Trends and variation in the use of nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer in the United States.
For many women, nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) provides aesthetic and quality-of-life outcomes superior to skin-sparing mastectomy. Accumulating data suggest that NSM provides similar oncologic outcomes in select breast cancer patients. This study sought to determine national trends in NSM use.



Using the National Cancer Data Base, 6254 women with breast cancer who underwent NSM between 2010 and 2013 were identified. NSM rates were determined relative to the number of patients who received a mastectomy with reconstruction (n = 114,849). Associations between patient, tumor, and facility characteristics and NSM were assessed using logistic regression.



The rate of NSM increased from 2.9 to 8.0 % between 2010 and 2013. NSM was most commonly performed in academic (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.43, p < 0.001) and high-volume (OR 1.59, p < 0.001) breast centers. There was up to a 5.8-fold variation in its delivery between geographic census regions (p < 0.001). Of 1231 hospitals, only 491 (39.9 %) reported performing at least one NSM during the study period. Half of all NSMs were performed by the top 6 % (n = 30) of NSM-performing centers. NSM was associated with small tumor size (p < 0.001), lower tumor grades (p < 0.05), and negative nodal status (p < 0.001). However, half of NSM patients had at least one tumor characteristic that diverged from current (2016) NCCN recommendations for the procedure.



The use of therapeutic NSM is increasing dramatically in the United States, despite recommendations that the procedure be used with caution. As NSM becomes increasingly common, efforts are needed to monitor its long-term oncologic outcomes and to ensure equitable access to it.
Division of Plastic Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Northbrook, IL, 60062, USA. msisco@northshore.org.
Mark
0000-0003-1493-0164
M
Sisco
Division of Surgical Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
Alexandra M
AM
Kyrillos
Center for Biomedical Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
Brittany R
BR
Lapin
Center for Biomedical Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
Chihsiung E
CE
Wang
Division of Surgical Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
Katharine A
KA
Yao
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty; D008408:Mastectomy; D015414:Mastectomy, Subcutaneous / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
Breast cancer; Breast reconstruction; Mastectomy; Mastectomy, subcutaneous