title: Managing boundaries between professional and lay nursing following the influenza pandemic, 1918-1919: insights for professional resilience today?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine lay-professional nursing boundaries, using challenges to the New Zealand nursing profession following the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic as the example.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 had an overwhelming international impact on communities and the nursing profession. After the pandemic, the expectation for communities to be able to nurse the sick reflects today's increasing reliance on families to care for people at home. It similarly raised questions about the profession's role and professional boundaries in relation to volunteer or lay nursing. In New Zealand, the postpandemic challenge to build community lay nursing capacity tested these boundaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of historical primary sources of official reports, newspaper accounts, articles in New Zealand's professional nursing journal Kai Tiaki and the memoir of Hester Maclean, the country's chief nurse. Interpretation of findings in relation to secondary sources examining similar historical tensions between professional and lay nursing, and to the more recent notion of professional resilience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maclean guarded nursing's professional boundaries by maintaining considerable control over community instruction in nursing and by strenuously resisting the suggestion that this should be done in hospitals where professional nurses trained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This historical example shows how the nursing profession faced the perceived threat to its professional boundaries. It also shows how competing goals of building community lay nursing capacity and protecting professional boundaries can be effectively managed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the context of a global nursing shortage, limited healthcare budgets and a consequently increasing reliance on households to provide care for family members, this historical research shows nurses today that similar issues have been faced and effectively managed in the past.
authors: School of Nursing, Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Zealand.
authors: Pamela J
authors: PJ
authors: Wood
mesh_terms: D003152:Community Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006676:History of Nursing; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D064149:Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919 / Q000266:history*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D009520:New Zealand; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D014838:Volunteers / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: community; epidemics; historical research; history of nursing; nursing; pandemics; profession; resilience