title: Level of natural hepatotoxin (Indospicine) contamination in Australian camel meat.
abstract: Camel meat production for human consumption and pet food manufacture accounts for a relatively small part of overall red meat production in Australia. Reliable statistical data for the Australian production and consumption of camel meat are not available; however, it is estimated that 300,000 feral camels roam within the desert of central Australia, with an annual usage of more than 3000 camels for human consumption, 2000 for pet food manufacture and a smaller number for live export. Despite a small Australian camel meat production level, the usage of camel meat for pet food has been restricted in recent years due to reports of serious liver disease and death in dogs consuming camel meat. This camel meat was found to contain residues of indospicine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain Indigofera spp., and associated with mild to severe liver disease in diverse animals after dietary exposure to this hepatotoxin. The extent of indospicine-contaminated Australian camel meat was previously unknown, and this study ascertains the prevalence of such residue in Australian camel meat. In this study, indospicine levels in ex situ (95 samples collected from an abattoir in Queensland) and in situ (197 samples collected from camels after field culling in central Australia) camel meat samples were quantitated using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The quantitation results showed 46.7% of the in situ- and 20.0% of the ex situ-collected camel meat samples were contaminated by indospicine (more than the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 mg kg-1fresh weight). The overall indospicine concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in the in situ-collected samples. Indospicine levels detected in the present study are considered to be low; however, a degree of caution must still be exercised, since the tolerable daily intake for indospicine is currently not available for risk estimation.
authors: a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia.|c Food Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences , Universiti Teknologi MARA , Shah Alam , Malaysia.
authors: Eddie T T
authors: ET
authors: Tan
authors: a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia.
authors: Rafat
authors: R
authors: Al Jassim
authors: a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia.|b School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science , The University of Queensland , Gatton , Australia.
authors: Bruce R
authors: BR
authors: D'Arcy
authors: a Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Health and Food Sciences Precinct , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia.
authors: Mary T
authors: MT
authors: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis*; D002162:Camelus; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D009646:Norleucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D009646:Norleucine; C058318:indospicine
keywords: Indigofera; Indospicine; camel meat; ultra−performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry