title: Multimodal Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on Partial Least Squares.
abstract: In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the identification of the conversion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain neuroimaging techniques have been widely used to support the classification or prediction of MCI. The present study combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET), and 18F-florbetapir PET (florbetapir-PET) to discriminate MCI converters (MCI-c, individuals with MCI who convert to AD) from MCI non-converters (MCI-nc, individuals with MCI who have not converted to AD in the follow-up period) based on the partial least squares (PLS) method. Two types of PLS models (informed PLS and agnostic PLS) were built based on 64 MCI-c and 65 MCI-nc from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The results showed that the three-modality informed PLS model achieved better classification accuracy of 81.40%, sensitivity of 79.69%, and specificity of 83.08% compared with the single-modality model, and the three-modality agnostic PLS model also achieved better classification compared with the two-modality model. Moreover, combining the three modalities with clinical test score (ADAS-cog), the agnostic PLS model (independent data: florbetapir-PET; dependent data: FDG-PET and MRI) achieved optimal accuracy of 86.05%, sensitivity of 81.25%, and specificity of 90.77%. In addition, the comparison of PLS, support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) showed greater diagnostic power of PLS. These results suggested that our multimodal PLS model has the potential to discriminate MCI-c from the MCI-nc and may therefore be helpful in the early diagnosis of AD.
authors: National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors: Pingyue
authors: P
authors: Wang
authors: Banner Alzheimer's Institute and Banner Good Samaritan PET Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors: Kewei
authors: K
authors: Chen
authors: National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.|College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Yao
authors: College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Hu
authors: National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.|College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors: Xia
authors: X
authors: Wu
authors: College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors: Jiacai
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors: Qing
authors: Q
authors: Ye
authors: National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.|College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
authors: Xiaojuan
authors: X
authors: Guo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000009:adverse effects; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012372:ROC Curve; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D060388:Support Vector Machine
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D008689:Methacrylates; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; C545186:florbetapir
keywords: Classification; MRI; PET; mild cognitive impairment; partial least squares