Intrinsic spatial knowledge about terrestrial ecology favors the tall for judging distance.
Our sense of vision reliably directs and guides our everyday actions, such as reaching and walking. This ability is especially fascinating because the optical images of natural scenes that project into our eyes are insufficient to adequately form a perceptual space. It has been proposed that the brain makes up for this inadequacy by using its intrinsic spatial knowledge. However, it is unclear what constitutes intrinsic spatial knowledge and how it is acquired. We investigated this question and showed evidence of an ecological basis, which uses the statistical spatial relationship between the observer and the terrestrial environment, namely, the ground surface. We found that in dark and reduced-cue environments where intrinsic knowledge has a greater contribution, perceived target location is more accurate when referenced to the ground than to the ceiling. Furthermore, taller observers more accurately localized the target. Superior performance was also observed in the full-cue environment, even when we compensated for the observers' heights by having the taller observer sit on a chair and the shorter observers stand on a box. Although fascinating, this finding dovetails with the prediction of the ecological hypothesis for intrinsic spatial knowledge. It suggests that an individual's accumulated lifetime experiences of being tall and his or her constant interactions with ground-based objects not only determine intrinsic spatial knowledge but also endow him or her with an advantage in spatial ability in the intermediate distance range.
Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality), Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
Liu
0000-0002-6056-1200
L
Zhou
College of Optometry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Teng Leng
TL
Ooi
Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality), Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
Zijiang J
ZJ
He
D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004215:Distance Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D004463:Ecology; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking
Human behavior; adaptation; ecology; perception