title: The neural correlates of moral decision-making: A systematic review and meta-analysis of moral evaluations and response decision judgements.
abstract: The aims of this systematic review were to determine: (a) which brain areas are consistently more active when making (i) moral response decisions, defined as choosing a response to a moral dilemma, or deciding whether to accept a proposed solution, or (ii) moral evaluations, defined as judging the appropriateness of another's actions in a moral dilemma, rating moral statements as right or wrong, or identifying important moral issues; and (b) shared and significantly different activation patterns for these two types of moral judgements. A systematic search of the literature returned 28 experiments. Activation likelihood estimate analysis identified the brain areas commonly more active for moral response decisions and for moral evaluations. Conjunction analysis revealed shared activation for both types of moral judgement in the left middle temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus. Contrast analyses found no significant clusters of increased activation for the moral evaluations-moral response decisions contrast, but found that moral response decisions additionally activated the left and right middle temporal gyrus and the right precuneus. Making one's own moral decisions involves different brain areas compared to judging the moral actions of others, implying that these judgements may involve different processes.
authors: Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.
authors: Beverley
authors: B
authors: Garrigan
authors: School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.
authors: Anna L R
authors: AL
authors: Adlam
authors: Tizard Centre, University of Kent, United Kingdom; Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust - Norfolk, United Kingdom. Electronic address: P.E.Langdon@kent.ac.uk.
authors: Peter E
authors: PE
authors: Langdon
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009014:Morals
keywords: Activation likelihood estimate analysis (ALE); Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Meta-analysis; Moral evaluation (ME); Moral response decision (MRD)