Evaluating Oral Fluid as a Screening Tool for Lead Poisoning.
BACKGROUND
Screening for lead poisoning is necessary in young children, but obtaining the needed blood sample is unpleasant and sometimes very difficult. Use of an alternative screening method that is less unpleasant and less difficult would likely help to increase the percent of children receiving screening.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the correlation of oral fluid and blood lead in a clinical setting, and to ascertain the acceptability and feasibility of obtaining oral fluid from a young child in the clinical setting.


METHODS
Oral fluid samples were collected from a convenience sample of 431 children aged 6 months to 5 years already due to receive a blood lead test in a primary care clinic. Blood lead results obtained at the same time were available for 407 children. The results of the two tests were compared with the blood lead test considered to be the "gold standard". Data analysis used Pearson correlations, scatter plots, linear regression, ANOVA and Bland-Altman analysis.


RESULTS
431 patients had oral fluid samples available for analysis, and 407 patients had blood samples available. Patients who had both blood concentrations <5 µg/dL and oral fluid values below the screening cutoff value were 223, while eight had both blood concentrations ≥ 5 µg/dL and oral fluid values above the screening threshold. Elevated oral fluid but blood lead values less than the value recommended for further intervention occurred in 176; no patients had elevated blood lead values with below-intervention oral fluid values. The negative predictive value of an oral fluid lead below the screening cutoff value was 100%.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of oral fluid to screen for elevated body burdens of lead instead of the usual blood lead sample is feasible with a negative predictive value of 100%, while eliminating the need for blood for lead screening in more than half of these children.
Emory University School of Medicine, Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sher Lynn
SL
Gardner
Emory University School of Medicine, Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA rgeller@emory.edu.|Georgia Poison Center , Atlanta, GA, USA.
Robert J
RJ
Geller
University of Massaschusetts School of the Environment, Boston, MA, USA.
Robyn
R
Hannigan
Georgia Department of Public Health, Epidemiology , Atlanta, GA, USA.
Yu
Y
Sun
San Antonio Department of Health , San Antonio, TX, USA.
Anil
A
Mangla
D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D002138:Calibration; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007554:Isotopes; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
D007554:Isotopes; D007854:Lead