title: Malpractice Litigation in Pediatric Ophthalmology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding outcomes of pediatric malpractice litigation allows ophthalmologists to gain insight into how to best care for patients and prevent such litigation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report and analyze the causes and outcomes of ophthalmology medical malpractice litigation involving patients younger than 18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WestLaw database was reviewed from April 1 to 30, 2015, for ophthalmology-related lawsuits, including settlements and trial verdicts, in the United States from January 1, 1930, to December 31, 2014. Search terms included ophthalmology or ophthalmologist and malpractice anywhere in the retrieved documents. Cases in which the plaintiffs were younger than 18 years at the time of the inciting event were included. Pediatric cases were compared with adult cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric malpractice case outcomes and settlement amounts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight ophthalmology malpractice cases involving plaintiffs younger than 18 years were included in the study. Thirty-five cases (51.5%) were resolved via jury trial. Of these 35 cases, verdicts in favor of the plaintiff were issued in 17 pediatric cases (48.6%), compared with 168 of 584 adult cases (28.8%) (difference, 33%; 95% CI, -24% to 64%; P = .01). The 17 cases that resulted in verdicts in favor of the pediatric plaintiff had a mean jury award of $4 815 693 (median, $883 281; range, $147 765-$42 061 690). Nine of the total 68 cases (13.2%) resulted in a settlement, with mean adjusted indemnities of $1 912 738 (median, $1 377 689; range, $92 070-$8 493 086). The remaining 24 cases (35.3%) involved appellate rulings, pretrial and posttrial relief rulings, and 1 bench verdict. Jury awards were higher in pediatric vs adult cases (difference, $3 422 134; 95% CI, -$3 422 134 to $8 731 916; P = .002), as were indemnity payments (difference, $1 186 757; 95% CI, -$69 074 to $3 342 588; P = .003). Cases involving legal blindness were more likely to result in verdicts in favor of the plaintiff (difference, 60.5%; 95% CI, -1% to 62%; P = .30). Common clinical scenarios in cases of litigation were traumatic ocular injury (15 [22.1%]), retinopathy of prematurity (12 [17.6%]), and endophthalmitis (6 [8.8%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malpractice litigation involving pediatric patients was more likely to be resolved in favor of the plaintiff and was associated with higher monetary awards than was adult litigation. Cases involving retinopathy of prematurity resulted in the highest payments to plaintiffs, and cases involving legal blindness and/or endophthalmitis were more likely to be resolved in favor of the plaintiff. This information may give pediatric ophthalmologists insight into the situations and conditions that commonly lead to litigation.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors: Stephanie B
authors: SB
authors: Engelhard
authors: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Collins
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Shah
authors: School of Law, University of Virginia, Charlottesville4School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
authors: Austin J
authors: AJ
authors: Sim
authors: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors: Ashvini K
authors: AK
authors: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult