title: DDT, DDD, and DDE in soil of Xiangfen County, China: Residues, sources, spatial distribution, and health risks.
abstract: We collected and analyzed 128 surface soil samples from Xiangfen County for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). Total DDT concentrations (DDTs; sum of p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT) ranged from ND to 427.81 ng g(-1) (dry weight, dw), with a mean of 40.26 ng g(-1) (dw). Among the three compounds, p,p'-DDD was the most dominant. The DDTs in Xiangfen County soils mainly originated from historical DDT use, but there were also new inputs likely related to dicofol use. The DDTs in Xiangfen County soils were mainly degraded under anaerobic conditions, and direct degradation to DDD was the main degradation route. Regions with relatively high concentrations of DDTs were mainly located in North and South Xiangfen County. In these regions, many soil samples contained p,p'-DDT as the predominant pollutant, suggestive of extensive new inputs of DDT. A health risk assessment revealed that there are no serious long-term health impacts of exposure to DDTs in soil, for adults or children.
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
authors: Li-Bo
authors: LB
authors: Pan
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
authors: Xiao-Yang
authors: XY
authors: Yang
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
authors: Xiao-Ling
authors: XL
authors: Liu
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Earth Environment and Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors: Shi-Yang
authors: SY
authors: Tao
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
authors: Long
authors: L
authors: Zhao
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
authors: Xiao-Peng
authors: XP
authors: Qin
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China.
authors: Zai-Jin
authors: ZJ
authors: Sun
authors: Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: houhong@craes.org.cn.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Hou
authors: Center for Earth Environment and Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. Electronic address: zhouyz@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors: Yong-Zhang
authors: YZ
authors: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D003634:DDT / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D003632:Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D003634:DDT; D003632:Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
keywords: DDT; Degradation; Dicofol; Health risk; Ratio DDT/DDE