title: Bacteria vs. Bacteriophages: Parallel Evolution of Immune Arsenals.
abstract: Bacteriophages are the most common entities on earth and represent a constant challenge to bacterial populations. To fend off bacteriophage infection, bacteria evolved immune systems to avert phage adsorption and block invader DNA entry. They developed restriction-modification systems and mechanisms to abort infection and interfere with virion assembly, as well as newly recognized clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). In response to bacterial immune systems, bacteriophages synchronously evolved resistance mechanisms, such as the anti-CRISPR systems to counterattack bacterial CRISPR-cas systems, in a continuing evolutionary arms race between virus and host. In turn, it is fundamental to the survival of the bacterial cell to evolve a system to combat bacteriophage immune strategies.
authors: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.
authors: Muhammad A B
authors: MA
authors: Shabbir
authors: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.
authors: Haihong
authors: H
authors: Hao
authors: Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan.
authors: Muhammad Z
authors: MZ
authors: Shabbir
authors: Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.
authors: Adeel
authors: A
authors: Sattar
authors: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.
authors: Zonghui
authors: Z
authors: Yuan
keywords: CRISPR system; anti-CRISPR system; bacteriophages; mobile genetic elements; pre-crRNA