title: Comparison of bulk milk antibody and youngstock serology screens for determining herd status for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper examines the use of Bulk Milk antibody (BM Ab), Youngstock (YS) serology (Check Tests) and Bulk Milk PCR (BM PCR) for determining the presence or absence of animals persistently infected (PI) with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) within a herd. Data is presented from 26 herds where average herd sizes were 343 and 98 animals for dairy and beef units respectively. Seventeen herds had sufficient data to analyse using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and probability curves enabling calculation of the sensitivity and specificity of BM Ab and YS Check tests for determining the presence of PI animals within herds in this dataset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using BM Ab to screen a herd for the presence of PI animals, achieved a herd level sensitivity and specificity of 80.00 % (44.39-97.48 %) and 85.71 % (42.13-99.64 %) respectively (95 % confidence intervals quoted). Sensitivity and specificity of YS Check Tests at a cut off of 3/10 Ab positive YS were 81.82 % (48.22-97.72 %) and 66.67 % (22.28-95.67 %) respectively (95 % confidence interval). These results were achieved by comparing the screening tests to whole herd PI searches that took place 1-19 months after the initial screen with a mean interval of 8 months. Removal of this delay by taking BM samples on the day of a whole herd test and simulating a YS Check Test from the herd test data produced improvements in the reliability of the Check Tests. BM Ab sensitivity and specificity remained unchanged. However, the Check Test sensitivity and specificity improved to 90.9 % (58.72-99.77 %) and 100 % (54.07-100 %) respectively (95 % confidence interval) at a cut of off 2.5/10 Ab positive animals. Our limited BM PCR results identified 5/23 dairy farms with a positive BM PCR result; two contained milking PIs, two had non-milking PIs and another had no PIs identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delaying a PI search following an initial herd screen decreased the diagnostic accuracy and relevance of our results. With careful interpretation, longitudinal surveillance using a combination of the techniques discussed can successfully determine farm status and therefore allow changes in BVDV status to be detected early, thus enabling prompt action in the event of a BVDV incursion.
authors: Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK. rbooth@rvc.ac.uk.
authors: Richard E
authors: RE
authors: Booth
authors: Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
authors: Joe
authors: J
authors: Brownlie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry*; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus; Bulk milk antibody; Herd screen; Herd status; Youngstock check test