title: Posterior shoulder fracture-dislocation: an update with treatment algorithm.
abstract: Posterior shoulder fracture-dislocation is a rare injury accounting for approximately 0.9 % of shoulder fracture-dislocations. Impression fractures of the articular surface of the humeral head, followed by humeral neck fractures and fractures of the lesser and grater tuberosity, are the more common associated fractures. Multiple mechanisms have been implicated in the etiology of this traumatic entity most commonly resulting from forced muscle contraction as in epileptic seizures, electric shock or electroconvulsive therapy, major trauma such as motor vehicle accidents or other injuries involving axial loading of the arm, in an adducted, flexed and internally rotated position. Despite its' scarce appearance in daily clinical practice, posterior shoulder dislocation is of significant diagnostic and therapeutic interest because of its predilection for age groups of high functional demands (35-55 years old), in addition to high incidence of missed initial diagnosis ranging up to 79 % in some studies. Several treatment options have also been proposed to address this type of injury, ranging from non-surgical methods to humeral head reconstruction procedures or arthroplasty with no clear consensus over definitive treatment guidelines, reflecting the complexity of this injury in addition to the limited evidence provided by the literature. To enhance the literature, this article aims to present the current concepts for the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of the patients with posterior fracture-dislocation shoulder, and to present a treatment algorithm based on the literature review and our own experience.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio-Patras, Greece. drkokkalis@gmail.com.
authors: Zinon T
authors: ZT
authors: Kokkalis
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio-Patras, Greece.
authors: Ilias D
authors: ID
authors: Iliopoulos
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio-Patras, Greece.
authors: Georgia
authors: G
authors: Antoniou
authors: First Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562, Holargos, Athens, Greece.
authors: Thekla
authors: T
authors: Antoniadou
authors: First Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ventouri Street, 15562, Holargos, Athens, Greece.
authors: Andreas F
authors: AF
authors: Mavrogenis
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio-Patras, Greece.
authors: Elias
authors: E
authors: Panagiotopoulos
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000072228:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder; D001182:Arthroscopy; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D000070628:Closed Fracture Reduction; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D000070799:Open Fracture Reduction; D010027:Osteotomy; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013709:Tendon Transfer
keywords: McLaughlin procedure; Posterior fracture–dislocation; Reverse Hill–Sachs lesion; Shoulder