Metainflammation in Diabetic Coronary Artery Disease: Emerging Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.
Globally, noncommunicable chronic diseases such as Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) are posing a major threat to the world. T2DM is known to potentiate CAD which had led to the coining of a new clinical entity named diabetic CAD (DM-CAD), leading to excessive morbidity and mortality. The synergistic interaction between these two comorbidities is through sterile inflammation which is now being addressed as metabolic inflammation or metainflammation, which plays a pivotal role during both early and late stages of T2DM and also serves as a link between T2DM and CAD. This review summarises the current concepts on the role played by both innate and adaptive immune responses in setting up metainflammation in DM-CAD. More specifically, the role played by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD1-like receptors (NLRs), Rig-1-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin like receptors (CLRs) and metabolic endotoxemia in fuelling metainflammation in DM-CAD would be discussed. Further, the role played by adaptive immune cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th9 cells) in fuelling metainflammation in DM-CAD will also be discussed.
Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM. PG. IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai 600113, India.
Vivekanandhan
0000-0002-5639-4948
V
Aravindhan
AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai 600044, India.
Haridoss
H
Madhumitha
D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58 / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000276:immunology; D000070576:NLR Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology
D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D000070576:NLR Proteins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58