title: The dead spot phenomenon in prosthetic gait: Quantified with an analysis of center of pressure progression and its velocity in the sagittal plane.
abstract: The "dead spot" phenomenon in prosthetics is a disruption in forward progression observed in the rearfoot of passive prosthetic foot-ankle systems which results in a compensatory and inefficient gait pattern by amputees. A metric to quantify the dead spot as a kinetic event has not yet been introduced. The present study implements a three-part metric to evaluate the dead spot in terms of time, magnitude, and total area using center of pressure velocity and a novel threshold value calculation.
  
  
  
  The metrics are implemented for proof of efficacy using a convenient sample of four amputees (2 transtibial, 2 transfemoral) who walked in a 3D motion capture system with integrated force plates over five foot conditions.
  
  
  
  "Continuous-lever" feet designs showed the most favorable metric results between subjects (p<0.05) and in an ad hoc analysis compared to an ideal foot condition within subjects (p>0.05). Ten of 18 (55.6%) foot conditions found to be similar to the ideal were continuous-lever feet. Lack of significant similarity between the feet and ideal conditions (1 of 18, 5.6%) were found in transfemoral subjects.
  
  
  
  The metric calculations were able to show statistical difference among foot conditions between subjects. One foot (continuous-lever, glass composite) had no detectable dead spot in the transtibial subjects. The lack of significant findings in transfemoral subjects indicates a different coefficient in threshold calculations may be more appropriate for these subjects versus transtibial subjects. Further research with larger sample is needed to determine clinically significant findings among feet and between transtibial and transfemoral subjects.
authors: James A. Haley Veteran's Administration Hospital, Prosthetics and Sensory Aids Services, Tampa, FL, USA; K & K Innovations, Tampa, FL, USA; Prosthetic and Amputation Rehabilitation & Research (PARR) Foundation, Tampa, FL, USA. Electronic address: tyler@kkorpr.com.
authors: Tyler D
authors: TD
authors: Klenow
authors: Prosthetic and Amputation Rehabilitation & Research (PARR) Foundation, Tampa, FL, USA; Prosthetic Design & Research, Tampa, FL, USA; OP Solutions, Inc., Tampa, FL, USA.
authors: Jason T
authors: JT
authors: Kahle
authors: Veterans' Affairs & Department of Defense (VA/DoD), Extremity Trauma & Amputation Center of Excellence (EACE), Tampa, FL, USA; University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tampa, FL, USA; U.S. Army Reserves, 319th Minimal Care Detachment, Pinellas Park, FL, USA.
authors: M Jason
authors: MJ
authors: Highsmith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005528:Foot; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011312:Pressure; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016138:Walking
keywords: Amputee; Artificial limb; Biomechanics; Gait; Prosthetic; Rehabilitation