title: Time- and anion-dependent stimulation on triphosphopyridine nucleotide followed by antioxidant responses in Vibrio fischeri after exposure to 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts.
abstract: A toxicity database of over 157 ionic liquids (ILs) was established on Vibrio fischeri (VF). The database contained mainly monotonic concentration-response relationship, and its application in risk assessment was challenged by potential non-monotonic hormetic effects of ILs. In the present study, the hormetic effects of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts ([emim]X, X = BF4, Cl and Br) were confirmed on VF, and biochemical explanations were explored in a time-dependent manner. On luminescence, [emim]BF4 showed inhibitory effects compared with the control, and the median effective concentration (EC50) increased from 3.15E-02 to 8.88E-02 mol/L from 0.25 to 24 h. Notably, [emim]BF4 also showed stimulatory effects at 18 h when the maximum stimulation (Emin) was 51.8% higher than the control, and at 24 h when the Emin increased to 120% higher than the control. Compared with [emim]BF4, [emim]Cl had higher EC50 values which increased over time, while it had less maximum stimulation which also increased over time. In results of [emim]Br, there were only inhibitory effects. At the biochemical level, the stimulatory effects of [emim]BF4 and [emim]Cl on triphosphopyridine nucleotide (NADPH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were earlier than those on luminescence. Moreover, NAD(P)H showed stimulation in [emim]Br which did not have hormetic effects on luminescence. Meanwhile, the effects of [emim]X on flavin mononucleotide, adenosine-triphosphate, reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidases showed consistent time-dependent changes with those on luminescence. The results indicated different roles between NAD(P)H and other biochemical indices, e.g., the antioxidant responses, in the stimulation of [emim]X on luminescence.
authors: Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors: ZhenYang
authors: Z
authors: Yu
authors: The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Protection and Assessment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
authors: LingYun
authors: L
authors: Mo
authors: Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China. Electronic address: zhjshy@163.com.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors: ShuShen
authors: S
authors: Liu
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects*; D000838:Anions; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity; D049449:Luminescence; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012492:Salts; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000975:Antioxidants; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012492:Salts; D009249:NADP; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; C518739:1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
keywords: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salt; Anion-dependence; Biochemical explanation; Stimulation; Time-dependence; Vibrio fischeri