title: Photobiomodulation (Laser and LED) on Sternotomy Healing in Hyperglycemic and Normoglycemic Patients Who Underwent Coronary Bypass Surgery with Internal Mammary Artery Grafts: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study with Follow-Up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at analyzing the healing effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (λ620 nm, 6 J/cm2) and light-emitting diode (LED) therapy (λ640 nm, 6 J/cm2) on the longitudinal sternotomy incisions of hyperglycemic and normoglycemic patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
  
  
  METHODS
  120 volunteers were electively submitted to CABG and were randomly allocated into four different groups of equal size (n = 30): control, placebo, laser (λ of 640 nm and spatial average energy fluency [SAEF] of 1.06 J/cm2), and LED (λ of 660 ± 20 nm and SAEF of 0.24 J/cm2). Laser and LED groups were irradiated from the second to eighth day postsurgery, and sternotomy incision was photographically registered. Then, participants were also separated into hyperglycemic and normoglycemic groups, according to their fasting blood glucose test before surgery. Three researchers blindly analyzed the incision photographs to determine hyperemia and wound closure at the first day of hospital discharge (eighth postoperative day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  LLLT and LED groups had similarly less hyperemia and less incision bleeding or dehiscence (p ≤ 0.005) and the outcomes were also analogous between hyperglycemic and normoglycemic patients, which indicates no difference observed in an intragroup analysis (p ≥ 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the present therapy parameters, it may be assumed that both coherent light (laser) and non-coherent light (LED) are effective in promoting sternotomy and healing acceleration, which are evident on the eighth day postsurgery.
authors: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute, IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba , UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .|2 University of Piauí State (UESPI) , Teresina, Brazil .
authors: Andréa Conceição Gomes
authors: AC
authors: Lima
authors: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute, IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba , UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .|3 Uninovafapi College , Teresina, Brazil .
authors: Gilderlene Alves
authors: GA
authors: Fernandes
authors: 4 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Piauí State (UESPI) , Teresina, Brazil .
authors: Raimundo
authors: R
authors: de Barros Araújo
authors: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute, IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba , UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .|3 Uninovafapi College , Teresina, Brazil .
authors: Isabel Clarisse
authors: IC
authors: Gonzaga
authors: 3 Uninovafapi College , Teresina, Brazil .|5 Department of Health Sciences, University of Piauí State (UESPI) , Teresina, Brazil .
authors: Rauirys Alencar
authors: RA
authors: de Oliveira
authors: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute, IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba , UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .
authors: Renata Amadei
authors: RA
authors: Nicolau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007387:Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis; D053685:Laser Therapy; D008027:Light; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056346:Sternotomy; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cardiac surgery; light-emitting diode; low-level laser therapy; wound healing