title: Effect of a ketogenic meal on cognitive function in elderly adults: potential for cognitive enhancement.
abstract: Glucose is the principal energy substrate for the brain, although ketone bodies are an effective alternative. Evidence suggests that elevation of plasma ketone body levels through oral intake of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) may improve cognitive function.
  
  
  
  We tried to examine the possible effects of a ketogenic meal serving on cognition in elderly non-demented subjects.
  
  
  
  Subjects were 19 non-demented elderly adults over 60 years old (13 females; mean age: 66.1 ± 2.9 years) who underwent neurocognitive tests 90 and 180 min after oral intake of a ketogenic meal (Ketonformula®) containing 20 g of MCTs and an isocaloric placebo meal without MCTs on separate days.
  
  
  
  Elevation of plasma ketone concentration after intake of a single ketogenic meal containing 20 g of MCTs was confirmed (all p < 0.001). As for cognition, improvements were observed in the digit span test, Trail-Making Test B, and the global score (Z = -2.4, p = 0.017) following the ketogenic meal and the change in the executive functioning score was positively correlated with that of the plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level. The cognition-enhancing effect was observed predominantly for individuals who had a relatively low global score at baseline (Z = -2.8, p = 0.005), compared to individuals with a high global score (Z = -0.7, p = 0.51).
  
  
  
  Plasma levels of ketone bodies were successfully increased after intake of the ketogenic meal. The ketogenic meal was suggested to have positive effects on working memory, visual attention, and task switching in non-demented elderly.
authors: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan. ota@ncnp.go.jp.
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Ota
authors: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors: Junko
authors: J
authors: Matsuo
authors: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors: Ikki
authors: I
authors: Ishida
authors: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors: Kotaro
authors: K
authors: Hattori
authors: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors: Toshiya
authors: T
authors: Teraishi
authors: Food Science Research Laboratories, R & D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540, Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan.
authors: Hidekazu
authors: H
authors: Tonouchi
authors: Food Science Research Laboratories, R & D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540, Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan.
authors: Kinya
authors: K
authors: Ashida
authors: Food Science Research Laboratories, R & D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540, Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Takahashi
authors: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Kunugi
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014280:Triglycerides
chemical_list: D007657:Ketone Bodies; D014280:Triglycerides; D005947:Glucose; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid
keywords: Cognition; Elderly; Ketogenic meal; Medium chain triglycerides; β-hydroxybutyrate