title: Nutrition in the First 1000 Days: The Origin of Childhood Obesity.
abstract: Childhood obesity is a major global issue. Its incidence is constantly increasing, thereby offering a threatening public health perspective. The risk of developing the numerous chronic diseases associated with this condition from very early in life is significant. Although complex and multi-factorial, the pathophysiology of obesity recognizes essential roles of nutritional and metabolic aspects. Particularly, several risk factors identified as possible determinants of later-life obesity act within the first 1000 days of life (i.e., from conception to age 2 years). The purpose of this manuscript is to review those key mechanisms for which a role in predisposing children to obesity is supported by the most recent literature. Throughout the development of the human feeding environment, three different stages have been identified: (1) the prenatal period; (2) breast vs. formula feeding; and (3) complementary diet. A deep understanding of the specific nutritional challenges presented within each phase might foster the development of future preventive strategies.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Hospital, University of Milan, Milan 20154, Italy. chiara.mameli@unimi.it.
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Mameli
authors: Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Hospital, University of Milan, Milan 20154, Italy. saramazzantini@hotmail.it.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Mazzantini
authors: Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Hospital, University of Milan, Milan 20154, Italy. gianvincenzo.zuccotti@unimi.it.
authors: Gian Vincenzo
authors: GV
authors: Zuccotti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: breast feeding; child nutrition; diet; obesity; overweight