title: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: Conventional first-line treatment and general management.
abstract: Many disease-modifying therapies are currently available for adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) but none of them has been tested in pediatric MS in randomized placebo-controlled trials. At present, as suggested by observational studies and experts' guidelines, interferon-β and glatiramer acetate continue to be the standard first-line treatments for pediatric MS. Observational studies and some controlled unblinded trials have shown a positive effect of these meditations in reducing relapse rate and delaying disease progression, with an acceptable safety profile. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of current knowledge with regard to safety, tolerability, and efficacy of first-line treatment options for MS in the pediatric age group, with the aim of providing guidance for planning first-line treatment of MS in children and adolescents.
authors: From the Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (N.M.), Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (T.S.), University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology and German Center for Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence (J.G.), University Medicine Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina. angelo.ghezzi@asst-valleolona.it.
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Ghezzi
authors: From the Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (N.M.), Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (T.S.), University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology and German Center for Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence (J.G.), University Medicine Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors: Maria Pia
authors: MP
authors: Amato
authors: From the Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (N.M.), Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (T.S.), University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology and German Center for Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence (J.G.), University Medicine Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors: Naila
authors: N
authors: Makhani
authors: From the Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (N.M.), Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (T.S.), University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology and German Center for Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence (J.G.), University Medicine Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors: Teri
authors: T
authors: Shreiner
authors: From the Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (N.M.), Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (T.S.), University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology and German Center for Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence (J.G.), University Medicine Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors: Jutta
authors: J
authors: Gärtner
authors: From the Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (N.M.), Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (T.S.), University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology and German Center for Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood and Adolescence (J.G.), University Medicine Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Tenembaum
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics