title: AC electrokinetic drug delivery in dentistry using an interdigitated electrode assembly powered by inductive coupling.
abstract: AC electrokinetics (ACEK) has been shown to deliver certain drugs into human teeth more effectively than diffusion. However, using electrical wires to power intraoral ACEK devices poses risks to patients. The study demonstrates a novel interdigitated electrode arrays (IDE) assembly powered by inductive coupling to induce ACEK effects at appropriate frequencies to motivate drugs wirelessly. A signal generator produces the modulating signal, which multiplies with the carrier signal to produce the amplitude modulated (AM) signal. The AM signal goes through the inductive link to appear on the secondary coil, then rectified and filtered to dispose of its carrier signal, and the positive half of the modulating signal appears on the load. After characterizing the device, the device is validated under light microscopy by motivating carboxylate-modified microspheres, tetracycline, acetaminophen, benzocaine, lidocaine and carbamide peroxide particles with induced ACEK effects. The assembly is finally tested in a common dental bleaching application. After applying 35 % carbamide peroxide to human teeth topically or with the IDE at 1200 Hz, 5 Vpp for 20 min, spectrophotometric analysis showed that compared to diffusion, the IDE enhanced whitening in specular optic and specular optic excluded modes by 215 % and 194 % respectively. Carbamide peroxide absorbance by the ACEK group was two times greater than diffusion as measured by colorimetric oxidation-reduction and UV-Vis spectroscopy at 550 nm. The device motivates drugs of variable molecular weight and structure wirelessly. Wireless transport of drugs to intraoral targets under ACEK effects may potentially improve the efficacy and safety of drug delivery in dentistry.
authors: Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. civanoff@uthsc.edu.|Faculty of Dental Medicine, Sofia Medical University, Blvd. Sveti Georgi Sofiiski №1, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria. civanoff@uthsc.edu.
authors: Chris S
authors: CS
authors: Ivanoff
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA.
authors: Jie Jayne
authors: JJ
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA.|Department of Electrical Engineering, Microelectronics Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
authors: Hadi
authors: H
authors: Mirzajani
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA.
authors: Cheng
authors: C
authors: Cheng
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA.
authors: Quan
authors: Q
authors: Yuan
authors: Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Blvd. Hristo Botev №3, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors: Stepan
authors: S
authors: Kevorkyan
authors: Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Blvd. Hristo Botev №3, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors: Radostina
authors: R
authors: Gaydarova
authors: Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Blvd. Hristo Botev №3, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors: Desislava
authors: D
authors: Tomlekova
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry; D001566:Benzocaine / Q000737:chemistry; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D003813:Dentistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004560:Electricity; D004566:Electrodes; D007700:Kinetics; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000737:chemistry; D008863:Microspheres; D009038:Motion; D010545:Peroxides / Q000737:chemistry; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000737:chemistry; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D000082:Acetaminophen; D014508:Urea; D008012:Lidocaine; D013752:Tetracycline; D001566:Benzocaine
keywords: AC electrokinetics; Dental; Drug patch; Inductive coupling; Interdigitated electrode Array