title: Confidentiality breaches in clinical practice: what happens in hospitals?
abstract: Respect for confidentiality is important to safeguard the well-being of patients and ensure the confidence of society in the doctor-patient relationship. The aim of our study is to examine real situations in which there has been a breach of confidentiality, by means of direct observation in clinical practice.
  
  
  
  By means of direct observation, our study examines real situations in which there has been a breach of confidentiality in a tertiary hospital. To observe and collect data on these situations, we recruited students enrolled in the Medical Degree Program at the University of Cordoba. The observers recorded their entries on standardized templates during clinical internships in different departments: Internal Medicine; Gynecology and Obstetrics; Pediatrics; Emergency Medicine; General and Digestive Surgery; Maxillofacial Surgery; Plastic Surgery; Orthopedics and Traumatology; Digestive; Dermatology; Rheumatology; Mental Health; Nephrology; Pneumology; Neurology; and Ophthalmology.
  
  
  
  Following 7138 days and 33157 h of observation, we found an estimated Frequency Index of one breach per 62.5 h. As regards the typology of the observed breaches, the most frequent (54,6 %) were related to the consultation and/or disclosure of clinical and/or personal data to medical personnel not involved in the patient's clinical care, as well as people external to the hospital. As regards their severity, severe breaches were the most frequent, accounting for 46.7 % of all incidents. Most of the reported incidents were observed in public areas (37.9 %), such as corridors, elevators, the cafeteria, stairs, and locker rooms.
  
  
  
  In addition to aspects related to hospital organization or infrastructure, we have shown that all healthcare personnel are involved in confidentiality breaches, especially physicians. While most are committed unintentionally, a non-negligible number are severe, repeated breaches (9.5 %), thus suggesting a certain carelessness, perhaps through ignorance about certain behaviors that can jeopardize patient confidentiality.
authors: Section of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. cristinabeltran@uco.es.
authors: Cristina M
authors: CM
authors: Beltran-Aroca
authors: Section of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: Eloy
authors: E
authors: Girela-Lopez
authors: Section of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: Eliseo
authors: E
authors: Collazo-Chao
authors: Internal Medicine Department, IMIBIC/Hospital Reina Sofia, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Montero-Pérez-Barquero
authors: Statistic and Methodology Department, IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain.
authors: Maria C
authors: MC
authors: Muñoz-Villanueva
mesh_terms: D003219:Confidentiality; D030881:Disclosure; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010820:Physicians / Q000941:ethics; D018907:Privacy; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations / Q000941:ethics*
keywords: Confidentiality/privacy; Professional ethics; Professional-patient relationship