title: Experimental warming and precipitation interactively modulate the mortality rate and timing of spring emergence of a gallmaking Tephritid fly.
abstract: Global climate change is mostly characterized by temperature increase and fluctuating precipitation events, which may affect the spring phenology and mortality rate of insects. However, the interaction effect of temperature and precipitation on species performance has rarely been examined. Here we studied the response of the gall-making Tephritid fly Urophora stylata (Diptera: Tephritidae) to artificial warming, changes in precipitation, and the presence of galls. Our results revealed a significant interaction effect of warming, precipitation, and galls on the life-history traits of the focal species. Specifically, when the galls were intact, warming had no effect on the phenology and increased the mortality of the fly under decreased precipitation, but it significantly advanced the timing of adult emergence and had no effect on the mortality under increased precipitation. When galls were removed, warming significantly advanced the timing of emergence and increased fly mortality, but precipitation showed no effect on the phenology and mortality. In addition, gall removal significantly increased adult fresh mass for both females and males. Our results indicate that the effect of elevated temperature on the performance of species may depend on other environmental conditions, such as variations in precipitation, and species traits like the formation of galls.
authors: Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlindadao Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors: Xinqiang
authors: X
authors: Xi
authors: Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlindadao Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
authors: Dongbo
authors: D
authors: Li
authors: ECORES Lab, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors: Youhong
authors: Y
authors: Peng
authors: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.|Institute for Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors: Nico
authors: N
authors: Eisenhauer
authors: Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlindadao Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.|ECORES Lab, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
authors: Shucun
authors: S
authors: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D057232:Global Warming; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000502:physiology*