title: Smoking: A risk factor for vascular disease.
abstract: Smoking in the United States includes at least 16% of the adults, 24% of high school students, nearly 8% of middle school students and is more prevalent in men than women; however, a decline in smoking has been documented in recent years. Cardiovascular disease continues to be a leading cause of death. Smoking is identified as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, carotid disease, and peripheral artery disease with peripheral artery disease documented in 5%-10% of all Americans. Smoking is also a significant risk factor in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in 7% of men aged 65-75 years with a smoking history. Toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke are reported at 7,357 chemical compounds including the addictive chemical of nicotine. A substantial number of large studies and well-known trials have identified an increase in proinflammatory cells and cellular processes in the smoker diagnosed with atherosclerosis and in the mechanism attributed to abdominal aortic aneurysm development. The cost of smoking to health care is significant, and smoking cessation can demonstrate benefits to health improvement and the cost of health care.
authors: Division of Vascular Surgery, School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. Electronic address: gordonp@uthscsa.edu.
authors: Phyllis
authors: P
authors: Gordon
authors: Vascular Surgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York.
authors: Patty
authors: P
authors: Flanagan
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology