title: Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease risk: an uptodate in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive aged women and is characterized by two of the following three features: oligoovulation or anovulation, clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, or polycystic ovaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It has been demonstrated that PCOS includes a complex number of systemic symptoms in addition to symptoms related to the reproductive apparatus. It has been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Several clinical and basic studies have investigated the link between PCOS and the cardiovascular disease risk, which seems to be due to blunted lipid/glucose metabolism, hypertension, and systemic inflammatory and coagulation disorders. Therefore, the current manuscript aims to review the main findings on PCOS and obesity/obesity-related disease (glucose derangements and cardiovascular disease risk factors).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there are no long-term data on the morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular disease in PCOS, it is advisable to perform a careful metabolic and cardiovascular assessment in women with PCOS in order to tailor the most suitable strategy to prevent cardiovascular disease.
authors: Department of Sports Science and Wellness, "Parthenope" University Naples, Naples, Italy; Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fertility Techniques Structure, University Hospital "S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Largo Città d'Ippocrate, Salerno, Italy. Electronic address: francescoorio@virgilio.it.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Orio
authors: Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Naples, Italy.
authors: Giovanna
authors: G
authors: Muscogiuri
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Cinar
authors: C
authors: Nese
authors: Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Stefano
authors: S
authors: Palomba
authors: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" Naples, Italy.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Savastano
authors: Department of Exercise Science and Wellness, "Parthenope" University Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Tafuri
authors: Fertility Techniques Structure, "S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona" University Hospital Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Colarieti
authors: Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Giovanbattista
authors: G
authors: La Sala
authors: Ios and Coleman Medicina Futura Medical Center, Naples, Italy.
authors: Annamaria
authors: A
authors: Colao
authors: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors: Bulent O
authors: BO
authors: Yildiz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008954:Models, Biological; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Environment; Lifestyle; Obesity; PCOS; Type 2 diabetes