title: Non-destructive detection of dicyandiamide in infant formula powder using multi-spectral imaging coupled with chemometrics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dicyandiamide (DCD) contamination of milk and milk products has become an urgent and broadly recognised topic as a result of several food safety scares. This study investigated the potential of using multi-spectral imaging (405-970 nm) coupled with chemometrics for detection of DCD in infant formula powder. Partial least squares (PLS), least squares-support vector machines (LS-SVM), and back-propagation neural network (BPNN) were applied to develop quantitative models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with PLS and LS-SVM, BPNN considerably improved the prediction performance with coefficient of determination in prediction (RP2) = 0.935 and 0.873, residual predictive deviation (RPD) = 3.777 and 3.060 for brand 1 and brand 2 of infant formula powders, respectively. Besides, multi-spectral imaging was able to differentiate unadulterated infant formula powder from samples containing 0.01% DCD with no misclassification using BPNN model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated that multi-spectral imaging combined with chemometrics enables rapid and non-destructive detection of DCD in infant formula powder. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors: College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
authors: Changhong
authors: C
authors: Liu
authors: Intelligent Control and Compute Vision Lab, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
authors: Jianbo
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Agro-product Safety Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100123, China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: College of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D059022:Food Safety; D006146:Guanidines / Q000032:analysis*; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D011208:Powders; C004711:dicyandiamido
keywords: chemometrics; dicyandiamide; infant formula; multi-spectral imaging; non-destructive detection