title: Bacterial colonization of the peri-implant sulcus in dentate patients: a prospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to compare the composition of the periodontal microflora at baseline (T0) with the submucosal microflora at least 1 year after implant placement (T1) in periodontally healthy patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  For all 169 consecutive patients that visited our clinic during 1 year, we determined their periodontal parameters, implant mucosal index, and presence of implant calculus. At T0, self-reported smoking status was recorded and subgingival and submucosal biofilm samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence and numbers of selected periodontal pathogens. All measurements were repeated at T1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty patients completed the study. Periodontal parameters were stable or had improved at T1. The total bacterial load was lower at implant sites (P < 0.05). The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis was low at baseline, but at T1, detection rate and numbers were higher at implant sites compared to dentate sites. At T1, the frequency of detection of P. gingivalis (P = 0.01), Parvimonas micra (P = 0.018), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (P = 0.035) was higher in smoking patients (n = 23) than in non-smokers (n = 97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colonization of the submucosal peri-implant area is similar to the composition of subgingival microbiota. Smoking has a measurable effect on the colonization of implant-associated biofilms and may select for P. gingivalis, P. micra, and F. nucleatum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The colonization of implants by well-known periodontal pathogens is very similar to that in normal dentition, also in a healthy cohort. Smoking status was related with the prevalence of periodontal pathogens where smokers harbored more often periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis, P. micra, and F. nucleatum.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.a.stokman@umcg.nl.
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Stokman
authors: Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: A J
authors: AJ
authors: van Winkelhoff
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Vissink
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: F K L
authors: FK
authors: Spijkervet
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Raghoebar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018441:Biofilms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Bacteria; Colonization; Dental implants; Smoking