title: [Association between depression and hearing loss in patients with type 2 diabetes].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between diabetes, hearing loss and depression is unknown, and needs to be understood clearly and precisely. Our objective was to estimate the association between depression and hearing loss in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analytical study. Patients of 40 years or older with type 2 diabetes were studied. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters were recorded. The Beck Depression Inventory and a pure tone audiometry were applied. Groups were compared with chi squared test and logistic regression for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  150 patients were included (76 % women). Average age was 56 ± 9.3 years, with 12.4 ± 6.5 years of progression of diabetes, weight 67.4 ± 11.6 kg; 31 % were obese; 25.5 % hypertensive (126.3 ± 19.3 / 79.4 ± 19.7 mm Hg) and 80.7 % had poor metabolic control (HbA1c ≥ 7 %). Of all the patients, 45.3 % presented hearing loss and 32.4 % depression. Diagnosis of depression in patients with hearing loss remained significant after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 1.051-5.333, p = 0.037). Women had greater risk of depression, difference that remained significant (OR = 3.2; 95 % CI = 1.268-8.584, p = 0.014) after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Almost half of the patients with diabetes presented hearing loss and more than three times the risk of depression. Subjects with depression and diabetes presented more hearing loss (> 20 dB) than those without diabetes and/or without depression.
authors: Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México. ritagomezdiaz@yahoo.com.mx.
authors: Omar
authors: O
authors: Zamora-Vega
authors: Rita Angélica
authors: RA
authors: Gómez-Díaz
authors: Margarita
authors: M
authors: Delgado-Solís
authors: Felipe
authors: F
authors: Vázquez-Estupiñán
authors: Alejandro Martín
authors: AM
authors: Vargas-Aguayo
authors: Niels H
authors: NH
authors: Wacher-Rodarte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Depression; Hearing loss; Type 2 diabetes mellitus