title: Large volume of water samples introduced in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of 15 triazole fungicides by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A novel method of large volume of water samples directly introduced in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was developed, which is based on ultrasound/manual shaking-synergy-assisted emulsification and self-generating carbon dioxide gas (CO2) breaking down the emulsion for the determination of 15 triazole fungicides by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This technique makes low-density extraction solvent toluene (180 μL) dissolve in 200 mL of samples containing 0.05 mol L(-1) of HCl and 5 % of NaCl (w/v) to form a well emulsion by synergy of ultrasound and manual shaking, and injects NaHCO3 solution (1.0 mol L(-1)) to generate CO2 achieving phase separation with the assistance of ultrasound. The entire process is accomplished within 8 min. The injection of NaHCO3 to generate CO2 achieves phase separation that breaks through the centrifugation limited large volume aqueous samples. In addition, the device could be easily cleaned, and this kind of vessel could be reconfigured for any volume of samples. Under optimal conditions, the low limits of detection ranging from 0.7 to 51.7 ng L(-1), wide linearity, and enrichment factors obtained were in the range 924-3669 for different triazole fungicides. Southern end of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal water (Hangzhou, China) was used to verify the applicability of the developed method. Graphical Abstract Flow chart of ultrasound/manual shaking-synergy-assisted emulsification and self-generating carbon dioxide gas breaking down the emulsion.
authors: College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Nie
authors: College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
authors: Fujiang
authors: F
authors: Chen
authors: College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
authors: Zhiyu
authors: Z
authors: Song
authors: Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China.|Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China.
authors: Caixia
authors: C
authors: Sun
authors: College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China. lzg@zjut.edu.cn.
authors: Zuguang
authors: Z
authors: Li
authors: College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China. liuwh@zjut.edu.cn.
authors: Wenhan
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, ROC, Taiwan.
authors: Mawrong
authors: M
authors: Lee
keywords: Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; Self-generating CO2 demulsification; Triazole fungicides; Ultrasound/manual shaking-synergy-assisted emulsification