title: Effects of intermittent pressure imitating rolling manipulation on calcium ion homeostasis in human skeletal muscle cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homeostasis imbalance of intracellular Ca(2+) is one of the key pathophysiological factors in skeletal muscle injuries. Such imbalance can cause significant change in the metabolism of Ca(2+)-related biomarkers in skeletal muscle, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and creatine kinase (CK). Measurements of these biomarkers can be used to evaluate the degree of damage to human skeletal muscle cells (HSKMCs) injury. Rolling manipulation is the most popular myofascial release technique in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The mechanism of how this technique works in ameliorating muscle injury is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the possible Ca(2+) mediated effects of intermittent pressure imitating rolling manipulation (IPIRM) of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the injured HSKMCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The normal HSKMCs was used as control normal group (CNG), while the injured HSKMCs were further divided into five different groups: control injured group (CIG), Rolling manipulation group (RMG), Rolling manipulation-Verapamil group (RMVG), static pressure group (SPG) and static pressure-Verapamil group (SPVG). RMG and RMVG cells were cyclically exposed to 9.5-12.5 N/cm(2) of IPIRM at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 10 min. SPG and SPVG were loaded to a continuous pressure of 12.5 N/cm(2) for 10 min. Verapamil, a calcium antagonist, was added into the culture mediums of both RMVG and SPVG groups to block the influx of calcium ion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the CNG (normal cells), SOD activity was remarkably decreased while both MDA content and CK activity were significantly increased in the CIG (injured cells). When the injured cells were treated with the intermittent rolling manipulation pressure (RMG), the SOD activity was significantly increased and MDA content and CK activity were remarkably decreased. These effects were suppressed by adding the calcium antagonist Verapamil into the culture medium in RMVG. On the other hand, exposure to static pressure in SPG and SPVG affected neither the SOD activity nor the MDA content and CK activity in the injured muscle cells regardless of the presence of verapamil or not in the culture medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the intermittent rolling pressure with the manipulation could ameliorate HSKMCs injury through a Ca(2+) dependent pathway. Static pressure did not lead to the same results.
authors: Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 100 GanHe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China. zhanghongdoctor@sina.com.
authors: Hong
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-1798
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, 76107, USA.
authors: Howe
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Suzhou Health College, Jiangsu, 215009, China.
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Lin
authors: Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 100 GanHe Road, Shanghai, 200437, China.
authors: Guohui
authors: G
authors: Zhang
authors: University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, 76107, USA.
authors: David C
authors: DC
authors: Mason
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008405:Massage; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D008954:Models, Biological; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D011312:Pressure; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calcium ion; Creatine kinase; Human skeletal muscle cell; Malondialdehyde; Rolling manipulation; Superoxide dismutase