title: Anti-inflammatory potential of black carrot (Daucus carota L.) polyphenols in a co-culture model of intestinal Caco-2 and endothelial EA.hy926 cells.
abstract: The present study was developed to determine the ability of polyphenol-rich black carrot and its by-products, i.e., peel and pomace, to modulate the inflammatory response in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) treated endothelial cells after gastrointestinal digestion and in a co-culture of intestinal Caco-2 and endothelial EA.hy926 cell model.
  
  
  
  The results indicated that after 4 h of treatment, the transport of anthocyanins and phenolic acids was higher for digested samples (1.3-7%) compared to the undigested samples (0-3.3%). The transported polyphenols were able to downregulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory markers, i.e. IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, under normal and tumor necrosis factor α induced inflammatory conditions. The most pronounced protective effects were observed with digested samples under inflammatory conditions, which significantly decreased the secretion of all markers from 120-203% down to 34-144% (p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Overall, these results show that the polyphenol-rich black carrot absorption products may function through an inhibitory regulation of the inflammatory cascade in endothelial cells.
authors: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.|Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Senem
authors: S
authors: Kamiloglu
authors: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Charlotte
authors: C
authors: Grootaert
authors: Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Esra
authors: E
authors: Capanoglu
authors: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.|Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors: Ceren
authors: C
authors: Ozkan
authors: Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Smagghe
authors: Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Industrial Biological Science, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium.
authors: Katleen
authors: K
authors: Raes
authors: Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Van Camp
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016209:Interleukin-8; D059808:Polyphenols; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Anthocyanins; In vitro digestion; Phenolic acids; Pro-inflammatory markers; Transepithelial transport