title: Nafamostat Mesilate Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that nafamostat mesilate (NM) inhibits inflammatory injury via inhibition of complement activation in ischemic heart, liver, and intestine. However, it is unclear if NM also inhibits apoptosis in ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-injured kidney. We therefore investigated whether NM attenuates IR renal injury that involves inhibition of apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  HK-2 cells and male C57BL/6 mice were used for this study. C57Bl/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: sham, NM (2 mg/kg) + sham, IR injury (IR injury; reperfusion 27 minutes after clamping of both the renal artery and vein), and NM + IR injury. Kidneys were harvested 24 hours after IR injury, and functional and molecular parameters were evaluated. For in vitro studies, HK-2 cells were incubated for 6 hours with mineral paraffin oil to induce hypoxic injury, and then treated with various doses of NM to evaluate the antiapoptotic effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine levels, and renal tissue injury scores in NM + IR-injured mice were significantly lower than those of control IR mice (all P < .01). NM significantly improved cell survival in hypoxic HK-2 cells (P < .01), significantly decreased renal Bax expression (P < .05), and increased renal Bcl-2 protein levels in IR kidneys and hypoxic HK-2 cells compared with those of the sham and control groups. The numbers of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling- and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine-positive cells were significantly lower in NM + IR-injured kidneys compared with those in control IR-injured mice (P < .05); NM treatment decreased the expression of inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in IR-injured mice (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NM ameliorates IR renal injury via inhibition of apoptosis by, at least in part, lowering nitric oxide overproduction, reducing Bax, and increasing Bcl-2.
authors: Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: K-R
authors: KR
authors: Na
authors: Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St Mary Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea; Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: J Y
authors: JY
authors: Jeong
authors: Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors: K W
authors: KW
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Nephrology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; Department of Nephrology, Daejeon St Mary Hospital, Daejeon, Korea. Electronic address: racer@catholic.ac.kr.
authors: Y-K
authors: YK
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea. Electronic address: daenii@cnu.ac.kr.
authors: D E
authors: DE
authors: Choi
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001550:Benzamidines; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006146:Guanidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001550:Benzamidines; D006146:Guanidines; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; C032855:nafamostat