title: Ten-Year Cleft Surgery in Nepal: Achievements and Lessons Learned for Better Cleft Care Abroad.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cleft lip and palate surgery abroad is devoid of global consensus regarding standards of therapy, follow-up, and outcome. Cleft surgery in Nepal during a 10-year sustained program provided the opportunity to inform on the need for such standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were evaluated from the cleft clinic at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital, Sankhu, Kathmandu, Nepal, from 1997 to 2007. Four groups were identified for analysis: total cohort, total surgical cohort (TSC), primary program patients (PPP; patients had not been operated on before), and nonprimary program patients (non-PPP; patients operated on elsewhere before). Patient demographics, diagnostic, primary and secondary surgery (corrective surgery), and follow-up were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand forty-five patients were eligible for surgery. Three hundred twenty-three of 1,045 patients (30.9%) did not seek treatment, although scheduled for surgery. One thousand two hundred one procedures were performed in 722 patients [TSC; 845 PPP (70.4%); 356 non-PPP (29.64%)]. Corrective procedures were performed in 257 of 1,201 [3.5% (30 of 845 procedures in 509 patients) PPP vs 63.7% (227 of 356 procedures in 213 patients) non-PPP]. One hundred six lips were completely reoperated on (1 PPP vs 105 non-PPP), and 42 palates underwent a total revision (5 PPP vs 37 non-PPP). The surgical outcome of the TSC group in terms of complication rate was similar to the one in developed countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high rate of corrective surgery reveals the need for global regulatory mechanisms and the need for nongovernmental organizations to introduce strategies for delivering sustained cleft care until achieving full rehabilitation. The World Health Organization should establish standards for cleft care delivered in less developed countries.
authors: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Facial Plastic Surgery and Craniofacial Anomalies, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany; Teaching Hospital of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cleft Program at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital for Interplast Germany, Sankhu, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Bethesda Hospital, Mönchengladbach, Germany; and Center of Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: J Camilo
authors: JC
authors: Roldán
authors: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Facial Plastic Surgery and Craniofacial Anomalies, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany; Teaching Hospital of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cleft Program at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital for Interplast Germany, Sankhu, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Bethesda Hospital, Mönchengladbach, Germany; and Center of Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: Hans-Dieter
authors: HD
authors: Pape
authors: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Facial Plastic Surgery and Craniofacial Anomalies, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany; Teaching Hospital of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cleft Program at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital for Interplast Germany, Sankhu, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Bethesda Hospital, Mönchengladbach, Germany; and Center of Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: Heribert
authors: H
authors: Koch
authors: Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Facial Plastic Surgery and Craniofacial Anomalies, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany; Teaching Hospital of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cleft Program at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital for Interplast Germany, Sankhu, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Bethesda Hospital, Mönchengladbach, Germany; and Center of Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Koller