HRTEM low dose: the unfold of the morphed graphene, from amorphous carbon to morphed graphenes.
We present experimental evidence under low-dose conditions transmission electron microscopy for the unfolding of the evolving changes in carbon soot during mechanical milling. The milled soot shows evolving changes as a function of the milling severity or time. Those changes are responsible for the transformation from amorphous carbon to graphenes, graphitic carbon, and highly ordered structures such as morphed graphenes, namely Rh6 and Rh6-II. The morphed graphenes are corrugated layers of carbon with cross-linked covalently nature and sp2- or sp3-type allotropes. Electron microscopy and numerical simulations are excellent complementary tools to identify those phases. Furthermore, the TEAM 05 microscope is an outstanding tool to resolve the microstructure and prevent any damage to the sample. Other characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman, and XPS fade to convey a true identification of those phases because the samples are usually blends or mixes of the mentioned phases.
Departamento de Física, ESFM-IPN, Ed. 9 Instituto Politécnico Nacional UPALM, 07738 Mexico D.F., Mexico.
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Calderon
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4020 USA.
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Okonkwo
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4020 USA ; Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, CIMAV, Miguel de Cervantes 120, 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. Mexico.
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Estrada-Guel
Texas Center for Superconductivity and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
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Hadjiev
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico, DF 07730 Mexico.
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Alvarez-Ramírez
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4020 USA ; Center for Advanced Materials, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
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Robles Hernández