title: Damage by Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Pentatomidae) to Upland Rice Cultivated in Amazon Rainforest Region (Brazil) at Different Growth Stages.
abstract: In this study, we evaluated the damage caused in the field by Tibraca limbativentris Stål adults at different levels of infestation (0, 1, 2, and 4 stink bugs) per three rice plants during three growth stages (V8, V13, and R4 stages) of upland rice cultivated in southwestern of Pará State, Amazon Rainforest region, Brazil. Heading time (panicle exertion) was affected by T. limbativentris infestations mainly in the vegetative stage and the whiteheads percentage in treatments ranged from 18.2 to 38%. The dead hearts percentages varied between 0 and 21.5%, and the mean number of primary branches (ramifications) ranged from 5.9 ± 0.4 to 12.3 ± 0.2. The number of empty spikelets was only affected in infestations with four insects/three plants, while the quantity of filled grains per panicle was affected only when infestations occurred during the vegetative stage. The total number of spikelets (filled + empty) per panicle decreased significantly in all phenological stages, and the percentage of damage ranged from 17 to 44% among treatments. Based on the proportion of damage observed, we suggest doubling the number of insects presently used as action threshold to 2 and 4 stink bugs per 15 stalks sampled for the vegetative stage, and of 1 or 2 stink bugs per 15 stalks sampled at the beginning of reproductive stage (R3/R4). Also, the field should be monitored during the entire vegetative stage, since most damage was observed in this phenological stage.
authors: Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus Universitário de Tangará da Serra, Caixa Postal 287, Rodovia MT 358, Km 7, Jardim Aeroporto, 78300-000, Tangará da Serra, MT, Brasil. dioneskrinski@gmail.com.
authors: D
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4719-5314
authors: D
authors: Krinski
authors: Depto de Zoologia, Univ Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
authors: L A
authors: LA
authors: Foerster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D060434:Herbivory; D020062:Heteroptera; D012275:Oryza; D065947:Rainforest
keywords: Oryza sativa, rice stalk stink bug, whiteheads, dead heart, rice pest