title: Association Between Concussion and Lower Extremity Injuries in Collegiate Athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concussions have been associated with elevated musculoskeletal injury risk; however, the influence of unreported and unrecognized concussions has not been investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the association between concussion and lower extremity musculoskeletal injury rates across a diverse array of sports among collegiate student-athletes at the conclusion of their athletic career. The hypothesis was that there will be a positive association between athletes who reported a history of concussions and higher rates of lower extremity injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Student-athletes (N = 335; 62.1% women; mean age, 21.2 ± 1.4 years) from 13 sports completed a reliable injury history questionnaire. Respondents indicated the total number of reported, unreported, and potentially unrecognized concussions as well as lower extremity injuries including ankle sprains, knee injuries, and muscle strains. Chi-square analyses were performed to identify the association between concussion and lower extremity injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant associations between concussion and lateral ankle sprain ( P = 0.012), knee injury ( P = 0.002), and lower extremity muscle strain ( P = 0.031). There were also significant associations between reported concussions and knee injury ( P = 0.003), unreported concussions and knee injury ( P = 0.002), and unrecognized concussions and lateral ankle sprain ( P = 0.001) and lower extremity muscle strains ( P = 0.006), with odds ratios ranging from 1.6 to 2.9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a positive association between concussion history and lower extremity injuries (odds ratios, 1.6-2.9 elevated risk) among student-athletes at the conclusion of their intercollegiate athletic careers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware of these elevated risks when making return-to-participation decisions and should incorporate injury prevention protocols.
authors: Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia.
authors: Frances C
authors: FC
authors: Gilbert
authors: School of Health and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia.
authors: G Trey
authors: GT
authors: Burdette
authors: College of Health and Human Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia.
authors: A Barry
authors: AB
authors: Joyner
authors: Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina.
authors: Tracy A
authors: TA
authors: Llewellyn
authors: Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.|Interdisciplinary Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: Buckley
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ankle sprain; anterior cruciate ligament injury; injury risk; mild traumatic brain injury; muscle strain