title: Epidemiological and clinical aspects of urogenital schistosomiasis in women, in Burkina Faso, West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because infections with Schistosoma Haematobium usually peak in childhood, the majority of studies on schistosomiasis have focused on school-aged children. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological and clinical aspects of urogenital schistosomiasis in women in Burkina Faso, West Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in a mesoendemic region (Kombissiri) and a hyperendemic region (Dori) for schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso. A total of 287 females aged 5 to 50 years were included in the study. S. haematobium infection was assessed using the urine filtration method and dipsticks were used for the detection of hematuria. Interviews were conducted to identify clinical aspects and risk factors related to urogenital schistosomiasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection in Dori was 21.3 %, where as Kombissiri was less affected with a prevalence of 4.6 %. The most affected age group was the 10- to 14-year-olds (41.2 %), followed by the 15- to 19-year-olds (26.3 %). Risk factors significantly associated with schistosomiasis (P <0.05) were place of residence, age, contact with open water in the past year, and distance of home to open water. The percentage of participants who had contact with open water was significantly higher among the women living in Dori compared to Kombissiri. Females over 15 years of age showed a significant higher rate of water contact compared to the 5- to 15-year-olds. A significant correlation between schistosomiasis and hematuria was established. Microhematuria showed a sensitivity of 80.6 %, a specificity of 92.7 %, and a positive predictive value of 61.7 %, whereas macrohematuria had a sensitivity of 47.2 %, a specificity of 99.2 %, and a positive predictive value of 89.5 %. The mass distribution of praziquantel in Burkina Faso is well established. However, over half of the participants with schistosomiasis in this study said they took praziquantel in the past 6 months, which indicates a high reinfection rate. This may be associated with a lack of knowledge about the transmission of schistosomiasis. Only 6 % of the participants in Kombissiri and 1.5 % in Dori knew about the correct mode of transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study indicate that distribution campaigns should be extended from school-aged children to young women. Our data also demonstrate the necessity of combining already established mass distribution campaigns with information campaigns, so that long-term elimination, or at least reduction, of schistosomiasis can be achieved.
authors: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouaga, 03, Burkina Faso. zidaadama@live.fr.|Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. zidaadama@live.fr.
authors: Adama
authors: A
authors: Zida
authors: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouaga, 03, Burkina Faso.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Bruchsal, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Janika
authors: J
authors: Briegel
authors: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouaga, 03, Burkina Faso.
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Kabré
authors: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, 03 BP 7022, Ouaga, 03, Burkina Faso.
authors: Marcel P
authors: MP
authors: Sawadogo
authors: Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Ibrahim
authors: I
authors: Sangaré
authors: Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Sanata
authors: S
authors: Bamba
authors: Ecole Privée de Santé Sciences Nouvelles/Centre Médical des Sciences Nouvelles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: Abdourahamane
authors: A
authors: Yacouba
authors: Ministère de la Santé, Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: Amado
authors: A
authors: Ouédraogo
authors: Ecole Privée de Santé Sciences Nouvelles/Centre Médical des Sciences Nouvelles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.|Centre Médical avec Antenne chirurgical de Kombissiri, Kombissiri, Burkina Faso.
authors: Dieudonné
authors: D
authors: Yonli
authors: Ministère de la Santé, Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Drabo
authors: Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: Lady Kady
authors: LK
authors: Traoré
authors: Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors: Ramata
authors: R
authors: Ouédraogo-Traoré
authors: Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.|Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors: Robert Tinga
authors: RT
authors: Guiguemdé
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Bruchsal, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Wacker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000502:physiology*; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D012556:Schistosomicides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012556:Schistosomicides; D011223:Praziquantel
keywords: Burkina Faso; Clinic; Epidemiology; Urogenital schistosomiasis; Women