title: Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent road traffic injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A literature review.
abstract: The objective of this study was to identify, critically appraise, summarize, and synthesize evidence from cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of interventions aimed at preventing road traffic injuries (RTIs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by age group and road users targeted.
  
  
  
  A search strategy was applied to 12 electronic databases for studies published between May 2002 and August 2015 that met prespecified inclusion criteria. Additional studies were identified by contacting authors and searching bibliographies. Included studies were critically appraised against published criteria and a narrative synthesis was conducted including a use of the strength of evidence criteria.
  
  
  
  Five studies were included in the final review that reported 9 interventions. Only 2 out of 9 interventions (drink-drive legislation with enforcement via breath testing campaign and combined interventions for reducing RTIs) showed moderate evidence of being cost-effective, whereas the evidence of cost-effectiveness of other interventions was weak. Only 2 interventions (bicycle and motorcycle helmet use legislation and enforcement) were explicitly targeted to children, young people and vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists. The cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent RTIs in LMICs ranged from US$4.14 per disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted for building speed bumps at the most dangerous junctions that caused 10% of junction deaths in the area studied to US$3,403 per DALYs averted for legislation and enforcement of helmet use by motorcyclists in the World Health Organization (WHO) sub-Saharan Africa region.
  
  
  
  Evidence of cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent RTIs in LMICs is limited, particularly for children, young people, and vulnerable road users. Evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a larger number of possible road safety interventions in a variety of LMIC settings is warranted to generate the evidence base for effective traffic injury prevention programs.
authors: a Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences , The University of the West of England , Bristol , UK.|b Department of Research and Training , Public Health Perspective Nepal , Pokhara , Nepal.
authors: Amrit
authors: A
authors: Banstola
authors: a Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences , The University of the West of England , Bristol , UK.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Mytton
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Low-and middle-income countries; cost-effectiveness analysis; interventions; road traffic injuries; systematic review; vulnerable road users