title: Upstream versus downstream thrombin inhibition.
abstract: For a long time, vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have been the preferred drugs for the anticoagulation management of both atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. Hereby, the major purpose is to attenuate the onset of thrombosis without affecting hemostasis. Areas covered: Nowadays, non-vitamin K anticoagulants (NOAC), a new class of oral anticoagulants is available for the above-mentioned indications. NOAC are at least as effective and safer with regard to intracranial bleedings compared to VKA, but major bleedings still occur. For this reason, the search for safer anticoagulants is still ongoing. Expert commentary: There are several unmet needs in NOAC management, including selection of optimal drug and dose, uncertainty on specific conditions and lack of drug persistence. There remains to be an important need for safer anticoagulants; 'upstream' anticoagulants including inhibitors of factor XIa may provide additional benefit related to fewer bleeding complications.
authors: a Department of Biochemistry , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.|b Department of Internal Medicine , Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht (MUMC) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors: Anouk J W
authors: AJ
authors: Gulpen
authors: a Department of Biochemistry , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.|c Thrombosis Expertise Centre , Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht (MUMC) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors: Arina J
authors: AJ
authors: Ten Cate-Hoek
authors: a Department of Biochemistry , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.|b Department of Internal Medicine , Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht (MUMC) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.|c Thrombosis Expertise Centre , Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht (MUMC) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors: Hugo
authors: H
authors: Ten Cate
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D001779:Blood Coagulation Factors; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014812:Vitamin K; D014859:Warfarin; D013917:Thrombin
keywords: Anticoagulation; factor XI; factor XII; non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs); vitamin K antagonists (VKA)