title: Infectious and Non-infectious Etiologies of Cardiovascular Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing rates of HIV have been observed in women, African Americans, and Hispanics, particularly those residing in rural areas of the United States. Although cardiovascular (CV) complications in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have significantly decreased following the introduction of antiretroviral therapy on a global scale, in many rural areas, residents face geographic, social, and cultural barriers that result in decreased access to care. Despite the advancements to combat the disease, many patients in these medically underserved areas are not linked to care, and fewer than half achieve viral suppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed publications reporting infectious and non-infectious etiologies of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. Relevant articles cited in the retrieved publications were also reviewed for inclusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A variety of outcomes studies and literature reviews were included in the analysis. Relevant literature discussed the manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of infectious and non-infectious etiologies of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In these medically underserved areas, it is vital that clinicians are knowledgeable in the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of CV complications in patients with untreated HIV. This review summarizes the epidemiology and causes of CV complications associated with untreated HIV and provide recommendations for management of these complications.
authors: Department of Pharmacy, Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, 417 3 Avenue W, Albany, GA, USA; Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA.
authors: Daniel B
authors: DB
authors: Chastain
authors: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors: Travis S
authors: TS
authors: King
authors: Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors: Kayla R
authors: KR
authors: Stover
keywords: AIDS; Antiretroviral therapy; Cardiovascular disease; HIV; Infectious diseases; Opportunistic infections