title: A fuel-based approach for emission factor development for highway paving construction equipment in China.
abstract: The objective of this paper is to develop and demonstrate a fuel-based approach for emissions factor estimation for highway paving construction equipment in China for better accuracy. A highway construction site in Chengdu was selected for this study with NO emissions being characterized and demonstrated. Four commonly used paving equipment, i.e., three rollers and one paver were selected in this study. A portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was developed and used for emission measurements of selected equipment during real-world highway construction duties. Three duty modes were defined to characterize the NO emissions, i.e., idling, moving, and working. In order to develop a representative emission factor for these highway construction equipment, composite emission factors were estimated using modal emission rates and the corresponding modal durations in the process of typical construction duties. Depending on duty mode and equipment type, NO emission rate ranged from 2.6-63.7mg/s and 6.0-55.6g/kg-fuel with the fuel consumption ranging from 0.31-4.52 g/s correspondingly. The NO composite emission factor was estimated to be 9-41mg/s with the single-drum roller being the highest and double-drum roller being the lowest and 6-30g/kg-fuel with the pneumatic tire roller being the highest while the double-drum roller being the lowest. For the paver, both time-based and fuel consumption-based NO composite emission rates are higher than all of the rollers with 56mg/s and 30g/kg-fuel, respectively. In terms of time-based quantity, the working mode contributes more than the other modes with idling being the least for both emissions and fuel consumption. In contrast, the fuel-based emission rate appears to have less variability in emissions. Thus, in order to estimate emission factors for emission inventory development, the fuel-based emission factor may be selected for better accuracy.
  
  
  
  The fuel-based composite emissions factors will be less variable and more accurate than time-based emission factors. As a consequence, emissions inventory developed using this approach will be more accurate and practical.
authors: a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University , Chengdu , P. R. China.
authors: Zhen
authors: Z
authors: Li
authors: a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University , Chengdu , P. R. China.
authors: Kaishan
authors: K
authors: Zhang
authors: a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University , Chengdu , P. R. China.
authors: Kaili
authors: K
authors: Pang
authors: a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University , Chengdu , P. R. China.
authors: Baofeng
authors: B
authors: Di
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D060389:Construction Industry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005742:Gasoline; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D009569:Nitric Oxide