title: Online time and resource management based on surgical workflow time series analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hospitals' effectiveness and efficiency can be enhanced by automating the resource and time management of the most cost-intensive unit in the hospital: the operating room (OR). The key elements required for the ideal organization of hospital staff and technical resources (such as instruments in the OR) are an exact online forecast of both the surgeon's resource usage and the remaining intervention time.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper presents a novel online approach relying on time series analysis and the application of a linear time-variant system. We calculated the power spectral density and the spectrogram of surgical perspectives (e.g., used instrument) of interest to compare several surgical workflows.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Considering only the use of the surgeon's right hand during an intervention, we were able to predict the remaining intervention time online with an error of 21 min 45 s ±9 min 59 s for lumbar discectomy. Furthermore, the performance of forecasting of technical resource usage in the next 20 min was calculated for a combination of spectral analysis and the application of a linear time-variant system (sensitivity: 74 %; specificity: 75 %) focusing on just the use of surgeon's instrument in question.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outstanding benefit of these methods is that the automated recording of surgical workflows has minimal impact during interventions since the whole set of surgical perspectives need not be recorded. The resulting predictions can help various stakeholders such as OR staff and hospital technicians. Moreover, reducing resource conflicts could well improve patient care.
authors: Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Marianne.maktabi@iccas.de.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Maktabi
authors: Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Neumuth
mesh_terms: D017586:Diskectomy; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000458:organization & administration*; D061646:Operative Time; D010820:Physicians; D057188:Workflow
keywords: Linear time-variant system (LTV system); Power spectral density (PSD); Resource management; Short-time Fourier transformation (STFT); Spectrogram; Surgical workflow