.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Borah
authors: Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Khanapara, Guwahati, 22, Assam, India.
authors: R K
authors: RK
authors: Sharma
authors: National Research Centre on Pig, ICAR, Rani, Guwahati, 31, Assam, India.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rajkhowa
authors: National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Rupnik
authors: Department of Animal Biotechnology, CVSc, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, 22, Assam, India.
authors: D P
authors: DP
authors: Saikia
authors: Division of Veterinary Physiology, FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Hasin
authors: Department of Animal Biotechnology, CVSc, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, 22, Assam, India.
authors: Iftikar
authors: I
authors: Hussain
authors: Department of Animal Biotechnology, CVSc, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, 22, Assam, India.
authors: N K
authors: NK
authors: Deka
authors: Department of Animal Biotechnology, CVSc, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, 22, Assam, India.
authors: L M
authors: LM
authors: Barkalita
authors: Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Nishikawa
authors: National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Beleghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ramamurthy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021521:Ribotyping; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Animals; Clostridium difficile; Human; PFGE; Ribotype; Toxinotype