title: The emergence of temporal language in Nicaraguan Sign Language.
abstract: Understanding what uniquely human properties account for the creation and transmission of language has been a central goal of cognitive science. Recently, the study of emerging sign languages, such as Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL), has offered the opportunity to better understand how languages are created and the roles of the individual learner and the community of users. Here, we examined the emergence of two types of temporal language in NSL, comparing the linguistic devices for conveying temporal information among three sequential age cohorts of signers. Experiment 1 showed that while all three cohorts of signers could communicate about linearly ordered discrete events, only the second and third generations of signers successfully communicated information about events with more complex temporal structure. Experiment 2 showed that signers could discriminate between the types of temporal events in a nonverbal task. Finally, Experiment 3 investigated the ordinal use of numbers (e.g., first, second) in NSL signers, indicating that one strategy younger signers might have for accurately describing events in time might be to use ordinal numbers to mark each event. While the capacity for representing temporal concepts appears to be present in the human mind from the onset of language creation, the linguistic devices to convey temporality do not appear immediately. Evidently, temporal language emerges over generations of language transmission, as a product of individual minds interacting within a community of users.
authors: Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Electronic address: kocab@fas.harvard.edu.
authors: Annemarie
authors: A
authors: Kocab
authors: Barnard College, Department of Psychology, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Senghas
authors: Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors: Jesse
authors: J
authors: Snedeker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008037:Linguistics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009527:Nicaragua; D012813:Sign Language; D013997:Time Factors; D013998:Time Perception
keywords: Language evolution; Nicaraguan Sign Language; Temporal language