title: Race-related differences in antibody responses to the inactivated influenza vaccine are linked to distinct pre-vaccination gene expression profiles in blood.
abstract: We conducted a 5-year study analyzing antibody and B cell responses to the influenza A virus components of the inactivated influenza vaccine, trivalent (IIV3) or quadrivalent (IIV4) in younger (aged 35-45) and aged (≥65 years of age) Caucasian and African American individuals. Antibody titers to the two influenza A virus strains, distribution of circulating B cell subsets and the blood transcriptome were tested at baseline and after vaccination while expression of immunoregulatory markers on B cells were analyzed at baseline. African Americans mounted higher virus neutralizing and IgG antibody responses to the H1N1 component of IIV3 or 4 compared to Caucasians. African Americans had higher levels of circulating B cell subsets compared to Caucasians. Expression of two co-regulators, i.e., programmed death (PD)-1 and the B and T cell attenuator (BTLA) were differentially expressed in the two cohorts. Race-related differences were caused by samples from younger African Americans, while results obtained with samples of aged African Americans were similar to those of aged Caucasians. Gene expression profiling by Illumina arrays revealed highly significant differences in 1368 probes at baseline between Caucasians and African Americans although samples from both cohorts showed comparable changes in transcriptome following vaccination. Genes differently expressed between samples from African Americans and Caucasians regardless of age were enriched for myeloid genes, while the transcripts that differed in expression between younger African Americans and younger Caucasians were enriched for those specific for B-cells.
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Raj
authors: R
authors: Kurupati
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Kossenkov
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Larissa
authors: L
authors: Haut
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Biomedical Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Senthil
authors: S
authors: Kannan
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Zhiquan
authors: Z
authors: Xiang
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Development and Division of Geriatrics, GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center and Center for the Study of Aging and Human, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Doyle
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Liu
authors: Development and Division of Geriatrics, GRECC, Durham VA Medical Center and Center for the Study of Aging and Human, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors: Kenneth
authors: K
authors: Schmader
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Showe
authors: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Hildegund
authors: H
authors: Ertl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D044383:Black People; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D059467:Transcriptome; D014481:United States; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: B cell responses; Immune response; Immunity; Immunology and Microbiology Section; inactivated influenza vaccine; race