title: Toxicity of a metal(loid)-polluted agricultural soil to Enchytraeus crypticus changes under a global warming perspective: Variations in air temperature and soil moisture content.
abstract: This study aimed to assess how the current global warming perspective, with increasing air temperature (20°C vs. 25°C) and decreasing soil moisture content (50% vs. 30% of the soil water holding capacity, WHC), affected the toxicity of a metal(loid)-polluted agricultural soil to Enchytraeus crypticus. Enchytraeids were exposed for 21d to a dilution series of the agricultural soil with Lufa 2.2 control soil under four climate situations: 20°C+50% WHC (standard conditions), 20°C+30% WHC, 25°C+50% WHC, and 25°C+30% WHC. Survival, reproduction and bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were obtained as endpoints. Reproduction was more sensitive to both climate factors and metal(loid) pollution. High soil salinity (electrical conductivity~3dSm-1) and clay texture, even without the presence of high metal(loid) concentrations, affected enchytraeid performance especially at drier conditions (≥80% reduction in reproduction). The toxicity of the agricultural soil increased at drier conditions (10% reduction in EC10 and EC50 values for the effect on enchytraeid reproduction). Changes in enchytraeid performance were accompanied by changes in As, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn bioaccumulation, with lower body concentrations at drier conditions probably due to greater competition with soluble salts in the case of Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. This study shows that apart from high metal(loid) concentrations other soil properties (e.g. salinity and texture) may be partially responsible for the toxicity of metal(loid)-polluted soils to soil invertebrates, especially under changing climate conditions.
authors: Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: nazaret.gonzalez@upct.es.
authors: M Nazaret
authors: MN
authors: González-Alcaraz
authors: Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Cornelis A M
authors: CAM
authors: van Gestel
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005544:Forecasting; D057232:Global Warming; D058955:Metalloids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D058955:Metalloids; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water
keywords: Climate change; Enchytraeids; Hormesis; Metal(loid) bioaccumulation; Mining wastes; Soil invertebrates