title: Prevalence and Abundance of Florfenicol and Linezolid Resistance Genes in Soils Adjacent to Swine Feedlots.
abstract: Florfenicol is extensively used in livestock to prevent or cure bacterial infections. However, it is not known whether the administration of florfenicol has resulted in the emergence and dissemination of florfenicol resistance genes (FRGs, including fexA, fexB, cfr, optrA, floR, and pexA) in microbial populations in surrounding farm environments. Here we collected soil samples for the detection of FRGs and the residue of florfenicol from six swine farms with the record of florfenicol usage. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and metagenomic sequencing revealed a significantly higher relative abundance of FRGs in the soils adjacent to the three swine farms where florfenicol was heavily used compared with the other sites. Meanwhile, the detectable levels of florfenicol were also identified in soils from two of these three farms using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. It appears that amount of florfenicol used on swine farms and the spreading of soils with swine waste could promote the prevalence and abundance of FRGs, including the linezolid resistance genes cfr and optrA, in adjacent soils, and agricultural application of swine manure with florfenicol may have caused a residual level of florfenicol in the soils.
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Zhao
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Shaolin
authors: S
authors: Wang
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Zheng
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
authors: Xiang-Dang
authors: XD
authors: Du
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Haiyang
authors: H
authors: Jiang
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Xi
authors: X
authors: Xia
authors: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors: Zhangqi
authors: Z
authors: Shen
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Shuangyang
authors: S
authors: Ding
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Congming
authors: C
authors: Wu
authors: Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
authors: Bingrui
authors: B
authors: Zhou
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.|The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
authors: Yongning
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors: Jianzhong
authors: J
authors: Shen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D000069349:Linezolid; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013552:Swine; D013839:Thiamphenicol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: C035534:florfenicol; D013839:Thiamphenicol; D000069349:Linezolid