title: The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database).
abstract: This article presents subjective rating norms for a new set of Stills And Videos of facial Expressions-the SAVE database. Twenty nonprofessional models were filmed while posing in three different facial expressions (smile, neutral, and frown). After each pose, the models completed the PANAS questionnaire, and reported more positive affect after smiling and more negative affect after frowning. From the shooting material, stills and 5 s and 10 s videos were edited (total stimulus set = 180). A different sample of 120 participants evaluated the stimuli for attractiveness, arousal, clarity, genuineness, familiarity, intensity, valence, and similarity. Overall, facial expression had a main effect in all of the evaluated dimensions, with smiling models obtaining the highest ratings. Frowning expressions were perceived as being more arousing, clearer, and more intense, but also as more negative than neutral expressions. Stimulus presentation format only influenced the ratings of attractiveness, familiarity, genuineness, and intensity. The attractiveness and familiarity ratings increased with longer exposure times, whereas genuineness decreased. The ratings in the several dimensions were correlated. The subjective norms of facial stimuli presented in this article have potential applications to the work of researchers in several research domains. From our database, researchers may choose the most adequate stimulus presentation format for a particular experiment, select and manipulate the dimensions of interest, and control for the remaining dimensions. The full stimulus set and descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) for each stimulus per dimension are provided as supplementary material.
authors: Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, ISCTE-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, Office AA109, Lisbon, 1649-026, Portugal. margarida.garrido@iscte.pt.|Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal. margarida.garrido@iscte.pt.
authors: Margarida V
authors: MV
authors: Garrido
authors: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Diniz
authors: D
authors: Lopes
authors: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Marília
authors: M
authors: Prada
authors: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.|Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Rodrigues
authors: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: Rita
authors: R
authors: Jerónimo
authors: Escola Superior de Artes e Design, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Leira, Portugal.
authors: Rui P
authors: RP
authors: Mourão
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001143:Arousal; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005145:Face; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D010781:Photography; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012904:Smiling; D012938:Social Perception; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arousal; Attractiveness; Clarity; Faces; Familiarity; Genuineness; Intensity; Normative data; Similarity; Stills; Subjective ratings; Valence; Videos