title: Health or Happiness? A Note on Trading Off Health and Happiness in Rationing Decisions.
abstract: Economic evaluations typically value the effects of an intervention in terms of quality-adjusted life-years, which combine length and health-related quality of life. It has been suggested that economic evaluations should incorporate broader outcomes than health-related quality of life. Broader well-being, for instance measured as happiness, could be a better measure of the overall welfare effects in patients because of treatment. An underexplored question is whether and how people trade off information on health and broader outcomes from treatment in rationing decisions.
  
  
  
  This article presents the results of a first experiment aimed at exploring such trade-offs between health and happiness.
  
  
  
  We used a Web-based questionnaire in a representative sample of the public from the Netherlands (N = 1015). People made choices between two groups of patients differing in terms of their health and happiness levels before treatment and gains from treatment.
  
  
  
  The results showed that about half the respondents were willing to discriminate between patient groups on the basis of their health and happiness levels before and after treatment. In the trader group, health gains were considered somewhat more important than happiness gains.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that both health and happiness levels of patients may play a role in priority setting.
authors: Institute of Health Policy and Management and Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: van de Wetering
authors: Institute of Health Policy and Management and Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: N J A
authors: NJ
authors: van Exel
authors: Institute of Health Policy and Management and Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: brouwer@bmg.eur.nl.
authors: W B F
authors: WB
authors: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D013812:Therapeutics / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: happiness; health; preferences; rationing decisions