title: Optimal point of insertion of the needle in neuraxial blockade using a midline approach: study in a geometrical model.
abstract: Performance of neuraxial blockade using a midline approach can be technically difficult. It is therefore important to optimize factors that are under the influence of the clinician performing the procedure. One of these factors might be the chosen point of insertion of the needle. Surprisingly few data exist on where between the tips of two adjacent spinous processes the needle should be introduced. A geometrical model was adopted to gain more insight into this issue. Spinous processes were represented by parallelograms. The length, the steepness relative to the skin, and the distance between the parallelograms were varied. The influence of the chosen point of insertion of the needle on the range of angles at which the epidural and subarachnoid space could be reached was studied. The optimal point of insertion was defined as the point where this range is the widest. The geometrical model clearly demonstrated, that the range of angles at which the epidural or subarachnoid space can be reached, is dependent on the point of insertion between the tips of the adjacent spinous processes. The steeper the spinous processes run, the more cranial the point of insertion should be. Assuming that the model is representative for patients, the performance of neuraxial blockade using a midline approach might be improved by choosing the optimal point of insertion.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Vogt
authors: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
authors: Dennis J
authors: DJ
authors: van Gerwen
authors: Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: van den Dobbelsteen
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Hagenaars
keywords: geometrical model; midline approach; neuraxial blockade; optimal point of insertion