title: Protection of children in forward-facing child restraint systems during oblique side impact sled tests: Intrusion and tether effects.
abstract: Testing was conducted to quantify the kinematics, potential for head impact, and influence on head injury metrics for a center-seated Q3s in a forward-facing child restraint system (FFCRS) in oblique impacts. The influences of a tether and intruded door on these measures were explored.
  
  
  
  Nine lateral oblique sled tests were conducted on a convertible forward-facing child restraint seat (FFCRS). The FFCRSs were secured to a bench seat from a popular production small SUV at the center seating position utilizing the lower anchor and tether for children (LATCH). The vehicle seat was fixed on the sled carriage at 60° and 80° from full frontal (30° and 10° forward rotation from pure lateral) providing an oblique lateral acceleration to the Q3s and FFCRS. A structure simulating an intruded door was mounted to the near (left) side of vehicle seat. The sled input acceleration was the proposed FMVSS 213 lateral pulse scaled to a 35 km/h delta-V. Tests were conducted with and without the tether attached to the FFCRS.
  
  
  
  Results indicate the influence of the tether on kinematics and injury measures in oblique side impact crashes for a center- or far-side-seated child occupant. All tests without a tether resulted in head contact with the simulated door, and 2 tests at the less oblique angle (80°) with a tether also resulted in head contact. No head-to-door contact was observed in 2 tests utilizing a tether. High-speed video analysis showed that the head moved beyond the CRS head side wings and made contact with the simulated intruded door. Head injury criterion (HIC) 15 median values were 589 without the tether vs. 332 with the tether attached. Tests utilizing a tether had less lateral head excursion than tests without a tether (median 400 vs. 442 mm).
  
  
  
  These tests demonstrate the important role of the tether in controlling head excursion for center- or far-side-seated child occupants in oblique side impact crashes and limiting the head injury potential with an intruded door. The tether may not influence the kinematics of a near-side-seated occupant as strongly where the vehicle door or side structure interacts with the CRS and influences its motion. The results indicate that there may be an opportunity to improve child head kinematics and head protection in oblique side impacts through different CRS attachment methods and/or alternative vehicle side structure protection or padding.
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors: Hans W
authors: HW
authors: Hauschild
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Humm
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors: Frank A
authors: FA
authors: Pintar
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors: Narayan
authors: N
authors: Yoganandan
authors: a Department of Neurosurgery , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.|b Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , Wisconsin.
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Kaufman
authors: c The Center for Injury Research and Prevention at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors: Jinyong
authors: J
authors: Kim
authors: c The Center for Injury Research and Prevention at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.|d University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Maltese
authors: c The Center for Injury Research and Prevention at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.|d University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania.
authors: Kristy B
authors: KB
authors: Arbogast
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D057207:Child Restraint Systems; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008348:Manikins
keywords: Child restraints; LATCH system; far side; intrusion; occupant kinematics; rear seat; side impact; sled testing