title: Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases.
abstract: There have been extensive developments on cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections during the last few years. Better understanding the functions, reciprocal regulation, and counterbalance of subsets of immune and inflammatory cells that interact through interleukins, interferons, TNF-α, and TGF-β offer opportunities for immune interventions and novel treatment modalities in the era of development of biological immune response modifiers particularly targeting these molecules or their receptors. More than 60 cytokines have been designated as interleukins since the initial discoveries of monocyte and lymphocyte interleukins (called IL-1 and IL-2, respectively). Studies of transgenic or gene-deficient mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided essential information about their functions. Here we review recent developments on IL-1 to IL-38, TNF-α, TGF-β, and interferons. We highlight recent advances during the last few years in this area and extensively discuss their cellular sources, targets, receptors, signaling pathways, and roles in immune regulation in patients with allergy and asthma and other inflammatory diseases.
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland. Electronic address: akdism@siaf.uzh.ch.
authors: Mübeccel
authors: M
authors: Akdis
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Alar
authors: A
authors: Aab
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Can
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authors: Altunbulakli
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Kursat
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authors: Azkur
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Rita A
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authors: Costa
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Reto
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authors: Crameri
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Su
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authors: Duan
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Thomas
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authors: Eiwegger
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Andrzej
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authors: Eljaszewicz
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Ruth
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authors: Ferstl
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Remo
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authors: Frei
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Mattia
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authors: Garbani
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Anna
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authors: Globinska
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Lena
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authors: Hess
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Carly
authors: C
authors: Huitema
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Terufumi
authors: T
authors: Kubo
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Zsolt
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authors: Komlosi
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Patricia
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authors: Konieczna
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Nora
authors: N
authors: Kovacs
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Umut C
authors: UC
authors: Kucuksezer
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Meyer
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Hideaki
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authors: Morita
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Olzhausen
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Liam
authors: L
authors: O'Mahony
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Marija
authors: M
authors: Pezer
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Moira
authors: M
authors: Prati
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Rebane
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Rhyner
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Arturo
authors: A
authors: Rinaldi
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Milena
authors: M
authors: Sokolowska
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Stanic
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Kazunari
authors: K
authors: Sugita
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Treis
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Willem
authors: W
authors: van de Veen
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Kerstin
authors: K
authors: Wanke
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Marcin
authors: M
authors: Wawrzyniak
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Paulina
authors: P
authors: Wawrzyniak
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Oliver F
authors: OF
authors: Wirz
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Josefina Sierra
authors: JS
authors: Zakzuk
authors: Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
authors: Cezmi A
authors: CA
authors: Akdis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007154:Immune System Diseases; D007372:Interferons / Q000502:physiology*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000502:physiology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C571243:IL-38 protein, human; D007378:Interleukins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007372:Interferons
keywords: B cells; Cytokines; T cells; adaptive immune response; allergy and asthma; dendritic cells; humoral immune response; innate immune response; interleukins