title: Uric acid transporters hiding in the intestine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperuricaemia is known as an abnormally increased uric acid level in the blood. Although it was observed many years ago, since uric acid excretion via the intestine pathway accounted for approximately one-third of total elimination of uric acid, the molecular mechanism of 'extra-renal excretion' was poorly understood until the finding of uric acid transporters.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to gather all information related to uric acid transporters in the intestine and present this information as a comprehensive and systematic review article.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was performed from various databases (e.g., Medline, Science Direct, Springer Link, etc.). The key terms included uric acid, transporter and intestine. The period for the search is from the 1950s to the present. The bibliographies of papers relating to the review subject were also searched for further relevant references.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The uric acid transporters identified in the intestine are discussed in this review. The solute carrier (SLC) transporters include GLUT9, MCT9, NPT4, NPT homolog (NPT5) and OAT10. The ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters include ABCG2 (BCRP), MRP2 and MRP4. Bacterial transporter YgfU is a low-affinity and high-capacity transporter for uric acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present review may be helpful for further our understanding of hyperuricaemia and be of value in designing future studies on novel therapeutic pathways.
authors: a School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University , Quanzhou , China.|b Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.
authors: Xianxiang
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: b Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.
authors: Canghai
authors: C
authors: Li
authors: a School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University , Quanzhou , China.
authors: Pan
authors: P
authors: Zhou
authors: b Institute of Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China.
authors: Tingliang
authors: T
authors: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000070590:Solute Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D000070590:Solute Carrier Proteins; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Extra-renal excretion; gout; hyperuricaemia