title: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Wood Vinegar from Litchi chinensis.
abstract: The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of wood vinegar from Litchi chinensis, and its components have been studied. The chemical compositions of wood vinegar were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 17 chemical compounds were identified, representing 83.96% of the compositions in the wood vinegar. Three major components, included 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol, 29.54%), 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol, 12.36%), and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene (11.07%), were found in the wood vinegar. Antioxidant activities of the acids were investigated from the aspects of 1,1-Diphyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, and reducing power. The pyroligneous acid exhibited high antioxidant activity which was comparable to the reference standards (vitamin C and butylated hydroxyl toluene) at the same dose with IC50 values of 36.5 ppm calculated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay, 38.38 g Trolox equivalent/100 g DW by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, and 67.9 by the reducing power analysis. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion and microdilution methods against a group of clinically antibiotic resistant isolates. The major components exhibited broad spectrum inhibition against all the bacterial strains with a range of disc inhibition zoon between 15-19 mm. The minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericide concentration against the test strains was ranging in 0.95-3.80 μL/100 μL and 1.90-3.80 μL/100 μL, respectively. Most of the antibiotic resistant strains were more susceptible to the wood vinegar than the non-antibiotic resistant strain except the strain of ornithine resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the chemical profile, it was considered that the strongest antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Litchi chinensis wood vinegar was due to its highly phenolic compositions. This study revealed that the Litchi chinensis wood vinegar is valuable to develop as alternative food antioxidant and antibiotics.
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan. jfyang@isu.edu.tw.
authors: Jyh-Ferng
authors: JF
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. chyang@cc.kuas.edu.tw.
authors: Cheng-Hong
authors: CH
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan. mtliang@isu.edu.tw.
authors: Ming-Tsai
authors: MT
authors: Liang
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan. isu10237005M@cloud.isu.edu.tw.
authors: Zi-Jie
authors: ZJ
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan. ywwu@isu.edu.tw.
authors: Yuh-Wern
authors: YW
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan. chuang@isu.edu.tw.
authors: Li-Yeh
authors: LY
authors: Chuang
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D032125:Litchi / Q000737:chemistry*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; C080339:wood vinegar; D019342:Acetic Acid; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Litchi chinensis wood vinegar; antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry