title: A novel option for prandial insulin therapy: inhaled insulin.
abstract: Many adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) do not achieve or maintain glycemic targets on oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs) alone and require insulin therapy. Although initiating basal insulin is common when treatment needs to be intensified, individualization of therapy (in line with current guidelines) may lead more health care professionals (HCPs) to add rapid-acting insulin (RAI) to OAD regimens for treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia to achieve glycated hemoglobin (A1C) targets. HCPs and patients are concerned about the burden associated with injections. Inhaled Technosphere® insulin (inhaled TI) - as an alternative to injectable bolus doses of prandial insulin - may increase patient and HCP willingness to intensify therapy and improve compliance with more complex regimens. Clinical studies have shown that inhaled TI is effective and well tolerated as a prandial insulin, and has the potential to improve treatment satisfaction and quality of life in adults with T2D. The favorable pharmacokinetic profile of inhaled TI (i.e., a very rapid onset of action and a short duration of anti-hyperglycemic effect) may reduce the risk of insulin stacking (overlapping effects of RAI injections taken < 4 hours apart) and postprandial hypoglycemia. In this review, we present inhaled TI as an alternative to OADs or injected insulin as adjunctive therapy, for consideration by HCPs striving to achieve glycemic targets for their patients.
authors: a Division of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Scripps Clinic , La Jolla , CA , USA.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Dailey
authors: a Division of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Scripps Clinic , La Jolla , CA , USA.
authors: Aakif
authors: A
authors: Ahmad
authors: b Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA.
authors: Sarit
authors: S
authors: Polsky
authors: b Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA.
authors: Viral
authors: V
authors: Shah
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001786:Blood Glucose; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061266:Insulin, Short-Acting / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D061266:Insulin, Short-Acting
keywords: Hypoglycemia; inhaled insulin; oral antidiabetes drugs; prandial insulin; type 2 diabetes