title: Frailty Index Is a Significant Predictor of Complications and Mortality After Surgery for Adult Spinal Deformity.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective study of prospectively collected data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the modified Frailty Index (mFI) could be used to predict postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Surgery for patients with ASD is associated with high complication rates and significant concerns present during risk stratification with older patients. The mFI is an evaluation tool to describe the frailness of an individual and how their preoperative status may impact postoperative survival and outcomes. Using a large nationwide database, we assessed the utility of this instrument in patients undergoing surgery for ASD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program is a large multicenter clinical registry that prospectively collects preoperative variables, patient demographics, operative factors, and 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality outcomes from about 400 hospitals nationwide. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to query the database for adults who underwent fusion for spinal deformity. The previously described mFI was calculated based on the number of positive factors and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors associated with mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1001 patients were identified and the mean mFI score was 0.09 (range: 0-0.545). Increasing mFI score was associated with higher complication, reoperation, and mortality rates (P < 0.05). mFI of 0.09 and 0.18 was an independent predictor of any complication, mortality, requiring a blood transfusion, pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis, and reoperation (all P < 0.05). In comparison with age >60 years obesity class III, mFI was a superior predictor of several postoperative complications and reoperation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frailty was an independent predictor of postoperative complications, mortality, and reoperation in patients undergoing surgery for ASD. Preoperative assessment of the mFI in this patient population can be utilized to improve current risk models.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors: Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: Dante M
authors: DM
authors: Leven
authors: Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: Nathan J
authors: NJ
authors: Lee
authors: Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: Parth
authors: P
authors: Kothari
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: Jeremy
authors: J
authors: Steinberger
authors: Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Guzman
authors: Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: Branko
authors: B
authors: Skovrlj
authors: Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: John I
authors: JI
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Caridi
authors: Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
authors: Samuel K
authors: SK
authors: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012042:Registries; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*