title: HIV seroconversion and risk factors among drug users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in China: A qualitative study.
abstract: We sought to explore the experiences of drug users in China who were recently diagnosed with HIV infection while engaged in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and to better understand their perceptions of MMT, HIV risk, and HIV prevention.
  
  
  
  We recruited clients of MMT clinics in Chongqing and Kunming who had a baseline HIV-negative test result upon entry to MMT and had been diagnosed with HIV within the past 12 months. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews and thematic data analysis to identify situations and factors that increased HIV risk.
  
  
  
  Among the 27 participants who were interviewed, 15 believed their infection was due to injection drug use, 7 attributed their infection to sexual contact, and 5 were unsure as to how they became infected. High risk behaviors were common; 18 participants continued to use drugs during treatment, and 10 engaged in unprotected sex. Common themes were the difficulty of drug abstinence despite receiving MMT, social pressure to continue using drugs, and low knowledge of effective HIV prevention measures.
  
  
  
  While MMT is effective in reducing drug usage and needle sharing, many clients remain at risk of HIV infection due to continued injection drug use and unprotected sex. Clients may benefit from additional counseling on HIV prevention methods as well as structural interventions to increase the availability of clean injection equipment.
authors: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China.
authors: Changhe
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
authors: Cynthia X
authors: CX
authors: Shi
authors: Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse, 471 Xifu Road, Kunming 650228, China.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Zhang
authors: Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Changjiang 2nd Road, Chongqing 400016, China.
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Chen
authors: Yunnan Institute for Drug Abuse, 471 Xifu Road, Kunming 650228, China.
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China.
authors: Nanci
authors: N
authors: Zhang
authors: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China.
authors: Keming
authors: K
authors: Rou
authors: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China.
authors: Xiaobin
authors: X
authors: Cao
authors: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Luo
authors: National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China. Electronic address: wuzy@263.net.
authors: Zunyou
authors: Z
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D003376:Counseling; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment / Q000523:psychology*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D000069078:Seroconversion; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D047568:Unsafe Sex
chemical_list: D008691:Methadone
keywords: China; HIV risk; HIV/AIDS; Injection drug use; Methadone maintenance treatment; Substance abuse treatment