title: Toddlers actively reorganize their whole body coordination to maintain walking stability while carrying an object.
abstract: Balanced walking involves freely swinging the limbs like pendula. However, children immediately begin to carry objects as soon as they can walk. One possibility for this early skill development is that whole body coordination during walking may be re-organized into loosely coupled collections of body parts, allowing children to use their arms to perform one function, while the legs perform another. Therefore, this study examines: 1) how carrying an object affects the coordination of the arms and legs during walking, and 2) if carrying an object influences stride length and width. Ten healthy toddlers with 3-12 months of walking experience were recruited to walk barefoot while carrying or not carrying a small toy. Stride length, width, speed, and continuous relative phase (CRP) of the hips and of the shoulders were compared between carrying conditions. While both arms and legs demonstrated destabilization and stabilization throughout the gait cycle, the arms showed a reduction in intra-subject coordination variability in response to carrying an object. Carrying an object may modify the function of the arms from swinging for balance to maintaining hold of an object. The observed period-dependent changes of the inter-limb coordination of the hips and of the shoulders also support this interpretation. Overall, these findings support the view that whole-body coordination patterns may become partitioned in particular ways as a function of task requirements.
authors: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: wen-hao.hsu@wyss.harvard.edu.
authors: Wen-Hao
authors: WH
authors: Hsu
authors: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Daniel L
authors: DL
authors: Miranda
authors: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard University, Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors: Trevor L
authors: TL
authors: Chistolini
authors: Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Eugene C
authors: EC
authors: Goldfield
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Child development; Coordination; Gait; Object carriage