title: A novel film-pore-surface diffusion model to explain the enhanced enzyme adsorption of corn stover pretreated by ultrafine grinding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrafine grinding is an environmentally friendly pretreatment that can alter the degree of polymerization, the porosity and the specific surface area of lignocellulosic biomass and can, thus, enhance cellulose hydrolysis. Enzyme adsorption onto the substrate is a prerequisite for the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the enzyme adsorption properties of corn stover pretreated by ultrafine grinding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ultrafine grinding pretreatment was executed on corn stover. The results showed that ultrafine grinding pretreatment can significantly decrease particle size [from 218.50 μm of sieve-based grinding corn stover (SGCS) to 17.45 μm of ultrafine grinding corn stover (UGCS)] and increase the specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV) and surface composition (SSA: from 1.71 m(2)/g of SGCS to 2.63 m(2)/g of UGCS, PV: from 0.009 cm(3)/g of SGCS to 0.024 m(3)/g of UGCS, cellulose surface area: from 168.69 m(2)/g of SGCS to 290.76 m(2)/g of UGCS, lignin surface area: from 91.46 m(2)/g of SGCS to 106.70 m(2)/g of UGCS). The structure and surface composition changes induced by ultrafine grinding increase the enzyme adsorption capacity from 2.83 mg/g substrate of SGCS to 5.61 mg/g substrate of UGCS. A film-pore-surface diffusion model was developed to simultaneously predict the enzyme adsorption kinetics of both the SGCS and UGCS. Satisfactory predictions could be made with the model based on high R (2) and low RMSE values (R (2) = 0.95 and RMSE = 0.16 mg/g for the UGCS, R (2) = 0.93 and RMSE = 0.09 mg/g for the SGCS). The model was further employed to analyze the rate-limiting steps in the enzyme adsorption process. Although both the external-film and internal-pore mass transfer are important for enzyme adsorption on the SGCS and UGCS, the UGCS has a lower internal-pore resistance compared to the SGCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrafine grinding pretreatment can enhance the enzyme adsorption onto corn stover by altering structure and surface composition. The film-pore-surface diffusion model successfully captures features on enzyme adsorption on ultrafine grinding pretreated corn stover. These findings identify wherein the probable rate-limiting factors for the enzyme adsorption reside and could, therefore, provide a basis for enhanced cellulose hydrolysis processes.
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People's Republic of China.
authors: Haiyan
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People's Republic of China.
authors: Longjian
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People's Republic of China.
authors: Minsheng
authors: M
authors: Lu
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People's Republic of China.
authors: Junbao
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People's Republic of China.
authors: Lujia
authors: L
authors: Han
keywords: Enzyme adsorption; Film–pore–surface diffusion; Kinetic model; Ultrafine grinding