title: Nuchal cord complication in male small for gestational age increases fetal distress risk during labor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate whether a nuchal cord increases the risk of perinatal complications during labor, and whether fetal growth and sex affect the risk of fetal distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 1749 women with singleton pregnancies planning a vaginal delivery were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of a nuchal cord at birth. Multivariate logistic regression analyses, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to determine whether the risks of perinatal complications increased in the nuchal cord group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A nuchal cord is associated with higher risks of Rupture of membranes (ROM) prior to delivery (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12-1.76, p = 0.0031), need for augmentation during labor (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.27-2.23, p = 0.0003), prolonged second stage of labor (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.55-4.25, p = 0.0002), nonreassuring fetal heart risk during labor (OR = 2.89, 95% CI: 2.18-3.84, p < 0.0001), and instrumental delivery or cesarean delivery (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.55-2.58, p < 0.0001). Fetal distress risk during labor was affected by fetal growth and sex, with male small for gestational age fetuses with a nuchal cord having a significantly higher risk than the control group (OR = 9.77, 95% CI: 3.67-25.79, p < 0.0001), despite there being no significant differences in the neonatal Apgar scores at 1 minute or 5 minutes, or in the need for neonatology between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nuchal cord is associated with perinatal outcomes. Male small for gestational age fetuses with a nuchal cord have a significantly higher risk of fetal distress during labor. Our results suggest that evaluation of fetal sex and body weight is also important in antenatal ultrasonography if a nuchal cord is found.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warabi City Hospital, Warabi City, Japan. Electronic address: kkscsc@gmail.com.
authors: Liangcheng
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warabi City Hospital, Warabi City, Japan.
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Kuromaki
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warabi City Hospital, Warabi City, Japan.
authors: Ayaka
authors: A
authors: Kawabe
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warabi City Hospital, Warabi City, Japan.
authors: Atsuko
authors: A
authors: Kikugawa
authors: Center for Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan.
authors: Shigetaka
authors: S
authors: Matsunaga
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warabi City Hospital, Warabi City, Japan.
authors: Akiyoshi
authors: A
authors: Takagi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000209:etiology*; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000209:etiology; D020567:Fetal Weight; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D053589:Nuchal Cord / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: cesarean delivery; fetal distress risk; nuchal cord; small for gestational age