title: Agriculture increases individual fitness.
abstract: We question the need to explain the onset of agriculture by appealing to the second type of multilevel selection (MLS2). Unlike eusocial insect colonies, human societies do not exhibit key features of evolutionary individuals. If we avoid the mistake of equating Darwinian fitness with health and quality of life, the adoption of agriculture is almost certainly explicable in terms of individual-level selection and individual rationality.
authors: Department of Philosophy,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA 19104-6304kkovaka@sas.upenn.educgraysan@gmail.compater@sas.upenn.eduweisberg@phil.upenn.eduhttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/kovakahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/santanahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/patelhttp://www.phil.upenn.edu/~weisberg.
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Kovaka
authors: Department of Philosophy,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA 19104-6304kkovaka@sas.upenn.educgraysan@gmail.compater@sas.upenn.eduweisberg@phil.upenn.eduhttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/kovakahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/santanahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/patelhttp://www.phil.upenn.edu/~weisberg.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Santana
authors: Department of Philosophy,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA 19104-6304kkovaka@sas.upenn.educgraysan@gmail.compater@sas.upenn.eduweisberg@phil.upenn.eduhttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/kovakahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/santanahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/patelhttp://www.phil.upenn.edu/~weisberg.
authors: Raj
authors: R
authors: Patel
authors: Department of Biology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA 19104-6304.eakcay@sas.upenn.eduhttp://www.bio.upenn.edu/people/erol-akcay.
authors: Erol
authors: E
authors: Akçay
authors: Department of Philosophy,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA 19104-6304kkovaka@sas.upenn.educgraysan@gmail.compater@sas.upenn.eduweisberg@phil.upenn.eduhttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/kovakahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/santanahttp://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/bio/patelhttp://www.phil.upenn.edu/~weisberg.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Weisberg
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D056084:Genetic Fitness; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life; D012641:Selection, Genetic