Filling gaps in notification data: a model-based approach applied to travel related campylobacteriosis cases in New Zealand.
Data containing notified cases of disease are often compromised by incomplete or partial information related to individual cases. In an effort to enhance the value of information from enteric disease notifications in New Zealand, this study explored the use of Bayesian and Multiple Imputation (MI) models to fill risk factor data gaps. As a test case, overseas travel as a risk factor for infection with campylobacteriosis has been examined.



Two methods, namely Bayesian Specification (BAS) and Multiple Imputation (MI), were compared regarding predictive performance for various levels of artificially induced missingness of overseas travel status in campylobacteriosis notification data. Predictive performance of the models was assessed through the Brier Score, the Area Under the ROC Curve and the Percent Bias of regression coefficients. Finally, the best model was selected and applied to predict missing overseas travel status of campylobacteriosis notifications.



While no difference was observed in the predictive performance of the BAS and MI methods at a lower rate of missingness (<10 %), but the BAS approach performed better than MI at a higher rate of missingness (50 %, 65 %, 80 %). The estimated proportion (95 % Credibility Intervals) of travel related cases was greatest in highly urban District Health Boards (DHBs) in Counties Manukau, Auckland and Waitemata, at 0.37 (0.12, 0.57), 0.33 (0.13, 0.55) and 0.28 (0.10, 0.49), whereas the lowest proportion was estimated for more rural West Coast, Northland and Tairawhiti DHBs at 0.02 (0.01, 0.05), 0.03 (0.01, 0.08) and 0.04 (0.01, 0.06), respectively. The national rate of travel related campylobacteriosis cases was estimated at 0.16 (0.02, 0.48).



The use of BAS offers a flexible approach to data augmentation particularly when the missing rate is very high and when the Missing At Random (MAR) assumption holds. High rates of travel associated cases in urban regions of New Zealand predicted by this approach are plausible given the high rate of travel in these regions, including destinations with higher risk of infection. The added advantage of using a Bayesian approach is that the model's prediction can be improved whenever new information becomes available.
Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA. amene@wisc.edu.
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Amene
Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Horn
Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Pirie
Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Lake
Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
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Döpfer
D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D018563:Disease Notification; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D014195:Travel
Bayesian specification; Campylobacteriosis; Missing value; Multiple imputation