title: Changes in the prevalence and biofilm formation of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae from the respiratory microbiota of patients with sarcoidosis.
abstract: Healthy condition and chronic diseases may be associated with microbiota composition and its properties. The prevalence of respiratory haemophili with respect to their phenotypes including the ability to biofilm formation in patients with sarcoidosis was assayed.
  
  
  
  Nasopharynx and sputum specimens were taken in 31 patients with sarcoidosis (average age 42.6 ± 13), and nasopharynx specimens were taken in 37 healthy people (average age 44.6 ± 11.6). Haemophili were identified by API-NH microtest and by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system. Biofilm was visualised by crystal violet staining and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The statistical analysis was performed with Statgraphics Plus for Windows.
  
  
  
  In total, 30/31 patients with sarcoidosis and 31/37 healthy people were colonized by Haemophilus influenzae (6/30 vs. 1/31) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (28/30 vs. 31/31) in the nasopharynx. The overall number of nasopharyngeal haemophili isolates was 59 in patients with sarcoidosis and 67 in healthy volunteers (H. influenzae 6/59 vs. 1/67, P = 0.05; H. parainfluenzae 47/59 vs. 65/67, P = 0.0032). Moreover, the decreased number of H. parainfluenzae biofilm-producing isolates was shown in nasopharyngeal samples in patients with sarcoidosis as compared to healthy people (19/31 vs. 57/65, P = 0.006), especially with respect to isolates classified as strong and very strong biofilm-producers (8/31 vs. 39/65, P = 0.002).
  
  
  
  The obtained data suggest that the qualitative and quantitative changes within the respiratory microbiota concerning the overall prevalence of H. influenzae together with the decreased number of H. parainfluenzae strains and the decreased rate of H. parainfluenzae biofilm-producing isolates as compared to healthy people may be associated with sarcoidosis.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Str. 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland. urszula.kosikowska@umlub.pl.
authors: Urszula
authors: U
authors: Kosikowska
authors: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
authors: Paweł
authors: P
authors: Rybojad
authors: Sub-Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
authors: Dagmara
authors: D
authors: Stępień-Pyśniak
authors: Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Żbikowska
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology with Laboratory for Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Str. 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Malm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018441:Biofilms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D044135:Haemophilus parainfluenzae / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Biofilm; Haemophilus influenzae; Haemophilus parainfluenzae; Respiratory microbiota; Sarcoidosis