title: Short-Term Effects of Chlorpromazine on Oxidative Stress in Erythrocyte Functionality: Activation of Metabolism and Membrane Perturbation.
abstract: The purpose of this paper is to focus on the short-term effects of chlorpromazine on erythrocytes because it is reported that the drug, unstable in plasma but more stable in erythrocytes, interacts with erythrocyte membranes, membrane lipids, and hemoglobin. There is a rich literature about the side and therapeutic effects or complications due to chlorpromazine, but most of these studies explore the influence of long-term treatment. We think that evaluating the short-term effects of the drug may help to clarify the sequence of chlorpromazine molecular targets from which some long-term effects derive. Our results indicate that although the drug is primarily intercalated in the innermost side of the membrane, it does not influence band 3 anionic flux, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation processes. On the other hand, it destabilizes and increases the autooxidation of haemoglobin, induces activation of caspase 3, and, markedly, influences the ATP and reduced glutathione levels, with subsequent exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. Overall our observations on the early stage of chlorpromazine influence on erythrocytes may contribute to better understanding of new and interesting characteristics of this compound improving knowledge of erythrocyte metabolism.
authors: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
authors: Silvana
authors: S
authors: Ficarra
authors: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
authors: Annamaria
authors: A
authors: Russo
authors: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
authors: Davide
authors: D
authors: Barreca
authors: Virology and Microbiology AOOR Papardo-Piemonte, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Giunta
authors: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Galtieri
authors: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
authors: Ester
authors: 0000-0003-2379-3392
authors: E
authors: Tellone
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002746:Chlorpromazine