title: The role of early adversity and recent life stress in depression severity in an outpatient sample.
abstract: Pre-, peri-, and postnatal stress have frequently been reported to be associated with negative health outcomes during adult life. However, it is unclear, if these factors independently predict mental health in adulthood. We estimated potential associations between reports of pre-, peri-, and postnatal stress and depression severity in outpatients (N = 473) diagnosed with depression, anxiety or somatoform disorders by their family physician. We retrospectively assessed pre-, peri-, and postnatal stress and measured depression severity as well as recent life stress using questionnaires. First, we estimated if depression severity was predicted by pre-, peri- and/or postnatal stress using multiple regression models. Second, we compared pre- and postnatal stress levels between patient subgroups of different degrees of depression severity, performing multilevel linear modeling. Third, we analyzed if an association between postnatal stress and current depression severity was mediated by recent life stress. We found no associations of pre-, or perinatal stress with depression severity (all p > 0.05). Higher postnatal stress was associated with higher depression severity (p < 0.001). Patients with moderately severe and severe depression reported higher levels of postnatal stress as compared to patients with none to minimal, or mild depression (all p < 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect via recent life stress of the association between postnatal stress and depression severity (p < 0.001). In patients diagnosed for depression, anxiety, and/or somatoform disorders, postnatal but neither pre- nor perinatal stress predicted depression severity in adult life. This association was mediated by recent life stress.
authors: University of Trier, Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, Trier, Germany.
authors: Dominic
authors: D
authors: Vogt
authors: University of Trier, Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, Trier, Germany.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Waeldin
authors: University of Trier, Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, Trier, Germany; Institute for Stress-Medicine, Max-Planck-Str. 22, 54295 Trier, Germany. Electronic address: hellhamm@uni-trier.de.
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Hellhammer
authors: University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Basel, Switzerland; Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Gunther
authors: G
authors: Meinlschmidt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Early adversity; Early life stress; Postnatal stress; Prenatal stress; Recent life stress