title: Association Between Quality Measures and Mortality in Individuals With Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders.
abstract: Individuals with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders have increased rates of mortality relative to the general population. The relationship between measures of treatment quality and mortality for these individuals is unknown.
  
  
  
  To examine the association between 5 quality measures and 12- and 24-month mortality.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort study of patients with co-occurring mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression) and substance use disorders who received care for these disorders paid for by the Veterans Administration between October 2006 and September 2007. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between 12 and 24-month mortality and 5 patient-level quality measures, while risk-adjusting for patient characteristics. Quality measures included receipt of psychosocial treatment, receipt of psychotherapy, treatment initiation and engagement, and a measure of continuity of care. We also examined the relationship between number of diagnosis-related outpatient visits and mortality, and conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the robustness of our findings to an unobserved confounder.
  
  
  
  Mortality 12 and 24 months after the end of the observation period.
  
  
  
  All measures except for treatment engagement at 24 months were significantly associated with lower mortality at both 12 and 24 months. At 12 months, receiving any psychosocial treatment was associated with a 21% decrease in mortality; psychotherapy, a 22% decrease; treatment initiation, a 15% decrease, treatment engagement, a 31% decrease; and quarterly, diagnosis-related visits a 28% decrease. Increasing numbers of visits were associated with decreasing mortality. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the difference in the prevalence of an unobserved confounder would have to be unrealistically large given the observed data, or there would need to be a large effect of an unobserved confounder, to render these findings non-significant.
  
  
  
  This is the first study to show an association between process-based quality measures and mortality in patients with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders, and provides initial support for the predictive validity of the measures. By devising strategies to improve performance on these measures, health care systems may be able to decrease the mortality of this vulnerable population.
authors: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA,. Electronic address: kwatkins@rand.org.
authors: Katherine E
authors: KE
authors: Watkins
authors: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA,. Electronic address: Paddock@rand.org.
authors: Susan M
authors: SM
authors: Paddock
authors: Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Ft. Roots Dr., Bldg. 58, North Little Rock, AR, 72214, USA,; Division of Health Services Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #554, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA. Electronic address: Teresa.Hudson@va.gov.
authors: Teresa J
authors: TJ
authors: Hudson
authors: Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Ft. Roots Dr., Bldg. 58, North Little Rock, AR, 72214, USA,; College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #820, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA,. Electronic address: stounpraseuth@uams.edu.
authors: Songthip
authors: S
authors: Ounpraseuth
authors: Center for Mental Healthcare and Outcomes Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 2200 Ft. Roots Dr., Bldg. 58, North Little Rock, AR, 72214, USA,; College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., #820, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA,. Electronic address: amschrader@uams.edu.
authors: Amy M
authors: AM
authors: Schrader
authors: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA,. Electronic address: hepner@rand.org.
authors: Kimberly A
authors: KA
authors: Hepner
authors: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA,; University of California, Riverside, School of Medicine, 2608 School of Medicine Education Building, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: greer.sullivan@ucr.edu.
authors: Greer
authors: G
authors: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
keywords: Co-occurring disorders; Mental health services; Mortality; Quality measures; Quality of care; Veterans