title: Synergistic integration of sonochemical and electrochemical disinfection with DSA anodes.
abstract: This work focuses on the disinfection actual urban wastewater by the combination of ultrasound (US) irradiation and electrodisinfection with Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA). First, the inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) during the sonochemical disinfection was studied at increasing ultrasound power. Results showed that it was not possible to achieve a complete disinfection, even at the highest US power (200 W) dosed by the experimental device used. Next, the electrodisinfection with DSA anodes at different current densities was studied, finding that it was necessary a minimum current density of 11.46 A m(-2) to reach the complete disinfection. Finally, an integrated sonoelectrodisinfection process was studied. Results showed a synergistic effect when coupling US irradiation with DSA electrodisinfection, with a synergy coefficient higher than 200% of the disinfection rate attained for the highest US power applied. In this process, hypochlorite and chloramines were identified as the main reagents for the disinfection process (neither chlorate nor perchlorate were detected), and the presence of trihalomethanes was far below acceptable values. Confirming this synergistic effect with DSA anodes opens the door to novel efficient disinfection processes, limiting the occurrence of hazardous disinfection by-products.
authors: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors: Salvador
authors: S
authors: Cotillas
authors: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: javier.llanos@uclm.es.
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Llanos
authors: Chemical Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, A.A. 265 Manizales, Colombia.
authors: Katherin
authors: K
authors: Castro-Ríos
authors: Chemical Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Caldas, A.A. 265 Manizales, Colombia.
authors: Gonzalo
authors: G
authors: Taborda-Ocampo
authors: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors: Manuel A
authors: MA
authors: Rodrigo
authors: Chemical Engineering Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Cañizares
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000032:analysis; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis; D014465:Ultrasonics; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Dimensionally stable anode (DSA); Disinfection; Process integration; Ultrasound; Wastewater reclamation