Ethylene Induced a High Accumulation of Dietary Isoflavones and Expression of Isoflavonoid Biosynthetic Genes in Soybean (Glycine max) Leaves.
Dietary isoflavones, daidzein and genistein are of huge interest in the nutraceutical field due to their practical application to postmenopause complications. This study is the first report an efficient method to prepare isoflavone rich soybean leaves (soyleaves) which is an edible food stuff in Asian countries. The preharvest treatment of ethylene highly stimulated the level of isoflavone in soyleaves. Annotation and quantification of metabolites were determined by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC. Phenolic metabolites of soyleaves are mostly kaempferol glycosides, but not dietary isoflavones. The accumulated isoflavones by ethylene treatment were determined to be daidzin 1, genistin 2, malonyldaidzin 3 and malonylgenistin 4, which were easily hydrolyzed to daidzein and genistein by β-glucosidase. Total content of dietary isoflavones was increased up to 13854 μg/g. The most suitable condition was estimated to be 250 μg/g ethylene or 200 μg/g ethephon (ethylene donor) treatment at the R3 growth stage. The ratio of daidzein and genistein glycosides was approximately 5 to 3. The accumulated isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes were identified within the transcriptome of soyleaves tissues at 1 day after treatment of ethephon. The quantitative RT-PCR analysis of these genes indicated significantly higher expression of CHS, CHI, IFS, HID, IF7GT, and IF7MaT compared to control leaves. These findings suggest that ethylene activates a set of structural genes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, thereby leading to enhanced production of isoflavones in soybean plants.
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
Heung Joo
HJ
Yuk
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
Yeong Hun
YH
Song
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
Marcus J
MJ
Curtis-Long
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
Dae Wook
DW
Kim
Biological Resource, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
Su Gyeong
SG
Woo
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
Yong Bok
YB
Lee
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
Zia
Z
Uddin
Biological Resource, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
Cha Young
CY
Kim
Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
Ki Hun
KH
Park
D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D019833:Genistein / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000737:chemistry
D018076:DNA, Complementary; D005030:Ethylenes; D005960:Glucosides; D006027:Glycosides; D007529:Isoflavones; D018749:RNA, Plant; C040641:genistin; C521200:malonylgenistin; C013908:daidzin; C459793:6''-O-malonyldaidzin; C004742:daidzein; C036216:ethylene; D019833:Genistein; D001617:beta-Glucosidase
daidzein; dietary isoflavones; ethylene; genistein; isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes; soybean leaves