title: The influence of dietary nitrogen reduction and conjugated linoleic acid supply to dairy cows on fatty acids in milk and their transfer to ripened cheese.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of reducing the dietary crude protein content, with or without a supply of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), on the milk fatty acid (FA) yield and recovery in 90d ripened cheese. Twenty mid-lactation Friesian dairy cows were reared for 4 periods of 3wk each in groups of 5, following a 4×4 Latin square design. Cows were fed 4 different rations, consisting of a combination of the 2 dietary crude protein levels [150 (CP15) or 123 (CP12) g of crude protein/kg of dry matter], with or without a conjugated linoleic acid supply (80g/d, providing 5.57 and 5.40g/d of C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 and C18:2 trans-10,cis-12, respectively). Milk yield was recorded. Twice in each period, milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, and lactose content, and 10 L milk samples (pooled by group) were processed to produce 96 cheeses, which were ripened for 90d. Milk and cheese fat were analyzed for their FA profiles. Milk and cheese FA were expressed as daily yields and relative proportions, and nutrient recoveries were computed. Dietary crude protein reduction had small or no effects on the yield and relative presence of FA in milk and cheese, except for a small increase in mid-chain branched saturated fatty acids. The CLA supply strongly reduced the yield of various categories of FA, and had major effects on short-chain FA of de novo synthesis, leading to changes in the relative proportions of the various FA in milk and cheese. The addition of CLA tended to reduce uniformly the recovery of all milk constituents and of short-, medium-, and long-chain FA groups, but we observed large differences among individual FA with apparent recoveries ranging between 640 and 1,710g/kg. The highest recoveries were found for polyunsaturated long-chain FA, the lowest for saturated or monounsaturated short- or medium-chain FA. A notable rearrangement of these FA components, particularly the minor ones, took place during ripening.
authors: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Schiavon
authors: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy. Electronic address: giacomo.cesaro@unipd.it.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Cesaro
authors: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cecchinato
authors: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Cipolat-Gotet
authors: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Tagliapietra
authors: Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Bittante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002611:Cheese; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: cheese; conjugated linoleic acid; dietary protein; fatty acid; milk