title: [Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in three patients and literature review].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To deepen the understanding of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical data of 3 patients were analyzed and related literature were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ① Case 1, a 70- year- old male, diagnosed as Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and AVWS, was presented with spontaneous epitaxis and bruising. The VWF∶Ag level was 16%. Treatment was initiated with VWF concentrates. Two cycles of chemotherapy with Bortezomib, thalidomide and Dexamethasone were followed. Partial remission was achieved. Half- year' follow- up showed no sign of spontaneous hemorrhage. ② Case 2, a 48- year- old female, diagnosed as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and AVWS, was presented with repeated epitaxis. The VWF∶Ag level was 7%. Because the bleeding was slight and self-relieved, no specific treatment was addressed. She was followed up for one and a half year. ③ Case 3, a 50- year- old man, diagnosed as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and AVWS, was referred to our hospital for presentation with significant hematomas. VWF∶ Ag was reduced to 12%. VWF- containing cryoprecipitate, plasma, intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab were used to control his bleeding symptom. During the follow-up, spontaneous hemorrhage still occurred occasionally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acquired von Willebrand syndrome presented with heterogeneous symptoms. The level of VWF∶Ag and VWF∶Rco for patients with bleeding disorder should be performed. Abnormal bleeding symptoms in elderly patients without personal or family history of bleeding should prompt consideration of the underlying disorders. Treatment included controlling acute bleeding, curing the underlying diseases and preventing bleeding in high- risk situations. The prognosis of acquired von Willebrand syndrome is mainly related to the underlying diseases.
authors: H Y
authors: HY
authors: Ouyang
authors: Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
authors: Z J
authors: ZJ
authors: Yu
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Yin
authors: X J
authors: XJ
authors: Zhao
authors: Z Y
authors: ZY
authors: Wang
authors: W
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Z N
authors: ZN
authors: Ma
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Su
authors: X
authors: X
authors: Bai
authors: C G
authors: CG
authors: Ruan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008998:Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance; D013792:Thalidomide; D008258:Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia; D014842:von Willebrand Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D014841:von Willebrand Factor
chemical_list: D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D013792:Thalidomide