Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermally degraded byproducts through spectroscopical and microscopical approaches.
Montmorillonite is a type of nanoclay that originates from the clay fraction of the soil and is incorporated into polymers to form nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength, barrier, and flammability properties used for food packaging, automotive, and medical devices. However, with implementation in such consumer applications, the interaction of montmorillonite-based composites or derived byproducts with biological systems needs to be investigated.



Herein we examined the potential of Cloisite Na+(pristine) and Cloisite 30B (organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay) and their thermally degraded byproducts' to induce toxicity in model human lung epithelial cells. The experimental set-up mimicked biological exposure in manufacturing and disposal areas and employed cellular treatments with occupationally relevant doses of nanoclays previously characterized using spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. For nanoclay-cellular interactions and for cellular analyses respectively, biosensorial-based analytical platforms were used, with induced cellular changes being confirmed via live cell counts, viability assays, and cell imaging.



Our analysis of byproducts' chemical and physical properties revealed both structural and functional changes. Real-time high throughput analyses of exposed cellular systems confirmed that nanoclay induced significant toxic effects, with Cloisite 30B showing time-dependent decreases in live cell count and cellular viability relative to control and pristine nanoclay, respectively. Byproducts produced less toxic effects; all treatments caused alterations in the cell morphology upon exposure.



Our morphological, behavioral, and viability cellular changes show that nanoclays have the potential to produce toxic effects when used both in manufacturing or disposal environments.



The reported toxicological mechanisms prove the extensibility of a biosensorial-based platform for cellular behavior analysis upon treatment with a variety of nanomaterials.
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
Alixandra
A
Wagner
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
Reem
R
Eldawud
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
Andrew
A
White
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
Sushant
S
Agarwal
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
Todd A
TA
Stueckle
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
Konstantinos A
KA
Sierros
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
Yon
Y
Rojanasakul
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA. Electronic address: rakesh.gupta@mail.wvu.edu.
Rakesh K
RK
Gupta
Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA. Electronic address: cerasela-zoica.dinu@mail.wvu.edu.
Cerasela Zoica
CZ
Dinu
D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000077215:Clay; D003199:Computer Systems; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D012996:Solutions; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014835:Volatilization
D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D012996:Solutions; D000077215:Clay
Byproduct; Lung cell; Montmorillonite; Nanoclay; Thermal degradation; Toxicity