title: Designing optimal HIV-vaccine T-cell responses.
abstract: T cells can efficaciously control HIV replication, and it has been hypothesized that inducing those responses before exposure occurs may prevent HIV infection. However, conventional attempts to generate protective CD8 T-cell responses against HIV have generally failed. Based on current knowledge from chronic HIV infection and previous vaccine trials, this review details optimal CD8 and CD4 T-cell response design that may confer protection from HIV infection.
  
  
  
  The failure of two vaccines geared toward inducing T-cell response (STEP trial and HVTN505/Phambili) as well as the modest protection of the RV144 that mainly demonstrated nonneutralizing antibodies to be a correlate of protection have rattled the idea that a pure T-cell-based vaccine may induce protection. Moreover, in the recent years, CD4 T cells, and in particular the T follicular helper cell subset, received attention as a critical component for T-cell-inducing and antibody-inducing vaccines.
  
  
  
  It is apparent that all vaccines depend for their efficacy on a cellular component either to directly kill virally infected cells or to provide important helper signals for the development of efficacious B-cell responses. Recent vaccine trials have had a major impact on the field and are guiding new approaches for HIV vaccine design.
authors: aInstitute for HIV Research, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GermanybUS Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors: Hendrik
authors: H
authors: Streeck
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D015483:HIV Antibodies