title: CC chemokine ligands in patients presenting with stable chest pain: association with atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CC chemokine ligands (CCLs) are elevated during acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and correlate with secondary events. Their involvement in plaque inflammation led us to investigate whether CCL3-5-18 are linked to the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) and prognostic for primary events during follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured CCL3-5-18 serum concentrations in 712 patients with chest discomfort referred for cardiac CT angiography. Obstructive CAD was defined as ≥50 % stenosis. The extent of CAD was measured by calcium score and segment involvement score (number of coronary segments with any CAD, range 0-16). Patients were followed up for all-cause mortality, ACS and revascularisation, for a mean 26 ± 7 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with obstructive CAD had significantly higher CCL5 (p = 0.02), and borderline significantly elevated CCL18 plasma levels as compared with patients with <50 % stenosis (p = 0.06). CCL18 levels were associated with coronary calcification (p = 0.002) and segment involvement score (p = 0.007). Corrected for traditional risk factors, only CCL5 provided independent predictive value for obstructive CAD: odds ratio (OR) 1.27 (1.02-1.59), p = 0.04. CCL5 provided independent predictive value for primary events during follow-up: OR 1.62 (1.03-2.57), p = 0.04.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While CCL18 serum levels correlated with extent of CAD, CCL5 demonstrated an independent association with the presence of obstructive CAD, and occurrence of primary cardiac events.
authors: Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)/Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. mathijs.versteylen@gmail.com.
authors: M O
authors: MO
authors: Versteylen
authors: Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Manca
authors: Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: I A
authors: IA
authors: Joosen
authors: Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: D E
authors: DE
authors: Schmidt
authors: Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)/Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Das
authors: Cardiology Center Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Hofstra
authors: Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Crijns
authors: Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: E A
authors: EA
authors: Biessen
authors: Department of Cardiology and Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: B L
authors: BL
authors: Kietselaer
keywords: CC chemokine ligands; Cardiac computed tomographic angiography; Cardiac events; Coronary artery disease; Prognosis