title: In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. var. craveniana (S.Y.Hu) Lo and its main effective component, palmatine, against porcine Helicobacter pylori.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. var. craveniana (S.Y.Hu) Lo (TSG) is a traditional Chinese herb that has been used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection and has anti-bacterial and anti-ulcer activity. Our study investigated the bactericidal effects of TSG and its major component, palmatine, against a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strain isolated from pig and the standard strain H. pylori SS1 in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  H. pylori was isolated from pig and named H. pylori SCYA201401. For in vitro experiments, the inhibitory activity of TSG and palmatine against H. pylori SCYA201401 and H. pylori SS1 were tested by use of the agar cup diffusion technique. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined from the absence of H. pylori colonies on agar plates. Time-kill curves were used to evaluate bactericidal activity; the average number of colonies was calculated at 0 to 48 h after liquid incubation, with concentrations of drugs at 0.5, 1, and 2 × MIC. For in vivo experiments, H. pylori SCYA201401-infected mice were randomly divided into TSG, palmatine, triple therapy (omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin), blank control, and model groups. The eradication ratios were determined by use of rapid urease tests and bacterial culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the MIC and MBC of TSG against H. pylori SCYA201401 and SS1 were both 6250 μg/mL, whereas palmatine against H. pylori SCYA201401 was 6.25 μg/mL and against H. pylori SS1 was 3.12 μg/mL. The time-kill curves showed a dose-dependent, progressive decline in the numbers of viable bacteria up to 40 h. In vivo, the eradication ratios in the TSG and palmatine groups of mice were 80 and 50 % compared with 70 % in the triple-therapy group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSG and its major component, palmatine, have bactericidal activity against H. pylori in vitro and in vivo. The possibility that TSG or palmatine can be effective in the treatment of human and animals H. pylori infection deserves investigation.
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
authors: Qian
authors: Q
authors: Rong
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Xu
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
authors: Qi
authors: Q
authors: Dong
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
authors: Yuli
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China. liyinglun01@163.com.
authors: Yinglun
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
authors: Gang
authors: G
authors: Ye
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
authors: Ling
authors: L
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D031610:Tinospora / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001600:Berberine Alkaloids; D010936:Plant Extracts; C005413:palmatine
keywords: Bactericidal activity; Helicobacter pylori; Palmatine; Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. var. craveniana (S.Y.Hu) Lo