title: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in children and adolescents.
abstract: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe autoimmune disease of the CNS characterized by recurrent inflammatory events primarily involving the optic nerves and spinal cord. NMO is infrequent in children, but early recognition is important to start adequate treatment. In this article, we review the evolving diagnostic criteria of NMO and provide an update on the clinical and neuroimaging spectrum of the disorder in pediatric patients, including current knowledge on immunopathogenesis and treatment recommendations for children with NMO.
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (I.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospitals Strasbourg, Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Neurology (A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Neuromyelitis Optica Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany. silviatenembaum@gmail.com.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Tenembaum
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (I.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospitals Strasbourg, Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Neurology (A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Neuromyelitis Optica Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
authors: Tanuja
authors: T
authors: Chitnis
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (I.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospitals Strasbourg, Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Neurology (A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Neuromyelitis Optica Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
authors: Ichiro
authors: I
authors: Nakashima
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (I.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospitals Strasbourg, Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Neurology (A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Neuromyelitis Optica Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Collongues
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (I.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospitals Strasbourg, Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Neurology (A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Neuromyelitis Optica Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: McKeon
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (I.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospitals Strasbourg, Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Neurology (A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Neuromyelitis Optica Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Levy
authors: From the Department of Pediatric Neurology (S.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Partners Pediatric MS Center (T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (I.N.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Neurology (N.C.), University Hospitals Strasbourg, Center for Clinical Investigation, INSERM, Strasbourg, France; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Neurology (A.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (M.L.), Neuromyelitis Optica Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
authors: Kevin
authors: K
authors: Rostasy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies