title: Sacral neuromodulation of nociceptive bladder overactivity in cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of electrical stimulation of sacral dorsal/ventral roots on irritation-induced bladder overactivity, reveal possible different mechanisms under nociceptive bladder conditions, and establish a large animal model of sacral neuromodulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intravesical infusion of 0.5% acetic acid (AA) was used to irritate the bladder and induce bladder overactivity in cats under α-chloralose anesthesia. Electrical stimulation (5, 15, or 30 Hz) was applied to individual S1-S3 dorsal or ventral roots at or below motor threshold intensity. Repeated cystometrograms (CMGs) were performed with/without the stimulation to determine the inhibition of bladder overactivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AA irritation induced bladder overactivity and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the bladder capacity to 62.6 ± 11.7% of control capacity measured during saline CMGs. At threshold intensity for inducing reflex twitching of the anal sphincter or toe, S1/S2 dorsal root stimulation at 5 Hz but not at 15 or 30 Hz inhibited bladder overactivity and significantly (P < 0.05) increased bladder capacity to 187.3 ± 41.6% and 155.5 ± 9.7% respectively, of AA control capacity. Stimulation of S3 dorsal root or S1-S3 ventral roots was not effective. Repeated stimulation of S1-S3 dorsal root did not induced a post-stimulation inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study established a cat model of sacral neuromodualation of nociceptive bladder overactivity. The results revealed that the mechanisms underlying sacral neuromodulation are different for nociceptive and non-nociceptive bladder activity.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
authors: Zhaocun
authors: Z
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Jathin
authors: J
authors: Bandari
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Utsav
authors: U
authors: Bansal
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Shen
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Jicheng
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Lamm
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Roppolo
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: de Groat
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.|Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors: Changfeng
authors: C
authors: Tai
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D012447:Sacrum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: bladder; cat; neuromodulation; overactive