title: Stress and distress in parents of neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for cardiac surgery.
abstract: Parents of infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are at risk of psychological distress and NICU-related stress. However, parents of infants admitted to NICU for cardiac surgery are an under-researched population.
  
  
  
  Identify levels of NICU-related stress, and levels of psychological distress, reported by parents of infants admitted to the NICU for cardiac surgery.
  
  
  
  Observational study.
  
  
  
  69 parents of infants admitted to the NICU for cardiac surgery (cardiac group) and 142 parents of healthy infants (control group).
  
  
  
  Questionnaire packs provided to parents prior to discharge (time-point 1), and at six and 12months corrected age included: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and Family Support Scale. The Parental Stressor Scale:NICU was administered to the cardiac group at time-point 1.
  
  
  
  The cardiac group reported (i) that parental role alteration was the most stressful aspect of the NICU and (ii) higher scores for anxiety and depression than the control group at all three time-points, with the highest levels reported during the NICU stay. Correlation analyses indicated (i) stress associated with the sights and sounds of the NICU, and the appearance and behaviour of the infant in the NICU, had a significant positive association with anxiety and depression, and (ii) a significant negative relationship between anxiety and task-focused coping.
  
  
  
  An individualised parent-targeted intervention aimed at reducing stress associated with the NICU and enhancing task-focused coping style may help to reduce levels of anxiety and depression within this group of parents.
authors: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Electronic address: janet.diffin@manchester.ac.uk.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Diffin
authors: Grace Centre for Newborn Care, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Spence
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Naranian
authors: Grace Centre for Newborn Care, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Badawi
authors: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Johnston
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Cardiac surgery; NICU; Neonates; Parent; Psychological distress; Stress