title: Scrutinizing the Biomarkers for the Neglected Chagas Disease: How Remarkable!
abstract: Biomarkers or biosignature profiles have become accessible over time in population-based studies for Chagas disease. Thus, the identification of consistent and reliable indicators of the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with heart failure might facilitate the prioritization of therapeutic management to those with the highest chance of contracting this disease. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent state and the upcoming trends in biomarkers for human Chagas disease. As an emerging concept, we propose a classification of biomarkers based on plasmatic-, phenotype-, antigenic-, genetic-, and management-related candidates. The available data revisited here reveal the lessons learned thus far and the existing challenges that still lie ahead to enable biomarkers to be employed consistently in risk evaluation for this disease. There is a strong need for biomarker validation, particularly for biomarkers that are specific to the clinical forms of Chagas disease. The current failure to achieve the eradication of the transmission of this disease has produced determination to solve this validation issue. Finally, it would be strategic to develop a wide variety of biomarkers and to test them in both preclinical and clinical trials.
authors: Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.
authors: Rosa T
authors: RT
authors: Pinho
authors: Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.
authors: Mariana C
authors: MC
authors: Waghabi
authors: Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Muniz, FIOCRUZ , Salvador , Brazil.
authors: Fabíola
authors: F
authors: Cardillo
authors: Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de Petropolis (FMP-FASE), Petrópolis, Brazil.
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Mengel
authors: Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.
authors: Paulo R Z
authors: PR
authors: Antas
keywords: Chagas disease; biomarkers for immune responsiveness; clinical forms; human experimentation; mini review