title: You can't improve what you don't measure: Safety climate measures available in the German-speaking countries to support safety culture development in healthcare.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Safety climate measurement is a key input into safety culture development. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the safety climate measures that have been evaluated for their psychometric properties in a German-speaking country and to make recommendations on how to use them in quality and patient safety improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search strategy was implemented to obtain relevant articles. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched, and 128 abstracts were identified. After application of limits, 33 full texts were retrieved for subsequent evaluation. Studies were included on the basis of predetermined inclusion criteria and independent assessment by two reviewers. Publications were reviewed concerning healthcare setting, target group, safety culture dimensions covered and results of their psychometric evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review identified 11 instruments for safety climate assessment in different healthcare settings (i. e. hospitals, nursing homes, primary care, dental care and community pharmacy) for which acceptable to good internal consistency was reported. We observed wide variability concerning the number of dimensions (1 to 14; in some cases including outcome dimensions) and items (9 to 128) that the instruments were comprised of. Nevertheless, consistency with regard to the thematic areas covered was rather high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there is clear evidence that we can assess safety climate in healthcare, the application of safety climate measures by quality and patient safety practitioners has so far been rather limited. This review bridges this gap between research and improvement practice by highlighting the central role of safety climate assessment in a mixed methods approach to inform safety culture development.
authors: University Hospital Bonn, Institute for Patient Safety, Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: tanja.manser@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors: Tanja
authors: T
authors: Manser
authors: University Hospital Bonn, Institute for Patient Safety, Bonn, Germany.
authors: Mareen
authors: M
authors: Brösterhaus
authors: University Hospital Bonn, Institute for Patient Safety, Bonn, Germany.
authors: Antje
authors: A
authors: Hammer
mesh_terms: D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011594:Psychometrics; D017751:Safety Management; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Instrument; Measurement; Messinstrumente; Patientensicherheit; Psychometrische Evaluation; Sicherheitsklima; Sicherheitskultur; instrument; patient safety; psychometric evaluation; safety climate; safety culture