title: Experimental infection of conventional nursing pigs and their dams with Porcine deltacoronavirus.
abstract: Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly identified virus that has been detected in swine herds of North America associated with enteric disease. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the pathogenicity, course of infection, virus kinetics, and aerosol transmission of PDCoV using 87 conventional piglets and their 9 dams, including aerosol and contact controls to emulate field conditions. Piglets 2-4 days of age and their dams were administered an oronasal PDCoV inoculum with a quantitative real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR quantification cycle (Cq) value of 22 that was generated from a field sample having 100% nucleotide identity to USA/Illinois121/2014 determined by metagenomic sequencing and testing negative for other enteric disease agents using standard assays. Serial samples of blood, serum, oral fluids, nasal and fecal swabs, and tissues from sequential autopsy, conducted daily on days 1-8 and regular intervals thereafter, were collected throughout the 42-day study for qRT-PCR, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Diarrhea developed in all inoculated and contact control pigs, including dams, by 2 days post-inoculation (dpi) and in aerosol control pigs and dams by 3-4 dpi, with resolution occurring by 12 dpi. Mild to severe atrophic enteritis with PDCoV antigen staining was observed in the small intestine of affected piglets from 2 to 8 dpi. Mesenteric lymph node and small intestine were the primary sites of antigen detection by immunohistochemistry, and virus RNA was detected in these tissues to the end of the study. Virus RNA was detectable in piglet fecal swabs to 21 dpi, and dams to 14-35 dpi.
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse) sarah.vitosh@unl.edu.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Vitosh-Sillman
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: John Dustin
authors: JD
authors: Loy
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Bruce
authors: B
authors: Brodersen
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Clayton
authors: C
authors: Kelling
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Doster
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Topliff
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Nelson
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Jianfa
authors: J
authors: Bai
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Erin
authors: E
authors: Schirtzinger
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Poulsen
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Meadors
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Anderson
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Hause
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Anderson
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE (Vitosh-Sillman, Loy, Brodersen, Kelling, Doster, Topliff)Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD (Nelson)Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS (Bai, Schirtzinger, Poulsen, Meadors, J Anderson, Hause, G Anderson, Hesse).
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Hesse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003332:Coronaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000662:veterinary; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral
keywords: Novel coronaviruses; Porcine deltacoronavirus; porcine diarrhea; porcine enteric coronavirus