Single institution experience with the Ladd's procedure in patients with heterotaxy and stage I palliated single-ventricle.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate and describe our current institutional management protocol for single-ventricle patients who must undergo a Ladd's procedure.


METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients from January 2005 to March 2014 who were diagnosed with heterotaxy syndrome and an associated intestinal rotation anomaly who carried a cardiac diagnosis of functional single ventricle and were status post stage I palliation. A total of 8 patients with a history of stage I single-ventricle palliation underwent Ladd's procedure during this time period. We reviewed each patients chart to determine if significant intraoperative or post-operative morbidity or mortality occurred. We also described our protocolized management of these patients in the cardiac intensive care unit, which included pre-operative labs, echocardiography, milrinone infusion, as well as protocolized fluid administration and anticoagulation regimines. We also reviewed the literature to determine the reported morbidity and mortality associated with the Ladd's procedure in this particular cardiac physiology and if other institutions have reported protocolized care of these patients.


RESULTS
A total of 8 patients were identified to have heterotaxy with an intestinal rotation anomaly and single-ventricle heart disease that was status post single ventricle palliation. Six of these patients were palliated with a Blaylock-Taussig shunt, one of whom underwent a Norwood procedure. The two other patients were palliated with a stent, which was placed in the ductus arteriosus. These eight patients all underwent elective Ladd's procedure at the time of gastrostomy tube placement. Per our protocol, all patients remained on aspirin prior to surgery and had no period where they were without anticoagulation. All patients remained on milrinone during and after the procedure and received fluid administration upon arrival to the cardiac intensive care unit to account for losses. All 8 patients experienced no intraoperative or post-operative complications. All patients survived to discharge. One patient presented to the emergency room two months after discharge in cardiac arrest and died due to bowel obstruction and perforation.


CONCLUSIONS
Protocolized intensive care management may have contributed to favorable outcomes following Ladd's procedure at our institution.
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
Kurt D
KD
Piggott
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
Grace
G
George
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
Harun
H
Fakioglu
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
Carlos
C
Blanco
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
Sukumar Saguna
SS
Narasimhulu
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
Kamal
K
Pourmoghadam
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
Hamish
H
Munroe
Kurt D Piggott, Grace George, Harun Fakioglu, Carlos Blanco, Sukumar Saguna Narasimhulu, Kamal Pourmoghadam, Hamish Munroe, William Decampli, the Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Medicine, Orlando, FL 32806, United States.
William
W
Decampli
Congenital heart disease; Heterotaxy; Ladd’s procedure; Pediatrics; Single-ventricle