title: Lab-on-a-chip based biosensor for the real-time detection of aflatoxin.
abstract: Polymers were synthesized and utilized for aflatoxin detection coupled with a novel lab-on-a-chip biosensor: MiSens and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) were preferred to be designed and used due to the toxic nature of aflatoxin template and also to avoid difficult clean-up protocols. Towards an innovative miniaturized automated system, a novel biochip has been designed that consists of 6 working electrodes (1mm diameter) with shared reference and counter electrodes. The aflatoxin detection has been achieved by a competition immunoassay that has been performed using the new biochips and the automated MiSens electrochemical biosensor device. For the assay, aflatoxin antibody has been captured on the Protein A immobilized electrode. Subsequently the sample and the enzyme-aflatoxin conjugate mixture has been injected to the electrode surfaces. The final injection of the enzyme substrate results in an amperometric signal. The sensor assays for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in different matrices were also performed using enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and HPLC for confirmation. High recovery was successfully achieved in spiked wheat samples using NIP coupled HPLC and NIP coupled MiSens biosensor [2ppb of aflatoxin was determined as 1.86ppb (93% recovery), 1.73ppb (86.5% recovery), 1.96ppb (98% recovery) and 1.88ppb (94.0% recovery) for immunoaffinity column (IAC)-HPLC, NIP-HPLC, Supel™ Tox SPE Cartridges (SUP)-HPLC and NIP-MiSens, respectively]. Aflatoxin detection in fig samples were also investigated with MiSens biosensor and the results were compared with HPLC method. The new biosensor allows real-time and on-site detection of AFB1 in foods with a rapid, sensitive, fully automated and miniaturized system and expected to have an immense economic impact for food industry.
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey. Electronic address: yildiz.uludag@tubitak.gov.tr.
authors: Yıldız
authors: Y
authors: Uludag
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: Elif
authors: E
authors: Esen
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: Guzin
authors: G
authors: Kokturk
authors: Food Institute - MRC - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: Hayrettin
authors: H
authors: Ozer
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.
authors: Turghun
authors: T
authors: Muhammad
authors: Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: Zehra
authors: Z
authors: Olcer
authors: Food Institute - MRC - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: H Imge Oktay
authors: HIO
authors: Basegmez
authors: Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102 USA.
authors: Senay
authors: S
authors: Simsek
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: Serkan
authors: S
authors: Barut
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: M Yagmur
authors: MY
authors: Gok
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey.
authors: Mete
authors: M
authors: Akgun
authors: Bioelectronic Devices and Systems Group, UEKAE - BILGEM - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Kocaeli, 41470 Turkey; Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Berlin, 10623 Germany.
authors: Zeynep
authors: Z
authors: Altintas
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D030681:Ficus; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized; D011108:Polymers; D016604:Aflatoxin B1
keywords: Aflatoxin; Amperometry; ELISA; HPLC; MiSens biosensor; Real-time electrochemical profiling