title: More Precise Imaging Analysis and Diagnosis of Moyamoya Disease and Moyamoya Syndrome Using High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diagnosis of moyamoya disease (MMD) is often uncertain. Moyamoya syndrome (MMS) is often misdiagnosed as MMD. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) enables vessel wall assessment to obtain more precise diagnoses. The aim of this study was to determine the true etiologies of arterial steno-occlusion in patients with an angiographic diagnosis of MMD or MMS using HR-MRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  HR-MRI was performed in 21 adult patients with angiographically proven MMD or MMS. A definite diagnosis was based on the HR-MRI findings. The diagnoses made via the 2 different imaging technologies were compared, and significant findings were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 21 patients were enrolled, including 7 patients with angiographically proven MMD and 14 patients with angiographically proven MMS. Among the 7 patients with MMD, HR-MRI confirmed the diagnosis of MMD in 6; the remaining patient was considered to have atherosclerosis in the bilateral distal internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and the left middle cerebral artery. Among the 14 patients with MMS, HR-MRI confirmed MMD in 6 patients (including 2 patients with unilateral MMD), atherosclerosis in 5 patients (including 3 patients with bilateral atherosclerosis and 2 with unilateral atherosclerosis), arterial dissection of the left ICA in 1 patient, and MMD in the left cerebral hemisphere with atherosclerosis in the right hemisphere in 2 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differentiating MMD from MMS is difficult in certain situations, and HR-MRI may help provide a more in-depth understanding of MMD and MMS, thereby achieving a more reliable diagnosis.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors: Le-Bao
authors: LB
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors: Huan
authors: H
authors: He
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors: Ji-Zong
authors: JZ
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors: Qian
authors: Q
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors: Zhi-Yong
authors: ZY
authors: Shi
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
authors: Jun-Shi
authors: JS
authors: Shao
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China. Electronic address: zhangdong0660@aliyun.com.
authors: Dong
authors: D
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging; Intracranial atherosclerosis; Moyamoya disease; Moyamoya syndrome