The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan.
One of the main goals of the post-2015 global tuberculosis (TB) strategy is that no families affected by TB face catastrophic costs. We revised an existing TB patient cost measurement tool to specifically also measure multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB patients' costs and applied it in Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan.



Through structured interviews with TB and MDR-TB patients in different stages of treatment, we collected data on the direct (out of pocket) and indirect (loss of income) costs of patients and their families related to the diagnosis and treatment of TB and MDR-TB. Direct costs included costs for hospitalization, follow-up tests, transport costs for health care visits, and food supplements. Calculation of indirect costs was based on time needed for diagnosis and treatment. Costs were extrapolated over the patient's total treatment phase.



In total 406 MDR-TB patients and 197 other TB patients were included in the survey: 169 MDR-TB patients and 25 other TB patients in Ethiopia; 143 MDR-TB patients and 118 TB patients in Indonesia; and 94 MDR-TB patients and 54 other TB patients in Kazakhstan. Total costs for diagnosis and current treatment episode for TB patients were estimated to be USD 260 in Ethiopia, USD 169 in Indonesia, and USD 929 in Kazakhstan, compared to USD 1838, USD 2342, and USD 3125 for MDR-TB patients, respectively. These costs represented 0.82-4.6 months of pre-treatment household income for TB patients and 9.3-24.9 months for MDR-TB patients. Importantly, 38-92 % reported income loss and 26-76 % of TB patients lost their jobs due to (MDR) TB illness, further aggravating the financial burden.



The financial burden of MDR-TB is alarming, although all TB patients experienced substantial socioeconomic impact of the disease. If the patient is the breadwinner of the family, the combination of lost income and extra costs is generally catastrophic. Therefore, it should be a priority of the government to relieve the financial burden based on the cost mitigation options identified.
KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands. susan.vandenhof@kncvtbc.org.|Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. susan.vandenhof@kncvtbc.org.
Susan
S
van den Hof
Management Sciences for Health, Medford, MA, USA.
David
D
Collins
University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Firdaus
F
Hafidz
Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Demissew
D
Beyene
KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
Aigul
A
Tursynbayeva
KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands.|Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Edine
E
Tiemersma
D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
D000995:Antitubercular Agents
Cross-sectional survey; Ethiopia; Indonesia; Kazakhstan; Multi-drug resistance; Patient costs; Tuberculosis