Neutron relative biological effectiveness in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors: a critical review.
The calculated risk of cancer in humans due to radiation exposure is based primarily on long-term follow-up studies, e.g. the life-span study (LSS) on atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since A-bomb radiation consists of a mixture of γ-rays and neutrons, it is essential that the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons is adequately evaluated if a study is to serve as a reference for cancer risk. However, the relatively small neutron component hampered the direct estimation of RBE in LSS data. To circumvent this problem, several strategies have been attempted, including dose-independent constant RBE, dose-dependent variable RBE, and dependence on the degrees of dominance of intermingled γ-rays. By surveying the available literature, we tested the chromosomal RBE of neutrons as the biological endpoint for its equivalence to the microdosimetric quantities obtained using a tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) in various neutron fields. The radiation weighting factor, or quality factor, Qn, of neutrons as expressed in terms of the energy dependence of the maximum RBE, RBEm, was consistent with that predicted by the TEPC data, indicating that the chromosomally measured RBE was independent of the magnitude of coexisting γ-rays. The obtained neutron RBE, which varied with neutron dose, was confirmed to be the most adequate RBE system in terms of agreement with the cancer incidence in A-bomb survivors, using chromosome aberrations as surrogate markers. With this RBE system, the cancer risk in A-bomb survivors as expressed in unit dose of reference radiation is equally compatible with Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities, and may be potentially applicable in other cases of human radiation exposure.
Kyoto University and National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 17-12 Shironosato, Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto 617-0835, Japan masao.sasaki.43n@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Masao S
MS
Sasaki
Quantum Energy Application, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
Satoru
S
Endo
Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University, 1-1-89 Higashisenda, Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730-0053, Japan.
Masaharu
M
Hoshi
National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0086, Japan.
Taisei
T
Nomura
D002875:Chromosomes / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007953:Leukemia, Radiation-Induced; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; D009502:Neutrons / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D012306:Risk; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047789:World War II
atomic bomb survivor; cancer risk; chromosomal effectiveness; microdosimetry; mixed-radiation field; neutron RBE