Marijuana-, alcohol-, and drug-impaired driving among emerging adults: Changes from high school to one-year post-high school.
Driving while impaired (DWI) increases the risk of a motor vehicle crash by impairing performance. Few studies have examined the prevalence and predictors of marijuana, alcohol, and drug-specific DWI among emerging adults.



The data from wave 3 (W3, high school seniors, 2012, N=2407) and wave 4 (W4, one year after high school, N=2178) of the NEXT Generation Health Study with a nationally representative cohort. W4 DWI (≥1day of past 30days) was specified for alcohol-specific, marijuana-specific, alcohol/marijuana-combined, illicit drug-related DWI. Multinomial logistic regression models estimated the association of W4 DWI with W3 covariates (perceived peer/parent influence, drinking/binge drinking, marijuana/illicit drug use), and W4 environmental status variables (work/school/residence) adjusting for W3 overall DWI, demographic, and complex survey variables.



Overall DWI prevalence from W3 to W4 changed slightly (14% to 15%). W4 DWI consisted of 4.34% drinking-specific, 5.02% marijuana-specific, 2.41% drinking/marijuana combined, and 3.37% illicit drug-related DWI. W3 DWI was significantly associated with W4 alcohol-related and alcohol/marijuana-combined DWI, but not other DWI. W3 marijuana use, binge drinking, and illicit drug use were positively associated with W4 marijuana-specific, alcohol/marijuana-combined, and illicit drug-related DWI, respectively. W3 friend drunkenness and marijuana use were positively associated with W4 alcohol-specific and marijuana-related DWI, respectively. W3 peer marijuana use was negatively associated with W4 alcohol-specific DWI.



Driving under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drugs is a persistent, threatening public health concern among emerging U.S. adults. High school seniors' binge drinking as well as regular alcohol drinking and marijuana/illicit drug use were independently associated with respective DWI one year after high school. Peer drunkenness and marijuana use in high school may be related to subsequent DWI of emerging adults.



The results support the use of injunctive peer norms about getting drunk and smoking marijuana in guiding the development of prevention programs to reduce youth DWI.
Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. Electronic address: kaigang.li@colostate.edu.
Kaigang
K
Li
Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Bruce
B
Simons-Morton
Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Benjamin
B
Gee
Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, USA.
Ralph
R
Hingson
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012931:Social Environment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D013287:Illicit Drugs
Adolescents; Alcohol drinking; Illicit drug use; Impaired driving; Marijuana use