title: An Autophagy-Related Kinase Is Essential for the Symbiotic Relationship betweenPhaseolus vulgarisand Both Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.
abstract: Eukaryotes contain three types of lipid kinases that belong to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) family. In plants andSaccharomyces cerevisiae, only PI3K class III family members have been identified. These enzymes regulate the innate immune response, intracellular trafficking, autophagy, and senescence. Here, we report that RNAi-mediated downregulation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)PI3Kseverely impaired symbiosis in compositeP. vulgarisplants with endosymbionts such asRhizobium tropiciandRhizophagus irregularisDownregulation of Pv-PI3Kwas associated with a marked decrease in root hair growth and curling. Additionally, infection thread growth, root-nodule number, and symbiosome formation in root nodule cells were severely affected. Interestingly, root colonization by AM fungi and the formation of arbuscules were also abolished in PI3K loss-of-function plants. Furthermore, the transcript accumulation of genes encoding proteins known to interact with PI3K to form protein complexes involved in autophagy was drastically reduced in these transgenic roots. RNAi-mediated downregulation of one of these genes,Beclin1/Atg6, resulted in a similar phenotype as observed for transgenic roots in which Pv-PI3Khad been downregulated. Our findings show that an autophagy-related process is crucial for the mutualistic interactions ofP. vulgariswith beneficial microorganisms.
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Georgina
authors: G
authors: Estrada-Navarrete
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Neftaly
authors: N
authors: Cruz-Mireles
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, CP 5119 Córdoba, Argentina.
authors: Ramiro
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-9941
authors: R
authors: Lascano
authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Xóchitl
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-2036
authors: X
authors: Alvarado-Affantranger
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Alejandra
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-8142
authors: A
authors: Hernández-Barrera
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Aarón
authors: A
authors: Barraza
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Juan E
authors: JE
authors: Olivares
authors: Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores-Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Guanajuato 37684, Mexico.
authors: Manoj-Kumar
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-6524
authors: MK
authors: Arthikala
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico luisc@ibt.unam.mx.
authors: Luis
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6554-5832
authors: L
authors: Cárdenas
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Quinto
authors: Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
authors: Federico
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2961-4896
authors: F
authors: Sanchez