title: Protein profiling in serum after traumatic brain injury in rats reveals potential injury markers.
abstract: The serum proteome following traumatic brain injury (TBI) could provide information for outcome prediction and injury monitoring. The aim with this affinity proteomic study was to identify serum proteins over time and between normoxic and hypoxic conditions in focal TBI.
  
  
  
  Sprague Dawley rats (n=73) received a 3mm deep controlled cortical impact ("severe injury"). Following injury, the rats inhaled either a normoxic (22% O2) or hypoxic (11% O2) air mixture for 30min before resuscitation. The rats were sacrificed at day 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 after trauma. A total of 204 antibodies targeting 143 unique proteins of interest in TBI research, were selected. The sample proteome was analyzed in a suspension bead array set-up. Comparative statistics and factor analysis were used to detect differences as well as variance in the data.
  
  
  
  We found that complement factor 9 (C9), complement factor B (CFB) and aldolase c (ALDOC) were detected at higher levels the first days after trauma. In contrast, hypoxia inducing factor (HIF)1α, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and WBSCR17 increased over the subsequent weeks. S100A9 levels were higher in hypoxic-compared to normoxic rats, together with a majority of the analyzed proteins, albeit few reached statistical significance. The principal component analysis revealed a variance in the data, highlighting clusters of proteins.
  
  
  
  Protein profiling of serum following TBI using an antibody based microarray revealed temporal changes of several proteins over an extended period of up to four weeks. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
authors: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: eric.thelin@ki.se.
authors: Eric Peter
authors: EP
authors: Thelin
authors: Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: david.just@scilifelab.se.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Just
authors: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: arvid.frostell@ki.se.
authors: Arvid
authors: A
authors: Frostell
authors: Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: anna.haggmark@scilifelab.se.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Häggmark-Månberg
authors: Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: marten.risling@ki.se.
authors: Mårten
authors: M
authors: Risling
authors: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Mikael.svensson@ki.se.
authors: Mikael
authors: M
authors: Svensson
authors: Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: peter.nilsson@scilifelab.se.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Nilsson
authors: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: bo-michael.bellander@ki.se.
authors: Bo-Michael
authors: BM
authors: Bellander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Biomarkers; Hypoxia; Protein-array; Serum proteins; Traumatic brain injury