title: Moral distress and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe the current situation of moral distress and to explore its influencing factors among Chinese nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an exploratory, descriptive design study. A total of 465 clinical nurses from different departments in three Grade-III, Level-A hospitals in Jinan, Shandong Province, completed the questionnaires, including demographics questionnaire, Chinese version of Moral Distress Scale-Revised, and Job Diagnostic Survey. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the university ethics board and the local health service director.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total score of Moral Distress Scale-Revised was 36.01 ± 24.02 points. The mean frequency and intensity scores of moral distress were 1.13 ± 0.49 and 1.09 ± 0.58, respectively. The level of moral distress among Chinese clinical nurses was low, and the frequency and intensity of moral distress were on low to moderate level. The level of moral distress experienced by clinical nurses is associated with demographics features and job characteristics, including age, education degree, department, task significance, autonomy, and dealing with others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our conclusion suggests that hospital and organizational administrations should attach much importance to the moral distress experienced by clinical nurses in China. Further studies should focus on interventions about how to reduce the levels of the frequency and intensity of moral distress among clinical nurses.
authors: Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China.
authors: Zhang
authors: Z
authors: Wenwen
authors: Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China.
authors: Wu
authors: W
authors: Xiaoyan
authors: Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China.
authors: Zhan
authors: Z
authors: Yufang
authors: Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China.
authors: Ci
authors: C
authors: Lifeng
authors: Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China.
authors: Sun
authors: S
authors: Congcong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004993:Ethics, Nursing; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chinese nurses; ethics; job characteristics; moral distress; nursing