title: Diabetes Technology-Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To formulate clinical practice guidelines for the use of continuous glucose monitoring and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in adults with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants include an Endocrine Society-appointed Task Force of seven experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. The American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the European Society of Endocrinology co-sponsored this guideline.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Task Force developed this evidence-based guideline using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to describe the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The Task Force commissioned one systematic review and used the best available evidence from other published systematic reviews and individual studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Committees and members of the Endocrine Society, the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the European Society of Endocrinology reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of these guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous glucose monitoring have an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Data from randomized controlled trials are limited on the use of medical devices, but existing studies support the use of diabetes technology for a wide variety of indications. This guideline presents a review of the literature and practice recommendations for appropriate device use.
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: Anne L
authors: AL
authors: Peters
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Ahmann
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: Tadej
authors: T
authors: Battelino
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: Alison
authors: A
authors: Evert
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: Irl B
authors: IB
authors: Hirsch
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: M Hassan
authors: MH
authors: Murad
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: William E
authors: WE
authors: Winter
authors: Keck School of Medicine (A.L.P.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033; Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center (A.J.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Medicine (T.B.), University of Ljubljana and University Children's Hospital, 1104 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Endocrine and Diabetes Care Center (A.E., I.B.H.), University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98195; Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center (M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; UF Diabetes Institute (W.E.W.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Joslin Diabetes Center (H.W.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors: Howard
authors: H
authors: Wolpert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends; D032921:Consensus; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000009:adverse effects; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000639:trends; D004704:Endocrinology / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends; D007390:International Agencies; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D057285:Precision Medicine; D012958:Societies, Scientific
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin