Applicability of Gas Chromatography (GC) Coupled to Triple-Quadrupole (QqQ) Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) and Emerging Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR) Determinations in Functional Foods Enriched in Omega-3.
This paper reports on the optimization, characterization, and applicability of gas chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ(MS/MS)) for the determination of 14 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 2 emerging brominated flame retardants, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), in functional food samples. The method showed satisfactory precision and linearity with instrumental limits of detection (iLODs) ranging from 0.12 to 7.1 pg, for tri- to octa-BDEs and BTBPE, and equal to 51 and 20 pg for BDE-209 and DBDPE, respectively. The highest ΣBFR concentrations were found in fish oil supplements (924 pg/g fresh weight, fw), followed by biscuits (90 pg/g fw), vegetable oil supplements (46 pg/g fw), chicken eggs (45 pg/g fw), cow's milk (7.7 pg/g fw), and soy products (1.6 pg/g fw). BDE-47, BDE-99, and DBDPE were the most abundant compounds. Foodstuffs enriched with omega-3 presented concentrations similar to or even lower than those of conventional foods commercialized in Spain since 2000.
Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
Ángel
Á
García-Bermejo
Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.|Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Marı́ (UFSM) , Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 42, Sala 3135, 97105-900, Santa Marı́, RS, Brazil.
Susana
S
Mohr
Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
Laura
L
Herrero
Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
María-José
MJ
González
Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
Belén
B
Gómara
D000818:Animals; D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000032:analysis; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000032:analysis*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000032:analysis; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005527:Food, Fortified; D055951:Functional Food / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D054879:Halogenation; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D011786:Quality Control; D013030:Spain; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
C477694:2,2',4,4',5-brominated diphenyl ether; D001969:Bromobenzenes; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D010938:Plant Oils; C491509:decabromodiphenyl ethane; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; C081014:1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane
emerging brominated flame retardants; functional foods; gas chromatography; omega-3; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry