title: Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) against periodontopathic bacteria.
abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are two major omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) with antimicrobial properties. In this study, we evaluated the potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of DHA and EPA against two periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). MTT assay showed that DHA and EPA still exhibited no cytotoxicity to human oral tissue cells when the concentration came to 100 μM and 200 μM, respectively. Against P. gingivalis, DHA and EPA showed the same minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μM, and a respective minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5 μM and 25 μM. However, the MIC and MBC values of DHA or EPA against F. nucleatum were both greater than 100 μM. For early-stage bacteria, DHA or EPA displayed complete inhibition on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of P. gingivalis from the lowest concentration of 12.5 μM. And the planktonic growth of F. nucleatum was slightly but not completely inhibited by DHA or EPA even at the concentration of 100 μM, however, the biofilm formation of F. nucleatum at 24 h was significantly restrained by 100 μM EPA. For exponential-phase bacteria, 100 μM DHA or EPA completely killed P. gingivalis and significantly decreased the viable counts of F. nucleatum. Meanwhile, the morphology of P. gingivalis was apparently damaged, and the virulence factor gene expression of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was strongly downregulated. Besides, the viability and the thickness of mature P. gingivalis biofilm, together with the viability of mature F. nucleatum biofilm were both significantly decreased in the presence of 100 μM DHA or EPA. In conclusion, DHA and EPA possessed antibacterial activities against planktonic and biofilm forms of periodontal pathogens, which suggested that DHA and EPA might be potentially supplementary therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases.
authors: Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors: Mengjun
authors: M
authors: Sun
authors: Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors: Zichao
authors: Z
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors: Jiachen
authors: J
authors: Dong
authors: Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors: Jichun
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China.
authors: Yiru
authors: Y
authors: Xia
authors: Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China. Electronic address: shurong123@hotmail.com.
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Shu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005562:Formazans / Q000032:analysis; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000032:analysis; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005562:Formazans; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D037521:Virulence Factors; C079782:MTT formazan; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Porphyromonas gingivalis