title: Impact of compressed breast thickness and dose on lesion detectability in digital mammography: FROC study with simulated lesions in real mammograms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was twofold: (1) to examine whether, with standard automatic exposure control (AEC) settings that maintain pixel values in the detector constant, lesion detectability in clinical images decreases as a function of breast thickness and (2) to verify whether a new AEC setup can increase lesion detectability at larger breast thicknesses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening patient images, acquired on two identical digital mammography systems, were collected over a period of 2 yr. Mammograms were acquired under standard AEC conditions (part 1) and subsequently with a new AEC setup (part 2), programmed to use the standard AEC settings for compressed breast thicknesses ≤49 mm, while a relative dose increase was applied above this thickness. The images were divided into four thickness groups: T1 ≤ 29 mm, T2 = 30-49 mm, T3 = 50-69 mm, and T4 ≥ 70 mm, with each thickness group containing 130 randomly selected craniocaudal lesion-free images. Two measures of density were obtained for every image: a BI-RADS score and a map of volumetric breast density created with a software application (VolparaDensity, Matakina, NZ). This information was used to select subsets of four images, containing one image from each thickness group, matched to a (global) BI-RADS score and containing a region with the same (local) volpara volumetric density value. One selected lesion (a microcalcification cluster or a mass) was simulated into each of the four images. This process was repeated so that, for a given thickness group, half the images contained a single lesion and half were lesion-free. The lesion templates created and inserted in groups T3 and T4 for the first part of the study were then inserted into the images of thickness groups T3 and T4 acquired with higher dose settings. Finally, all images were visualized using the ViewDEX software and scored by four radiologists performing a free search study. A statistical jackknife-alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For part 1, the alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic curves for the four readers were 0.80, 0.65, 0.55 and 0.56 in going from T1 to T4, indicating a decrease in detectability with increasing breast thickness. P-values and the 95% confidence interval showed no significant difference for the T3-T4 comparison (p = 0.78) while all the other differences were significant (p < 0.05). Separate analysis of microcalcification clusters presented the same results while for mass detection, the only significant difference came when comparing T1 to the other thickness groups. Comparing the scores of part 1 and part 2, results for the T3 group acquired with the new AEC setup and T3 group at standard AEC doses were significantly different (p = 0.0004), indicating improved detection. For this group a subanalysis for microcalcification detection gave the same results while no significant difference was found for mass detection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data using clinical images confirm results found in simple QA tests for many mammography systems that detectability falls as breast thickness increases. Results obtained with the AEC setup for constant detectability above 49 mm showed an increase in lesion detection with compressed breast thickness, bringing detectability of lesions to the same level.
authors: Department of Imaging and Pathology, Radiology, KUL, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium and SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Salvagnini
authors: Department of Imaging and Pathology, Radiology, KUL, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium and Department of Radiology, Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
authors: Hilde
authors: H
authors: Bosmans
authors: Department of Radiology, Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
authors: Chantal
authors: C
authors: Van Ongeval
authors: Department of Radiology, Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Van Steen
authors: Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KUL, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
authors: Koen
authors: K
authors: Michielsen
authors: Department of Radiology, Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
authors: Lesley
authors: L
authors: Cockmartin
authors: SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium.
authors: Lara
authors: L
authors: Struelens
authors: Department of Imaging and Pathology, Radiology, KUL, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium and Department of Radiology, Radiology, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
authors: Nicholas W
authors: NW
authors: Marshall
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012372:ROC Curve; D011829:Radiation Dosage