title: Trends and Correlates of Disparities in Alcohol-Related Mortality Between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, 1999 to 2014.
abstract: Among Hispanics, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are among the leading causes of death despite generally lower alcohol consumption rates. Moreover, recent national studies have suggested temporal changes in Hispanic consumption and alcohol mortality, which raises the question of whether Hispanic white disparities in alcohol-related mortality are also changing over time. This study aimed to describe temporal trends of alcohol-related mortality between Hispanics and non-Hispanic (NH) whites in the United States from 1999 to 2014 and to assess county-level sociodemographic characteristics that are associated with racial/ethnic disparities in age-adjusted alcohol-related mortality.
  
  
  
  We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional, ecologic study using multiple cause-of-death mortality data linked, at the county level, to census data from the American Community Survey.
  
  
  
  Overall, 77% of alcohol-related deaths were among men, and Hispanic men had the highest age-adjusted alcohol-related mortality rate (41.6 per 100,000), followed by NH white men (34.8), NH white women (10.8), and Hispanic women (6.7). Whereas the relative gap in alcohol-related mortality between NH white and Hispanic women increased from 1999 to 2014, the disparity between NH white and Hispanic men that was pronounced in earlier years was eliminated by 2012. From 2007 to 2014, when the race/ethnic disparity among men was decreasing, county-specific Hispanic:NH white age-adjusted mortality ratios (AAMRs) ranged from 0.29 to 2.64. Lower Hispanic rates were associated with large metropolitan counties, and those counties that tended to have Hispanic populations were less acculturated, as evidenced by their higher rates of being foreign-born, non-U.S. citizens or citizens through naturalization, and a higher proportion that do not speak English "very well."
  
  
  
  Since 1999, whereas the increasing mortality rate among whites is leading to a widening gap among women, mortality differences between Hispanic and white men have been eliminated. The understanding of contextual factors that are associated with disparities in alcohol-related mortality may assist in tailoring prevention efforts that meet the needs of minority populations.
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Maria.MejiadeGrubb@bcm.edu.
authors: Maria C
authors: 0000-0003-0703-8688
authors: MC
authors: Mejia de Grubb
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors: Jason L
authors: JL
authors: Salemi
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors: Sandra J
authors: SJ
authors: Gonzalez
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors: Roger J
authors: RJ
authors: Zoorob
authors: Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors: Robert S
authors: RS
authors: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Alcohol Abuse; Contextual Factors; Disparities; Hispanics; Mortality