High-Intensity Swimming Exercise Decreases Glutamate-Induced Nociception by Activation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Inhibiting Phosphorylated Protein Kinase A.
Several studies in humans have reported that improved pain control is associated with exercise in a variety of painful conditions, including osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain. Despite the growing amount of experimental data on physical exercise and nociception, the precise mechanisms through which high-intensity exercise reduces pain remain elusive. Since the glutamatergic system plays a major role in pain transmission, we firstly analyzed if physical exercise could be able to decrease glutamate-induced nociception through G-protein-coupled receptor (G-PCR) activation. The second purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercising upon phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA) isoforms induced by intraplantar (i.pl.) glutamate injection in mice. Our results demonstrate that high-intensity swimming exercise decreases nociception induced by glutamate and that i.pl. or intrathecal injections of cannabinoid, opioid, and adenosine receptor antagonists, AM281, naloxone, and 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), respectively, prevent this effect. Furthermore, the peripheral A1and opioid receptors, but not CB1, are also involved in exercise's effect. We also verified that glutamate injection increases levels of phosphorylated PKA (p-PKA). High-intensity swimming exercise significantly prevented p-PKA increase. The current data show the direct involvement of the glutamatergic system on the hyponociceptive effect of high-intensity swimming exercise as well as demonstrate that physical exercise can activate multiple intracellular pathways through G-PCR activation, which share the same endogenous mechanism, i.e., inhibition of p-PKA.
Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern of Santa Catarina, Campus Grande Florianópolis, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil. daniel.martins4@unisul.br.
Daniel F
DF
Martins
Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern of Santa Catarina, Campus Grande Florianópolis, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Aline
A
Siteneski
Experimental Neuroscience Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern of Santa Catarina, Campus Grande Florianópolis, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Daniela D
DD
Ludtke
Neurobiology Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Daniela
D
Dal-Secco
Neurobiology Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Adair R S
ARS
Santos
D000818:Animals; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D013550:Swimming; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology*
D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014970:Xanthines; D009270:Naloxone; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C051360:1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
Adenosine; Cannabinoid; Glutamate; Nociception; Opioid; Physical activity