title: Interleukin-6, MCP-1, IP-10, and MIG are sequentially expressed in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
abstract: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory cytokine, plays important roles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines that regulate trafficking of monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes to sites of inflammation. However, no studies have been reported regarding the temporal expression of these cytokines in CSF after SAH.
  
  
  
  The concentrations of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG) in the CSF of ten patients with SAH were measured using ELISA kits over a period of 14 days. All aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation. CSF samples from patients with unruptured aneurysms were used as controls. The concentration of IL-6 significantly increased during the acute stage of the disease. The concentration of MCP-1 increased from days 1 to 5, peaking on day 3, and decreased thereafter. The concentrations of IP-10 and MIG progressively increased, peaked on day 5, and then gradually decreased. There were strong correlations between the maximum levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 and IP-10 and MIG on day 5. The maximum level of IL-6 was much higher in poor outcome patients than in good outcome patients.
  
  
  
  The present investigation demonstrated that increases in IL-6 levels may induce the expression of MCP-1 in CSF after SAH, followed by increases in the expression of IP-10 and MIG. Dynamic changes in the levels of these cytokines may induce inflammation and may be closely associated with the development of delayed ischemic neurological deficits after SAH.
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors: Aichi
authors: A
authors: Niwa
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan. kosuka@aichi-med-u.ac.jp.
authors: Koji
authors: 0000-0002-6301-3189
authors: K
authors: Osuka
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors: Takahiro
authors: T
authors: Nakura
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors: Naoki
authors: N
authors: Matsuo
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors: Takeya
authors: T
authors: Watabe
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors: Masakazu
authors: M
authors: Takayasu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; C080810:CXCL9 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D054370:Chemokine CXCL9; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: IP-10; Interleukin-6; MCP-1; MIG; Subarachnoid hemorrhage