title: Entropy Production of Nanosystems with Time Scale Separation.
abstract: Energy flows in biomolecular motors and machines are vital to their function. Yet experimental observations are often limited to a small subset of variables that participate in energy transport and dissipation. Here we show, through a solvable Langevin model, that the seemingly hidden entropy production is measurable through the violation spectrum of the fluctuation-response relation of a slow observable. For general Markov systems with time scale separation, we prove that the violation spectrum exhibits a characteristic plateau in the intermediate frequency region. Despite its vanishing height, the plateau can account for energy dissipation over a broad time scale. Our findings suggest a general possibility to probe hidden entropy production in nanosystems without direct observation of fast variables.
authors: Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China.|Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China.
authors: Shou-Wen
authors: SW
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors: Kyogo
authors: K
authors: Kawaguchi
authors: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors: Shin-Ichi
authors: S
authors: Sasa
authors: Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China.|Department of Physics and Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
authors: Lei-Han
authors: LH
authors: Tang