title: Blood Pressure in Young Adults Born at Very Low Birth Weight: Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration.
abstract: Adults born preterm at very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) have higher blood pressure than those born at term. It is not known whether all VLBW adults are at risk or whether higher blood pressure could be attributed to some of the specific conditions underlying or accompanying preterm birth. To identify possible risk or protective factors, we combined individual-level data from 9 cohorts that measured blood pressure in young adults born at VLBW or with a more stringent birth weight criterion. In the absence of major heterogeneity, we performed linear regression analysis in our pooled sample of 1571 adults born at VLBW and 777 controls. Adults born at VLBW had 3.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 2.2-4.6) higher systolic and 2.1 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 1.3-3.0) higher diastolic pressure, with adjustment for age, sex, and cohort. The difference in systolic pressure was present in men (1.8 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-3.5) but was stronger in women (4.7 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-6.3). Among the VLBW group, blood pressure was unrelated to gestational age, maternal smoking, multiple pregnancy, retinopathy of prematurity, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Blood pressure was higher than that of controls among VLBW adults unexposed to maternal preeclampsia. Among those exposed, it was even higher, especially if born appropriate for gestational age. In conclusion, although female sex and maternal preeclampsia are additional risk factors, the risk of higher blood pressure is not limited to any etiologic subgroup of VLBW adults, arguing for vigilance in early detection of high blood pressure in all these individuals.
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.). petteri.hovi@helsinki.fi.
authors: Petteri
authors: P
authors: Hovi
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Betty
authors: B
authors: Vohr
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Laura R
authors: LR
authors: Ment
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Lex W
authors: LW
authors: Doyle
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Lorcan
authors: L
authors: McGarvey
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Katherine M
authors: KM
authors: Morrison
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Kari Anne I
authors: KA
authors: Evensen
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Sylvia
authors: S
authors: van der Pal
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Ruth E
authors: RE
authors: Grunau
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Ann-Mari
authors: AM
authors: Brubakk
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Sture
authors: S
authors: Andersson
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Saroj
authors: S
authors: Saigal
authors: From the Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (P.H., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland (P.H., S.A., E.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI (B.V., L.R.M.); Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia (L.W.D.); Respiratory Medicine Centre for Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland (L.M.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (K.M.M., S.S.); Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (K.A.I.E., A.-M.B.); Department of Child Health, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands (S.v.d.P.); Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (R.E.G.); and PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland (E.K.).
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Kajantie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D047929:Term Birth; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: follow-up studies; hypertension; infant; preeclampsia; retinopathy of prematurity