title: Dynamics of glycerine and water transport across human skin from binary mixtures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skin transport properties of glycerine and water from binary mixtures contacting human skin were determined to better understand the mechanism of skin moisturization by aqueous glycerine formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Steady-state permeation for3H2O and14C-glycerine across split-thickness human skin in vitro and desorption dynamics of the same permeants in isolated human stratum corneum (HSC) were experimentally determined under near equilibrium conditions. These data were compared to a priori values developed in the context of a thermodynamic model for binary mixtures of glycerine and water and a previously determined water sorption isotherm for HSC. This allowed the estimation of diffusion and partition coefficients for each permeant in the HSC, as well as HSC thickness, as a function of composition of the contacting solution. These data may be used to estimate water retention and associated HSC swelling related to the absorption and slow release of glycerine from the skin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It took 6+ days for glycerine to completely desorb from HSC immersed in glycerine/water binary solutions. Desorption of both3H2O and14C-glycerine from HSC was slower in pure water than from binary mixtures, a result that is largely explained by the greater swelling of HSC in water. Parametric relationships were developed for water and glycerine intradiffusivities in HSC as functions of HSC water content, and a mutual diffusion coefficient was estimated by analogy with glycerine/water binary solutions. The intradiffusivity of14C-glycerine in HSC as inferred from sorption/desorption experiments was shown to be approximately 10-fold less than that inferred from permeation experiments, whereas the corresponding values for3H2O were comparable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies confirm that glycerine enters HSC in substantial quantities and has a long residence time therein. The coupling between bulk water and glycerine transport projected from binary solution data suggests the net effect of glycerine is to slow water loss from the skin. The data support the concept of glycerine as a humectant with an excellent balance of skin penetration and retention characteristics; however, they do not rule out the possibility of an additional biological effect on skin barrier homoeostasis.
authors: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0004, USA.
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Ventura
authors: James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0004, USA.
authors: G B
authors: GB
authors: Kasting
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport; D004643:Emollients; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004643:Emollients; D014867:Water; D005990:Glycerol
keywords: delivery/vectorization/penetration; diffusivity; moisturization; skin hydration; skin permeation