Effects of different sewage sludge applications on heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).
In this study, we present the response of spinach to different amendment rates of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g kg-1) in a greenhouse pot experiment, where plant growth, biomass and heavy metal uptake were measured. The results showed that sewage sludge application increased soil electric conductivity (EC), organic matter, chromium and zinc concentrations and decreased soil pH. All heavy metal concentrations of the sewage sludge were below the permissible limits for land application of sewage sludge recommended by the Council of the European Communities. Biomass and all growth parameters (except the shoot/root ratio) of spinach showed a positive response to sewage sludge applications up to 40 g kg-1compared to the control soil. Increasing the sewage sludge amendment rate caused an increase in all heavy metal concentrations (except lead) in spinach root and shoot. However, all heavy metal concentrations (except chromium and iron) were in the normal range and did not reach the phytotoxic levels. The spinach was characterized by a bioaccumulation factor <1.0 for all heavy metals. The translocation factor (TF) varied among the heavy metals as well as among the sewage sludge amendment rates. Spinach translocation mechanisms clearly restricted heavy metal transport to the edible parts (shoot) because the TFs for all heavy metals (except zinc) were <1.0. In conclusion, sewage sludge used in the present study can be considered for use as a fertilizer in spinach production systems in Saudi Arabia, and the results can serve as a management method for sewage sludge.
a Department of Biology , College of Science, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia.|b Department of Botany , Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University , Kafr El-Sheikh , Egypt.
Ebrahem M
EM
Eid
a Department of Biology , College of Science, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia.|c Department of Plant Pathology , Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt.
Ahmed F
AF
El-Bebany
a Department of Biology , College of Science, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia.
Sulaiman A
SA
Alrumman
a Department of Biology , College of Science, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia.|d Department of Genetics , Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt.
Abd El-Latif
AE
Hesham
a Department of Biology , College of Science, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia.|e Department of Botany , Faculty of Science, Aswan University , Aswan , Egypt.
Mostafa A
MA
Taher
f Department of Chemistry , College of Science, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia.
Khaled F
KF
Fawy
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism
D005308:Fertilizers; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012722:Sewage; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
amendments; biosolids; organic fertilizer; soil fertility; spinach; trace elements