title: Gay father surrogacy families: relationships with surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children's origins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the nature and quality of relationships between gay father families and their surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children's origins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents in 40 gay father families with 3-9-year-old children born through surrogacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Administration of a semistructured interview.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationships between parents, children, surrogates, and egg donors and parental disclosure of children's origins were examined using a semistructured interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of fathers were content with the level of contact they had with the surrogate, with those who were discontent wanting more contact. Fathers were more likely to maintain relationships with surrogates than egg donors, and almost all families had started the process of talking to their children about their origins, with the level of detail and children's understanding increasing with the age of the child.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In gay father surrogacy families with young children, relationships between parents, children, surrogates, and egg donors are generally positive.
authors: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: lb377@cam.ac.uk.
authors: Lucy
authors: L
authors: Blake
authors: Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Carone
authors: Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors: Jenna
authors: J
authors: Slutsky
authors: Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Raffanello
authors: Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors: Anke A
authors: AA
authors: Ehrhardt
authors: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Golombok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019520:Living Donors / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018587:Oocyte Donation / Q000523:psychology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D000072339:Sexual and Gender Minorities / Q000523:psychology*; D013533:Gestational Carriers / Q000523:psychology*; D014342:Truth Disclosure
keywords: Children; disclosure; egg donor; gay father; surrogacy