title: Grade repetition and parents' perception of hearing loss: An analysis of data from children in the United States.
abstract: To determine whether parent-perceived hearing problems are associated with grade repetition among children in the United States.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort analysis of a contemporary national database.
  
  
  
  The National Survey of Children's Health 2011 to 2012 was analyzed. Hearing loss, as perceived and reported by parents, was categorized as: no hearing problem, history of a hearing problem, or current hearing problem. Children never repeating a grade versus repeating one or more grades (kindergarten-high school) were identified. Univariate statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyzed the association of hearing problems with grade repetition. Patients with mental retardation, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were excluded from the analysis. After adjusting for race, sex, and poverty level, odds ratios for grade repetition were computed.
  
  
  
  Among 66.1 million (average age, 8.3 years, 49.0% male) children, 97.3% never had a hearing problem, 1.7% had a history of a hearing problem, and 1.0% had a current hearing problem. Overall, 7.1% repeated a grade. Grade repetition was reported in 6.9% of children without a hearing problem versus 9.4% with a history of a hearing problem and 19.3% with a current hearing problem (P < 0.001). After adjustment for race, poverty level, and sex, a history of a hearing problem demonstrated an odds ratio of 1.9 (95% confidence interval 0.82-4.13) for grade repetition, whereas a current hearing problem demonstrated an odds ratio of 3.0 (1.90-4.80).
  
  
  
  Parents' perception of children's hearing problems is strongly associated with grade repetition. This trend is noticed in elementary school more than in high school.
  
  
  
  4. Laryngoscope, 127:741-745, 2017.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
authors: Sapideh
authors: S
authors: Gilani
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Roditi
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Bhattacharyya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006306:Health Surveys; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006320:Hearing Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010465:Perception; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
keywords: Asperger's disorder; Hearing loss; United States; academic advancement; academic performance; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism; autism spectrum disorder; children; educational performance; elementary school; gender; grade repetition; grade school; hearing screening; high school; intellectual disability; learning disability; mental retardation; middle school; pediatric otology; pervasive developmental disorder; poverty; school age; sex