Potential role of marine algae extract on 3T3-L1 cell proliferation and differentiation: an in vitro approach.
BACKGROUND
From ancient times, marine algae have emerged as alternative medicine and foods, contains the rich source of natural products like proteins, vitamins, and secondary metabolites, especially Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) contains numerous anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and wound healing substances. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely associated with adipogenesis and their factors. Hence, we aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and adipogenic modulatory properties of C. vulgaris in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes.


RESULTS
We analysed chemical constituents in ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris (EECV) by LC-MS. Results revealed that the EECV contains few triterpenoids and saponin compounds. Further, the effect of EECV on lipid accumulation along with genes and proteins expressions which are associated with adipogenesis and lipogenesis were evaluated using oil red O staining, qPCR and western blot techniques. The data indicated that that EECV treatment increased differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, which indicates positive regulation of adipogenic and lipogenic activity. These increases were associated with up-regulation of PPAR-γ2, C/EBP-α, adiponectin, FAS, and leptin mRNA and protein expressions. Also, EECV treatments increased the concentration of glycerol releases as compared with control cells. Troglitazone is a PPAR-γ agonist that stimulates the PPAR-γ2, adiponectin, and GLUT-4 expressions. Similarly, EECV treatments significantly upregulated PPAR-γ2, adiponectin, GLUT-4 expressions and glucose utilization. Further, EECV treatment decreased AMPK-α expression as compared with control and metformin treated cells.


CONCLUSIONS
The present research findings confirmed that the EECV effectively modulates the lipid accumulation and differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells through AMPK-α mediated signalling pathway.
Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea.
Soundharrajan
S
Ilavenil
The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori-Shi, 680-8553, Japan.
Da Hye
da H
Kim
Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea.
Mayakrishnan
M
Vijayakumar
Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea.
Srisesharam
S
Srigopalram
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan.
Sang Gun
SG
Roh
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Mariadhas Valan
MV
Arasu
Bio-center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
Jong Suk
JS
Lee
Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam, 330-801, Republic of Korea. choiwh@korea.kr.
Ki Choon
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-5097
KC
Choi
D041721:3T3-L1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015870:Gene Expression; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
D052242:Adiponectin; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D047495:PPAR gamma; D010936:Plant Extracts; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose
AMPK-α; Adipocyte differentiation; Chemical constituents; Chlorella vulgaris; PPAR-γ2