title: Measurement of the Human Calcaneus In Vivo Using Ultrasonic Backscatter Spectral Centroid Shift.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the backscattered spectral centroid shift and the bone mineral density (BMD) in vivo and investigate the feasibility of using the backscattered spectral centroid shift to characterize the cancellous bone status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonic backscatter measurements were performed in vivo on 1216 participants at the right calcaneus using an ultrasonic backscattered bone diagnostic system, and the backscattered spectral centroid shift was calculated at central frequencies of 3.5 and 5.0 MHz. The BMD values were measured at the sites of the lumbar spine and left hip by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population included 592 male and 624 female participants aged 20 to 89 years. The correlations between the backscattered spectral centroid shift in the calcaneus and the spine and hip BMD were found to be statistically significant in both the male and female groups (P < .0001). Linear regression showed that the spectral centroid shift at 3.5 MHz had negative correlations with the spine BMD (R = -0.65 for male participants; R = -0.67 for female participants) and hip BMD (R = -0.64 for male participants; R = -0.64 for female participants). The spectral centroid shift at 5.0 MHz was also found to be closely related to the spine BMD (R = -0.68 for male participants; R = -0.68 for female participants) and hip BMD (R = -0.66 for male participants; R = -0.64 for female participants).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The moderate correlations observed between the spectral centroid shift and the spine and hip BMD demonstrate that the ultrasonic backscattered spectral centroid shift may be a useful measurement for assessment of the cancellous bone status.
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Chengcheng
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Feng
authors: F
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China tda@fudan.edu.cn tadean.fudan@gmail.com.
authors: Dean
authors: D
authors: Ta
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Tang
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yunqi
authors: Y
authors: Jiang
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Dong
authors: Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Wen-Ping
authors: WP
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Xindang
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Ultrasonography, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Wei-Qi
authors: WQ
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bone mineral density; cancellous bone; musculoskeletal ultrasound; spectral centroid shift; ultrasonic backscatter