Insecticide resistance and size assortative mating in females of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais).
BACKGROUND
Random mating is a common assumption in studies of insecticide resistance evolution, but seldom tested despite its potential consequences. Therefore, the existing evidence of female choice and insecticide resistance in populations of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), a key pest of stored cereals, led to the assessment of mating preferences and their association with insecticide resistance in this species.


RESULTS
Mixed lines of a maize weevil colony were established from field-collected populations, which after 5 months of natural breeding were selected for deltamethrin resistance for five generations, reaching over 100-fold resistance. Mating preference was significantly based on the partner size, measured as body mass (χ2= 5.83, df = 1, P = 0.016). Susceptible females preferred heavier males for mating (χ2= 5.83, df = 1, P = 0.015), a trait that was more frequently associated with deltamethrin resistance (χ2= 7.38, df = 1, P = 0.007). Deltamethrin resistance compromised daily fertility, although the reduced offspring production observed in matings between susceptible females and resistant males was negligible.


CONCLUSIONS
Susceptible female weevils prefer larger (and heavier) males to mate, a trait associated with deltamethrin resistance, favouring the maintenance and spread of the resistant phenotype in the population. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.|Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.|Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
Erick Mauricio G
EM
Cordeiro
Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia Agrícola, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
Alberto S
AS
Corrêa
Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
Conrado A
CA
Rosi-Denadai
Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
Hudson Vaner V
HV
Tomé
Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
Raul Narciso C
RN
Guedes
D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D005260:Female; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D048889:Weevils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology
D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin
deltamethrin; female mating preference; fitness cost; mate choice; pyrethroid resistance; stored-maize pests