title: Microwave-assisted green synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using fruit peel extracts: surface engineering, T 2 relaxometry, and photodynamic treatment potential.
abstract: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have the potential to be used as multimodal imaging and cancer therapy agents due to their excellent magnetism and ability to generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to light. We report the synthesis of highly biocompatible SPIONs through a facile green approach using fruit peel extracts as the biogenic reductant. This green synthesis protocol involves the stabilization of SPIONs through coordination of different phytochemicals. The SPIONs were functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 and succinic acid and were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, diffused reflectance spectroscopy, fluorescence emission, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and magnetization analysis. The developed SPIONs were found to be stable, almost spherical with a size range of 17-25 nm. They exhibited excellent water dispersibility, colloidal stability, and relatively high R 2 relaxivity (225 mM(-1) s(-1)). Cell viability assay data revealed that PEGylation or carboxylation appears to significantly shield the surface of the particles but does not lead to improved cytocompatibility. A highly significant increase of reactive oxygen species in light-exposed samples was found to play an important role in the photokilling of human cervical epithelial malignant carcinoma (HeLa) cells. The bio-SPIONs developed are highly favorable for various biomedical applications without risking interference from potentially toxic reagents.
authors: Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur; Nanosciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics; Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE).
authors: Shazia
authors: S
authors: Bano
authors: Nanosciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics.
authors: Samina
authors: S
authors: Nazir
authors: Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur.
authors: Alia
authors: A
authors: Nazir
authors: Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE).
authors: Saeeda
authors: S
authors: Munir
authors: Nanosciences and Technology Department, National Centre for Physics.
authors: Tariq
authors: T
authors: Mahmood
authors: Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Afzal
authors: Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors: Farzana Latif
authors: FL
authors: Ansari
authors: Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE).
authors: Kehkashan
authors: K
authors: Mazhar
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003911:Dextrans / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008872:Microwaves; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C065507:ferumoxides
keywords: MRI contrast agent; bio synthesis; biocompatible; green approach; microwave incubation; multifunctional; photosensitive SPIONs; surface modification