title: Obesity, related diseases and their relationship with vitamin D deﬁciency in adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rise in prevalence of obesity has occurred concomitantly to that of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). The aim of this narrative review was to describe the relationship between obesity and such related diseases as VDD in adolescents, in an effort to warn of the risks of this deficiency during this period of growth and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the electronic databases PubMed, Medline, Scielo, Science Direct and Lilacs for articles from between 2000 and 2015 on the topics obesity and obesity-related diseases and VDD in adolescents. We included articles written in English, Spanish and Portuguese of the analytical variety (transverse and longitudinal), systematic reviews, meta-analysis and controlled clinical trials on humans, and excluded studies that were done on animals, inconclusive or with undefined methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We produced an overview of VDD in obesity, in cardiovascular diseases, in diabetes mellitus, in systemic hypertension, and in dyslipidemia. The prevalence of VDD was considered high in obese adolescents and their relationship with the obesity and related diseases was found in adolescents. These findings forewarn of possible clinical repercussions in the health of the adolescents, foremost because of how essential vitamin D is to growth and development, and for its interaction with obesity and obesity-related diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The worldwide rise in the obesity rate alongside the progressively increasing of vitamin D deficiency in adolescents is alarming. This relationship of VDD with the obesity and related diseases was found in adolescents. Vitamin D supplementation is considered promising measure to take with obese adolescents.
authors: Nutrition Sciences. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Center for Research on Micronutrients/Brazil. jacqsilva@uol.com.br.
authors: Jacqueline
authors: J
authors: De Souza Silva
authors: Silvia Elaine
authors: SE
authors: Pereira
authors: Carlos José
authors: CJ
authors: Saboya Sobrinho
authors: Andréa
authors: A
authors: Ramalho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014804:Vitamin B Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Obesity. Vitamin D deficiency. Adolescents. Obesityrelated diseases.