title: Tolterodine Tartrate Proniosomal Gel Transdermal Delivery for Overactive Bladder.
abstract: The goal of this study was to formulate and evaluate side effects of transdermal delivery of proniosomal gel compared to oral tolterodine tartrate (TT) for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Proniosomal gels are surfactants, lipids and soy lecithin, prepared by coacervation phase separation. Formulations were analyzed for drug entrapment efficiency (EE), vesicle size, surface morphology, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, in vitro skin permeation, and in vivo effects. The EE was 44.87%-91.68% and vesicle size was 253-845 nm for Span formulations and morphology showed a loose structure. The stability and skin irritancy test were also carried out for the optimized formulations. Span formulations with cholesterol-containing formulation S1 and glyceryl distearate as well as lecithin containing S3 formulation showed higher cumulative percent of permeation such as 42% and 35%, respectively. In the in vivo salivary secretion model, S1 proniosomal gel had faster recovery, less cholinergic side effect on the salivary gland compared with that of oral TT. Histologically, bladder of rats treated with the proniosomal gel formulation S1 showed morphological improvements greater than those treated with S3. This study demonstrates the potential of proniosomal vesicles for transdermal delivery of TT to treat OAB.
authors: PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei. rajan.rajabalaya@ubd.edu.bn.|School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. rajan.rajabalaya@ubd.edu.bn.
authors: Rajan
authors: R
authors: Rajabalaya
authors: School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. guok_leen@hotmail.com.
authors: Guok
authors: G
authors: Leen
authors: School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. pharmjestin@gmail.com.
authors: Jestin
authors: J
authors: Chellian
authors: School of Medicine, Perdana University, Jalan MAEPS Perdana, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia. activedoctor@gmail.com.
authors: Srikumar
authors: S
authors: Chakravarthi
authors: PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei. sdsheba@gmail.com.|School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. sdsheba@gmail.com.
authors: Sheba R
authors: SR
authors: David
keywords: Proniosome; cholesterol; overactive bladder; permeation; salivary secretion; transdermal