Application of a comprehensive extraction technique for the determination of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Great Lakes Region sediments.
A comprehensive method to extract perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs) and perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs) from sediment and analysis by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and applied to sediment cores from three small isolated lakes (Plastic Lake, Lake 442, Lake Tettegouche) and Lake Ontario in the Great Lakes Region. Recoveries of the target compounds using the optimized acetonitrile/sodium hydroxide extraction ranged from 73% to 120%. The greatest concentrations of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) were recorded in sediment from Lake Ontario (ΣPFASs 13.1 ng/g), where perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) contributed over 80% of the total. Concentrations in Lake Ontario were approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than the more remote lakes subject to primarily atmospheric inputs. Whilst the PFAS contribution in Lake Ontario was dominated by PFOS, the more remote lakes contained sediment with higher proportions of PFCAs. Trace amounts of emerging PFASs (diPAPs and PFPiAs) were found in very recent surface Lake Ontario and remote lake sediments.
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Water Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Rui
R
Guo
University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, Toronto, ON, Canada; Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK. Electronic address: david.megson@ontario.ca.
David
D
Megson
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Anne L
AL
Myers
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Paul A
PA
Helm
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
Chris
C
Marvin
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Patrick
P
Crozier
University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Scott
S
Mabury
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Satyendra P
SP
Bhavsar
Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Gregg
G
Tomy
University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Matt
M
Simcik
McMaster University, Department of Chemistry, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Brian
B
McCarry
University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Eric J
EJ
Reiner
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006114:Great Lakes Region; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009864:Ontario; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010755:Organophosphates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
PFCAs; PFPAs; PFPiAs; PFSAs; Sediment; diPAPs