title: The combined effect of sulfadiazine and copper on soil microbial activity and community structure.
abstract: Elevated concentrations of heavy metals and antibiotics often coexist in agricultural soils due to land application of large amounts of animal manure. The experiment was conducted to investigate the single and joint effects of different concentrations of sulfadiazine (SDZ) (10mgkg-1and 100mgkg-1) and copper (Cu) (20mgkg-1and 200mgkg-1) on soil microbial activity, i.e. fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, dehydrogenase (DHA) and basal respiration (BR), microbial biomass and community structure estimated using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) using MicroResp™. High concentration of SDZ or Cu significantly reduced microbial activity during the whole incubation period, while the inhibiting effect of low concentration of SDZ or Cu was only visible within 14 days of incubation. The total PLFA concentration was reduced by SDZ and/or Cu, which resulted from reduced bacterial and actinomycetic biomass. The addition of SDZ and/or Cu decreased the bacteria:fungi ratio, whereas only the addition of high Cu concentration significantly decreased Gram+:Gram-ratio. The addition of Cu obviously inhibited the dissipation of SDZ, which could affect the combined effects of both on microbial activity, biomass and community structure. Principal component analysis of the CLPP and PLFA data clearly revealed the notable effects of SDZ and/or Cu on soil microbial community structure.
authors: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors: Yonggang
authors: Y
authors: Xu
authors: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China. Electronic address: wtyu@iae.ac.cn.
authors: Wantai
authors: W
authors: Yu
authors: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Ma
authors: Shenyang No. 1 High School, Shenyang 110042, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Zhou
authors: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors: Chunming
authors: C
authors: Jiang
keywords: Dissipation; Phospholipid fatty acid; Soil microorganisms; Toxity