title: Compared with Powdered Lutein, a Lutein Nanoemulsion Increases Plasma and Liver Lutein, Protects against Hepatic Steatosis, and Affects Lipoprotein Metabolism in Guinea Pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not clear how oil-in-water nanoemulsions of lutein may affect bioavailability and consequently alter lipoprotein metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The bioavailability as well as effects of a powdered lutein (PL) and an oil-in-water lutein nanoemulsion (NANO; particle size: 254.2 nm; polydispersity index: 0.29; and ζ-potential: -65 mV) on metabolic variables in liver, plasma, and adipose tissue in a guinea pig model of hepatic steatosis were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four 2-mo-old male Hartley guinea pigs, weighing 200-300 g (n = 8/group), were fed diets containing 0.25 g cholesterol/100 g to induce liver injury for the duration of the study. They were allocated to control (0 mg lutein), PL (3.5 mg/d), or NANO (3.5 mg/d) groups. After 6 wk, plasma, liver, and adipose tissue were collected for determination of lutein, plasma lipids, tissue cholesterol, and inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NANO group had 2-fold higher concentrations of lutein in plasma (P < 0.001) and 1.6-fold higher concentrations in liver (P < 0.001) than did the PL group, indicating greater bioavailability of this carotenoid. The NANO group also had 24% lower hepatic steatosis scores (P < 0.05), 31% lower hepatic cholesterol accumulation (P < 0.05), and 64% lower plasma alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05) than did the control group. Hepatic oxidized LDL was 55% lower in both the PL and NANO groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). In plasma, the NANO group had 2-fold higher concentrations of LDL and HDL cholesterol as well as a 2-fold higher number of VLDL, LDL, and HDL particles than did the other 2 groups as evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, the NANO group had 15% higher concentrations of free cholesterol in adipose tissue, resulting in higher concentrations of inflammatory markers, than did the other 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that, although this lutein nanoemulsion exerted protective effects against hepatic steatosis, plasma lipoproteins and adipose tissue cholesterol were increased. These data suggest that the metabolic effects of this particular nanoemulsion might not be protective in all tissues in guinea pigs.
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and.
authors: Ana Gabriela
authors: AG
authors: Murillo
authors: Department of Athletic Training and Nutrition, Weber State University, Ogden, UT; and.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Aguilar
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and.
authors: Gregory H
authors: GH
authors: Norris
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and.
authors: Diana M
authors: DM
authors: DiMarco
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Missimer
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and.
authors: Siqi
authors: S
authors: Hu
authors: Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
authors: Joan A
authors: JA
authors: Smyth
authors: Designs for Health, Suffield, CT.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Gannon
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and.
authors: Christopher N
authors: CN
authors: Blesso
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and.
authors: Yangchao
authors: Y
authors: Luo
authors: Departments of Nutritional Sciences and maria-luz.fernandez@uconn.edu.
authors: Maria Luz
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-0792
authors: ML
authors: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004655:Emulsions; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011208:Powders; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D004655:Emulsions; D011208:Powders; D020011:Protective Agents; D014280:Triglycerides; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D014975:Lutein
keywords: guinea pigs; hepatic steatosis; lipoproteins; lutein; nanoemulsion