title: Preoperative endoscopic localization of colorectal cancer and tracing lymph nodes by using carbon nanoparticles in laparoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative endoscopic localization of colorectal cancer and tracing lymph nodes by carbon nanoparticle tattooing in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2013 to December 2014, 54 patients with colorectal cancer were recruited and divided into experimental (n = 27) and control (n = 27) groups. The patients in the experimental group were localized preoperatively by endoscopic carbon nanoparticle tattooing, whereas patients in the control group were not tattooed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All injection sites in the experimental group were visible to surgeons. No abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, and other symptoms of infection were found in the experimental group. The time for detecting the tumor (2.71 ± 2.13 min versus 6.91 ± 5.16 min, p < 0.001), operation time (151.22 ± 30.66 min versus 170.26 ± 33.13 min, p = 0.033), and blood loss during the operation (125.04 ± 29.48 mL versus 147.52 ± 34.35 mL, p = 0.013) were lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Average numbers of dissected lymph nodes in the experimental group exceeded those in the control group (14.41 ± 3.32 versus 8.96 ± 2.90, p < 0.001), and the rate of dissected lymph nodes ≥12 was higher in the experimental group than in the control group (70.37 versus 37.04 %, p < 0.001). Moreover, no difference in postoperative complications was found between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tattooing colorectal cancer with carbon nanoparticles in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery is safe and useful both in localization and lymph node tracing.
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Qingxuan
authors: Q
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Endong
authors: E
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Yefeng
authors: Y
authors: Cai
authors: Department of General Surgery, Pingyang People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Chong
authors: C
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Wenxu
authors: W
authors: Jin
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Zhouci
authors: Z
authors: Zheng
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Yixiang
authors: Y
authors: Jin
authors: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.
authors: Yao
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China. zxhoncology@126.com.
authors: Xiaohua
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China. lqsky1106@126.com.
authors: Quan
authors: Q
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002244:Carbon / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003113:Colonoscopy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D061646:Operative Time; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D013653:Tattooing
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon
keywords: Carbon nanoparticles; Colonoscopy; Colorectal cancer; Laparoscopic; Tattoo