title: Chitosan Derivatives Active against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Pathogenic Fungi: In Vivo Evaluation as Topical Antimicrobials.
abstract: The continuous rise of antimicrobial resistance and the dearth of new antibiotics in the clinical pipeline raise an urgent call for the development of potent antimicrobial agents. Cationic chitosan derivatives, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chlorides (HTCC), have been widely studied as potent antibacterial agents. However, their systemic structure-activity relationship, activity toward drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, and mode of action are very rare. Moreover, toxicity and efficacy of these polymers under in vivo conditions are yet to be established. Herein, we investigated antibacterial and antifungal efficacies of the HTCC polymers against multidrug resistant bacteria including clinical isolates and pathogenic fungi, studied their mechanism of action, and evaluated cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities in vitro and in vivo. The polymers were found to be active against both bacteria and fungi (MIC = 125-250 μg/mL) and displayed rapid microbicidal kinetics, killing pathogens within 60-120 min. Moreover, the polymers were shown to target both bacterial and fungal cell membrane leading to membrane disruption and found to be effective in hindering bacterial resistance development. Importantly, very low toxicity toward human erythrocytes (HC50= >10000 μg/mL) and embryo kidney cells were observed for the cationic polymers in vitro. Further, no inflammation toward skin tissue was observed in vivo for the most active polymer even at 200 mg/kg when applied on the mice skin. In a murine model of superficial skin infection, the polymer showed significant reduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) burden (3.2 log MRSA reduction at 100 mg/kg) with no to minimal inflammation. Taken together, these selectively active polymers show promise to be used as potent antimicrobial agents in topical and other infections.
authors: Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Jiaul
authors: J
authors: Hoque
authors: Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Utsarga
authors: U
authors: Adhikary
authors: Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Vikas
authors: V
authors: Yadav
authors: Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Sandip
authors: S
authors: Samaddar
authors: Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Mohini Mohan
authors: MM
authors: Konai
authors: Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Relekar Gnaneshwar
authors: RG
authors: Prakash
authors: National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) , Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Krishnamoorthy
authors: K
authors: Paramanandham
authors: National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) , Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Bibek R
authors: BR
authors: Shome
authors: Molecular Mycology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Kaustuv
authors: K
authors: Sanyal
authors: Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, India.
authors: Jayanta
authors: J
authors: Haldar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; C550160:N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: antimicrobial polymer; antimicrobial resistance; cationic chitosan derivatives; drug-sensitive and drug-resistant bacteria; pathogenic fungi; topical infection