title: Effects of health intervention programs and arsenic exposure on child mortality from acute lower respiratory infections in rural Bangladesh.
abstract: Respiratory infections continue to be a public health threat, particularly to young children in developing countries. Understanding the geographic patterns of diseases and the role of potential risk factors can help improve future mitigation efforts. Toward this goal, this paper applies a spatial scan statistic combined with a zero-inflated negative-binomial regression to re-examine the impacts of a community-based treatment program on the geographic patterns of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) mortality in an area of rural Bangladesh. Exposure to arsenic-contaminated drinking water is also a serious threat to the health of children in this area, and the variation in exposure to arsenic must be considered when evaluating the health interventions.
  
  
  
  ALRI mortality data were obtained for children under 2 years old from 1989 to 1996 in the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System. This study period covers the years immediately following the implementation of an ALRI control program. A zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model was first used to simultaneously estimate mortality rates and the likelihood of no deaths in groups of related households while controlling for socioeconomic status, potential arsenic exposure, and access to care. Next a spatial scan statistic was used to assess the location and magnitude of clusters of ALRI mortality. The ZINB model was used to adjust the scan statistic for multiple social and environmental risk factors.
  
  
  
  The results of the ZINB models and spatial scan statistic suggest that the ALRI control program was successful in reducing child mortality in the study area. Exposure to arsenic-contaminated drinking water was not associated with increased mortality. Higher socioeconomic status also significantly reduced mortality rates, even among households who were in the treatment program area.
  
  
  
  Community-based ALRI interventions can be effective at reducing child mortality, though socioeconomic factors may continue to influence mortality patterns. The combination of spatial and non-spatial methods used in this paper has not been applied previously in the literature, and this study demonstrates the importance of such approaches for evaluating and improving public health intervention programs.
authors: Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. w.c.jochem@soton.ac.uk.
authors: Warren C
authors: WC
authors: Jochem
authors: Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
authors: Abdur
authors: A
authors: Razzaque
authors: Department of Geography, Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
authors: Elisabeth Dowling
authors: ED
authors: Root
mesh_terms: D020261:Arsenic Poisoning / Q000401:mortality*; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012424:Rural Population
keywords: Acute lower respiratory infection; Arsenic; Bangladesh; Child mortality; Spatial scan statistic; Zero-inflated negative binomial