title: Lifetime history of traumatic events in a young adult Mexican American sample: Relation to substance dependence, affective disorder, acculturation stress, and PTSD.
abstract: Mexican Americans comprise one of the most rapidly growing populations in the United States, and within this population, trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with physical and mental health problems. Therefore, efforts to delineate factors that may uniquely contribute to increased likelihood of trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders over the lifetime in Mexican Americans are important to address health disparities and to develop treatment and prevention programs. Six hundred fourteen young adults (age 18-30 yrs) of Mexican American heritage, largely second generation, were recruited from the community and assessed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism and an acculturation stress scale. More males (51.2%) reported experiencing traumas than females (41.1%), however, a larger proportion of females received a PTSD diagnosis (15%) than males (8%). Alcohol dependence and affective disorders, but not anxiety disorders, antisocial disorders, nicotine, marijuana, or stimulant dependence, were significantly comorbid with PTSD. Endorsing higher levels of acculturation stress was also significantly associated with both trauma exposure and a diagnosis of PTSD. Logistic regression revealed that female gender, having an affective disorder, alcohol dependence, higher levels of acculturation stress, and lower levels of education were all predictors of PTSD status. Additionally, alcohol dependence generally occurred after the PTSD diagnosis in early adulthood in this high-risk population. These studies suggest that treatment and prevention efforts should particularly focus on young adult second generation Mexican American women with higher levels of acculturation stress, who may be at higher risk for PTSD, affective disorder, and alcohol dependence following trauma exposure.
authors: Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Electronic address: cindye@scripps.edu.
authors: Cindy L
authors: CL
authors: Ehlers
authors: Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors: Corinne
authors: C
authors: Kim
authors: Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Gilder
authors: Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors: Gina M
authors: GM
authors: Stouffer
authors: Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA, USA.
authors: Raul
authors: R
authors: Caetano
authors: James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Traumatic Stress Studies Division, Psychiatry Department, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10029-6574, USA.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Yehuda
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mexican American; PTSD; Substance dependence; Trauma