title: Lead in duplicate diet samples from an academic community.
abstract: Lead is a naturally occurring element that with the advent of the industrial era became a serious environmental and public health issue. Leaded gasoline, lead based paints, use of lead in plumbing and water pipes, ceramics with lead-containing glazes and tobacco smoke are potential sources of lead exposure for humans. Despite these multiple sources, food is still considered the most important one for the general non-smoking population. Hence, in the present study, the dietary intake of lead was determined in duplicate diet samples provided by 30 participants working or studying at University of Aveiro, Portugal. Pb was detected in all the analysed samples with values ranging between 0.009 and 0.10mgkg-1ww which correspond to estimated daily intakes between 0.22 and 3.5μgkg-bw-1day-1. Risk estimations disclose that at least 3.3% and 26.7% of the participants might suffer cardiovascular and nephrotoxic effects, respectively.
authors: Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: sdcoelho@ua.pt.
authors: Sónia D
authors: SD
authors: Coelho
authors: Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal. Electronic address: rpastorinho@fcsaude.ubi.pt.
authors: M Ramiro
authors: MR
authors: Pastorinho
authors: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: itai@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors: Takaaki
authors: T
authors: Itai
authors: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Integrated Health Risk Assessment Section, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan. Electronic address: isobe.tomohiko@nies.go.jp.
authors: Tomohiko
authors: T
authors: Isobe
authors: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: kunisue.tatsuya.ew@ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors: Tatsuya
authors: T
authors: Kunisue
authors: Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: antonio.nogueira@ua.pt.
authors: António J A
authors: AJA
authors: Nogueira
authors: Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan. Electronic address: shinsuke@agr.ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors: Shinsuke
authors: S
authors: Tanabe
authors: Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal. Electronic address: anasousa@ua.pt.
authors: Ana C A
authors: ACA
authors: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011174:Portugal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: Cardiovascular effects; Duplicate diet samples; Estimated daily intakes; Food; Nephrotoxicity