title: Impact of natural and calcined starfish (Asterina pectinifera) on the stabilization of Pb, Zn and As in contaminated agricultural soil.
abstract: Metal stabilization using soil amendments is an extensively applied, economically viable and environmentally friendly remediation technique. The stabilization of Pb, Zn and As in contaminated soils was evaluated using natural starfish (NSF) and calcined starfish (CSF) wastes at different application rates (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 wt%). An incubation study was conducted over 14 months, and the efficiency of stabilization for Pb, Zn and As in soil was evaluated by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. The TCLP-extractable Pb was reduced by 76.3-100 and 91.2-100 % in soil treated with NSF and CSF, respectively. The TCLP-extractable Zn was also reduced by 89.8-100 and 93.2-100 % in soil treated with NSF and CSF, respectively. These reductions could be associated with the increased metal adsorption and the formation of insoluble metal precipitates due to increased soil pH following application of the amendments. However, the TCLP-extractable As was increased in the soil treated with NSF, possibly due to the competitive adsorption of phosphorous. In contrast, the TCLP-extractable As in the 10 % CSF treatment was not detectable because insoluble Ca-As compounds might be formed at high pH values. Thermodynamic modeling by visual MINTEQ predicted the formation of ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·26H2O) and portlandite (Ca(OH)2) in the 10 % CSF-treated soil, while SEM-EDS analysis confirmed the needle-like structure of ettringite in which Pb was incorporated and stabilized in the 10 % CSF treatment.
authors: Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea.|Soil and Fertilizer Division, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, 55365, Korea.
authors: Jung Eun
authors: JE
authors: Lim
authors: Soil and Fertilizer Division, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju, 55365, Korea.
authors: Jwa Kyung
authors: JK
authors: Sung
authors: Environmental Science and Engineering Strand, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
authors: Binoy
authors: B
authors: Sarkar
authors: Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
authors: Hailong
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Bioapplications and Systems Engineering (BASE), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
authors: Yohey
authors: Y
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Daniel C W
authors: DC
authors: Tsang
authors: Korea Biochar Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Korea. soilok@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors: Yong Sik
authors: YS
authors: Ok
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D047288:Asterina / Q000737:chemistry; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D013816:Thermodynamics; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D015032:Zinc; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Bioavailability; Metal speciation; Soil amendment; Soil remediation; Trace element; Waste recycling