title: Mixture cytotoxicity assessment of ionic liquids and heavy metals in MCF-7 cells using mixtox.
abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used as extractants for heavy metals. However, the effect of mixtures of ILs and heavy metals is rarely understood. In this study, we tested the cytotoxicity of four ILs, four heavy metals and their mixtures on human MCF-7 cells in 96-well microplates. The toxicity of single compounds in MCF-7 cells ranges from 3.07 × 10(-6) M for Cu(II) to 2.20 × 10(-3) M for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The toxicity of heavy metals in MCF-7 is generally higher than the toxicity of ILs. A uniform experimental design was used to simulate environmentally realistic mixtures. Two classical reference models (concentration addition and independent action) were used to predict their mixture. The experiments to evaluate the toxicity of the mixture revealed antagonism among four ILs and four heavy metals in MCF-7 cells. Pearson correlation analysis showed that Ni(II) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride are positively correlated with the extent of antagonism, while 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate showed a negative correlation. Data analysis was conducted in the R package mixtox, which integrates features such as curve fitting, experimental design, and mixture toxicity prediction. The international community of toxicologists is welcome to use this package and provide feedback as suggestions and comments.
authors: College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. Electronic address: xwzhunc@gmail.com.
authors: Xiang-Wei
authors: XW
authors: Zhu
authors: Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China.
authors: Hui-Lin
authors: HL
authors: Ge
authors: College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
authors: Yu-Bin
authors: YB
authors: Cao
mesh_terms: D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012984:Software; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: Concentration addition; Independent action; MCF-7; Mixture toxicity; Uniform design