title: Nested case-control study reveals increased levels of urinary proteins from human kidney toxicity panels in women predicted to develop preeclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of urine concentrations of 12 proteins as a risk parameter for developing preeclampsia (PE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study was designed to determine protein concentrations in urine from women predicted to develop PE (WPD-PE) and normotensive pregnancies (controls). Protein profiles were determined at 12, 16 and 20 gestational weeks (GW) using the Bio-Plex Pro human kidney toxicity Panel 1 and Panel 2 (Bio-Rad). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed. Correlations between proteins and clinical parameters at the time of PE diagnosis were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were observed in urine cystatin C (Cys C) levels at 16 and 20 GW and clusterin at 20 GW between WPD-PE and controls (P < 0.05). ROC analysis revealed that Cys C at 16 GW had the highest area under the ROC curve (0.758). At 16 GW, patients with urine Cys C levels above 73.7 ng/mL had eightfold increased odds for developing PE (odds ratio 7.92; 95 % CI 1.3-47.5; P = 0.027). A positive correlation was found between urinary Cys C (at 16 and 20 GW) and leukocyte counts, total proteins, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase at the time of PE diagnosis (P value < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary Cys C and clusterin showed predictive value for PE development in our cohort. Further studies are needed to validate their use as predictive biomarkers for PE and/or their participation in PE pathogenesis.
authors: Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6 Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas, CP 98160, Mexico.|Catedras Program, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
authors: Yamile
authors: Y
authors: Lopez-Hernandez
authors: Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6 Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas, CP 98160, Mexico.
authors: Jorge Alejandro
authors: JA
authors: Saldivar-Nava
authors: Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6 Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas, CP 98160, Mexico.|Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica Industrial, Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.|Grupo de Investigacion Regional Emergente (GIRE), Zacatecas, Mexico.
authors: Idalia
authors: I
authors: Garza-Veloz
authors: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Colima, Colima, Mexico.|Servicios de Salud del Estado de Colima, Instituto Estatal de Cancerologia, Colima, Mexico.
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Delgado-Enciso
authors: Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
authors: Laura Elia
authors: LE
authors: Martinez-de-Villarreal
authors: Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6 Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas, CP 98160, Mexico.
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Yahuaca-Mendoza
authors: Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
authors: Iram Pablo
authors: IP
authors: Rodriguez-Sanchez
authors: Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6 Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas, CP 98160, Mexico.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Lopez-Gilibets
authors: Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica Industrial, Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.|Grupo de Investigacion Regional Emergente (GIRE), Zacatecas, Mexico.
authors: Jorge Issac
authors: JI
authors: Galvan-Tejada
authors: Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica Industrial, Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.|Grupo de Investigacion Regional Emergente (GIRE), Zacatecas, Mexico.
authors: Carlos Eric
authors: CE
authors: Galvan-Tejada
authors: Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica Industrial, Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.|Grupo de Investigacion Regional Emergente (GIRE), Zacatecas, Mexico.
authors: Jose Maria
authors: JM
authors: Celaya-Padilla
authors: Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Academica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km 6 Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas, CP 98160, Mexico. margaritamf@uaz.edu.mx.|Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica Industrial, Unidad Academica de Ingenieria Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico. margaritamf@uaz.edu.mx.|Grupo de Investigacion Regional Emergente (GIRE), Zacatecas, Mexico. margaritamf@uaz.edu.mx.
authors: Margarita L
authors: ML
authors: Martinez-Fierro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D051152:Clusterin / Q000652:urine*; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D051152:Clusterin; D055316:Cystatin C
keywords: Biomarkers; Clusterin; Cystatin C; Preeclampsia; Urine