title: Antimicrobial susceptibility and clarithromycin resistance patterns of Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates in Vietnam.
abstract: Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that causes several gastroduodenal disorders such as peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer.  Eradication efforts of H. pylori are often hampered by antimicrobial resistance in many countries, including Vietnam.  Here, the study aimed to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among H. pylori clinical isolates across 13 hospitals in Vietnam.  The study further evaluated the clarithromycin resistance patterns of H. pylori strains.  In order to address the study interests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, epsilometer test and PCR-based sequencing were performed on a total of 193 strains isolated from patients, including 136 children (3-15 years of age) and 57 adults (19-69 years of age).  Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the overall resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline was 10.4%, 85.5%, 24.4%, 37.8%, and 23.8% respectively.  The distribution of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clarithromycin-resistant strains was 85.5% with MIC >0.5 μg/mL.  The majority of the clarithromycin resistant isolates (135 of 165 subjects) have MICs ranging from 2 μg/mL to 16 μg/mL.  Furthermore, sequencing detection of mutations in 23S rRNA gene revealed that strains resistant and susceptible to clarithromycin contained both A2143G and T2182C mutations.  Of all isolates, eight clarithromycin-resistant isolates (MIC >0.5 μg/mL) had no mutations in the 23S rRNA gene.  Collectively, these results demonstrated that a proportion of clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori strains, which are not related to the 23S rRNA gene mutations, could be potentially related to other mechanisms such as the presence of an efflux pump or polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 gene.  Therefore, the present study suggests that providing susceptibility testing prior to treatment or alternative screening strategies for antimicrobial resistance is important for future clinical practice.  Further studies on clinical guidelines and treatment efficacy are pivotal for successful eradication of H. pylori infection.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Camelia
authors: C
authors: Quek
authors: Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Son T
authors: ST
authors: Pham
authors: Department of Research and Development, NK-Biotek, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
authors: Kieu T
authors: KT
authors: Tran
authors: School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
authors: Binh T
authors: BT
authors: Pham
authors: Department of Research and Development, NK-Biotek, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
authors: Loc V
authors: LV
authors: Huynh
authors: Department of Research and Development, NK-Biotek, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
authors: Ngan B L
authors: NB
authors: Luu
authors: Department of Research and Development, NK-Biotek, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
authors: Thao K T
authors: TK
authors: Le
authors: Department of Thoracic Head/Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Quek
authors: Department of Research and Development, NK-Biotek, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; School of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam; School of Medicine, Tan Tao University, Duc Hoa, Vietnam.
authors: Van H
authors: VH
authors: Pham
keywords: 23S rRNA; Helicobacter pylori; antimicrobial resistance; gastric ulcer; mutation