title: High CO2 Primes Plant Biotic Stress Defences through Redox-Linked Pathways.
abstract: Industrial activities have caused tropospheric CO2concentrations to increase over the last two centuries, a trend that is predicted to continue for at least the next several decades. Here, we report that growth of plants in a CO2-enriched environment activates responses that are central to defense against pathogenic attack. Salicylic acid accumulation was triggered by high-growth CO2in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants such as bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis revealed that elevated CO2primes multiple defense pathways, leading to increased resistance to bacterial and fungal challenge. Analysis of gene-specific mutants provided no evidence that activation of plant defense pathways by high CO2was caused by stomatal closure. Rather, the activation is partly linked to metabolic effects involving redox signaling. In support of this, genetic modification of redox components (glutathione contents and NADPH-generating enzymes) prevents full priming of the salicylic acid pathway and associated resistance by high CO2The data point to a particularly influential role for the nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a cytosolic enzyme whose role in plants remains unclear. Our observations add new information on relationships between high CO2and oxidative signaling and provide novel insight into plant stress responses in conditions of increased CO2.
authors: Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
authors: Amna
authors: 0000-0001-9959-1362
authors: A
authors: Mhamdi
authors: Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France graham.noctor@u-psud.fr.
authors: Graham
authors: 0000-0003-1980-4554
authors: G
authors: Noctor
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D020171:Botrytis / Q000502:physiology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D009154:Mutation; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D027805:Phaseolus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009249:NADP; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D005978:Glutathione; D020156:Salicylic Acid