title: Autoimmune swallowing disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysphagia can be the presenting symptom of autoimmune disease. The otolaryngologist should be familiar with and consider these disorders when assessing the patient with swallowing difficulties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present review gives a brief overview of Sjogren's syndrome, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, pemphigus and pemphigoid, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and inflammatory myopathies, and how they affect swallowing. Diagnosis of these diseases is generally based off of clinical presentation, serology, and/or biopsy. Corticosteroids in combination with other immune modulators and symptomatic therapy are the mainstays of treatment. Treatment should be coordinated with a rheumatologist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The otolaryngologist should be able to recognize when a systemic disease may be the cause of a patient's dysphagia and guide appropriate evaluation. Furthermore, the otolaryngologist can help localize the specific nature of the swallowing problem and guide or provide treatment.
authors: aMclaren Oakland Hospital, Pontiac bMichigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing cMichigan State University, East Lansing dSt. John Macomb Hospital, Madison Heights eOakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester fLakeshore Professional Voice Center, St. Clair Shores, Michigan, USA.
authors: Janine
authors: J
authors: Amos
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Baron
authors: Adam D
authors: AD
authors: Rubin
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D003287:Contrast Media; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D001466:Barium Sulfate