title: A new measure for the assessment of visual awareness in individuals with tunnel vision.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with a restricted peripheral visual field or tunnel vision (TV) have problems moving about and avoiding obstacles. Some individuals adapt better than others and some use assistive optical aids, so measurement of the visual field is not sufficient to describe their performance. In the present study, we developed a new clinical test called the 'Assessment of Visual Awareness (AVA)', which can be used to measure detection of peripheral targets.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 20 patients with TV due to retinitis pigmentosa (PTV) and 50 normally sighted participants with simulated tunnel vision (STV) using goggles. In the AVA test, detection times were measured, when subjects searched for 24 individually presented, one degree targets, randomly positioned in a 60 degrees noise background. Head and eye movements were allowed and the presentation time was unlimited. The test validity was investigated by correlating the detection times with the 'percentage of preferred walking speed' (PPWS) and the 'number of collisions' on an indoor mobility course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In PTV and STV, the detection times had significant negative correlation with the field of view. The detection times had significant positive relations with target location. In the STV, the detection time was significantly negatively correlated with the PPWS and significantly positively correlated with the collisions score on the indoor mobility course. In the PTV, the relationship was not statistically significant. No significant difference in performance of STV was found when repeating the test one to two weeks later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed AVA test was sensitive to the field of view and target location. The test is unique in design, quick, simple to deliver and both repeatable and valid. It could be a valuable tool to test different rehabilitation strategies in patients with TV.
authors: Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ali M
authors: AM
authors: AlSaqr
authors: Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors: Chris M
authors: CM
authors: Dickinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000150:complications; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014794:Visual Fields; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: mobility course; retinitis pigmentosa; tunnel vision; visual awareness; visual search