title: Standardized ultrasonographic approach for the assessment of risk factors of incomplete healing of the cesarean section scar in the uterus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify factors related to the healing of a Cesarean uterine incision using the standardized ultrasonographic approach of scar assessment in the non-pregnant uterus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of the uterine scar were taken from 409 women with a history of at least one low transverse cesarean section (CS) with a single layer uterine closure. Residual myometrial thickness (RMT), width (W) and depth (D) of the triangular hypoechoic scar niche, D/RMT ratio and clinical characteristics were analyzed. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, ANOVA test, and logistic regression were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  268 women presented with a scar defect. RMT values were significantly correlated with the number of CSs (R=-0.17) and uterus retroflection (R=-0.15). The presence of a scar defect was significantly associated with lower RMT values (R=-0.33), greater gestational age (R=0.10), and younger maternal age (R=-0.11). The mean RMT value was significantly smaller in women with CSs performed in the second stage of labor (0.62) when compared to women with CSs in the first stage of labor (0.97) or without cervical dilatation (0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A standardized approach of CS scar assessment in the non-pregnant uterus helps to identify women at risk of long-term complications of CS.
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. Electronic address: pomorski.md@gmail.com.
authors: Michal
authors: M
authors: Pomorski
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors: Tomasz
authors: T
authors: Fuchs
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Rosner-Tenerowicz
authors: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors: Mariusz
authors: M
authors: Zimmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cesarean section scar; Residual myometrial thickness; Scar defect; Standardized ultrasonography; Uterine scar