US-Guided, Direct Puncture Retrograde Thoracic Duct Access, Lymphangiography, and Embolization: Feasibility and Efficacy.
OBJECTIVE
To describe technical details, success rate, and advantages of direct puncture of the thoracic duct (TD) under direct ultrasound (US) guidance at venous insertion in the left neck.


METHODS
All patients who underwent attempted thoracic duct embolization (TDE) via US-guided retrograde TD access in the left neck were retrospectively reviewed. Indications for lymphangiography were iatrogenic chyle leak, pulmonary lymphangiectasia, and plastic bronchitis. Ten patients with mean age 41.4 years (range, 21 d to 72 y) underwent US-guided TD access via the left neck. Technical details, procedural times, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. TD access time was defined as time from start of procedure to successful access of TD, and total procedural time was defined from start of procedure until TDE.


RESULTS
All attempts at TD access via the neck were successful. Technical and clinical success of TDE was 60%. There were no complications. Mean TD access time was 17 minutes (range, 2-47 min), and mean total procedure time was 49 minutes (range, 25-69 min). Mean follow-up time was 5.4 months (range, 3-10 months).


CONCLUSIONS
TDE via US-guided access in the left neck is technically feasible and safe with a potential decrease in procedure time and elimination of oil-based contrast material.
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8131, St. Louis, MO 63110. Electronic address: guevarac@mir.wustl.edu.
Carlos J
CJ
Guevara
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Kristy L
KL
Rialon
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8131, St. Louis, MO 63110.
Raja S
RS
Ramaswamy
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8131, St. Louis, MO 63110.
Seung K
SK
Kim
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8131, St. Louis, MO 63110.
Michael D
MD
Darcy
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000150:complications; D002916:Chylothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital; D008200:Lymphangiectasis / Q000150:complications / Q000151:congenital; D008220:Lymphography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011677:Punctures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013897:Thoracic Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional