title: The role of the general practitioner in the screening and clinical management of chronic viral hepatitis in six EU countries.
abstract: Chronic viral hepatitis is still a major public health concern in the EU. In order to halt the progression of the disease and to prevent onward transmission, timely recognition and accurate clinical management are crucial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the general practitioner (GP) in the screening of persons at risk and in the clinical management of chronic viral hepatitis patients in six EU countries.
  
  
  
  An online survey among GPs and secondary-care specialists was conducted in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary, Italy and Spain. In the GP survey, we used a four-point Likert scale to find out how commonly risk groups are screened. In both surveys, we measured GPs involvement in monitoring clinical indicators in patients undergoing antiviral treatment, and explored whether patients in four clinical scenarios are referred back to primary care.
  
  
  
  Between five and 10 experts per professional group were surveyed, except for Spain (GPs: n = 2; Specialists: n = 4) and, in the case of the GP survey, Hungary (GPs: n = 1) and Germany (GPs: n = 4). Migrants are variably or not routinely screened for hepatitis B/C in the majority of cases. The majority of GPs reported that hepatitis B/C screening was routinely offered to people who inject drugs. In Hungary, Italy and in the Netherlands, screening sex workers is not a regular practice. As to whether GPs offer screening to men who have sex with men, responses varied; in Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, screening was "variably" or "commonly" implemented, while in Hungary the practice seems to be sporadic. In the UK, screening for hepatitis B seems to be common practice among GPs, while hepatitis C testing is only occasionally offered to this risk group. Most GPs (> 44%) in all countries except Hungary reported that hepatitis B/C screening was very commonly offered to HIV patients. The role of GPs in monitoring hepatitis cases and the referral of cases back to GPs by specialists varied both within and between countries. GPs are unlikely to monitor clinical outcomes other than side effects in patients undergoing treatment. Patients who have had a sustained virological response are usually referred back to GPs, whereas patients undergoing antiviral treatment and those who do not respond to treatment are rarely referred back.
  
  
  
  The GP's decision to offer screening to risk groups often seems to be an individual choice of the healthcare professional. Raising GPs' awareness of the disease, for example through the adoption of effective strategies for the dissemination and implementation of the existing guidelines for general practice, is strongly needed. The role of GPs and specialists involved in the management of chronically infected patients should also be clarified, as opinions sometimes differ markedly even within each professional group.
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bechini
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Levi
authors: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Falla
authors: Department of Health Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany;
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ahmad
authors: Division of Infectious Disease Control, Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Veldhuijzen
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Tiscione
authors: Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Bonanni
mesh_terms: D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners; D015658:HIV Infections; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D010819:Physician's Role; D000072339:Sexual and Gender Minorities
keywords: General practice; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C