title: Stroke-like episodes, peri-episodic seizures, and MELAS mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke-like episodes (SLEs) are a hallmark of various mitochondrial disorders, in particular MELAS syndrome. SLEs manifest with vasogenic oedema (DWI and ADC hyperintensity) or partial cytotoxic oedema (DWI hyperintensity, ADC hypointensity) in the acute and subacute stage, and with gyriform T1-hyperintensity (cortical necrosis) in the chronic stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SLEs must be clearly distinguished from ischaemic stroke, since management of these two entities is different. SLEs may go along with or without seizures or epileptiform discharges on EEG. However, in MELAS syndrome seizures may also occur in the absence of SLEs. Focal and generalised seizures have been reported but it is currently unknown if the one or the other prevail. SLEs with and without seizures may respond to NO-precursors l-arginine, succinate, or citrulline. As a supportive measure a ketogenic diet should be initiated. Seizures prior to or during a SLE or paroxysmal EEG-activity during a SLE should be initially treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with low mitochondrion-toxicity. Only in case these AEDs are ineffective, AEDs with higher mitochondrion-toxicity should be added.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All patients with SLEs need to have an EEG recorded irrespective if they have manifesting seizures or not. There are no mtDNA or nDNA mutations which predispose for SLEs with seizures.
authors: Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: fifigs1@yahoo.de.
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Finsterer
authors: Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Salma Majid
authors: SM
authors: Wakil
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001120:Arginine / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017241:MELAS Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D012640:Seizures / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D020521:Stroke / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D001120:Arginine
keywords: Brain; Cerebrum; Electroencephalography; Encephalopathy; Mitochondrial DNA; Stroke