title: Recent advance in the molecular genetics of Wilson disease and hereditary hemochromatosis.
abstract: Metabolic liver diseases such as Wilson disease (WD) and hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) possess complicated pathogenesis and typical hereditary characteristics with the hallmarks of a deficiency in metal metabolism. Mutations in genes encoding ATPase, Cu + transporting, beta polypeptide (ATP7B) and hemochromatosis (HFE) or several non-HFE genes are considered to be causative for WD and HH, respectively. Although the identification of novel mutations in ATP7B for WD and HFE or the non-HFE genes for HH has increased, especially with the application of whole genome sequencing technology in recent years, the biological function of the identified mutations, as well as genotype-phenotype correlations remain to be explored. Further analysis of the causative gene mutation would be critical to clarify the mechanisms underlying specific disease phenotypes. In this review, we therefore summarize the recent advances in the molecular genetics of WD and HH including the updated mutation spectrums and the correlation between genotype and phenotype, with an emphasis on biological functional studies of the individual mutations identified in WD and HH. The weakness of the current functional studies and analysis for the clinical association of the individual mutation was also discussed. These works are essential for the understanding of the association between genotypes and phenotypes of these inherited metabolic liver diseases.
authors: Liver Research Center, Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Xuan-wu District, Beijing, 100050, China. Electronic address: lvtx1990@126.com.
authors: Tingxia
authors: T
authors: Lv
authors: Liver Research Center, Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Xuan-wu District, Beijing, 100050, China. Electronic address: xxmyli@163.com.
authors: Xiaojin
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Xuan-wu District, Beijing, 100050, China. Electronic address: web-zhang@163.com.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Zhang
authors: Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Xuan-wu District, Beijing, 100050, China. Electronic address: zhao_xinyan@ccmu.edu.cn.
authors: Xinyan
authors: X
authors: Zhao
authors: Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Xuan-wu District, Beijing, 100050, China. Electronic address: ouxj16@sina.com.
authors: Xiaojuan
authors: X
authors: Ou
authors: Liver Research Center, Experimental Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Xuan-wu District, Beijing, 100050, China. Electronic address: huangj1966@hotmail.com.
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Huang
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C000612464:ATP7B protein, human; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases
keywords: Biological function; Genetic mutation; Genotypes and phenotypes; Hereditary hemochromatosis; Wilson disease