title: Use of dual-phase contrast computed tomography for evaluation of the normal canine male genital tract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the use of dual-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography for the depiction of the features of the male genital tract, highlighting differences between entire and neutered dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computed tomography exams of 23 entire and 23 neutered male dogs with no history of urogenital disease were included in this retrospective study, with exams acquired pre-, 30 and 98·9 ±27·4 seconds after intravenous contrast administration. The genital structures were subjectively evaluated for visibility, contrast enhancement and enhancement pattern and differences between entire and neutered dogs were described. Objective measurements of attenuation and size of the prostatic tissue were acquired.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The root, body and glans of the penis could be evaluated in all dogs and appeared larger in entire dogs, though objective measurements could not be reliably made because these structures are small and curved. There was contrast enhancement of the cavernous structures, most reliably in the bulb and corpus spongiosum and most frequently in entire dogs in the delayed post-contrast phase. In entire dogs, the small testicular vessels most commonly had a vermiform shape in the early post-contrast phase, and a homogeneous appearance in the delayed phase. Sternal recumbency with the coxofemoral joints extended improved visibility of the genital structures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography is useful for depiction of the structures of the male genital tract, with the early phase especially highlighting the vascular and the delayed phase the cavernous structures.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Dirrig
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Drees
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Lam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary*