title: A NIR spectroscopy-based efficient approach to detect fraudulent additions within mixtures of dried porcini mushrooms.
abstract: Boletus edulis and allied species (BEAS), known as "porcini mushrooms", represent almost the totality of wild mushrooms placed on the Italian market, both fresh and dehydrated. Furthermore, considerable amounts of these dried fungi are imported from China. The presence of Tylopilus spp. and other extraneous species (i.e., species edible but not belonging to BEAS) within dried porcini mushrooms - mainly from those imported from China and sold in Italy - may represent an evaluable problem from a commercial point of view. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid and effective alternative to classical methods for identifying extraneous species within dried porcini batches and detecting related commercial frauds. To this goal, 80 dried fungi including BEAS, Tylopilus spp., and Boletus violaceofuscus were analysed by NIRS. For each sample, 3 different parts of the pileus (pileipellis, flesh and hymenium) were analysed and a low-level strategy for data fusion, consisting of combining the signals obtained by the different parts before data processing, was applied. Then, NIR spectra were used to develop reliable and efficient class-models using a novel method, partial least squares density modelling (PLS-DM), and the two most commonly used class-modelling techniques, UNEQ and SIMCA. The results showed that NIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric class-modelling technique can be suggested as an effective analytical strategy to check the authenticity of dried BEAS mushrooms.
authors: Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, Genoa, I-16148 Italy.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Casale
authors: Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, Genoa, I-16148 Italy.
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Bagnasco
authors: Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences - Laboratory of Mycology, University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, Genoa, I-16132 Italy.
authors: Mirca
authors: M
authors: Zotti
authors: Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences - Laboratory of Mycology, University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, Genoa, I-16132 Italy.
authors: Simone
authors: S
authors: Di Piazza
authors: Professional Consulting Mycologist, Loc. Farné, 32, Lizzano in Belvedere, I-40042 Italy.
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Sitta
authors: Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, Genoa, I-16148 Italy. Electronic address: oliveri@difar.unige.it.
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Oliveri
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
keywords: Boletus edulis; Class-modelling; Data fusion; Dried porcini mushrooms; NIR spectroscopy; Partial least squares density modelling (PLS-DM)