title: Optimized Time-Gated Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Classification and Recycling of Fluorescently Labeled Plastics.
abstract: For the production of high-quality parts from recycled plastics, a very high purity of the plastic waste to be recycled is mandatory. The incorporation of fluorescent tracers ("markers") into plastics during the manufacturing process helps overcome typical problems of non-tracer based optical classification methods. Despite the unique emission spectra of fluorescent markers, the classification becomes difficult when the host plastics exhibit (strong) autofluorescence that spectrally overlaps the marker fluorescence. Increasing the marker concentration is not an option from an economic perspective and might also adversely affect the properties of the plastics. A measurement approach that suppresses the autofluorescence in the acquired signal is time-gated fluorescence spectroscopy (TGFS). Unfortunately, TGFS is associated with a lower signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, which results in larger classification errors. In order to optimize the S/N ratio we investigate and validate the best TGFS parameters-derived from a model for the fluorescence signal-for plastics labeled with four specifically designed fluorescent markers. In this study we also demonstrate the implementation of TGFS on a measurement and classification prototype system and determine its performance. Mean values for a sensitivity of [Formula: see text] = 99.93% and precision [Formula: see text] = 99.80% were achieved, proving that a highly reliable classification of plastics can be achieved in practice.
authors: Division of Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems, Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany.
authors: Petr
authors: P
authors: Fomin
authors: Division of Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems, Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany.
authors: Dmitry
authors: D
authors: Zhelondz
authors: Division of Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems, Bundeswehr University Munich, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Kargel
keywords: TGFS; Time-gated fluorescence spectroscopy; autofluorescence; fluorescent plastics labeling; hyperspectral imaging; plastics sorting and recycling