Inflammatory Cytokines and Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: Review and Clinical Implications.
Antipsychotic medications (APs), particularly second-generation APs, are associated with significant weight gain in schizophrenia patients. Recent evidence suggests that the immune system may contribute to antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) via AP-mediated alterations of cytokine levels. Antipsychotics with a high propensity for weight gain, such as clozapine and olanzapine, influence the expression of immune genes, and induce changes in serum cytokine levels to ultimately down-regulate neuroinflammation. Since inflammatory cytokines are normally involved in anorexigenic responses, reduced inflammation has been independently shown to mediate changes in feeding behaviours and other metabolic parameters, resulting in obesity. Genetic variation in pro-inflammatory cytokines is also associated with both general obesity and weight change during AP treatment, and thus, may be implicated in the pharmacogenetics of AIWG. At this time, preliminary data support a cytokine-mediated model of AIWG which may have clinical utility in developing more effective metabolic monitoring guidelines and prevention measures. However, further research is still needed to clearly elucidate the validity of this immune model. This article reviews the evidence implicating inflammatory cytokines in AIWG and its potential clinical relevance.
Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
Trehani M
TM
Fonseka
Pharmacogenetics Research Clinic, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
Daniel J
DJ
Müller
Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
Sidney H
SH
Kennedy
Antipsychotic-induced weight gain; Cytokines; Inflammation; Schizophrenia; Side effect