Ongoing geographical spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) seriously impacts tomato production throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It has a broad geographical distribution and continues to spread to new regions in the Indian and Pacific Oceans including Australia, New Caledonia and Mauritius. We undertook a temporally-scaled, phylogeographic analysis of all publicly available, full genome sequences of TYLCV, together with 70 new genome sequences from Australia, Iran and Mauritius. This revealed that whereas epidemics in Australia and China likely originated through multiple independent viral introductions from the East-Asian region around Japan and Korea, the New Caledonian epidemic was seeded by a variant from the Western Mediterranean region and the Mauritian epidemic by a variant from the neighbouring island of Reunion. Finally, we show that inter-continental scale movements of TYLCV to East Asia have, at least temporarily, ceased, whereas long-distance movements to the Americas and Australia are probably still ongoing.
South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
Batsirai
B
Mabvakure
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Darren P
DP
Martin
School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Simona
S
Kraberger
South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
Leendert
L
Cloete
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
Sharon
S
van Brunschot
The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
Andrew D W
ADW
Geering
The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
John E
JE
Thomas
Department of Plant Virus Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Tehran 19395-1454, Iran.
Kaveh
K
Bananej
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l'IRAT, Saint-Pierre, Ile de la Réunion 97410, France.
Jean-Michel
JM
Lett
CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l'IRAT, Saint-Pierre, Ile de la Réunion 97410, France.
Pierre
P
Lefeuvre
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; The Center for Functional Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute and School of Life sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. Electronic address: arvind.varsani@asu.edu.
Arvind
A
Varsani
South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa. Electronic address: gordon@sanbi.ac.za.
Gordon W
GW
Harkins
D001499:Bayes Theorem; D053839:Begomovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
Geminivirus; Phylogeography; TYLCV; Tomato