title: Does Caregiver Behavior Mediate the Relationship Between Cultural Individualism and Infant Pain at 12 Months of Age?
abstract: This study aimed to understand the relationship between caregiver culture and infant pain expression at the 12-month immunization and discern if a mechanism subsuming this relationship was the quality of caregiver behaviors (emotional availability). Infants (N = 393) with immunization data at 12 months of age were examined. On the basis of the Development of Infant Acute Pain Responding model, a mediation model was developed to examine how caregiver behaviors mediate the relationship between caregiver heritage culture and infant pain. Culture was operationalized by an objectively derived quantification of caregivers' self-reported heritage culture's individualism. Two mediation models were estimated, examining infant pain expression at 1 and 2 minutes post-needle. Caregivers who self-reported heritage cultures that were more highly individualistic tended to show greater emotional availability, which in turn predicted decreased infant pain expression at 1 and 2 minutes post-needle. The present findings further our understanding of one mechanism by which caregiver culture affects infant acute pain expression.
  
  
  
  Adding to the literature examining direct relationships between culture and infant immunization pain, this article proposes the quality of caregiver behaviors as a mechanism by which culture affects infant acute pain expression at 12 months of age. Results support the proposed mechanism and inform our understanding of the role of caregiver culture in the infant pain context.
authors: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Monica C
authors: MC
authors: O'Neill
authors: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: rpr@yorku.ca.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Pillai Riddell
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Hartley
authors: H
authors: Garfield
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Saul
authors: S
authors: Greenberg
mesh_terms: D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D007206:Individuality; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations
keywords: Caregiver culture; caregiver behaviors; emotional availability; infant immunization pain; infant pain behaviors