title: TNI-93: A New Memory Test for Dementia Detection in Illiterate and Low-Educated Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the TNI-93 test in illiterate and low-educated subjects by setting cutoff scores to discriminate non-demented and demented subjects in a clinical setting (CESILL) and verifying the adequacy of these cutoff scores in a population-based study (AMI cohort).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used two study samples. First, a clinical setting (CESILL) comprising normal elderly participants and demented patients, mostly multicultural, low educated, or illiterate, was used to compute the cutoff scores of TNI-93 for the detection of dementia. Second, the AMI cohort, a population-based cohort of retired farmers living in a rural setting, was used as a replication study, to assess the detection properties of the cutoff scores in a different population composed mostly of low-educated older people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When combining the two scores, that is, free recall <6 or total recall <9, TNI-93 can detect dementia with a high sensitivity (87%) and specificity (96%), in the CESILL setting. These cutoff scores were roughly similar in the AMI cohort with high sensitivity (80% sensitivity) and specificity (81% specificity). In both study samples, the level of education had no effect on performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TNI-93 appears to be a good test to detect dementia. The absence of a significant effect of education level on the performances makes the TNI-93 a tool of choice in the screening of dementia in illiterate/low-educated subjects.
authors: Unité fonctionnelle Mémoire et Maladies Neurodégénératives, Service de Neurologie, CHU Avicenne (AP-HP), Bobigny F-93009, France.|Laboratoire PSITEC EA 4072, UFR de Psychologie Université de Lille Pont de Bois BP 60149 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex F-59 653, France.
authors: Didier
authors: D
authors: Maillet
authors: INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux F-33000, France.|Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France.
authors: Fanny
authors: F
authors: Matharan
authors: Centre d'Examens de Santé de la Caisse primaire d'Assurance Maladie de la Seine-Saint-Denis, Bobigny F-93009, France.
authors: Hervé
authors: H
authors: Le Clésiau
authors: Service de neurologie, CHU Avicenne (AP-HP), Bobigny F-93009, France.
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Bailon
authors: INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux F-33000, France.|Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France.
authors: Karine
authors: K
authors: Pérès
authors: INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux F-33000, France.|Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France.
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Amieva
authors: Unité fonctionnelle Mémoire et Maladies Neurodégénératives, Service de Neurologie, CHU Avicenne (AP-HP), Bobigny F-93009, France.|Laboratoire de psychopathologie et de neuropsychologie clinique EA 4057, Institut de psychologie, Université Paris Descartes, Boulogne-Billancourt F-92774, France.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Belin
keywords: Assessment; Cross-cultural/minority; Dementia; Learning and memory; Test construction