title: Overview on experimental models of interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system.
abstract: Nanotechnology increasingly plays a significant role in modern medicine development. The clear benefits of using nanomaterials in various biomedical applications are often challenged by concerns about the lack of adequate data regarding their toxicity. Two decades of nanotoxicology research have shown that the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and biosystem are remarkably complex. This complexity derives from NPs' ability to bind and interact with biological cells and change their surface characteristics. One area of interest involves the interactions between NPs and the immune component. Immune system's function in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis is to protect the host from unfamiliar agents. This is done through effective surveillance and elimination of foreign substances and abnormal self cells from the body. Research shows that nanomaterials can stimulate and/or suppress the immune responses, and that their compatibility with the immune system is largely determined by their surface properties. NP size, shape, composition, protein binding and administration routes seem to be the main factors that contribute to the interactions of NPs with the immune system. In the present article, we focus on the relationship between effective physiochemical properties of NPs and their immunogenic effects. In addition, we review more details about immunological responses of different types of NPs. Understanding the interactions of nanomaterials with the immune system is essential for the engineering of new NP-based systems for medical applications.
authors: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Medical Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Saeedeh
authors: S
authors: Najafi-Hajivar
authors: Gastrointestinal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Parvin
authors: P
authors: Zakeri-Milani
authors: Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Hamed
authors: H
authors: Mohammadi
authors: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Medical Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Mehri
authors: M
authors: Niazi
authors: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Medical Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Mehdi
authors: M
authors: Soleymani-Goloujeh
authors: Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Behzad
authors: B
authors: Baradaran
authors: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: valizadeh@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors: Hadi
authors: H
authors: Valizadeh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors
keywords: Immune response; Immunomodulation; Immunotoxicity; Nanoparticles