Examining the reactive proactive questionnaire in adults in forensic and non-forensic settings: A variable- and person-based approach.
The Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (RPQ) was originally developed to assess reactive and proactive aggressive behavior in children. Nevertheless, some studies have used the RPQ in adults. This study examines the reliability of the RPQ within an adult sample by investigating whether reactive and proactive aggression can be distinguished at a variable- and person-based level. Male adults from forensic samples (N = 237) and from the general population (N = 278) completed the RPQ questionnaire. Variable-based approaches, including factor analyses, were conducted to verify the two-factor model of the RPQ and to examine alternative factor solutions of the 23 items. Subsequently, a person-based approach, i.e., Latent Class Analysis (LCA), was executed to identify homogeneous classes of subjects with similar profiles of aggression in the observed data. The RPQ proved to have sufficient internal consistency. Multiple-factor models were examined, but the original two-factor model was statistically and theoretically considered as most solid and in line with previous research. The multi-level LCA identified three different classes of aggression severity (class 1 showed low aggressive behavior; class 2 subjects displayed modest aggression levels; and class 3 exhibited the highest level of aggressive behavior). In addition, class 1 and 2 showed more reactive than proactive aggression, whereas class 3 displayed comparable levels of reactive/proactive aggression. The RPQ appears to have clinical relevance for adult populations in the way that it can distinguish severity levels of aggression. Before the RPQ is implemented in adult populations, norm scores need to be developed. Aggr. Behav. 43:155-162, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maastricht University, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Suzanne
S
Brugman
Ministry of Security and Justice, Research and Documentation Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Liza J M
LJ
Cornet
Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Danique
D
Smeijers
Karakter, Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Kirsten
K
Smeets
VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands.
Sanne
S
Oostermeijer
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Karakter, Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Jan K
JK
Buitelaar
Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Robbert-Jan
RJ
Verkes
Maastricht University, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Jill
J
Lobbestael
Ministry of Security and Justice, Research and Documentation Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Catharina H
CH
de Kogel
VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands.
Lucres M C
LM
Jansen
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
Reactive Proactive Questionnaire; adults; forensic; person-based approach; variable-based approach