title: Causal inference challenges in social epidemiology: Bias, specificity, and imagination.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Electronic address: mglymour@epi.ucsf.edu.
authors: M Maria
authors: MM
authors: Glymour
authors: Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, USA; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
authors: Kara E
authors: KE
authors: Rudolph
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004813:Epidemiology / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D057216:Propensity Score; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D064890:Social Determinants of Health; D012942:Social Sciences / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards
keywords: Causal inference; Fixed effects models; Instrumental variables; Population health; Propensity scores; Research methods; Social epidemiology