title: International Pediatric MS Study Group Global Members Symposium report.
abstract: The International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group held its inaugural educational program, "The World of Pediatric MS: A Global Update," in September 2014 to discuss advances and challenges in the diagnosis and management of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neuroinflammatory CNS disorders. Highlights included a discussion on the revised diagnostic criteria, which enable the differentiation of MS, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and other neuroinflammatory disorders. While these criteria currently identify clinical and MRI features for a particular diagnosis, advances in biomarkers may prove to be useful in the future. An update was also provided on environmental factors associated with pediatric MS risk and possibly outcomes, notably vitamin D deficiency. However, optimal vitamin D intake and its role in altering MS course in children have yet to be established. Regarding MS outcomes, our understanding of the cognitive consequences of early-onset MS has grown. However, further work is needed to define the course of cognitive function and its long-term outcome in diverse patient samples and to develop strategies for effective cognitive rehabilitation specifically tailored to children and adolescents. Finally, treatment strategies were discussed, including a need to consider additional drug treatment options and paradigms (escalation vs induction), although treatment should be tailored to the individual child. Of critical importance, clinical trials of newer MS agents in children are required. Although our understanding of childhood MS has improved, further research is needed to have a positive impact for children and their families.
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia. Evangeline.wassmer@bch.nhs.uk.
authors: Evangeline
authors: E
authors: Wassmer
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Tanuja
authors: T
authors: Chitnis
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Pohl
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Maria Pia
authors: MP
authors: Amato
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Brenda
authors: B
authors: Banwell
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Ghezzi
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Rogier Q
authors: RQ
authors: Hintzen
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Lauren B
authors: LB
authors: Krupp
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Naila
authors: N
authors: Makhani
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Rostásy
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Tardieu
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Tenembaum
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Waldman
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Emmanuelle
authors: E
authors: Waubant
authors: From the Department of Neurology (E. Wassmer), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Canada; Department NEUROFARBA (M.P.A.), Section Neurosciences, University of Florence, Italy; Division of Neurology (A.W.), Perelman School of Medicine (B.B.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania; Divisione di Neurologia 2-Centro Studi Sclerosi Multipla (A.G.), Ospedale di Gallarate, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.Q.H.), MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lourie Center for Pediatric MS (L.B.K.), Stony Brook Children's, Stony Brook University, NY; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (N.M.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; National Reference Center for Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain (M.T.), Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, University Paris-Sud, France; Department of Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pediatric MS Center (E. Waubant), UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, and Neurology Department, UCSF, San Francisco, CA; and the Department of Neurology (A.J.K.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
authors: Andrew J
authors: AJ
authors: Kornberg
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D010372:Pediatrics; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications