title: Design of Novel Chemotherapeutic Agents Targeting Checkpoint Kinase 1 Using 3D-QSAR Modeling and Molecular Docking Methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for design and development of novel anticancer drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Herein, we have performed three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and molecular docking analyses on a series of diazacarbazoles to design potent Chk1 inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  3D-QSAR models were developed using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques. Docking studies were performed using AutoDock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best CoMFA and CoMSIA models exhibited cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2) values of 0.631 and 0.585, and non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (r2) values of 0.933 and 0.900, respectively. CoMFA and CoMSIA models showed reasonable external predictabilities (r2 pred) of 0.672 and 0.513, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A satisfactory performance in the various internal and external validation techniques indicated the reliability and robustness of the best model. Docking studies were performed to explore the binding mode of inhibitors inside the active site of Chk1. Molecular docking revealed that hydrogen bond interactions with Lys38, Glu85 and Cys87 are essential for Chk1 inhibitory activity. The binding interaction patterns observed during docking studies were complementary to 3D-QSAR results. Information obtained from the contour map analysis was utilized to design novel potent Chk1 inhibitors. Their activities and binding affinities were predicted using the derived model and docking studies. Designed inhibitors were proposed as potential candidates for experimental synthesis.
authors: Anand
authors: A
authors: Balupuri
authors: Pavithra K
authors: PK
authors: Balasubramanian
authors: College of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea. chosj@chosun.ac.kr.
authors: Seung J
authors: SJ
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015195:Drug Design; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002227:Carbazoles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1