title: Effectiveness of pharmacy-based needle/syringe exchange programme for people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: To appraise the evidence critically for effectiveness of pharmacy-based needle/syringe exchange programmes (pharmacy-based NSPs) on risk behaviours (RBs), HIV/HCV prevalence and economic outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID).
  
  
  
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  Primary care setting.
  
  
  
  Of 1568 studies screened, 14 studies with 7035 PWID were included.
  
  
  
  PubMed, Embase, Web of Sciences, CENTRAL and Cochrane review databases were searched without language restriction from their inception to 27 January 2016. All published study designs with control groups that reported the effectiveness of pharmacy-based NSP on outcomes of interest were included. Outcomes of interest are risk behaviour (RB), HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and economic outcomes. The estimates of pooled effects of these outcomes were calculated as pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by I2and χ2tests.
  
  
  
  Most studies (nine of 14, 64.3%) were rated as having a serious risk of bias, while 28.6 and 7.1% were rated as having a moderate risk and low risk of bias, respectively. For sharing-syringe behaviour, pharmacy-based NSPs were significantly better than no NSPs for both main (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.34-0.73; I2= 59.6%) and sensitivity analyses, excluding studies with a serious risk of bias (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.32-0.84; I2= 41.4%). For safe syringe disposal and HIV/HCV prevalence, the evidence for pharmacy-based NSPs compared with other NSP or no NSP was unclear, as few of the studies reported this and most of them had a serious risk of bias. Compared with the total life-time cost of US$55 640 for treating a person with HIV infection, the HIV prevalence among PWID has to be at least 0.8% (for pharmacy-based NSPs) or 2.1% (for other NSPs) to result in cost-savings.
  
  
  
  Pharmacy-based needle/syringe exchange programmes appear to be effective for reducing risk behaviours among people who inject drugs, although their effect on HIV/HCV prevalence and economic outcomes is unclear.
authors: Clinical Pharmacy Research Unit (CPRU), Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand.|School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Ratree
authors: R
authors: Sawangjit
authors: School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.|Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors: Tahir Mehmood
authors: TM
authors: Khan
authors: School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.|Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.|School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.|School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Nathorn
authors: N
authors: Chaiyakunapruk
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D006801:Humans; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous
keywords: Meta-analysis; needle/syringe exchange programme (NSP); people who inject drugs (PWID); pharmacy-based NSP; risk behaviours (RB); systematic review