title: Donkey milk consumption exerts anti-inflammatory properties by normalizing antimicrobial peptides levels in Paneth's cells in a model of ileitis in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we showed the beneficial effects of donkey milk (DM) on inflammatory damages, endogenous antimicrobial peptides levels and fecal microbiota profile in a mice model of Crohn's disease. Nowadays, new strategies of microbiome manipulations are on the light involving specific diets to induce and/or to maintain clinical remission. Interest of DM is explained by its high levels of antimicrobial peptides which confer it anti-inflammatory properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were orally administered with or without indomethacin for 5 days and co-treated with vehicle, DM or heated DM during 7 days. Intestinal length and macroscopic damage scores (MDSs) were determined; ileal samples were taken off for microscopic damage (MD), lysozyme immunostaining and mRNA α-defensin assessments. Ileal luminal content and fecal pellets were collected for lysozyme enzymatic activity and lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) evaluations. Fecal microbiota profiles were compared using a real-time quantitative PCR-based analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of indomethacin caused an ileitis in mice characterized by (1) a decrease in body weight and intestinal length, (2) a significant increase in MDS, MD and LCN-2, (3) a reduction in both α-defensin mRNA expression and lysozyme levels in Paneth's cells reflected by a decrease in lysozyme activity in feces, and (4) a global change in relative abundance of targeted microbial communities. DM treatment significantly reduced almost of all these ileitis damages, whereas heated DM has no impact on ileitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DM consumption exerts anti-inflammatory properties in mice by restoring the endogenous levels of antimicrobial peptides which contribute in turn to reduce microbiota imbalance.
authors: UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille-BP.93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.|Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaire, équipe Agroalimentaire et Nutrition, Université de Toulouse INP-PURPAN, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors: Sophie
authors: S
authors: Yvon
authors: UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille-BP.93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors: Maïwenn
authors: M
authors: Olier
authors: UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille-BP.93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors: Mathilde
authors: M
authors: Leveque
authors: Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaire, équipe Agroalimentaire et Nutrition, Université de Toulouse INP-PURPAN, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors: Gwenaëlle
authors: G
authors: Jard
authors: Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaire, équipe Agroalimentaire et Nutrition, Université de Toulouse INP-PURPAN, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors: Helene
authors: H
authors: Tormo
authors: Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaire, équipe Agroalimentaire et Nutrition, Université de Toulouse INP-PURPAN, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors: Djamila Ali
authors: DA
authors: Haimoud-Lekhal
authors: Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaire, équipe Agroalimentaire et Nutrition, Université de Toulouse INP-PURPAN, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
authors: Magali
authors: M
authors: Peter
authors: UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-PURPAN, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Neuro-Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille-BP.93173, 31027, Toulouse Cedex 3, France. helene.eutamene@toulouse.inra.fr.|Département des Sciences Agronomiques et Agroalimentaire, équipe Agroalimentaire et Nutrition, Université de Toulouse INP-PURPAN, 75 voie du TOEC, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France. helene.eutamene@toulouse.inra.fr.
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Eutamène
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018397:Equidae; D005243:Feces / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007079:Ileitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D026121:Indole Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019879:Paneth Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D026121:Indole Alkaloids; D010455:Peptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D023084:alpha-Defensins; C000601982:indimicin B; D009113:Muramidase
keywords: Antimicrobial peptides; Crohn’s disease; Donkey milk; Dysbiosis; Ileitis