title: The serological response against foot and mouth disease virus elicited by repeated vaccination of dairy cattle.
abstract: In Israel, cattle are annually vaccinated against foot and mouth disease (FMD). If infections with FMD virus occur in dairy farms it mainly involves heifers and calves, while older dairy cows seldom become infected. We hypothesized that this difference in susceptibility between adult cows and the young heifers and calves is due to stronger and more stable immune response elicited by multiple vaccinations. In order to test this hypothesis, 99 dairy cattle, divided into six groups according to number of prior vaccinations, were annually vaccinated with a trivalent vaccine (A, O and Asia-1) and followed during two consecutive years. In total 988 sera were sampled at 11 time points. Virus neutralization tests (VNT) were performed in order to determine the neutralizing antibody titers (NAT) against the vaccine homologous serotypes: O-4625, O-Manisa, Asia-1-Shamir and the heterologous serotype A-Turkey-20/2006. A similar NAT pattern was observed to all serotypes and therefore statistical analysis was restricted to O-4625 serotype. In the 'high vaccination' groups (cows that were vaccinated at least four times before the study), high NAT were found on the beginning of the trial and no or only a mild increase of NAT was observed following further vaccinations. Additionally, in the 'high vaccination' groups, the percentage of cows that had a NAT higher than 2.0 (log10) by the end of the 1st year was significantly higher than in the 'low vaccination' groups (cows vaccinated only three times or less before the study). We conclude that starting from the 5th vaccination, the NAT increase following vaccination is mild and NAT are persistent, suggesting reduction of the frequency of routine vaccination after multiple vaccinations is possible.
authors: Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
authors: Ehud
authors: E
authors: Elnekave
authors: Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors: Aldo
authors: A
authors: Dekker
authors: Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors: Phaedra
authors: P
authors: Eble
authors: Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
authors: Froukje
authors: F
authors: van Hemert-Kluitenberg
authors: Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel.
authors: Boris
authors: B
authors: Gelman
authors: Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel.
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Storm
authors: Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: eyal.klement@gmail.com.
authors: Eyal
authors: E
authors: Klement
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000145:classification; D007557:Israel; D016014:Linear Models; D065288:Serogroup; D014611:Vaccination / Q000662:veterinary; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Cattle; Dairy; FMD; Neutralizing antibody titers (NAT); Repeated vaccinations; Serology