title: Effects of Physical Activity Intervention on Physical and Cognitive Function in Sedentary Adults With and Without Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus may alter the effect of physical activity on physical and cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) trial randomized controlled clinical trial of physical activity intervention (walking, resistance training, and flexibility exercises) enrolled adults aged 70-89 years who were sedentary and non-demented and who had functional limitations. Standardized measures of physical and cognitive function were collected an average of 2 years post-randomization. Differences between the intervention and control groups from 415 individuals with diabetes and 1,061 individuals without diabetes were contrasted with analyses of covariance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 24 months, assignment to the physical activity intervention resulted in 0.019 m/s relatively faster average 400-meter gait speeds (p = .007 overall) both for individuals with and without diabetes (intervention × diabetes interaction p = .99). No benefits were seen on scores from a physical performance battery. Performance on cognitive tests was better among participants assigned to the physical activity intervention compared with control only for those with diabetes, particularly for global cognitive function (p = .02) and delayed memory (p = .005), with mean [95% confidence intervals] for benefit from physical activity intervention of 0.114 [0.007,0.111] and 0.208 [0.030,0.387] standard deviations, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity intervention improved the gait speed of older, sedentary individuals with and without diabetes. The cognitive function benefits occurred among participants with, but not without, diabetes. The mechanisms through which physical activity affects physical and cognitive function in older adults may differ for individuals by diabetes status.
authors: Wake Forest School of Medicine.
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Espeland
authors: Yale School of Medicine.
authors: Kasia
authors: K
authors: Lipska
authors: Wake Forest School of Medicine.
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Miller
authors: Wake Forest School of Medicine.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Rushing
authors: University of Florida.
authors: Ronald A
authors: RA
authors: Cohen
authors: Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Verghese
authors: Northwestern University Fienberg School of Medicine.
authors: Mary M
authors: MM
authors: McDermott
authors: Stanford University School of Medicine.
authors: Abby C
authors: AC
authors: King
authors: University of Pittsburgh.
authors: Elsa S
authors: ES
authors: Strotmeyer
authors: University of South Carolina.
authors: Steven N
authors: SN
authors: Blair
authors: University of Florida.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Pahor
authors: Tufts University.
authors: Kieran
authors: K
authors: Reid
authors: Wake Forest School of Medicine.
authors: Jamehl
authors: J
authors: Demons
authors: Wake Forest School of Medicine.
authors: Stephen B
authors: SB
authors: Kritchevsky
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D000072797:Walking Speed
keywords: Behavioral intervention; Clinical trials; Type 2 diabetes