title: Primer development to obtain complete coding sequence of HA and NA genes of influenza A/H3N2 virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza is an acute respiratory illness and has become a serious public health problem worldwide. The need to study the HA and NA genes in influenza A virus is essential since these genes frequently undergo mutations. This study describes the development of primer sets for RT-PCR to obtain complete coding sequence of Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A/H3N2 virus from Indonesia. The primers were developed based on influenza A/H3N2 sequence worldwide from Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) and further tested using Indonesian influenza A/H3N2 archived samples of influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance from 2008 to 2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An optimum RT-PCR condition was acquired for all HA and NA fragments designed to cover complete coding sequence of HA and NA genes. A total of 71 samples were successfully sequenced for complete coding sequence both of HA and NA genes out of 145 samples of influenza A/H3N2 tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed primer sets were suitable for obtaining complete coding sequences of HA and NA genes of Indonesian samples from 2008 to 2009.
authors: National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Percetakan Negara No.23, Jakarta, 10560, Indonesia.
authors: Agustiningsih
authors: A
authors: Agustiningsih
authors: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No.69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.|Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jl. M. H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia.
authors: Hidayat
authors: H
authors: Trimarsanto
authors: National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Percetakan Negara No.23, Jakarta, 10560, Indonesia. vivisetiawaty@hotmail.com.
authors: Vivi
authors: V
authors: Setiawaty
authors: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No.69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.|Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia.
authors: I Made
authors: IM
authors: Artika
authors: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jl. Diponegoro No.69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.|Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia.
authors: David Handojo
authors: DH
authors: Muljono
mesh_terms: D017931:DNA Primers / Q000378:metabolism*; D005814:Genes, Viral; D005843:Geography; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics*; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics*; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D006388:Hemagglutinins; D009439:Neuraminidase
keywords: HA gene; Influenza A/H3N2 virus; NA gene; Primer set