title: Genetically distinct genogroup IV norovirus strains identified in wastewater.
abstract: We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of genogroup IV norovirus (GIV NoV) strains in wastewater in Arizona, United States, over a 13-month period. Among 50 wastewater samples tested, GIV NoVs were identified in 13 (26 %) of the samples. A total of 47 different GIV NoV strains were identified, which were classified into two genetically distinct clusters: the GIV.1 human cluster and a unique genetic cluster closely related to strains previously identified in Japanese wastewater. The results provide additional evidence of the considerable genetic diversity among GIV NoV strains through the analysis of wastewater containing virus strains shed from all populations.
authors: Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan. mkitajima@eng.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors: Masaaki
authors: M
authors: Kitajima
authors: Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
authors: Andri T
authors: AT
authors: Rachmadi
authors: Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA.|Amway, 7575 Fulton Street East, Ada, MI, 49355-0001, USA.
authors: Brandon C
authors: BC
authors: Iker
authors: Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
authors: Eiji
authors: E
authors: Haramoto
authors: Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA.
authors: Charles P
authors: CP
authors: Gerba
mesh_terms: D001130:Arizona; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Arizona; Genetic diversity; Norovirus; Seminested PCR; Wastewater treatment plant