title: Percutaneous transhepatic versus EUS-guided gallbladder drainage for malignant cystic duct obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) has been proposed as an alternative management strategy for acute cholecystitis caused by malignant cystic duct obstruction in patients for whom surgery is not an option. This study aimed to compare the results of EUS-GBD with those of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) for palliative management of malignant cystic duct obstruction with acute cholecystitis or symptomatic gallbladder hydrops.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2013 and November 2015, 14 patients with acute cholecystitis or symptomatic gallbladder hydrops as a result of malignant cystic duct obstruction underwent EUS-GBD with covered metal stents. Nineteen patients with acute cholecystitis as a result of malignant cystic duct obstruction who received PTGBD served as a control group. Patients' medical records were reviewed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The technical and clinical success rates of EUS-GBD were 85.7% (12/14) and 91.7% (11/12) and of PTGBD were 100% (19/19) and 86.4% (17/19), respectively. The groups had similar adverse event rates (28.5% and 21.1%, respectively). The average duration of stent patency in patients with EUS-GBD was 130.3 ± 35.3 days, and no patient required an additional procedure before death. In 6 of 17 patients (35.3%) with clinically successful PTGBD, the catheter was not removed until the end stage of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EUS-GBD is a feasible, safe, and effective modality for the treatment of malignant cystic duct obstruction in patients who are not indicated for surgery. It enables improved long-term quality of life in patients with advanced-stage cancer.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Jin Ho
authors: JH
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors: Hyoung Woo
authors: HW
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors: Jong-Chan
authors: JC
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Eulgi University College of Medicine, Daejun Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: Kyu-Hyun
authors: KH
authors: Paik
authors: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors: Nak Jong
authors: NJ
authors: Seong
authors: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors: Chang Jin
authors: CJ
authors: Yoon
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors: Jin-Hyeok
authors: JH
authors: Hwang
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea.
authors: Jaihwan
authors: J
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000150:complications; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D001651:Cholestasis, Extrahepatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D003549:Cystic Duct; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000601:surgery*; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D018285:Klatskin Tumor / Q000150:complications; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted