title: Management of Hypercholesterolemia, Appropriateness of Therapeutic Approaches and New Drugs in Patients with High Cardiovascular Risk.
abstract: Control of lipid levels is one of the most effective strategies for cardiovascular (CV) event prevention. In fact, many clinical trials have clearly demonstrated that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering, primarily with statins, reduces major CV events and mortality. The evidence from these trials has been useful in designing the cholesterol treatment guidelines, which are mainly aimed at preventing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, available data indicate that a large proportion of patients fail to achieve lipid goals, and this is particularly frequent in patients at high or very high CV risk. Furthermore, owing to side effects, a significant percentage of patients cannot tolerate statin treatment. Hence, researchers have focused their attention on novel LDL-C-lowering agents that act via mechanisms distinct from that of statins. Among the new compounds under investigation, the monoclonal antibodies to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) seem particularly promising, having recently been shown to be well tolerated and highly effective at lowering LDL-C, with a possible effect on the occurrence of CV events. Currently, alirocumab is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statin therapy for use in adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) or those with atherosclerotic CV disease who require additional LDL-C lowering; it has also been recently approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use in patients with heterozygous FH, non-familial hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia in whom statins are ineffective or not tolerated. Evolocumab is approved by the FDA as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statins for adults with hetero- and homozygous FH and those with atherosclerotic CV disease who require additional lowering of LDL-C, and by the EMA in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia, as an adjunct to diet, in combination with a statin or a statin with other lipid lowering therapies in patients unable to reach LDL-C goals with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin; alone or in combination with other lipid lowering therapies in patients who are statin-intolerant, or those for whom a statin is contraindicated. Evolocumab is also indicated in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and over with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies.
authors: Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy. enrico.agabitirosei@unibs.it.
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Agabiti Rosei
authors: Clinica Medica, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
authors: Massimo
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-1374
authors: M
authors: Salvetti
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000091362:PCSK9 Inhibitors; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C569471:APOB protein, human; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; C473731:BMS201038; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D000091362:PCSK9 Inhibitors; C106092:microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; C000598888:bococizumab; C524142:mipomersen; C472125:PCSK9 protein, human; D000071449:Proprotein Convertase 9; C577155:evolocumab; C571059:alirocumab
keywords: Alirocumab; Bococizumab; Cardiovascular risk; Dyslipidemia; Evolocumab; PCSK9 antibodies