title: Ocular manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are numerous and can often involve the eye. This review highlights the ocular complications associated with IBD including the critical role the ophthalmologist can play in the diagnosis of IBD, the pathogenesis of IBD, its ocular complications, and the treatment of ocular inflammation associated with IBD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polygenic and environmental influences, as well as gut microbial dysbiosis, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. IBD and its EIMs appear to respond well to TNFα-targeted biologics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IBD is thought to be caused by polygenic and environmental influences, including a dysbiotic gut microbiota. It is a systemic immune-mediated disease with varying types of ocular manifestations that can precede, occur simultaneously, or follow intestinal involvement. The diagnosis of IBD can be confused with other seronegative spondyloarthropathies as well as Behçet's disease. Treatment of IBD-associated ocular inflammation can range from corticosteroids to steroid-sparing immunosuppression such as azathioprine or methotrexate. Refractory disease can respond well to TNFα inhibitors.
authors: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors: Akshay S
authors: AS
authors: Thomas
authors: Phoebe
authors: P
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009885:Ophthalmology; D010819:Physician's Role