title: Dietary micronutrient intake and its relationship with arsenic metabolism in Mexican women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concentrations of inorganic arsenic (iAs) metabolites in urine present intra- and interindividual variations, which are determined not only by the magnitude of exposure to iAs, but also by differences in genetic, environmental and dietary factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether differences in dietary intake of selected micronutrients are associated with the metabolism of iAs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intake of 21 micronutrients was estimated for 1027 women living in northern Mexico using a food frequency questionnaire. Concentration of urinary metabolites of iAs was determined by high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) and the proportion of iAs metabolites was calculated (%iAs, monomethylarsonic acid [%MMA] and dimethylarsinic acid [%DMA]), as well as ratios corresponding to the first (MMA/iAs), second (DMA/MMA) and total methylation (DMA/iAs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for covariates, it was found that methionine, choline, folate, vitamin B12, Zn, Se and vitamin C favor elimination of iAs mainly by decreasing the %MMA and/or increasing %DMA in urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that diet contributes to the efficiency of iAs elimination. Further studies are needed to assess the feasibility of dietary interventions that modulate the metabolism of iAs and the consequent risk of diseases related to its exposure.
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P., 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Electronic address: lizbeth@insp.mx.
authors: Lizbeth
authors: L
authors: López-Carrillo
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P., 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Electronic address: brenda.gamboa@espm.insp.mx.
authors: Brenda
authors: B
authors: Gamboa-Loira
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P., 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Electronic address: wendye.b.r@hotmail.com.
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Becerra
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P., 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Electronic address: cesar.hernandez@insp.mx.
authors: César
authors: C
authors: Hernández-Alcaraz
authors: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P., 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Electronic address: raul.hernandez@insp.mx.
authors: Raúl Ulises
authors: RU
authors: Hernández-Ramírez
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Electronic address: gandolfi@pharmacy.arizona.edu.
authors: A Jay
authors: AJ
authors: Gandolfi
authors: Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calz. Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Del. Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, D.F., Mexico. Electronic address: dequellegallega@gmail.com.
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Franco-Marina
authors: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07360, D.F., Mexico. Electronic address: mcebrian@cinvestav.mx.
authors: Mariano E
authors: ME
authors: Cebrián
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic metabolism; Inorganic arsenic; Micronutrients; Northern Mexico