title: Frequency of Eating Out at Both Fast-Food and Sit-Down Restaurants Was Associated With High Body Mass Index in Non-Large Metropolitan Communities in Midwest.
abstract: We investigated the associations between frequency of eating at fast-food, fast-casual, all-you-can-eat, and sit-down restaurants and the body mass index (BMI) in non-large metro Wisconsin communities. To inform prevention efforts, we also analyzed the socioeconomic/environmental and nutrition attitudes/behavior variables that may drive the frequent eating away from home.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional analysis of an ancillary data set from the Survey of Health of Wisconsin collected between October 2012 and February 2013.
  
  
  
  Six Wisconsin counties: 1 classified as rural, 1 as large fringe metro, and 4 as small metro.
  
  
  
  Adults ≥18 years (N = 1418).
  
  
  
  Field staff measured height and weight and administered a survey on the frequency of eating away from home, and socioeconomic and nutritional behavior variables.
  
  
  
  Multivariable regression.
  
  
  
  The BMI of respondents averaged 29.4 kg/m2(39% obese). Every 1-meal/week increase in fast-food and sit-down restaurant consumption was associated with an increase in BMI by 0.8 and 0.6 kg/m2, respectively. Unavailability of healthy foods at shopping and eating venues and lack of cooking skills were both positively associated with consumption of fast-food and sit-down meals. Individuals who described their diet as healthy, who avoided high-fat foods, and who believed their diet was keeping their weight controlled did not visit these restaurants frequently.
  
  
  
  Obesity prevention efforts in non-large metro Wisconsin communities should consider socioeconomic/environmental and nutritional attitudes/behavior of residents when designing restaurant-based or community education interventions.
authors: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Surabhi
authors: S
authors: Bhutani
authors: 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Dale A
authors: DA
authors: Schoeller
authors: 2 Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Matthew C
authors: MC
authors: Walsh
authors: 2 Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: McWilliams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002947:Cities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004435:Eating; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: eating away from home; fast-food restaurant; nutrition attitude; obesity; sit-down restaurant; socioeconomic status