title: Controversial issues in CKD clinical practice: position statement of the CKD-treatment working group of the Italian Society of Nephrology.
abstract: This position paper of the study group "Conservative treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-CKD" of the Italian Society of Nephrology addresses major practical, unresolved, issues related to the conservative treatment of chronic renal disease. Specifically, controversial topics from everyday clinical nephrology practice which cannot find a clear, definitive answer in the current literature or in nephrology guidelines are discussed. The paper reports the point of view of the study group. Concise and practical advice is given on several common issues: renal biopsy in diabetes; dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); management of iron deficiency; low protein diet; dietary salt intake; bicarbonate supplementation; treatment of obesity; the choice of conservative therapy vs. dialysis. For each topic synthetic statements, guideline-style, are reported.
authors: Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Nephrology Unit, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Via San Leonardo, 84131, Salerno, Italy. vincenzo.bellizzi@tin.it.
authors: Vincenzo
authors: V
authors: Bellizzi
authors: Nephrology Division, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Conte
authors: Nephrology Division, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors: Silvio
authors: S
authors: Borrelli
authors: Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Adamasco
authors: A
authors: Cupisti
authors: Nephrology Division, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: De Nicola
authors: Nephrology Unit, Landolfi Hospital, Solofra, AV, Italy.
authors: Biagio R
authors: BR
authors: Di Iorio
authors: Nephrology Division, Brotzu Hospital, Cagliari, Italy.
authors: Gianfranca
authors: G
authors: Cabiddu
authors: Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Ospedale S. Maria della Scaletta, Imola, BO, Italy.
authors: Marcora
authors: M
authors: Mandreoli
authors: Nephrology Unit, University of Genoa and IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino IST, Genoa, Italy.
authors: Ernesto
authors: E
authors: Paoletti
authors: Dept. of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.|Nephrologie, CH Le Mans, Le Mans, France.
authors: Giorgina B
authors: GB
authors: Piccoli
authors: O. U. Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy.
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Quintaliani
authors: Nephrology Unit, University of Genoa and IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino IST, Genoa, Italy.
authors: Maura
authors: M
authors: Ravera
authors: Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Santoro
authors: Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Nephrology Unit, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Via San Leonardo, 84131, Salerno, Italy.
authors: Serena
authors: S
authors: Torraca
authors: Nephrology Division, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Minutolo
mesh_terms: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy / Q000592:standards; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009398:Nephrology / Q000592:standards*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000592:standards; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
keywords: Bicarbonate; CKD; Conservative therapy; Diabetes; Iron; Low protein diet; Obesity; Overweight; Position statement; Protein intake; RAAS; Renal biopsy; Salt intake