title: In vivo/In vitro immune responses to L. major isolates from patients with no clinical response to Glucantime.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leishmaniasis is a major health problem in some endemic areas of tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are essential cytokines associated with initiation of Th1 response. The main objective of this study was to evaluate of the type of immune response to L. major isolates from patients with no clinical response to antimonite (Glucantime).
  
  
  METHODS
  This experimental study was carried out during 2013-2014. In the current study Leishmania major were isolated from 10 CL patients with a history of at least one course of treatment with Meglumine antimonate (Sb5). The isolates were used to evaluate in vitro and in vivo response to Sb5. J774 murine macrophage cell line was used for in vitro tests and Balb/c mice was used for in vivo studies. IL-12 gene expression was evaluated using Real-time PCR and IFN-γ serum level was quantified using ELISA technique. SPSS (version: 20), analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR results confirmed that all 10 isolates were L. major. The mean of IL-12 gene expression in vitro, in vivo and IFN-γ serum levels (pg/ml) after 2 and 3 weeks treatment in vivo, increased significantly following the treatment with Glucantime in the two groups of Balb/c mice infected either with patients' isolates or standard L. major. No significant difference was seen between the patients' isolates and standard species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the L. major were isolated from patients with active lesion and no clinical response to Glucantime after at least one courses of Glucantime treatment but in vivo and in vitro immune response of L. major isolates showed no difference between the patients' isolates and standard L. major.
authors: Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, and Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Sedigheh
authors: S
authors: Saberi
authors: Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors: Reza
authors: R
authors: Arjmand
authors: Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors: Simindokht
authors: S
authors: Soleimanifard
authors: Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Khamesipour
authors: Bio-Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Seyed Mohsen
authors: SM
authors: Hosseini
authors: Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Mansoor
authors: M
authors: Salehi
authors: Pharmaceutics, Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Jaleh
authors: J
authors: Varshosaz
authors: Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Abbas Ali
authors: AA
authors: Palizban
authors: Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors: Seyed Hossein
authors: SH
authors: Hejazi
keywords: Clinical resistant; gene expression; glucantime; ifn–γ; il–12; immune responses; leishmania major