Recent analytical approaches to detect exhaled breath ammonia with special reference to renal patients.
The ammonia odor from the exhaled breath of renal patients is associated with high levels of blood urea nitrogen. Typically, in the liver, ammonia and ammonium ions are converted into urea through the urea cycle. In the case of renal dysfunction, urea is unable to be removed and that causes a buildup of excessive ammonia. As small molecules, ammonia and ammonium ions can be forced into the blood-lung barrier and occur in exhaled breath. Therefore, people with renal failure have an ammonia (fishy) odor in their exhaled breath. Thus, exhaled breath ammonia can be a potential biomarker for monitoring renal diseases during hemodialyis. In this review, we have summarized the source of ammonia in the breath of end-stage renal disease patient, cause of renal disorders, exhaled breath condensate, and breath sampling. Further, various biosensor approaches to detect exhaled ammonia from renal patients and other ammonia systems are also discussed. We conclude with future perspectives, namely colorimetric-based real-time breathing diagnosis of renal failure, which might be useful for prospective studies.
Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong dong, Sungnam, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea.
Sanduru Thamarai
ST
Krishnan
Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong dong, Sungnam, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79709, USA.
Jasmine Pramila
JP
Devadhasan
Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong dong, Sungnam, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, Republic of Korea. samkim@gachon.ac.kr.|Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, Republic of Korea. samkim@gachon.ac.kr.
Sanghyo
S
Kim
D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods; D062609:Electronic Nose; D045853:Exhalation; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods; D013048:Specimen Handling
D015415:Biomarkers; D000641:Ammonia
Breath analyzer; Breath evaluation; Breath sampling; Breathing diagnosis; Noninvasive system