title: Psychological impact and recovery after involvement in a patient safety incident: a repeated measures analysis.
abstract: To examine individual, situational and organisational aspects that influence psychological impact and recovery of a patient safety incident on physicians, nurses and midwives.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional, retrospective surveys of physicians, midwives and nurses.
  
  
  
  33 Belgian hospitals.
  
  
  
  913 clinicians (186 physicians, 682 nurses, 45 midwives) involved in a patient safety incident.
  
  
  
  The Impact of Event Scale was used to retrospectively measure psychological impact of the safety incident at the time of the event and compare it with psychological impact at the time of the survey.
  
  
  
  Individual, situational as well as organisational aspects influenced psychological impact and recovery of a patient safety incident. Psychological impact is higher when the degree of harm for the patient is more severe, when healthcare professionals feel responsible for the incident and among female healthcare professionals. Impact of degree of harm differed across clinicians. Psychological impact is lower among more optimistic professionals. Overall, impact decreased significantly over time. This effect was more pronounced for women and for those who feel responsible for the incident. The longer ago the incident took place, the stronger impact had decreased. Also, higher psychological impact is related with the use of a more active coping and planning coping strategy, and is unrelated to support seeking coping strategies. Rendered support and a support culture reduce psychological impact, whereas a blame culture increases psychological impact. No associations were found with job experience and resilience of the health professional, the presence of a second victim support team or guideline and working in a learning culture.
  
  
  
  Healthcare organisations should anticipate on providing their staff appropriate and timely support structures that are tailored to the healthcare professional involved in the incident and to the specific situation of the incident.
authors: KU Leuven-University of Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Van Gerven
authors: KU Leuven-University of Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Luk
authors: L
authors: Bruyneel
authors: Faculty of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro, Vercelli, Italy.
authors: Massimiliano
authors: M
authors: Panella
authors: KU Leuven-University of Leuven Occupational & Organizational Psychology and Professional Learning, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Euwema
authors: KU Leuven-University of Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Sermeus
authors: KU Leuven-University of Leuven Institute for Healthcare Policy, Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Kris
authors: K
authors: Vanhaecht
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017751:Safety Management; D057566:Self Report