title: Propolis, A Hope for the Future in Treating Resistant Periodontal Pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontitis is one of the most common causes of tooth loss worldwide. Recently, special attention has been paid to natural medication for its treatment. For this purpose, propolis (bee glue) activity has also been investigated. Its antibacterial properties are mainly attributed to flavonones pinocembrin, flavonols galangin and to the caffeic acid phenethyl ester. This study is aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial effects of propolis from Pakistan on 35 clinical isolates of pigmented anaerobic periodontal pathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in the Microbiology department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Pathogens included were Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (n=9), Porphyromonas gingivalis (n=13), Prevotella intermedia (n=9), Prevotella melaninogenica (n=4). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to three antibiotics was obtained by E-test method. All strains were sensitive to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and metronidazole, but 100% of P asaccharolytica and P melaninogenica strains displayed intermediate resistance to tetracycline while 69.2% P gingivalis and 100% P intermedia strains exhibited complete resistance to tetracycline. Screening for antibacterial activity of propolis extract was done by agar well diffusion assay, and all strains were found sensitive to ethanolic extract of propolis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIC was obtained by agar incorporation technique with values ranging from 0.064 to 0.512 mg/ml. It was also noticed that percentage yield of ethanolic extract of propolis prepared from ultrasonic extraction method was higher compared to extract obtained with maceration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that propolis from this region has potent antimicrobial activity against pigmented anaerobic periodontal pathogens. Taking into consideration the increasing resistance in anaerobic bacteria, this effective antimicrobial activity of propolis gives hope in the treatment of oral cavity diseases.
authors: Pathology, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, KSA.
authors: Ambreen
authors: A
authors: Shabbir
authors: Pharmacology, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors: Maryam
authors: M
authors: Rashid
authors: Immunology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Pakistan.
authors: Hamid N
authors: HN
authors: Tipu
keywords: antimicrobial activity; pakistan; periodontitis; propolis