title: Mumps virus F gene and HN gene sequencing as a molecular tool to study mumps virus transmission.
abstract: Various mumps outbreaks have occurred in the Netherlands since 2004, particularly among persons who had received 2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination. Genomic typing of pathogens can be used to track outbreaks, but the established genotyping of mumps virus based on the small hydrophobic (SH) gene sequences did not provide sufficient resolution. Therefore, we expanded the sequencing to include fusion (F) gene and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene sequences in addition to the SH gene sequences from 109 mumps virus genotype G strains obtained between 2004 and mid 2015 in the Netherlands. When the molecular information from these 3 genes was combined, we were able to identify separate mumps virus clusters and track mumps virus transmission. The analyses suggested that multiple mumps virus introductions occurred in the Netherlands between 2004 and 2015 resulting in several mumps outbreaks throughout this period, whereas during some local outbreaks the molecular data pointed towards endemic circulation. Combined analysis of epidemiological data and sequence data collected in 2015 showed good support for the phylogenetic clustering.
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: sigrid.gouma@rivm.nl.
authors: Sigrid
authors: S
authors: Gouma
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jeroen.cremer@rivm.nl.
authors: Jeroen
authors: J
authors: Cremer
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: saara.parkkali@rivm.nl.
authors: Saara
authors: S
authors: Parkkali
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: irene.veldhuijzen@rivm.nl.
authors: Irene
authors: I
authors: Veldhuijzen
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: rob.van.binnendijk@rivm.nl.
authors: Rob S
authors: RS
authors: van Binnendijk
authors: Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.koopmans@erasmusmc.nl.
authors: Marion P G
authors: MPG
authors: Koopmans
mesh_terms: D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005838:Genotype; D015707:HN Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009107:Mumps / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D009109:Mumps virus / Q000235:genetics*; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015707:HN Protein; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins
keywords: Fusion gene; Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene; Molecular epidemiology; Mumps genotype G outbreak; Mumps virus; Small hydrophobic gene