title: Bioaccumulation, physiological and ultrastructural effects of glyphosate in the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr.
abstract: This study compared bioaccumulation as well as physiological (content of ergosterol as marker of fungal vitality and photosynthetic efficiency as marker of algal vitality) and ultrastructural effects of glyphosate in the lichen Xanthoria parietina, with the herbicide being provided either by soaking or spraying of the samples. The results showed that bioaccumulation of glyphosate is fast and proportional to the dose supplied, and is independent on the way it is supplied. Toxic effects resulting from glyphosate uptake by both soaking and spraying were evident at physiological and ultrastructural level, both in the algal and fungal partner, with negative effects being generally dose- and time-dependent. Since our results showed that the concentration of glyphosate bioaccumulated in X. parietina remains stable (at least up to 90 days), a perspective is open for using lichens in biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution by glyphosate as a side effect of the application of this herbicide.
authors: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Vannini
authors: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Guarnieri
authors: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Paoli
authors: CeSMA, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Sorbo
authors: Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139, Napoli, Italy.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Basile
authors: Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Loppi
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000502:physiology*; D001272:Atmosphere; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000737:chemistry; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008011:Lichens / Q000187:drug effects*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D004875:Ergosterol; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Ergosterol; Herbicide; Photosynthesis; TEM; Toxicity; Uptake