title: Cathodic-controlled and near-infrared organic upconverter for local blood vessels mapping.
abstract: Organic materials are used in novel optoelectronic devices because of the ease and high compatibility of their fabrication processes. Here, we demonstrate a low-driving-voltage cathodic-controlled organic upconverter with a mapping application that converts near-infrared images to produce images of visible blood vessels. The proposed upconverter has a multilayer structure consisting of a photosensitive charge-generation layer (CGL) and a phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) for producing clear images with a high resolution of 600 dots per inch. In this study, temperature-dependent electrical characterization was performed to analyze the interfacial modification of the cathodic-controlled upconverter. The result shows that the upconverter demonstrated a high conversion efficiency of 3.46% because of reduction in the injection barrier height at the interface between the CGL and the OLED.
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
authors: Chih-Hsien
authors: CH
authors: Yuan
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
authors: Chih-Chien
authors: CC
authors: Lee
authors: Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.|Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City 20401, Taiwan.
authors: Chun-Fu
authors: CF
authors: Liu
authors: Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.|Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City 20401, Taiwan.
authors: Yun-Hsuan
authors: YH
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
authors: Wei-Cheng
authors: WC
authors: Su
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
authors: Shao-Yu
authors: SY
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
authors: Kuan-Ting
authors: KT
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
authors: Yan-De
authors: YD
authors: Li
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
authors: Wen-Chang
authors: WC
authors: Chang
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
authors: Ya-Ze
authors: YZ
authors: Li
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
authors: Tsung-Hao
authors: TH
authors: Su
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Hsuan
authors: YH
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
authors: Shun-Wei
authors: SW
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D049408:Luminescent Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012666:Semiconductors; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D049408:Luminescent Agents