title: Protective effects of organic acid component from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. against LPS-induced inflammation: Regulating the TLR4/IKK/NF-κB signal pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  TMHM is a type of Chinese medicine commonly used in medical practice and has multiple functions, including clearing heat, detoxification, reducing swelling, and tumor therapy. Previous research has demonstrated that the OAC of TMHM (TMHM-OAC) displays advantageous therapeutic action against respiratory inflammation. However, the effect of TMHM-OAC on inflammatory injury and its anti-inflammatory role requires further clarification.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro inflammation damage model was employed using NHBE cells and 100ng/ml of (LPS). HPLC-DAD was conducted to analyze the components of TMHM-OAC. An ELISA was conducted to determine IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO expression. An MTT assay was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity of TMHM-OAC. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, caspase-3, caspase-8, iNOS, TLR4p-nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (p-IκκB), and p-NF-κB p65 in cellular protein, as well as the mRNA levels, were determined using WB, IF testing, and Q-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMHM-OAC significantly reduced LPS-induced NHBE cell inflammation, which was reflected in the reduced expression of relevant cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO, caspase-3, and caspase-8. In addition, this component suppressed TLR4, p-IKKβ, and p-NF-κB p65 levels in both mRNA and cellular protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TMHM-OAC can reduce LPS-induced inflammation in NHBE cells and this function could be linked to the regulation of the TLR4/IKK/NF-kB pathway.
authors: Post-doctoral Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jumpcan Pharmaceuticl Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, Taixing 225441, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Nan
authors: N
authors: Yang
authors: Post-doctoral Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jumpcan Pharmaceuticl Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, Taixing 225441, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Zibo
authors: Z
authors: Dong
authors: Post-doctoral Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jumpcan Pharmaceuticl Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, Taixing 225441, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Tian
authors: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
authors: Maomao
authors: M
authors: Zhu
authors: Post-doctoral Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jumpcan Pharmaceuticl Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, Taixing 225441, PR China.
authors: Chao
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Weiquan
authors: W
authors: Bu
authors: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Chen
authors: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Xuefeng
authors: X
authors: Hou
authors: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Wang
authors: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China.
authors: Xiaobin
authors: X
authors: Jia
authors: School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
authors: Liuqing
authors: L
authors: Di
authors: Post-doctoral Research Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jumpcan Pharmaceuticl Co., Ltd, Jiangsu, Taixing 225441, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 100# Shizi Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, PR China. Electronic address: wenmoxiushi@163.com.
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Feng
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D031205:Taraxacum / Q000737:chemistry*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase
keywords: Anti-inflammation; Caffeic Acid (PubChem CID: 1549111); Chlorogenic Acid (PubChem CID:1794427); Cichoric Acid(PubChem CID: 5281764); TLR4/IKK/NF-kB signaling pathway; TMHM-OAC