Emerging Mycotoxins: Beyond Traditionally Determined Food Contaminants.
Modern analytical techniques can determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating food and feed. In addition to known mycotoxins, for which maximum levels in food are enforced, also currently unregulated, so-called "emerging mycotoxins" were shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the relevance of selected emerging mycotoxins to food and feed safety. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as occurrence data are presented for enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, fusaric acid, culmorin, butenolide, sterigmatocystin, emodin, mycophenolic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. By far not all of the detected compounds are toxicologically relevant at their naturally occurring levels and are therefore of little or no health concern to consumers. Still, gaps in knowledge have been identified for several compounds. These gaps should be closed by the scientific community in the coming years to allow a proper risk assessment.
BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Christiane
C
Gruber-Dorninger
BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Barbara
B
Novak
BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Veronika
V
Nagl
Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Franz
F
Berthiller
D000818:Animals; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D059022:Food Safety; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
D009183:Mycotoxins
Alternaria; Aspergillus; Fusarium; Penicillium; fungal metabolites; risk assessment; toxicity