title: Consumption of fruits and vegetables and associations with risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the Yangon region of Myanmar: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: To explore the intake of fruits and vegetables in the Yangon region, Myanmar, and to describe associations between intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) and established risk factors for non-communicable diseases.
  
  
  
  2 cross-sectional studies, using the STEPs methodology.
  
  
  
  Urban and rural areas of the Yangon region of Myanmar.
  
  
  
  1486, men and women, 25-74 years, were recruited through a multistage cluster sampling method. Institutionalised people, military personnel, Buddhist monks and nuns were not invited. Physically and mentally ill people were excluded.
  
  
  
  Mean intake of fruit was 0.8 (SE 0.1) and 0.6 (0.0) servings/day and of vegetables 2.2 (0.1) and 1.2 (0.1) servings/day, in urban and rural areas, respectively. Adjusted for included confounders (age, sex, location, income, education, smoking and low physical activity), men and women eating ≥2 servings of fruits and vegetables/day had lower odds than others of hypertriglyceridaemia (OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.94)). On average, women eating at least 2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day had cholesterol levels 0.28 mmol/L lower than the levels of other women. When only adjusted for sex and age, men eating at least 2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day had cholesterol levels 0.27 mmol/L higher than other men.
  
  
  
  A high intake of FV was associated with lower odds of hypertriglyceridaemia among men and women. It was also associated with cholesterol levels, negatively among women and positively among men.
authors: Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Marte
authors: 0000-0002-5223-711X
authors: M
authors: Kjøllesdal
authors: Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Aung Soe
authors: AS
authors: Htet
authors: Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Hein
authors: H
authors: Stigum
authors: University of Pharmacy, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Ne Yi
authors: NY
authors: Hla
authors: University of Medicine-Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Hlaing Hlaing
authors: HH
authors: Hlaing
authors: University of Medicine-Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Ei Kay
authors: EK
authors: Khaine
authors: University of Medical Technology, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Win
authors: W
authors: Khaing
authors: Directorate of Medical Services, Napidaw, Myanmar.
authors: Aung Kyaw
authors: AK
authors: Khant
authors: University of Nursing, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Naw Ohn Khin
authors: NO
authors: Khin
authors: University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Kay Khine Aye
authors: KK
authors: Mauk
authors: University of Nursing, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Ei Ei
authors: EE
authors: Moe
authors: University of Medicine-Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Hla
authors: H
authors: Moe
authors: University of Medical Technology, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Kyawt Kyawt
authors: KK
authors: Mon
authors: University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Kyaw Swa
authors: KS
authors: Mya
authors: University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Chomar Kaung
authors: CK
authors: Myint
authors: University of Pharmacy, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Cho Yi
authors: CY
authors: Myint
authors: University of Dental Medicine, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Maung Maung
authors: MM
authors: Myint
authors: Military Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, Napidaw, Myanmar.
authors: Ohnmar
authors: O
authors: Myint
authors: University of Nursing, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Aye Aye
authors: AA
authors: New
authors: University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Ei Sanda
authors: ES
authors: Oo
authors: University of Medicine-Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Khin Sandar
authors: KS
authors: Oo
authors: Food and Drug Administration, Napidaw, Myanmar.
authors: Zin Zin
authors: ZZ
authors: Pyone
authors: University of Medical Technology, Mandalay, Myanmar.
authors: Yin Yin
authors: YY
authors: Soe
authors: Department of Medical Care, Ministry of Health, Napidaw, Myanmar.
authors: Myint Myint
authors: MM
authors: Wai
authors: University of Medical Technology, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors: Nilar
authors: N
authors: Win
authors: Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Espen
authors: E
authors: Bjertness
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007182:Income; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D002052:Myanmar / Q000453:epidemiology; D000073296:Noncommunicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY