title: Emerging therapeutics for ocular surface disease.
abstract: The present review provides an overview on the potential of different systemic and topical treatments in chronic forms of ocular allergy and dry eye disorder (DED). The impact on anterior surface of ocular inflammatory disorder encompasses an array of conditions, which are frequently underreported. This can contribute to underdiagnoses and ineffective management from healthcare providers such as an allergist and/or ophthalmologist who routinely provide care for these common disorders. Owing to the current limited therapeutic options, healthcare providers are routinely seeking alternative treatments that could facilitate effective management of the conditions.
  
  
  
  Recent advances in immunopathophysiology of ocular surface disorders has provided new potential targets and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DED and ocular allergy that may include various immunobiological modulators. These modulators have focused on regulating the Th1 and Th2 immune-mediated inflammatory pathways that inhibit various cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) antibodies (e.g. IgE), and other surface markers of various cell lines (e.g. activated T-lymphocytes, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1).
  
  
  
  Recent findings about the pathophysiology of DED and ocular allergy have led to the greater understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ocular surface diseases leading to the potential novel targets for immunomodulation of anterior surface ocular disorders. New topical glucocorticoids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, IL-1 antagonists, IL-5, IL-4/IL-13 antagonists, integrin antagonists, and quinolone derivatives appear to be encouraging.
authors: aThomas Jefferson University Kimmel School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniabRutgers University, Center for Environmental Prediction, New BrunswickcUniversity Asthma and Allergy Associates, STARx Asthma and Allergy Center, Springfield, New JerseydDepartment of Ophthalmology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New YorkeBascom Palmer Eye Institute at Palm Beach Gardens, Palm Beach GardensfBascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors: Brett P
authors: BP
authors: Bielory
authors: Steven P
authors: SP
authors: Shah
authors: Terrence P
authors: TP
authors: O'Brien
authors: Victor L
authors: VL
authors: Perez
authors: Leonard
authors: L
authors: Bielory
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000628:therapy*; D005123:Eye / Q000276:immunology*; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000628:therapy*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends*; D007249:Inflammation; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058408:Th1-Th2 Balance
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D020024:Leukotriene Antagonists; D015363:Quinolones; D007073:Immunoglobulin E