title: METFORMIN: NONGLYCEMIC EFFECTS AND POTENTIAL NOVEL INDICATIONS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes because of its apparent robust effects in reducing cardiovascular risk. This review examines the current literature regarding the nonglycemic effects and potential novel indications for metformin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature, with a focus on metformin use in Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD-3) and heart failure (HF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study suggests that metformin reduces the risk of myocardial infarction, and more recent retrospective studies have shown an association between metformin use and a reduction in stroke, atrial fibrillation and all-cause mortality. The mechanism(s) explaining these putative benefits are not clear but may involve decreased energy intake (with attendant weight loss), improvement in lipids, and lowering of blood pressure; a literature review suggests that metformin lowers blood pressure when it is elevated, but not when it is normal. Metformin appears to be safe when given to patients with CKD-3. In addition, there is evidence that individuals with CKD-3, who are at increased cardiovascular risk, stand to benefit from metformin therapy. Lactic acidosis is an extremely remote and probably avoidable risk; measurement of plasma metformin levels and more frequent monitoring of renal function may be useful in selected patients with CKD-3 who are treated with metformin. Finally, there is evidence that metformin is safe in patients with HF; metformin therapy is associated with a reduction in newly incident HF and in HF mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metformin has a dominant position in the treatment of type 2 diabetes that is deserved due to its favorable and robust effects on cardiovascular risk.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  AMP = adenosine monophosphate BP = blood pressure CKD = chronic kidney disease CKD-3 = Stage 3 CKD eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate HDL = high-density lipoprotein HF = heart failure MAP = mean arterial pressure mVO2 = myocardial oxygen consumption T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus UKPDS = United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study.
authors: Abeer
authors: A
authors: Anabtawi
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: Miles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy; D058492:Drug Repositioning / Q000639:trends; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008687:Metformin