title: An Evaluation of the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Safety Profile of a New Systemic Insecticide, Flupyradifurone, Under Field Conditions in Florida.
abstract: Flupyradifurone (Sivanto) is a novel systemic insecticide from the butenolide class developed by Bayer. Based on available data (USEPA 2014), this insecticide appears to have a favorable safety profile for honey bee colonies. As a result, the label permits the product to be applied during prebloom and bloom in various crops, including citrus, except when mixed with azole fungicides during the blooming period. We placed 24 honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies adjacent to eight flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) fields that either had been sprayed with the maximum label rate of flupyradifurone or with water only (control fields), with three colonies placed adjacent to each field. We conducted colony strength assessments during which the number of adult bees, eggs, uncapped brood cells, capped brood cells, food storage cells, and weights of honey supers and brood chambers were determined prior to, during, and after the flowering period. We also analyzed bee-collected pollen and nectar for flupyradifurone residues. Overall, there were no differences in any colony strength parameter for colonies placed at control and flupyradifurone-treated buckwheat fields. Residue analyses showed that pollen (x =  565.8 ppb) and nectar (x  =  259.4 ppb) gathered by bees on fields treated with flupyradifurone contained significantly higher flupyradifurone residues than did bee bread and unprocessed nectar collected by bees from control fields (75% of samples <LOD). Within the conditions set forth by our experimental design, our collective data suggest no adverse effects of flupyradifurone on honey bee colonies when following label directions.
authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611 (joshuacampbell@ufl.edu; jdellis@ufl.edu) Corresponding author, e-mail: joshuacampbell@ufl.edu.
authors: Joshua W
authors: JW
authors: Campbell
authors: Bayer, Crop Science Division, Research Triangle Park, 2 TW Alexander Dr., NC 27709 (ana.cabrera@bayer.com).
authors: Ana R
authors: AR
authors: Cabrera
authors: Progress Park, Wildlife International, Alachua, FL 32615 (cstanley-stahr@eag.com).
authors: Cory
authors: C
authors: Stanley-Stahr
authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611 (joshuacampbell@ufl.edu; jdellis@ufl.edu).
authors: James D
authors: JD
authors: Ellis
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D056630:Beekeeping; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects*; D019612:Fagopyrum / Q000254:growth & development; D005431:Florida; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010063:Ovum; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D057048:Plant Nectar; D011725:Pyridines; C000606086:flupyradifurone; D015107:4-Butyrolactone
keywords: buckwheat; flupyradifurone; honey bee; pollinator; systemic pesticide