title: Single living predicts a higher mortality in both women and men with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the impact of single living on all-cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and determined if this association was modified by gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  This historical cohort study included 637 patients who were admitted to the Department of Cardiology, Herlev Hospital, Denmark, between 1 July 2005 and 30 June 2007. Baseline clinical data were obtained from patient records. Data on survival rates were obtained from the Danish Civil Registration System. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to compute the hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality, controlling for confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up time was 2.8 years. A total of 323 (50.7%) patients died during the follow-up period. After adjustment for confounding factors, risk of death was associated with being single (HR = 1.53 (95% confidence interval: 1.19-1.96)). In a gender-stratified analysis, the risk of death did not differ among single-living women and men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single living is a prognostic determinant of all-cause mortality in men and women with chronic heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  none.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  not relevant.
authors: Shan
authors: S
authors: Mard
authors: fien@regionsjaelland.dk.
authors: Finn Erland
authors: FE
authors: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012847:Single Person / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors