title: Medication errors as malpractice-a qualitative content analysis of 585 medication errors by nurses in Sweden.
abstract: Many studies address the prevalence of medication errors but few address medication errors serious enough to be regarded as malpractice. Other studies have analyzed the individual and system contributory factor leading to a medication error. Nurses have a key role in medication administration, and there are contradictory reports on the nurses' work experience in relation to the risk and type for medication errors.
  
  
  
  All medication errors where a nurse was held responsible for malpractice (n = 585) during 11 years in Sweden were included. A qualitative content analysis and classification according to the type and the individual and system contributory factors was made. In order to test for possible differences between nurses' work experience and associations within and between the errors and contributory factors, Fisher's exact test was used, and Cohen's kappa (k) was performed to estimate the magnitude and direction of the associations.
  
  
  
  There were a total of 613 medication errors in the 585 cases, the most common being "Wrong dose" (41 %), "Wrong patient" (13 %) and "Omission of drug" (12 %). In 95 % of the cases, an average of 1.4 individual contributory factors was found; the most common being "Negligence, forgetfulness or lack of attentiveness" (68 %), "Proper protocol not followed" (25 %), "Lack of knowledge" (13 %) and "Practice beyond scope" (12 %). In 78 % of the cases, an average of 1.7 system contributory factors was found; the most common being "Role overload" (36 %), "Unclear communication or orders" (30 %) and "Lack of adequate access to guidelines or unclear organisational routines" (30 %). The errors "Wrong patient due to mix-up of patients" and "Wrong route" and the contributory factors "Lack of knowledge" and "Negligence, forgetfulness or lack of attentiveness" were more common in less experienced nurses. The experienced nurses were more prone to "Practice beyond scope of practice" and to make errors in spite of "Lack of adequate access to guidelines or unclear organisational routines".
  
  
  
  Medication errors regarded as malpractice in Sweden were of the same character as medication errors worldwide. A complex interplay between individual and system factors often contributed to the errors.
authors: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Karin.Sparring.Bjorksten@ki.se.|Psychiatry South Stockhholm, Administration och Ledning, Box 5040, SE-121 05, Johanneshov, Sweden. Karin.Sparring.Bjorksten@ki.se.
authors: Karin Sparring
authors: KS
authors: Björkstén
authors: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Bergqvist
authors: Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Internal Medicine, Södersjukhuset AB, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Andersén-Karlsson
authors: Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Internal Medicine, Södersjukhuset AB, SE-118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Lina
authors: L
authors: Benson
authors: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Ulfvarson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008318:Malpractice / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Classification; Contributory factor; Malpractice; Medication error; Nurse