title: Enhanced oral delivery of risperidone through a novel self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulations: in-vitro and ex-vivo assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The oral delivery of risperidone encounters a number of problems, such as pH dependent solubility and low bioavailability, due to its lipophilicity and aqueous insolubility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To improve the solubility, dissolution and intestinal permeation thereby bioavailability of risperidone through a novel self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oleic acid, Tween®20, PEG 600 and Aerosil®200 were chosen as oil, surfactant, co-surfactant and carrier, respectively from solubility and emulsification studies. Ternary phase diagram was constructed to determine emulsifying region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Z-average and polydispersity Index of developed formulation was 83.1 nm and 0.306, respectively. Ex vivo permeation studies on isolated rat intestine indicated that the amount of risperidone permeated from SNEP formulation was increased around 4- and 1.8-fold than that of pure drug and marketed formulation, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This developed SNEP formulations can be regarded as novel and commercially feasible alternative to the current risperidone formulations.
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy (Formerly Lalitha College of Pharmacy) , Anurag Group of Institutions , Hyderabad , Telangana , India.
authors: Srikanth
authors: S
authors: Bandi
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy (Formerly Lalitha College of Pharmacy) , Anurag Group of Institutions , Hyderabad , Telangana , India.
authors: Krishna
authors: K
authors: Sanka
authors: a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy (Formerly Lalitha College of Pharmacy) , Anurag Group of Institutions , Hyderabad , Telangana , India.
authors: Vasudha
authors: V
authors: Bakshi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004655:Emulsions; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011208:Powders; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018967:Risperidone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D011136:Polysorbates; D011208:Powders; D019301:Oleic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D018967:Risperidone; C000595209:polyethylene glycol 1000
keywords: Aerosil® 200; Risperidone; SNEL; SNEP; Z-average; polydispersity index