title: Essential oil from fruit of Xylopia langsdorffiana: antitumour activity and toxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The genus Xylopia L. (Annonaceae) includes aromatic plants that have both nutritional and medicinal uses. Essential oils of Xylopia species have antitumour effects. However, the efficacy of the essential oil from the fruit of Xylopia langsdorffiana St. Hil & Tul. (EOX) has not been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  EOX was evaluated to determine its chemical composition, antitumour activity and toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  EOX was obtained from fresh fruits of X. langsdorffiana subjected to hydrodistillation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the chemical composition of EOX. The toxicity of EOX was evaluated using haemolysis, acute toxicity and micronucleus assays. The in vitro antitumour activity of EOX was investigated using the sulforhodamine B assay. The sarcoma 180 murine tumour model was used to evaluate the in vivo antitumour activity and toxicity of EOX (50 and 100 mg/kg) after 7 d of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major components of EOX were α-pinene (34.57%) and limonene (31.75%). The HC50(concentration producing 50% haemolysis) was 293.6 μg/ml. EOX showed greater selectivity for the leukaemia cell line K562, with total growth inhibition (TGI) (concentration producing TGI) of 1.8 μg/ml, and for multidrug-resistant ovarian tumour cell line NCI/ADR-RES (TGI of 45.4 μg/ml). The LD50was approximately 351.09 mg/kg. At doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, EOX inhibited the in vivo growth of sarcoma 180 by 38.67 and 54.32%, respectively. EOX displayed minor hepatic alterations characteristic of acute hepatitis and induced no genotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EOX showed in vitro and in vivo antitumour activity and low toxicity, which warrants further pharmacological studies.
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Ana Paula Gomes
authors: AP
authors: Moura
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Daiene Martins
authors: DM
authors: Beltrão
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: João Carlos Lima Rodrigues
authors: JC
authors: Pita
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Aline Lira
authors: AL
authors: Xavier
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Monalisa Taveira
authors: MT
authors: Brito
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Tatyanna Kelvia Gomes de
authors: TK
authors: Sousa
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Leônia Maria
authors: LM
authors: Batista
authors: b Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural , State University of Campinas-UNICAMP , Campinas , Brazil.
authors: João Ernesto de
authors: JE
authors: Carvalho
authors: b Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural , State University of Campinas-UNICAMP , Campinas , Brazil.
authors: Ana Lúcia Tasca Gois
authors: AL
authors: Ruiz
authors: b Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Center for Chemical, Biological and Agricultural , State University of Campinas-UNICAMP , Campinas , Brazil.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Della Torre
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Cavalcante
authors: MC
authors: Duarte
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Josean Fechine
authors: JF
authors: Tavares
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Sobral
authors: MS
authors: da Silva
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Federal University of Paraíba-UFPB , João Pessoa , Brazil.
authors: Marianna Vieira
authors: MV
authors: Sobral
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods; D054336:Xylopia
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D009822:Oils, Volatile
keywords: Annonaceae; cytotoxicity; genotoxicity