title: Hemostatic action of polyurethane foam with 55% polyethylene glycol compared to collagen and gelatin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For most topical hemostatic agents the mechanism of hemostatic action is not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work aimed to investigate the hemostatic mechanism of action and viscoelastic properties of polyurethane foam (PU) in comparison to the widely used collagen and gelatin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The hemostatic mechanism of action of the materials was tested using human whole blood and platelet-poor plasma (PPP). The ability of the hemostatic agent to exert pressure on the wound was quantified in terms of its viscoelastic properties both under dry and wet conditions using a low load compression tester (LLCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been shown that collagen and PU initiate hemostasis through both thrombocyte aggregation and contact activation of the coagulation cascade. Gelatin did not show improved thrombocyte aggregation or initiation of the coagulation cascade compared to the negative control group. PU is more firm under wet conditions and shows more springback than collagen and gelatin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that PU is promising as a topical hemostatic agent because it initiates both the coagulation cascade and thrombocyte aggregation. Furthermore, it has favorable viscoelastic properties compared to collagen and gelatin which leads to increased pressure on a wound.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Ferdinand I
authors: FI
authors: Broekema
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Haemoscan, Stavangerweg 23-23, 9723 JC Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Wim
authors: W
authors: van Oeveren
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Boerendonk
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering (FB 40), W.J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Prashant K
authors: PK
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Rudolf R M
authors: RR
authors: Bos
mesh_terms: D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055682:Viscoelastic Substances / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D011140:Polyurethanes; D055682:Viscoelastic Substances; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D005780:Gelatin; D003094:Collagen; C028279:polyurethane foam
keywords: Polyurethane; collagen; gelatin; hemostasis; viscoelastic properties