title: Distribution pattern and penetration depth of doxorubicin after pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) in a postmortem swine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a novel approach delivering intraperitoneal chemotherapy by means of a pressurized aerosol. This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution pattern of doxorubicin in the abdominal cavity after PIPAC in a postmortem swine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doxorubicin was aerosolized through a Micropump© (MIP) into the peritoneal cavity of two swines at a pressure of 12 mm Hg CO2 and 32 °C. To measure the distribution of the drug, 9 different positions within the abdominal cavity were sampled. In-tissue doxorubicin penetration was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy on frozen thin sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A maximum of drug penetration was observed in the area around the MIP. The penetration in the small intestine reached a depth of 349 ± 65 µm. Penetration depth in the right upper abdomen and left upper abdomen were 349 ± 65 and 140 µm ± 26 µm, respectively. Distant areas to the MIP showed variable penetration rates between 50 and 150 µm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doxorubicin reached all areas within the peritoneum. Highest penetration rates were measured in the area around the Micropump. Further studies are warranted to evaluate and optimize the distribution and penetration of cytotoxic agent into the tissue after PIPAC.
authors: Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany. veriakhosrawipour@yahoo.de.|Basic Research Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany. veriakhosrawipour@yahoo.de.
authors: Veria
authors: V
authors: Khosrawipour
authors: Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany.|Basic Research Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors: Tanja
authors: T
authors: Khosrawipour
authors: Basic Research Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors: Alexander Jens Peter
authors: AJ
authors: Kern
authors: Basic Research Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors: Aras
authors: A
authors: Osma
authors: Basic Research Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors: Burak
authors: B
authors: Kabakci
authors: Basic Research Laboratory, Department of General Surgery, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Diaz-Carballo
authors: Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Eckart
authors: E
authors: Förster
authors: Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Zieren
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors: Khashayar
authors: K
authors: Fakhrian
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D013552:Swine; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: Ex vivo swine; Intraperitoneal chemotherapy; PIPAC; Peritoneal carcinomatosis; Whole abdominal radiation