title: Effects of hypoxia in the gills of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum using NMR-based metabolomics.
abstract: Coastal hypoxia affects the survival, behavior, and reproduction of individual local marine organisms, and the abundance, biomass, and biodiversity of coastal ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the chronic effects of hypoxia on the metabolomics in the gills of Ruditapes (R.) philippinarum. The results indicated significant alterations in the metabolite profiles in the gills of the hypoxia-treated clams, in comparison with those maintained under normoxia. The levels of betaine, taurine, glycine, isoleucine, and alanine were significantly reduced, suggesting a disturbance of osmotic balance associated with hypoxia. Meanwhile, metabolites involved in energy metabolism, such as alanine and succinate, were also affected. Dramatic histopathological changes were observed in the gills and hepatopancreases of R. philippinarum grown in hypoxic waters, demonstrating tissue damages apparently caused by long-term exposure to hypoxia. Our findings suggest that hypoxia significantly affects the physiology of R. philippinarum, even at a sub-lethal level, and impedes health of the clams.
authors: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China. Electronic address: zhangying@bzmc.edu.cn.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, China.
authors: Huifeng
authors: H
authors: Wu
authors: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, China.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Wei
authors: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
authors: Zeping
authors: Z
authors: Xie
authors: Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai 264003, China.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Guan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005068:Eutrophication; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Hypoxia; Metabolic profile; Metabolomics; Proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Ruditapes philippinarum