title: Gene therapy improves dental manifestations in hypophosphatasia model mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited skeletal disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization and deficiency of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) activity. The disease is caused by mutations in the liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene (ALPL) encoding TNSALP. Early exfoliation of primary teeth owing to disturbed cementum formation, periodontal ligament weakness and alveolar bone resorption are major complications encountered in oral findings, and discovery of early loss of primary teeth in a dental examination often leads to early diagnosis of hypophosphatasia. Although there are no known fundamental treatments or effective dental approaches to prevent early exfoliation of primary teeth in affected patients, several possible treatments have recently been described, including gene therapy. Gene therapy has also been applied to TNSALP knockout mice (Alpl-/-), which phenocopy the infantile form of hypophosphatasia, and improved their systemic condition. In the present study, we investigated whether gene therapy improved the dental condition of Alpl-/-mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following sublethal irradiation (4 Gy) at the age of 2 d, Alpl-/-mice underwent gene therapy using bone marrow cells transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a bone-targeted form of TNSALP injected into the jugular vein (n = 3). Wild-type (Alpl+/+), heterozygous mice (Alpl+/-) and Alpl-/-mice were analyzed at 9 d of age (n = 3 of each), while Alpl+/+mice and treated or untreated Alpl-/-mice were analyzed at 1 mo of age (n = 3 of each), and Alpl+/-mice and Alpl-/-mice with gene therapy were analyzed at 3 mo of age (n = 3 of each). A single mandibular hemi-section obtained at 1 mo of age was analyzed using a small animal computed tomography machine to assess alveolar bone formation. Other mandibular hemi-sections obtained at 9 d, 1 mo and 3 mo of age were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin, a marker of cementum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin, a marker of acellular cementum, revealed that Alpl-/-mice displayed impaired formation of cementum and alveolar bone, similar to the human dental phenotype. Cementum formation was clearly present in Alpl-/-mice that underwent gene therapy, but did not recover to the same level as that in wild-type (Alpl+/+) mice. Micro-computed tomography examination showed that gene therapy improved alveolar bone mineral density in Alpl-/-mice to a similar level to that in Alpl+/+mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that gene therapy can improve the general condition of Alpl-/-mice, and induce significant alveolar bone formation and moderate improvement of cementum formation, which may contribute to inhibition of early spontaneous tooth exfoliation.
authors: Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Okawa
authors: Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Iijima
authors: Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kishino
authors: Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Okawa
authors: Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Toyosawa
authors: Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Sugano-Tajima
authors: Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Shimada
authors: Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Okada
authors: Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ozono
authors: Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Ooshima
authors: Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Nakano
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017674:Hypophosphatemia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D014080:Tooth Exfoliation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C510878:ALPL protein, mouse; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: cementum formation; early exfoliation; gene therapy; hypophosphatasia; primary teeth