title: Underrepresentation of Women and Minorities in the United States IR Academic Physician Workforce.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the United States interventional radiology (IR) academic physician workforce diversity and comparative specialties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Public registries were used to assess demographic differences among 2012 IR faculty and fellows, diagnostic radiology (DR) faculty and residents, DR subspecialty fellows (pediatric, abdominal, neuroradiology, and musculoskeletal), vascular surgery and interventional cardiology trainees, and 2010 US medical school graduates and US Census using binomial tests with .001 significance level (Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons). Significant trends in IR physician representation were evaluated from 1992 to 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women (15.4%), blacks (2.0%), and Hispanics (6.2%) were significantly underrepresented as IR fellows compared with the US population. Women were underrepresented as IR (7.3%) versus DR (27.8%) faculty and IR fellows (15.4%) versus medical school graduates (48.3%), DR residents (27.8%), pediatric radiology fellows (49.4%), and vascular surgery trainees (27.7%) (all P < .001). IR ranked last in female representation among radiologic subspecialty fellows. Blacks (1.8%, 2.1%, respectively, for IR faculty and fellows); Hispanics (1.8%, 6.2%); and combined American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (1.8%, 0) showed no significant differences in representation as IR fellows compared with IR faculty, DR residents, other DR fellows, or interventional cardiology or vascular surgery trainees. Over 20 years, there was no significant increase in female or black representation as IR fellows or faculty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women, blacks, and Hispanics are underrepresented in the IR academic physician workforce relative to the US population. Given prevalent health care disparities and an increasingly diverse society, research and training efforts should address IR physician workforce diversity.
authors: Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors: Mikhail C S S
authors: MC
authors: Higgins
authors: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Wei-Ting
authors: WT
authors: Hwang
authors: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors: Chase
authors: C
authors: Richard
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors: Christina H
authors: CH
authors: Chapman
authors: Department of Sterilization, Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation, Jessup, Pennsylvania.
authors: Angelique
authors: A
authors: Laporte
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Both
authors: Department of Radiation Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors: Charles R
authors: CR
authors: Thomas
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 401 North Broadway, Weinberg Suite 1440, Baltimore, MD 21231. Electronic address: cdeville@jhmi.edu.
authors: Curtiland
authors: C
authors: Deville
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D002321:Career Choice; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000639:trends*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000639:trends*; D012042:Registries; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013038:Specialization / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States; D014931:Women, Working / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000078329:Workforce