title: Sleep Problem of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder Assessed by Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated in Indonesia and Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep problems are associated with problems of cognitive functioning, learning, attention and school performance. It has been found that sleep problems are highly prevalent in children with Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), with rates ranging from 40% to 80%. We aimed to identify the prevalence of sleep problems on children with ASD in Indonesia and Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in Surabaya, Indonesia and Kobe, Japan. Children aged 4 -10 years old were enrolled using stratified cluster sampling. Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated (CSHQ-A) was used in this research to assess the sleep problems, consisted of 22 questions (NICHD SECCYD-Wisconsin). Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test to compare the CSHQ-A scores between Indonesian and Japanese children, while the proportion of sleep problems was evaluated by chi-square test with 95% confidence interval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty children with ASD were included in this study, 25 children from Kobe, Japan and 25 children from Surabaya, Indonesia. The prevalence of sleep problems on children with ASD was 60% (15 children) in Indonesia and 16% (4 children) in Japan respectively. There were significant differences in total waking during the night and in morning wake for the CSHQ-A between children from Indonesia and Japan (p<0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of sleep problems on children with ASD was higher in children from Indonesia than from Japan.
authors: Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Indonesia.
authors: Irwanto
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Indonesia.
authors: Nancy Margarita
authors: NM
authors: Rehatta
authors: School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Gajah Mada University, Indonesia.
authors: Sri
authors: S
authors: Hartini
authors: Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Takada
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Autistic spectrum disorders; Children; Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated; Sleep problems