title: Ramalin Isolated from Ramalina Terebrata Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Lesions in Balb/c Mice and Cutaneous Immune Responses in Keratinocytes and Mast Cells.
abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that involves eczematous skin lesions with pruritic erythematous papules. In this study, we investigated the mitigating effects of ramalin, a component of the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata against AD in vivo and in vitro. Oral administration of ramalin lessened scratching behaviors and significantly reduced both serum immunoglobulin E and IL-4 levels, and mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in AD-induced Balb/c mice. In vitro, treatment with ramalin produced significantly less inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including TARC, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 in TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells. In addition, ramalin inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B as well as the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Furthermore, ramalin treatment resulted in decreased production of β-hexosaminidase and proinflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in 2,4 dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells through blocking MAPK signaling pathways. The results suggest that ramalin modulates the production of immune mediators by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B and MAPK signaling pathways. Taken together, ramalin effectively attenuated the development of AD and promoted the mitigating effects on Th2 cell-mediated immune responses and the production of inflammatory mediators in mast cells and keratinocytes. Thus, ramalin may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
authors: Hye-Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Park
authors: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
authors: Yeon Jeong
authors: YJ
authors: Jang
authors: Polar BioCenter, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Korea.
authors: Joung-Han
authors: JH
authors: Yim
authors: Polar BioCenter, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Korea.
authors: Hong-Kum
authors: HK
authors: Lee
authors: School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
authors: Suhkneung
authors: S
authors: Pyo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005971:Glutamates / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; C570208:Ramalin
keywords: Balb/c mice; atopic dermatitis; keratinocyte; mast cell; ramalin