title: Performance of the high-dimensional propensity score in adjusting for unmeasured confounders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-dimensional propensity scores (hdPS) can adjust for measured confounders, but it remains unclear how well it can adjust for unmeasured confounders. Our goal was to identify if the hdPS method could adjust for confounders which were hidden to the hdPS algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hdPS algorithm was used to estimate two hdPS; the first version (hdPS-1) was estimated using data provided by 6 data dimensions and the second version (hdPS-2) was estimated using data provided from only two of the 6 data dimensions. Two matched sub-cohorts were created by matching one patient initiated on a high-dose statin to one patient initiated on a low-dose statin based on either hdPS-1 (Matched hdPS Full Info Sub-Cohort) or hdPS-2 (Matched hdPS Hidden Info Sub-Cohort). Performances of both hdPS were compared by means of the absolute standardized differences (ASDD) regarding 18 characteristics (data on seven of the 18 characteristics were hidden to the hdPS algorithm when estimating the hdPS-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight out of the 18 characteristics were shown to be unbalanced within the unmatched cohort. Matching on either hdPS achieved adequate balance (i.e., ASDD <0.1) on all 18 characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the hdPS method was able to adjust for hidden confounders supporting the claim that the hdPS method can adjust for at least some unmeasured confounders.
authors: Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology unit, Research Center of the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Tour St-Antoine, 850 St-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.|Programs for Assessment of Technology in Health, 43 Charlton Avenue East, 2nd floor, Hamilton, ON, L8N 1Y3, Canada.|Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors: Jason R
authors: JR
authors: Guertin
authors: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650, Cedar Ave, Montréal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.|Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors: Elham
authors: E
authors: Rahme
authors: Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology unit, Research Center of the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Tour St-Antoine, 850 St-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada. jacques.le.lorier@umontreal.ca.
authors: Jacques
authors: J
authors: LeLorier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057216:Propensity Score
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: Confounding by indication; High-dimensional propensity scores; Omitted confounders; Unmeasured confounders