title: The use of hyperspectral imaging in the VNIR (400-1000nm) and SWIR range (1000-2500nm) for detecting counterfeit drugs with identical API composition.
abstract: The risk of death from taking counterfeit drugs is now greater than the probability of dying from malaria and AIDS combined (at least half a million deaths each year). At the same time, counterfeit medicines are falsified more and more "skillfully". According to WHO about 10% of counterfeit drugs are copies of original products. The methods of hyperspectral imaging and image analysis and processing were used to detect counterfeit drugs. Original Viagra® (Pfizer) and counterfeit tablets were compared. Hyperspectral imaging was used to acquire hyperspectral data cubes from both original and counterfeit tablets in the spectral range of 400-2500nm. Spectral parameters for both the original Viagra® and counterfeit drugs were compared. Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed. Hyperspectral analysis of the surface of the original Viagra® and counterfeit tablets demonstrates significant differences in reflectance (maximum difference for 1619.75nm). The GLCM contrast for the falsified drug is on average higher than for the original one 16±4%. GLCM contrast analysis enables to quantify homogeneity of distribution of tablet ingredients and enables to distinguish tablets with identical chemical composition. SWIR (1000-2500nm) hyperspectral imaging has a definite advantage over imaging in VNIR (400-1000nm) - higher wavelength is less sensitive to non-uniform illumination.
authors: School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Kasztanowa Street 3, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland. Electronic address: swilczynski@sum.edu.pl.
authors: Sławomir
authors: S
authors: Wilczyński
authors: Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Computer Science, Będzińska Street 39, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Koprowski
authors: Specim Spectral Imaging Ltd., Elektroniikkatie 13, 90570 Oulu, Finland.
authors: Mathieu
authors: M
authors: Marmion
authors: Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science, Institute of Computer Science, Będzińska Street 39, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland.
authors: Piotr
authors: P
authors: Duda
authors: School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Kasztanowa Street 3, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Błońska-Fajfrowska
keywords: Chemical imaging; Counterfeit medicines; GLCM; Hyperspectral imaging; Molecular imaging; Viagra®