title: Internal and External Temperature Monitoring of a Li-Ion Battery with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors.
abstract: The integration of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in lithium-ion cells for in-situ and in-operando temperature monitoring is presented herein. The measuring of internal and external temperature variations was performed through four FBG sensors during galvanostatic cycling at C-rates ranging from 1C to 8C. The FBG sensors were placed both outside and inside the cell, located in the center of the electrochemically active area and at the tab-electrode connection. The internal sensors recorded temperature variations of 4.0 ± 0.1 °C at 5C and 4.7 ± 0.1 °C at 8C at the center of the active area, and 3.9 ± 0.1 °C at 5C and 4.0 ± 0.1 °C at 8C at the tab-electrode connection, respectively. This study is intended to contribute to detection of a temperature gradient in real time inside a cell, which can determine possible damage in the battery performance when it operates under normal and abnormal operating conditions, as well as to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the integration of in-operando microsensors inside Li-ion cells.
authors: Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. novais@ua.pt.
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Novais
authors: Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. micaelnascimento@ua.pt.
authors: Micael
authors: M
authors: Nascimento
authors: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany. lorenzogrande.87@gmail.com.
authors: Lorenzo
authors: L
authors: Grande
authors: Instituto de Telecomunicações and I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. fatima.domingues@ua.pt.
authors: Maria Fátima
authors: MF
authors: Domingues
authors: Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. pantunes@ua.pt.
authors: Paulo
authors: P
authors: Antunes
authors: Instituto de Telecomunicações and Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. nelia@ua.pt.
authors: Nélia
authors: N
authors: Alberto
authors: Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. catia.leitao@ua.pt.
authors: Cátia
authors: C
authors: Leitão
authors: Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. oliveiraricas@av.it.pt.
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Oliveira
authors: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany. stephan.koch@kit.edu.
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Koch
authors: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany. guk-tae.kim@kit.edu.
authors: Guk Tae
authors: GT
authors: Kim
authors: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karsruhe, Germany. stefano.passerini@kit.edu.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Passerini
authors: Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. jlp@ua.pt.
authors: João
authors: J
authors: Pinto
keywords: Embedded sensors; Li-ion batteries; performance; safety; temperature monitoring