title: Lead extractions in patients with cardiac implantable electronic device infections: Single center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lead extraction using laser sheaths is performed mainly for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections. However, there are few reports concerning the management of CIED infections in Japan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lead extraction procedures were performed in 183 patients targeting 450 leads (atrial leads: 170, ventricular: 181, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs): 79, and coronary sinus: 20). One hundred twenty patients (65.6%) presented with pocket infections without the presentation of an endovascular infection. Blood cultures were positive at least once in 63 patients (34.4%). Complete procedure success was achieved for 437 leads (97.1%) while partial removal occurred in nine, and failure in four leads. Major complications directly related to the procedure occurred in five patients (2.7%). Two of the four patients with a cardiac tamponade required a surgical repair. All patients received intravenous antibiotics, at least, one week after the procedure. Pocket or systemic infections were successfully controlled in 181 patients (98.9%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (30.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (37.1%) were the most common causes of CIED infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current status of CIED infections in Japan seems to be similar to that previously reported from foreign countries. The optimal treatment of CIED infections involves the complete explantation of all hardware, followed by antibiotic therapy.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Masahiko
authors: M
authors: Goya
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Michio
authors: M
authors: Nagashima
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Ken-Ichi
authors: K
authors: Hiroshima
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Kentaro
authors: K
authors: Hayashi
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Makihara
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Fukunaga
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Yoshimori
authors: Y
authors: An
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Masatsugu
authors: M
authors: Ohe
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: So-Ichiro
authors: S
authors: Yamazato
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Ko-Ichiro
authors: K
authors: Sonoda
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Kennosuke
authors: K
authors: Yamashita
authors: Department of Medical Engineering, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Kouji
authors: K
authors: Katayama
authors: Department of Medical Engineering, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Tomoaki
authors: T
authors: Ito
authors: Department of Medical Engineering, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Harushi
authors: H
authors: Niu
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Ando
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Hiroyoshi
authors: H
authors: Yokoi
authors: Department of Cardiology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Japan.
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Iwabuchi
keywords: Defibrillator; Infection; Laser; Lead extraction; Pacemaker