title: The Longitudinal Impact of Perceptions of Parental Monitoring on Adolescent Initiation of Sexual Activity.
abstract: The association between parental monitoring and adolescent behavior is well established. Past research suggests that parents monitor adolescent activities through parental control, solicitation of information, and youth disclosure, which increase parents' knowledge of youth activity leading to decreased risk behavior. However, there is mixed evidence of the impact of these efforts on sexual behavior. We examined these strategies from the adolescent perspective and assessed their impact on the initiation of sexual activity across the transition from middle school to high school.
  
  
  
  Analyses include 533 primarily Latino adolescents, who had not yet had sex in eighth grade and were surveyed yearly through 10th grade.
  
  
  
  Adolescents who in eighth grade reported greater parental knowledge and more family rules about dating were less likely to initiate sex between eighth and 10th grade. Exchange of information, through parental solicitation and youth disclosure, and parental control, through rules about friends and dating, as well as maternal relationship satisfaction were significant predictors of parental knowledge. There were no gender differences in the impact of dating rules and parental knowledge on sexual initiation, but the paths to acquiring knowledge did differ by gender.
  
  
  
  Results suggest that parental monitoring at earlier ages has an impact on sexual initiation. Effective monitoring is an active process within a family that includes setting boundaries and exchanging information. Interventions that encourage family rules, provide strategies for improving parental solicitation of information, and increase youth disclosure by enhancing the maternal-child relationship may be more likely to impact sexual initiation.
authors: Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. Electronic address: KEthier@cdc.gov.
authors: Kathleen A
authors: KA
authors: Ethier
authors: Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Christopher R
authors: CR
authors: Harper
authors: Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Hoo
authors: Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors: Patricia J
authors: PJ
authors: Dittus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010465:Perception; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adolescents; Parental monitoring; Sexual behavior