title: Exposure Assessment of Infants to Aflatoxin M₁ through Consumption of Breast Milk and Infant Powdered Milk in Brazil.
abstract: Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) is an important biomarker that can be used to evaluate aflatoxin exposure in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure degree of infants to AFM₁ through consumption of breast milk and infant powdered milk in Brazil. For this purpose, the estimated daily intake (EDI) for infants was calculated based on the AFM₁ levels analyzed in 94 breast milk (BM) samples collected in Southern Brazil, and 16 infant powdered milk (IPM) samples commonly commercialized in Brazil. AFM₁ was detected in 5.3% (n = 5) and 43.8% (n = 7) of BM and IPM samples, with mean levels of 0.003 ng/g and 0.011 ng/g, respectively. All the IPM samples showed AFM₁ levels lower than those established by the Brazilian guidelines (5 ng/g), and in most of the samples (81.25%) levels were below the maximum limit tolerated by the European Commission (0.025 ng/g). The EDI of AFM₁ for infants aged zero to 12 months old showed values from 0.018 to 0.069 ng/kg body weight/day for BM, and 0.078 to 0.306 ng/kg body weight/day for IPM. Hazard index (HI) values for BM and IPM were less than one, except for IPM intended for infants up to one month. In conclusion, the exposure of infants to AFM₁ was low, but continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels is essential to minimize infant health risk.
authors: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. angelicaishikawa@hotmail.com.
authors: Angélica T
authors: AT
authors: Ishikawa
authors: Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. kcia_rt@yahoo.com.br.
authors: Cássia R
authors: CR
authors: Takabayashi-Yamashita
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. eysono@hotmail.com.
authors: Elisabete Y S
authors: EY
authors: Ono
authors: Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan. arturbagatin@yahoo.com.
authors: Artur K
authors: AK
authors: Bagatin
authors: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. fabianarigobello@gmail.com.
authors: Fabiana F
authors: FF
authors: Rigobello
authors: Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan. kawamura@ag.kagawa-u.ac.jp.
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Kawamura
authors: Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. hirooka@uel.br.
authors: Elisa Y
authors: EY
authors: Hirooka
authors: Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. itano@uel.br.
authors: Eiko N
authors: EN
authors: Itano
mesh_terms: D016607:Aflatoxin M1 / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D016607:Aflatoxin M1
keywords: carry-over; exposure; infant; milk; mycotoxin; safety