title: Protective effect of lavender oil on scopolamine induced cognitive deficits in mice and H2O2induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lavender essential oil (LO), an aromatic liquid extracted from Lavandula angustifolia Mill., has been traditionally used in the treatments of many nervous system diseases, and recently LO also reported to be effective for the Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The improvement effect of lavender oil (LO) on the scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in mice and H2O2induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells have been evaluated. The relevant mechanism was also researched from the perspective of antioxidant effect and cholinergic system modulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive deficits were induced in C57BL/6J mice treated with scopolamine (1mg/kg, i.p.) and were assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) and step-through passive avoidance tests. Then their hippocampus were removed for biochemical assays (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and malondialdehyde (MDA)). In vitro, the cytotoxicity were induced by 4h exposure to H2O2in PC12 and evaluated by cell viability (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, nitric oxide (NO) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrated that LO (100mg/kg) could improve the cognitive performance of scopolamine induced mice in behavioral tests. Meanwhile, it significantly decreased the AChE activity, MDA level, and increase SOD and GPX activities of the model. Moreover, LO (12μg/mL) protected PC12 cells from H2O2induced cytotoxicity by reducing LDH, NO release, intracellular ROS accumulation and MMP loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was suggested that LO could show neuroprotective effect in AD model in vivo (scopolamine-treated mice) and in vitro (H2O2induced PC12 cells) via modulating oxidative stress and AChE activity.
authors: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Pan
authors: P
authors: Xu
authors: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Kezhu
authors: K
authors: Wang
authors: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Cong
authors: C
authors: Lu
authors: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Liming
authors: L
authors: Dong
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, China.
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Yan
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, China.
authors: Silafu
authors: S
authors: Aibai
authors: Research Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: liuxinmin@hotmail.com.
authors: Xinmin
authors: X
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D027523:Lavandula; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D016716:PC12 Cells; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D012601:Scopolamine; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012601:Scopolamine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C548245:Ache protein, mouse; C045718:lavender oil
keywords: Lavender oil; Morris water maze test; Oxidative stress; PC12 cells; Scopolamine