title: Cancer immunotherapy: new applications in urologic oncology.
abstract: Immunotherapy in urological cancer has made substantial progress during the last 20 years, but recent advances in immunotherapy have completely transformed the present treatment landscape. In this review, we summarize major clinical achievements of immunotherapy in genitourinary cancers, as well as address potential new directions for these therapies, including new agents, combinations, and biomarkers.
  
  
  
  Recently, nivolumab and atezolizumab have joined sipuleucel-T as Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies in urological malignancies. Additional checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines are being tested in clinical trials. Furthermore, significant work has been done exploring predictors of response to therapy.
  
  
  
  Immunotherapy has changed the treatment of urologic malignancies. New immunotherapies and novel combinations will continue to create new treatment options in urologic tumors.
authors: Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Stephanie A
authors: SA
authors: Mullane
authors: Joaquim
authors: J
authors: Bellmunt
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000639:trends*; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D014572:Urology / Q000639:trends*