title: Zika Fetal Neuropathogenesis: Etiology of a Viral Syndrome.
abstract: The ongoing Zika virus epidemic in the Americas and the observed association with both fetal abnormalities (primary microcephaly) and adult autoimmune pathology (Guillain-Barré syndrome) has brought attention to this neglected pathogen. While initial case studies generated significant interest in the Zika virus outbreak, larger prospective epidemiology and basic virology studies examining the mechanisms of Zika viral infection and associated pathophysiology are only now starting to be published. In this review, we analyze Zika fetal neuropathogenesis from a comparative pathology perspective, using the historic metaphor of "TORCH" viral pathogenesis to provide context. By drawing parallels to other viral infections of the fetus, we identify common themes and mechanisms that may illuminate the observed pathology. The existing data on the susceptibility of various cells to both Zika and other flavivirus infections are summarized. Finally, we highlight relevant aspects of the known molecular mechanisms of flavivirus replication.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors: Zachary A
authors: ZA
authors: Klase
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors: Svetlana
authors: S
authors: Khakhina
authors: Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors: Adriano De Bernardi
authors: Ade B
authors: Schneider
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Zika Foundation, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
authors: Michael V
authors: MV
authors: Callahan
authors: Atheric Pharmaceutical, Scottsville, Virginia, United States of America.|Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors: Jill
authors: J
authors: Glasspool-Malone
authors: Atheric Pharmaceutical, Scottsville, Virginia, United States of America.|Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors: Robert
authors: 0000-0003-0340-7490
authors: R
authors: Malone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D058872:Epidemics; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000821:virology*; D018177:Flavivirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D020275:Guillain-Barre Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000191:economics / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D000071244:Zika Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*