title: Abnormal eye movement behavior during reading in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Reading difficulties are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) but not well studied. We report a case of reading difficulties in a 40-year-old man with 6-year history of PD on dopamine replacement therapy.
  
  
  
  We performed detailed neuro-ophthalmic examination and assessment of reading with and without infrared oculography.
  
  
  
  Clinical examination revealed visual acuity of 20/20, no evidence of vision loss, and normal eye movement and ocular alignment with normal saccades, pursuit, and normal convergence. During King-Devick test, a rapid number reading task performed on a book, patient had normal number reading speed. More detailed study of number and word reading using infrared oculography revealed that while this patient had normal speed and eye movement behavior during number reading, he had dramatic slowing and eye movement abnormality during word reading. The slower reading speed during word reading was due to increased number of progressive saccades, smaller saccade amplitudes, increased number of regressive saccades, and longer fixation durations.
  
  
  
  This case nicely illustrated the importance of comprehensive neuro-ophthalmic evaluations in Parkinson's disease and shows that reading difficulties can arise even when there is good visual acuity, ocular motor abilities necessary to read, and accommodation. In this case, reading difficulty was due to higher order ocular motor planning or cognitive abilities involved in word reading since the patient had no difficulty with ocular motor planning while reading numbers. These findings may have important implications towards our understanding of PD and can serve to spark further research in this important area.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Caroline Y
authors: CY
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: M Ali
authors: MA
authors: Shariati
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Veronica
authors: V
authors: Santini
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Poston
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: yjliao@stanford.edu.
authors: Y Joyce
authors: YJ
authors: Liao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications*; D011932:Reading
keywords: Eye movement; Neuro-ophthalmology; Parkinson's disease; Reading; Vision