title: Barriers to Care and Health Care Utilization Among the Publicly Insured.
abstract: Although the Affordable Care Act has been successful in expanding Medicaid to >17 million people, insurance alone may not translate into access to health care. Even among the insured, substantial barriers to accessing services inhibit health care utilization.
  
  
  
  We examined the effect of selected barriers to health care access and the magnitude of those barriers on health care utilization.
  
  
  
  Data come from a 2008 survey of adult enrollees in Minnesota's public health care programs. We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the effects of perceived patient, provider, and system-level barriers on past year delayed, foregone, and lack of preventive care.
  
  
  
  A total of 2194 adults enrolled in Minnesota Health Care Programs who were mostly female (66%), high school graduates (76%), unemployed (62%), and living in metro areas (67%) were included in the analysis.
  
  
  
  Reporting problems across all barriers increased the odds of delayed care from 2 times for provider-related barriers (OR=2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.3) to >6 times for access barriers (OR=6.2; 95% CI, 3.8-10.2) and foregone care from 2.6 times for family/work barriers (OR=2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.1) to >7 times for access barriers (OR=7.1; 95% CI, 3.9-13.1). Perceived discrimination was the only barrier consistently associated with all 3 utilization outcomes.
  
  
  
  Multiple types of barriers are associated with delayed and foregone care. System-level barriers and discrimination have the greatest effect on health care seeking behavior.
authors: *Department of Family Medicine & Community Health †Division of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota ‡Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester §Division of Health Policy & Management ∥Center for Spirituality & Healing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors: Elizabeth M
authors: EM
authors: Allen
authors: Kathleen T
authors: KT
authors: Call
authors: Timothy J
authors: TJ
authors: Beebe
authors: Donna D
authors: DD
authors: McAlpine
authors: Pamela Jo
authors: PJ
authors: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011287:Prejudice; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult