Evaluation of pharmaceutical lifesaving skills training oriented pharmaceutical intervention.
BACKGROUND
Many pharmacists are participating in team-based medical care in emergency hospitals. Therefore, there is a desperate need to improve the education system. In the present study, we provided a "pharmaceutical lifesaving skills training" to the students in their fifth and sixth year of the pharmaceutical school and evaluated the program's impact on the students' learning and confidence in their ability to perform pharmaceutical interventions for emergency patients.


METHODS
We conducted a pharmaceutical lifesaving skills training program with 12 participants who were in their fifth and six year of pharmaceutical school. We prepared a fictional scenario in which a patient with cardiac arrest has been rushed into a hospital. We measured the participants' level of knowledge of pharmaceutical lifesaving procedures and participants' confidence to perform pharmaceutical interventions before and after the training session. Using the data obtained from type II quantification method, we examined what elements in the content of the pharmaceutical lifesaving skill training attended by pharmacy students will affect the students' confidence to perform pharmaceutical interventions. In addition, using the correspondence structural analysis, we examined which sections of the content of the pharmaceutical lifesaving skill training should be improved in the future.


RESULTS
When we evaluated the level of knowledge acquired in pharmaceutical lifesaving skills training, the post-training overall correct answer rate was significantly higher than the pre-training overall correct answer rate. And also, level of participants' confidence to perform pharmaceutical interventions similarly increased after pharmaceutical lifesaving skill training. The influence degree graph indicates that the items likely to have a major impact on the participants' confidence to perform pharmaceutical interventions was "Selecting medicine". According to the correspondence structural analysis graph based on the questionnaire survey, one item identified as an improvement required was "Selecting medicine".


CONCLUSIONS
Our high-performance patient simulator-based lifesaving skills training program not only increased the participants' understanding of the training content but also increased their confidence in their ability to perform pharmaceutical interventions. Therefore, the pharmaceutical lifesaving skills training program we developed will contribute to the education of emergency care pharmacists who can perform pharmaceutical interventions for emergency patients.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 2-50-1 kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan ; Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan ; Department of Emergency Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan.
Yoshito
Y
Zamami
Department of Pharmacy, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kami Machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610 Japan.
Toru
T
Imai
Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan.
Masaki
M
Imanishi
Clinical Trial Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan.
Kenshi
K
Takechi
Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan.
Naoko
N
Shiraishi
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University , 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan.
Toshihiro
T
Koyama
Department of Pharmaceutical Information Sciences, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578 Japan.
Hidenori
H
Sagara
Department of Acute Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matushima, Kurahiki, Okayama, 701-0192 Japan.
Yasukazu
Y
Shiino
Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558 Japan.
Toshiaki
T
Sendo
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 2-50-1 kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan ; Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan.
Keisuke
K
Ishizawa
Correspondence structural analysis; Pharmaceutical lifesaving skills training; Simulation education