Oxo-Functionalized Graphene as a Cell Membrane Carrier of Nucleic Acid Probes Controlled by Aging.
We applied a fluorescein-containing oligonucleotide (ON) to probe surface properties of oxidized graphene (oxo-G) and observed that graphene-like patches are formed upon aging of oxo-G, indicated by enhanced probe binding and by FTIR spectroscopic analysis. By using a recently developed fluorogenic endoperoxide (EP) probe, we confirmed that during the aging process the amount of EPs on the oxo-G surface is reduced. Furthermore, aging was found to strongly affect cell membrane carrier properties of this material. In particular, freshly prepared oxo-G does not act as a carrier, whereas oxo-G aged for 28 days at 4 °C is an excellent carrier. Based on these data we prepared an optimized oxo-G, which has a low-defect density, binds ONs, is not toxic, and acts as cell membrane carrier. We successfully applied this material to design fluorogenic probes of representative intracellular nucleic acids 28S rRNA and β-actin-mRNA. The results will help to standardize oxidized graphene derivatives for biomedical and bioanalytical applications.
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Pieper
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany.
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Halbig
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Kovbasyuk
Universite de Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077, Bordeaux, France.|CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, 33077, Bordeaux, France.
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Filipovic
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Dr.-Mack Strasse 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany. eigler@chalmers.se.|Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41258, Göteborg, Sweden. eigler@chalmers.se.
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Eigler
Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. andriy.mokhir@fau.de.
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Mokhir
D000199:Actins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D015341:Nucleic Acid Probes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
D000199:Actins; D015341:Nucleic Acid Probes; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D006108:Graphite
aging; graphene oxide; oligonucleotides; oxo-functionalized graphene; spectroscopy