title: Cross-sectional study of Fasciola gigantica and other trematode infections of cattle in Edu Local Government Area, Kwara State, north-central Nigeria.
abstract: Trematode infections of livestock are of global veterinary and public health importance causing serious economic losses. Majority of data on burden of trematode infections in Nigeria are based on abattoir surveys and there are very few data on herd level risk factors. The present study investigated the prevalence of, and herd level risk factors for, fasciolosis and other trematode infections in cattle in Edu Local Government Area (LGA).
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional survey used two-stage study design to investigate cattle belonging to 65 households. Two questionnaires were administered for household-level and individual cattle-level data. Faecal and blood samples were obtained from the cattle. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine risk factors for infections.
  
  
  
  Of 686 faecal samples analysed, 74.9 %, 16.1 %, 7.3 % and 1.2 % were positive for infections with Fasciola gigantica, paramphistomes, Dicrocoelium hospes and Schistosoma bovis respectively. Fasciola gigantica had higher prevalence in adult cattle (77.3 %) than weaners (62.5 %). Majority of co-infections was a combination of F. gigantica with paramphistomes 84/130 (64.6 %). Most (58.9 %) of the cattle belonged to FAMACHA© score 2. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) was 34.4 %. The sensitivity and specificity of FAMACHA© for anaemia (PCV < 24 %) were 18.2 and 96.9 %, respectively. Positive correlation was obtained between faecal egg counts for F. gigantica and paramphistomes (R = 0.15, P = 0.0001). Adult cattle were more likely to be infected with F. gigantica (odds ratio, OR: 1.94; Confidence Interval, CI: 1.19-3.16) than weaners. Cattle belonging to household heads aged between 40-59 years were more likely infected with paramphistomes (OR: 1.95; CI: 1.02-3.74) than those belonging to other age groups. Cattles from herds with size ≥ 100 were more likely infected with D. hospes than those from smaller herds (OR: 6.98; CI: 2.94-16.6).
  
  
  
  This study revealed high prevalence of infection with F. gigantica in Kwara State. The co-infections by F. gigantica and paramphistomes with a positive correlation should be considered during anthelmintic therapy. There is a need to optimise and validate the FAMACHA© for use in cattle based on breeds and variation in colour of ocular mucous membrane. Risk factors identified could assist in tailoring control strategies for various trematode infections to particular groups of farmers and cattle.
authors: University of Ilorin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. nusyelelu@yahoo.com.|University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK. nusyelelu@yahoo.com.
authors: Nusirat
authors: 0000-0003-1255-4572
authors: N
authors: Elelu
authors: University of Ilorin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
authors: Abdulganiyu
authors: A
authors: Ambali
authors: University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
authors: Gerald C
authors: GC
authors: Coles
authors: University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
authors: Mark C
authors: MC
authors: Eisler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D000067565:Farmers; D005209:Fasciola / Q000145:classification*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dicrocoelium; FAMACHA©; Fasciola; Kwara; Nigeria; Paramphistomes; Prevalence; Risk factors; Schistosoma; Trematodes