title: Footedness Is Associated with Self-reported Sporting Performance and Motor Abilities in the General Population.
abstract: Left-handers may have strategic advantages over right-handers in interactive sports and innate superior abilities that are beneficial for sports. Previous studies relied on differing criteria for handedness classification and mostly did not investigate mixed preferences and footedness. Footedness appears to be less influenced by external and societal factors than handedness. Utilizing latent class analysis and structural equation modeling, we investigated in a series of studies (total N > 15300) associations of handedness and footedness with self-reported sporting performance and motor abilities in the general population. Using a discovery and a replication sample (ns = 7658 and 5062), Study 1 revealed replicable beneficial effects of mixed-footedness and left-footedness in team sports, martial arts and fencing, dancing, skiing, and swimming. Study 2 (n = 2592) showed that footedness for unskilled bipedal movement tasks, but not for skilled unipedal tasks, was beneficial for sporting performance. Mixed- and left-footedness had effects on motor abilities that were consistent with published results on better brain interhemispheric communication, but also akin to testosterone-induced effects regarding flexibility, strength, and endurance. Laterality effects were only small. Possible neural and hormonal bases of observed effects need to be examined in future studies.
authors: Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, School of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria.
authors: Ulrich S
authors: US
authors: Tran
authors: Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, School of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Voracek
keywords: footedness; innate superiority hypothesis; latent variable analysis; negative frequency-dependent selection hypothesis; sporting performance