title: Marine Toxin Okadaic Acid Affects the Immune Function of Bay Scallop (Argopecten irradians).
abstract: Okadaic acid (OA) is produced by dinoflagellates during harmful algal blooms and is a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin. This toxin is particularly problematic for bivalves that are cultured for human consumption. This study aimed to reveal the effects of exposure to OA on the immune responses of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. Various immunological parameters were assessed (total hemocyte counts (THC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and nitric oxide (NO) in the hemolymph of scallops at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure (hpe) to different concentrations of OA (50, 100, and 500 nM). Moreover, the expression of immune-system-related genes (CLT-6, FREP, HSP90, MT, and Cu/ZnSOD) was also measured. Results showed that ROS, MDA, and NO levels and LDH activity were enhanced after exposure to different concentrations of OA; however, both THC and GSH decreased between 24-48 hpe. The expression of immune-system-related genes was also assessed at different time points during the exposure period. Overall, our results suggest that exposure to OA had negative effects on immune system function, increased oxygenic stress, and disrupted metabolism of bay scallops.
authors: Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea. chicheng0421@126.com.
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Chi
authors: Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea. giribiotek@gmail.com.
authors: Sib Sankar
authors: SS
authors: Giri
authors: Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea. advancewoo@hanmail.net.
authors: Jin Woo
authors: JW
authors: Jun
authors: Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea. hjoong1@nate.com.
authors: Hyoun Joong
authors: HJ
authors: Kim
authors: Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea. arseidon@naver.com.
authors: Saekil
authors: S
authors: Yun
authors: Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea. imagine5180@gmail.com.
authors: Sang Guen
authors: SG
authors: Kim
authors: Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea. parksec@snu.ac.kr.
authors: Se Chang
authors: SC
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D049897:Pectinidae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Argopecten irradians; bay scallop; harmful algal blooms; immune response; okadaic acid