Shooting under cardiovascular load: Electroencephalographic activity in preparation for biathlon shooting.
This study explored the influence of sub-maximal cardiovascular load on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity preceding biathlon shooting. Frontal-midline theta and alpha power were examined to assess monitoring processes and cortical inhibition, respectively. Thirteen experienced biathletes (mean age: 17years; 5 males, 8 females) fired sets of five consecutive shots from the standing position at a 50-meter-distant target, under two fixed-order conditions: (i) at rest and (ii) immediately after 3-minute exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 90% of maximum heart rate (HR). HR and rate of physical exertion (RPE) were measured as manipulation checks. Shooting accuracy was assessed in target rings for each shot. Frontal-midline theta and alpha power were computed in the last second preceding each shot from average-reference 61-channel EEG and inter-individual differences were minimized through a median-scaled log transformation (Appendix). HR and RPE increased under cardiovascular load, however, shooting accuracy did not change. Pre-shooting frontal-midline theta power decreased, whereas alpha power increased over temporal and occipital - but not central - regions. These changes were larger for greater HR values. Additionally, higher frontal-midline theta, lower left-central alpha, and higher left-temporal alpha power were associated with more accurate shooting. These findings suggest that monitoring processes are beneficial to shooting performance but can be impaired by sub-maximal cardiovascular load. Greater inhibition of movement-irrelevant regions (temporal, occipital) and concomitant activation of movement-related regions (central) indicate that greater neural efficiency is beneficial to shooting performance and can allow trained biathletes to shoot accurately despite physically demanding conditions.
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria. Electronic address: germano.gallicchio@gmail.com.
Germano
G
Gallicchio
Department of Sport Science & Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria.
Thomas
T
Finkenzeller
Department of Sport Science & Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria.
Gerold
G
Sattlecker
Department of Sport Science & Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Austria.
Stefan
S
Lindinger
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Austria. Electronic address: kerstin.hoedlmoser@sbg.ac.at.
Kerstin
K
Hoedlmoser
D000293:Adolescent; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*
Alpha; Biathlon shooting; Cardiovascular exercise; EEG; Frontal-midline theta