title: Maternal diet, gestational weight gain, and inflammatory markers during pregnancy.
abstract: To examine the associations of gestational weight gain (GWG) and diet with low-grade inflammation in pregnancy.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional analysis of 671 pregnant women was performed, and diet was assessed in gestational week 30. GWG was recorded in weeks 30 and ∼37 (difference between the weight recorded at these time points and pre-pregnancy weight). Markers of inflammation, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were quantified in serum from week 30.
  
  
  
  After adjusting for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, smoking status, and education, each 1 kg increase in GWG was associated with 3% (95% CI: 1-5) higher hsCRP and 3% (95% CI: 1-4) higher SAA concentrations, which corresponded to ∼18% to 25% increase in these biomarkers among those with excessive weight gain. GWG was inversely associated with IL-8 while no associations were found for the other inflammatory markers. With respect to diet, women in the highest compared with lowest quintile of protein intake had 26% (95% CI: 3-54) higher hsCRP concentrations. This increase appeared to be driven by intake of animal protein. A similar pattern was observed for SAA.
  
  
  
  Excessive GWG, as well as high intake of animal protein, was associated with higher concentrations of inflammatory factors.
authors: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. lah10@hi.is.|Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark. lah10@hi.is.
authors: Laufey
authors: L
authors: Hrolfsdottir
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Maastrich University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors: Casper G
authors: CG
authors: Schalkwijk
authors: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors: Bryndis E
authors: BE
authors: Birgisdottir
authors: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors: Ingibjorg
authors: I
authors: Gunnarsdottir
authors: Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, UK.|Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
authors: Ekaterina
authors: E
authors: Maslova
authors: Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Charlotta
authors: C
authors: Granström
authors: Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
authors: Marin
authors: M
authors: Strøm
authors: Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Sjurdur F
authors: SF
authors: Olsen
authors: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital and Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Department of Epidemiology Research, Centre for Fetal Programming, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Thorhallur I
authors: TI
authors: Halldorsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines