title: Influence of commercial (Fluka) naphthenic acids on acid volatile sulfide (AVS) production and divalent metal precipitation.
abstract: Energy-derived waters containing naphthenic acids (NAs) are complex mixtures often comprising a suite of potentially problematic constituents (e.g. organics, metals, and metalloids) that need treatment prior to beneficial use, including release to receiving aquatic systems. It has previously been suggested that NAs can have biostatic or biocidal properties that could inhibit microbially driven processes (e.g. dissimilatory sulfate reduction) used to transfer or transform metals in passive treatment systems (i.e. constructed wetlands). The overall objective of this study was to measure the effects of a commercially available (Fluka) NA on sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), production of sulfides (as acid-volatile sulfides [AVS]), and precipitation of divalent metals (i.e. Cu, Ni, Zn). These endpoints were assessed following 21-d aqueous exposures of NAs using bench-scale reactors. After 21-days, AVS molar concentrations were not statistically different (p<0.0001; α=0.05) among NA treatments (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80mg NA/L) and an untreated control (no NAs). Extent of AVS production was sufficient in all NA treatments to achieve ∑SEM:AVS <1, indicating that conditions were conducive for treatment of metals, with sulfide ligands in excess of SEM (Cu, Ni, and Zn). In addition, no adverse effects to SRB (in terms of density, relative abundance, and diversity) were measured following exposures of a commercial NA. In this bench-scale study, dissimilatory sulfate reduction and subsequent metal precipitation were not vulnerable to NAs, indicating passive treatment systems utilizing sulfide production (AVS) could be used to treat metals occurring in NAs affected waters.
authors: Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA. Electronic address: andrew.d.mcqueen@gmail.com.
authors: Andrew D
authors: AD
authors: McQueen
authors: Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors: Ciera M
authors: CM
authors: Kinley
authors: Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Rodgers
authors: Contango Strategies Limited, LFK Biotechnology Complex, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 4N1.
authors: Vanessa
authors: V
authors: Friesen
authors: Contango Strategies Limited, LFK Biotechnology Complex, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 4N1.
authors: Jordyn
authors: J
authors: Bergsveinson
authors: Contango Strategies Limited, LFK Biotechnology Complex, 15-410 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 4N1.
authors: Monique C
authors: MC
authors: Haakensen
keywords: Microorganisms; Naphthenic acid; Simultaneously extracted metals; Sulfate-reducing bacteria; Toxicity