title: How Do Pharmacists Assist Medicare Beneficiaries with Limited Income? A Cross-Sectional Study of Community Pharmacies in Alabama.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many Medicare beneficiaries have limited income and report problems paying for their medications. Programs are available to assist these low-income individuals. However, these programs are underused because of lack of general awareness and perceived complexity of program applications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (a) determine the frequency of encounters by pharmacists with Medicare beneficiaries who cannot afford prescription drugs; (b) identify strategies that pharmacists use to assist Medicare beneficiaries who cannot afford prescription drugs; and (c) explore what pharmacists know about programs for Medicare beneficiaries with limited income.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a mixed-mode survey of 350 randomly sampled community pharmacies located in 32 counties in Alabama with a high proportion of Medicare beneficiaries who were potentially eligible for low-income subsidy programs. Measures included frequency of encounters by pharmacists with Medicare beneficiaries who could not afford their medications, strategies used to assist Medicare beneficiaries, and pharmacists' knowledge of programs for Medicare beneficiaries with limited income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 350 surveys sent, 12 were nondeliverable, and 151 were completed (response rate=44.6%). About 50% of respondents reported encountering Medicare beneficiaries who could not afford their medications at least weekly. Various strategies were reported, including refiling claims that were previously denied every day (40.7%), contacting insurance companies at least once per week (43.2%), and loaning medications at least 2-3 times per month (29.1%). Only 12.6% reported referring beneficiaries to the Aging and Disability Resource Centers (ADRCs) to assess eligibility for limited-income programs. When asked about programs for beneficiaries with limited income, the answers were predominantly "don't know for sure."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several strategies were used by pharmacists in an attempt to help limited-income Medicare beneficiaries obtain their medications. Lack of knowledge about financial assistance programs for limited-income individuals and the role of ADRCs in helping to screen individuals for benefits and complete applications warrants immediate attention. Improving pharmacists' knowledge on this topic may be an effective mechanism for providing a long-term solution for their patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was funded by the Alabama Department of Senior Services. The sponsor played no active role in the design, methods, data collection, analysis, or preparation of this manuscript. The authors have nothing to disclose. This paper was presented at the American Pharmacists Association meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, in 2016. Study concept and design were contributed by Westrick. Hastings and McFarland were responsible for data collection, along with Westrick. Data interpretation was performed by Westrick, L. Hohmann, and Hastings, with assistance from McFarland. All authors were involved with manuscript preparation.
authors: 1 Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Salisa C
authors: SC
authors: Westrick
authors: 1 Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Tessa J
authors: TJ
authors: Hastings
authors: 1 Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Stuart J
authors: SJ
authors: McFarland
authors: 1 Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Lindsey A
authors: LA
authors: Hohmann
authors: 1 Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
authors: Natalie S
authors: NS
authors: Hohmann
mesh_terms: D000407:Alabama / Q000453:epidemiology; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007342:Insurance Benefits / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D010594:Pharmacies / Q000191:economics*; D010595:Pharmacists; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics*; D024382:Professional Role; D011897:Random Allocation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States