title: Ischemic aetiology, self-reported frailty, and gender with respect to cognitive impairment in chronic heart failure patients.
abstract: Decisive information on the parameters involved in cognitive impairment in patients with chronic heart failure is as yet lacking. Our aim was to determine the functional and psychosocial variables related with cognitive impairment using the mini-mental-state examination (MMSE) with age-and education-corrected scores.
  
  
  
  A cohort study of chronic heart failure patients included in an integrated multidisciplinary hospital/primary care program. The MMSE (corrected for age and education in the Spanish population) was administered at enrolment in the program. Analyses were performed in 525 patients. Demographic and clinical variables were collected. Comprehensive assessment included depression (Yesavage), family function (family APGAR), social network (Duke), dependence (Barthel Index), frailty (Barber), and comorbidities. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to determine the predictors of cognitive impairment.
  
  
  
  Cognitive impairment affected 145 patients (27.6 %). Explanatory factors were gender (OR: 2.77 (1.75-4.39) p < 0.001), ischemic etiology (OR: 1.99 (1.25-3.17) p = 0.004), frailty (OR: 1.58 (0.99 to 2.50, p =0.050), albumin > 3.5 (OR: 0.59 (0.35-0.99) p = 0.048), and beta-blocker treatment (OR: 0.36 (0.17 to 0.76, p = 0.007)). No association was found between cognitive impairment and social support or family function.
  
  
  
  The observed prevalence of cognitive impairment using MMSE corrected scores was 27.6 %. A global approach in the management of these patients is needed, especially focusing on women and patients with frailty, low albumin levels, and ischemic aetiology heart failure.
authors: Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Grup de recerca biomedica en malalties del cor GREC (Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 88, Doctor Aiguader, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|San Martin Primary Care Center, Barcelona, Spain.|Jordi Gol University Institute for Research Primary Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: María J
authors: MJ
authors: González-Moneo
authors: Neurofunctionality of Brain and Language Group, Neurosciences Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Gonzalo
authors: G
authors: Sánchez-Benavides
authors: Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Grup de recerca biomedica en malalties del cor GREC (Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 88, Doctor Aiguader, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.|San Martin Primary Care Center, Barcelona, Spain.|Jordi Gol University Institute for Research Primary Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: José M
authors: JM
authors: Verdu-Rotellar
authors: Grup de recerca biomedica en malalties del cor GREC (Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 88, Doctor Aiguader, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Mercé
authors: M
authors: Cladellas
authors: Grup de recerca biomedica en malalties del cor GREC (Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 88, Doctor Aiguader, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Bruguera
authors: Neurofunctionality of Brain and Language Group, Neurosciences Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Sonia
authors: S
authors: Quiñones-Ubeda
authors: Grup de recerca biomedica en malalties del cor GREC (Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 88, Doctor Aiguader, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Enjuanes
authors: Neurofunctionality of Brain and Language Group, Neurosciences Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Peña-Casanova
authors: Grup de recerca biomedica en malalties del cor GREC (Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 88, Doctor Aiguader, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. josepcomin@gmail.com.
authors: Josep
authors: J
authors: Comín-Colet
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057566:Self Report; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cognitive symptoms; Comorbidity; Heart failure; Prevalence