title: Investigating the gender differences on bicycle-vehicle conflicts at urban intersections using an ordered logit methodology.
abstract: In the literature, a crash-based modeling approach has long been used to evaluate the factors that contribute to cyclist injury risk at intersections. However, this approach has been criticized as crashes are required to occur before contributing factors can be identified and countermeasures can be implemented. Moreover, human factors related to dangerous behaviors are difficult to evaluate using crash-based methods. As an alternative, surrogate safety measures have been developed to address the issue of reliance on crash data. Despite recent developments, few methodologies and little empirical evidence exist on bicycle-vehicle interactions at intersections using video-based data and statistical analyses to identify associated factors. This study investigates bicycle-vehicle conflict severity and evaluates the impact of different factors, including gender, on cyclist risk at urban intersections with cycle tracks. A segmented ordered logit model is used to evaluate post-encroachment time between cyclists and vehicles. Video data was collected at seven intersections in Montreal, Canada. Road user trajectories were automatically extracted, classified, and filtered using a computer vision software to yield 1514 interactions. The discrete choice variable was generated by dividing post-encroachment time into normal interactions, conflicts, and dangerous conflicts. Independent variables reflecting attributes of the cyclist, vehicle, and environment were extracted either automatically or manually. Results indicated that an ordered model is appropriate for analyzing traffic conflicts and identifying key factors. Furthermore, exogenous segmentation was beneficial in comparing different segments of the population within a single model. Male cyclists, with all else being equal, were less likely than female cyclists to be involved in conflicts and dangerous conflicts at the studied intersections. Bicycle and vehicle speed, along with the time of the conflict relative to the red light phase, were other significant factors in conflict severity. These results will contribute to and further the understanding of gender differences in cycling within North America.
authors: Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Room 391, Macdonald Engineering Building, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C3, Canada. Electronic address: joshua.stipancic@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors: Joshua
authors: J
authors: Stipancic
authors: Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Room 391, Macdonald Engineering Building, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C3, Canada. Electronic address: sohail.zangenehpour@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors: Sohail
authors: S
authors: Zangenehpour
authors: Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Room 268, Macdonald Engineering Building, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C3, Canada. Electronic address: luis.miranda-moreno@mcgill.ca.
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Miranda-Moreno
authors: Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada. Electronic address: nicolas.saunier@polymtl.ca.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Saunier
authors: IFSTTAR-TS2-LMA, 304 Chemin de la Croix Blanche, F-13300 Salon de Provence, France. Electronic address: marie-axelle.granie@ifsttar.fr.
authors: Marie-Axelle
authors: MA
authors: Granié
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D002170:Canada; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012449:Safety; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Cycling; Discrete choice; Gender; Order logit; Surrogate safety; Urban