title: Psychosocial implications of disorders of sex development treatment for parents.
abstract: Historically, studies of caregivers of children with disorders of sex development (DSD) have been limited.
  
  
  
  Recent data reveal that parents of young children with DSD report increased stress, anxiety, depression, and decreased quality of life in ways that are similar to parents of children with other types of chronic illnesses. Also similar to other chronic illnesses of childhood, parents of children with DSD exhibit overprotective parenting and perceive their child as being vulnerable. These emotions and behaviors exhibited by parents are concerning as they may limit an affected child's emotional and social development over time. Perhaps, more unique to the situation of DSD is the perceived, or real, child-focused stigma experienced by parents of children with DSD.
  
  
  
  Interventions to improve parents' psychosocial adaptation to their child's medical condition, including coaching in how to discuss their child's condition in a manner that makes them feel safe and supported, are needed to optimize outcomes for families.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
authors: Amy B
authors: AB
authors: Wisniewski
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D006801:Humans; D016487:Parenting; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological