title: An Overview of the Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Cattle Manure.
abstract: Cattle manure harbors microbial constituents that make it a potential source of pollution in the environment and infections in humans. Knowledge of, and microbial assessment of, manure is crucial in a bid to prevent public health and environmental hazards through the development of better management practices and policies that should govern manure handling. Physical, chemical and biological methods to reduce pathogen population in manure do exist, but are faced with challenges such as cost, odor pollution, green house gas emission, etc. Consequently, anaerobic digestion of animal manure is currently one of the most widely used treatment method that can help to salvage the above-mentioned adverse effects and in addition, produces biogas that can serve as an alternative/complementary source of energy. However, this method has to be monitored closely as it could be fraught with challenges during operation, caused by the inherent characteristics of the manure. In addition, to further reduce bacterial pathogens to a significant level, anaerobic digestion can be combined with other methods such as thermal, aerobic and physical methods. In this paper, we review the bacterial composition of cattle manure as well as methods engaged in the control of pathogenic microbes present in manure and recommendations that need to be respected and implemented in order to prevent microbial contamination of the environment, animals and humans.
authors: Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. cmanyi-loh@ufh.ac.za.|Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. cmanyi-loh@ufh.ac.za.
authors: Christy E
authors: CE
authors: Manyi-Loh
authors: Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. smamphweli@ufh.ac.za.
authors: Sampson N
authors: SN
authors: Mamphweli
authors: Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. emeyer@ufh.ac.za.
authors: Edson L
authors: EL
authors: Meyer
authors: Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. gmakaka@ufh.ac.za.
authors: Golden
authors: G
authors: Makaka
authors: Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. msimon@ufh.ac.za.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Simon
authors: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. aokoh@ufh.ac.za.|South Africa Medical Research Council Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. aokoh@ufh.ac.za.
authors: Anthony I
authors: AI
authors: Okoh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002417:Cattle; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000382:microbiology*; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure
keywords: cattle manure; control methods; pathogens