title: Relationships of Community and Individual Level Social Capital with Activities of Daily Living and Death by Gender.
abstract: This study determined whether there is an association between social capital and a composite outcome of decline in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and death by gender. A prospective 3.5 year cohort study was conducted in a rural town in Japan. The study participants were 984 individuals aged 65 years and older with not impaired on ADL at 2010 baseline survey. Social participation and generalized trust were measured as social capital. The individual level responses were dichotomized and aggregated into the community level (eight areas). Multilevel logistic regression adjusting for covariates revealed that social participation at the individual level was significantly associated with higher odds of composite outcome (OR of "not participate" = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.38-2.81). Regarding generalized trust, only in men, there was an inverse association at the community level (OR of "low" = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.32-0.96), and a positive association at the individual level (OR of "tend to be careful" = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.27-3.90). These results suggest that social capital were associated with a decline in ADL and death and that the association may differ by gender.
authors: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan. haruhiko.imamura@med.toho-u.ac.jp.
authors: Haruhiko
authors: H
authors: Imamura
authors: Institute of General Education, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan. thamano@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp.
authors: Tsuyoshi
authors: T
authors: Hamano
authors: Environmental Epidemiology Section, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. tmichikawa@nies.go.jp.
authors: Takehiro
authors: T
authors: Michikawa
authors: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan. f@e-mai.jp.
authors: Fujimi
authors: F
authors: Takeda-Imai
authors: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan. md13032n@oc.toho-u.ac.jp.
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Nakamura
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. ttakebayashi@a3.keio.jp.
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Takebayashi
authors: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan. yuuji.nishiwaki@med.toho-u.ac.jp.
authors: Yuji
authors: Y
authors: Nishiwaki
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D066270:Social Capital; D012931:Social Environment; D058992:Social Participation; D012944:Social Support; D035502:Trust
keywords: Activities of Daily Living; death; participation; social capital; trust