title: Comparison of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Parameters and Crestal Bone Loss Around Immediately Loaded and Delayed Loaded Implants in Smokers and Non-Smokers: 5-Year Follow-Up Results.
abstract: The aim of this study is to compare peri-implant soft tissue parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], and probing depth [PD] ≥4 mm) and crestal bone loss (CBL) around immediately loaded (IL) and delayed loaded (DL) implants in smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  
  Thirty-one patients with IL implants (16 smokers and 15 non-smokers) and 30 patients with DL implants (17 smokers and 13 non-smokers) were included. Personal data regarding age, sex, and duration and daily frequency of smoking were gathered using a questionnaire. Peri-implant PI, BOP, and PD ≥4 mm were recorded, and mesial and distal CBL was measured on standardized digital radiographs. Multiple group comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni post hoc test (P <0.05).
  
  
  
  All implants replaced mandibular premolars or molars. Mean scores of PI (P <0.05) and PD ≥4 mm (P <0.05) were statistically significantly higher in smokers compared with non-smokers in patients with IL and DL dental implants. The mean score of BOP (P <0.05) was statistically significantly higher in non-smokers compared with smokers in both groups. CBL (P <0.05) was statistically significantly higher in smokers compared with non-smokers in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, BOP, PD ≥4 mm, and total CBL among smokers with IL and DL implants.
  
  
  
  Tobacco smoking enhances peri-implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL around IL and DL implants. Loading protocol did not show a significant effect on peri-implant hard and soft tissue status in healthy smokers and non-smokers.
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Mohammad D
authors: MD
authors: Al Amri
authors: Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY.
authors: Sergio Varela
authors: SV
authors: Kellesarian
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Tariq S
authors: TS
authors: Abduljabbar
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Mohammad Q
authors: MQ
authors: Al Rifaiy
authors: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdulaziz M
authors: AM
authors: Al Baker
authors: Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University.
authors: Abdulaziz A
authors: AA
authors: Al-Kheraif
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057893:Immediate Dental Implant Loading; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000074285:Smokers; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Alveolar bone loss; dental implants; immediate dental implant loading; inflammation; periodontal index; smoking