title: Effective Dosage of Midazolam to Erase the Memory of Vascular Pain During Propofol Administration.
abstract: Intravenous sedation with propofol is often administered to anxious patients in dental practice. Pain on injection of propofol is a common adverse effect. This study aimed to determine the age-adjusted doses of midazolam required to erase memory of vascular pain of propofol administration and assess whether the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) after the pretreatment of midazolam was useful to predict amnesia of the vascular pain of propofol administration. A total of 246 patients with dental phobia requiring dental treatment under intravenous sedation were included. Patients were classified according to their age: 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s. Three minutes after administration of a predetermined dose of midazolam, propofol was infused continuously. After completion of the dental procedure, patients were interviewed about the memory of any pain or discomfort in the injection site or forearm. The dosage of midazolam was determined using the Dixon up-down method. The first patient was administered 0.03 mg/kg, and if memory of vascular pain remained, the dosage was increased by 0.01 mg/kg for the next patient, and then if the memory was erased, the dosage was decreased by 0.01 mg/kg. The effective dosage of midazolam in 95% of each age group for erasing the memory of propofol vascular pain (ED95) was determined using logistic analysis. The accuracy of RSS to predict the amnesia of injection pain was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The ED95 of midazolam to erase the memory of propofol vascular pain was 0.061 mg/kg in patients in their 30s, 0.049 mg/kg in patients in their 40s, 0.033 mg/kg in patients in their 50s, and 0.033 mg/kg in patients in their 60s. The area under the ROC curve was 0.31. The ED95 of midazolam required to erase the memory of propofol vascular pain demonstrated a downward trend with age. On the other hand, it was impossible to predict the amnesia of propofol vascular pain using the RSS.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Aichi Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan.
authors: Aiji
authors: A
authors: Boku
authors: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
authors: Mika
authors: M
authors: Inoue
authors: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Hanamoto
authors: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
authors: Aiko
authors: A
authors: Oyamaguchi
authors: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
authors: Chiho
authors: C
authors: Kudo
authors: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
authors: Mitsutaka
authors: M
authors: Sugimura
authors: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
authors: Hitoshi
authors: H
authors: Niwa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol
keywords: ED95; Midazolam; Propofol; Vascular pain