title: Bacterial biofilm in chronic lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic nonhealing or recurrent inflammatory lesions, reminiscent of infection but recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy, generally characterize biofilm-driven diseases. Chronic lesions of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) exhibit several characteristics, which are compatible with well-known biofilm infections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine and quantify the potential presence of bacterial aggregates in chronic HS lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 42 consecutive patients with HS suffering from chronic lesions, biopsies were obtained from lesional as well as from perilesional skin. Samples were investigated using peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, corresponding histopathological analysis on haematoxylin and eosin slides was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biofilms were seen in 67% of the samples of chronic lesions and in 75% of the perilesional samples. The mean diameter of aggregates in lesional skin was significantly greater than in perilesional skin (P = 0·01). Large biofilms (aggregates > 50 μm in diameter) were found in 42% of lesional samples and in only 5% of the perilesional samples (P = 0·009). The majority of the large biofilms were situated in sinus tracts (63%) or in the infundibulum (37%). The majority of the sinus tract samples (73%) contained active bacterial cells, which were associated with inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that biofilm formation is associated with inflammation of chronic HS lesions. The aggregates most likely occur as a secondary event, possibly due to predisposing local anatomical changes such as sinus tracts (tunnels), keratinous detritus and dilated hair follicles.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: H C
authors: HC
authors: Ring
authors: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Costerton Biofilm Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bay
authors: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Costerton Biofilm Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nilsson
authors: Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kallenbach
authors: Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: I M
authors: IM
authors: Miller
authors: Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Saunte
authors: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Costerton Biofilm Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department for Clinical Microbiology, Section 9301, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Bjarnsholt
authors: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Costerton Biofilm Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Tolker-Nielsen
authors: Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors: G B
authors: GB
authors: Jemec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018441:Biofilms; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D017497:Hidradenitis Suppurativa / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification