title: Immuno-enhancement effects of Yifei Tongluo Granules on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in Balb/c mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional Chinese medicine Yifei Tongluo Granules has been employed clinically with the combination of chemotherapy agents to treat patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential have not been well elucidated. The present study was employed to verify immunomodulatory effect and to investigate the underlying mechanisms which have not been explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study samples of total extracts (FB-E) and polysaccharides (FB-P) were prepared by the extraction of the Yifei Tongluo Granules using appropriate techniques. A simple immunodeficient mice model was established by challenging Balb/c mice with cyclophosphamide in order to avoid the handling of tuberculosis viruses. The in vivo study was thus designed to systematically elucidate the immuno-enhancement effects of Yifei Tongluo Granules extracts in immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Balb/c mice were orally ingested once daily with the low and high doses of two different extracts for ten consecutive days, respectively, accompanied by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (60mg/kg) on days 1-3 and 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the model group, the treatment of immunodeficient mice with the low and high doses of the extracts FB-E or FB-P enhanced spleen and thymus indices, T- and B-cell proliferation as well as increased the activities of splenic natural killer, lymphokine activated killer, cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells and peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis. In addition, the FB-E or FB-P treatment balanced the ratio of Th1/Th2 and up-regulated the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate, for the first time, that the treatment of the cyclophosphamide-challenged mice with the Yifei Tongluo Granules extracts resulted in accelerated recovery of immunosuppression, sugguesting that the immunomodulation might be the mechanism for the observed clinical benefits of Yifei Tongluo Granules. Our findings provide preliminary mechanistic study evidences for clinical application of Yifei Tongluo Granules in patients with immunodeficient diseases such as tuberculosis.
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
authors: Yongjie
authors: Y
authors: Wang
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
authors: Qiuchen
authors: Q
authors: Qi
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
authors: Ang
authors: A
authors: Li
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
authors: Min
authors: M
authors: Yang
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
authors: Weizhen
authors: W
authors: Huang
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
authors: Hongya
authors: H
authors: Xu
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Jujube Food and Drug, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China. Electronic address: uszxzhao@gmail.com.
authors: Zhongxi
authors: Z
authors: Zhao
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
authors: Siying
authors: S
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008516:Medicine, Chinese Traditional; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C000617432:yifei tongluo; D003520:Cyclophosphamide
keywords: Bergenin (PubChem CID: 66065); Chlorogenic acid (PubChem CID: 1794427); Cryptochlorogenin Acid (PubChem CID: 9798666); Cyclophosphamide; Esculetin (PubChem CID: 5281416); Immunomodulatory; Isochlorogenic acid A (PubChem CID: 6474310); Isochlorogenic acid B (PubChem CID: 5281780); Isochlorogenic acid C (PubChem CID: 6474309); Linarin (PubChem CID: 5317025); Lymphocytes; Militarine (PubChem CID: 171638); Neochlorogenic acid (PubChem CID: 5280633); Neotuberostemoninol (PubChem CID: 12067195); Pectolinarin (PubChem CID: 168849); Stemona-amine C (PubChem CID: 102219915); Stemona-amine D (PubChem CID: 102219916); Th1/Th2; Traditional Chinese medicine; Tuberostemonine (PubChem CID: 100781)