title: Optimization of extraction parameters of PTP1β (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1β), inhibitory polyphenols, and anthocyanins from Zea mays L. using response surface methodology (RSM).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed in insulin-sensitive tissues (such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissue) has a key role in the regulation of insulin signaling and pathway activation, making protein tyrosine phosphatase a promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity and response surface methodology (RSM) is an effective statistical technique for optimizing complex processes using a multi-variant approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, Zea mays L. (Purple corn kernel, PCK) and its constituents were investigated for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1β (PTP1β) inhibitory activity including enzyme kinetic study and to improve total yields of anthocyanins and polyphenols, four extraction parameters, including temperature, time, solid-liquid ratio, and solvent volume, were optimized by RSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolation of seven polyphenols and five anthocyanins was achieved by PTP1β assay. Among them, cyanidin-3-(6"malonylglucoside) and 3'-methoxyhirsutrin showed the highest PTP1β inhibition with IC50 values of 54.06 and 64.04 μM, respectively and 4.52 mg gallic acid equivalent/g (GAE/g) of total polyphenol content (TPC) and 43.02 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent/100 g (C3GE/100g) of total anthocyanin content (TAC) were extracted at 40 °C for 8 h with a 33 % solid-liquid ratio and a 1:15 solvent volume. Yields were similar to predictions of 4.58 mg GAE/g of TPC and 42.28 mg C3GE/100 g of TAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicated that PCK and 3'-methoxyhirsutrin and cyanidin-3-(6"malonylglucoside) might be active natural compounds and could be apply by optimizing of extraction process using response surface methodology.
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors: Seung Hwan
authors: SH
authors: Hwang
authors: Department of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors: Shin Hwa
authors: SH
authors: Kwon
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors: Zhiqiang
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tae Hyun
authors: TH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors: Young-Hee
authors: YH
authors: Kang
authors: Department of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.|Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jae-Yong
authors: JY
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea. limss@hallym.ac.kr.|Department of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdeahak-gil, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea. limss@hallym.ac.kr.
authors: Soon Sung
authors: SS
authors: Lim
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D012107:Research Design; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
keywords: Anthocyanin; Polyphenol; Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1β; Response surface methodology; Zea mays L.