title: Single-cell level methods for studying the effect of antibiotics on bacteria during infection.
abstract: Considerable evidence about phenotypic heterogeneity among bacteria during infection has accumulated during recent years. This heterogeneity has to be considered if the mechanisms of infection and antibiotic action are to be understood, so we need to implement existing and find novel methods to monitor the effects of antibiotics on bacteria at the single-cell level. This review provides an overview of methods by which this aim can be achieved. Fluorescence label-based methods and Raman scattering as a label-free approach are discussed in particular detail. Other label-free methods that can provide single-cell level information, such as impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance, are briefly summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of these different methods are discussed in light of a challenging in vivo environment.
authors: Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: karin.kogermann@ut.ee.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Kogermann
authors: Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: marta.putrins@ut.ee.
authors: Marta
authors: M
authors: Putrinš
authors: Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: tanel.tenson@ut.ee.
authors: Tanel
authors: T
authors: Tenson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods; D059010:Single-Cell Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibacterial susceptibility; Antibiotics; Fluorescence; In vivo animal infection models; Phenotypic heterogeneity; Raman spectroscopy; Single-cell level methods