The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
BACKGROUND
Recent research into the use of dietary nitrates and their role in vascular function has led to it becoming progressively more popular amongst athletes attempting to enhance performance.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of this review was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the effect of dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation on endurance exercise performance. An additional aim was to determine whether the performance outcomes are affected by potential moderator variables.


METHODS
Relevant databases such as Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for the following search terms 'nitrates OR nitrate OR beetroot OR table beet OR garden beet OR red beet AND exercise AND performance' from inception to October 2015.


METHODS
Studies were included if a placebo versus dietary nitrate-only supplementation protocol was able to be compared, and if a quantifiable measure of exercise performance was ≥30 s (for a single bout of exercise or the combined total for multiple bouts).


METHODS
The literature search identified 1038 studies, with 47 (76 trials) meeting the inclusion criteria. Data from the 76 trials were extracted for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A fixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted for time trial (TT) (n = 28), time to exhaustion (TTE) (n = 22) and graded-exercise test (GXT) (n = 8) protocols. Univariate meta-regression was used to assess potential moderator variables (exercise type, dose duration, NO3-type, study quality, fitness level and percentage nitrite change).


RESULTS
Pooled analysis identified a trivial but non-significant effect in favour of dietary NO3-supplementation [effect size (ES) = -0.10, 95 % Cl = -0.27 to 0.06, p > 0.05]. TTE trials had a small to moderate statistically significant effect in favour of dietary NO3-supplementation (ES = 0.33, 95 % Cl = 0.15-0.50, p < 0.01). GXT trials had a small but non-significant effect in favour of dietary NO3-supplementation in GXT performance measures (ES = 0.25, 95 % Cl = -0.06 to 0.56, p > 0.05). No significant heterogeneity was detected in the meta-analysis. No statistically significant effects were observed from the meta-regression analysis.


CONCLUSIONS
Dietary NO3-supplementation is likely to elicit a positive outcome when testing endurance exercise capacity, whereas dietary NO3-supplementation is less likely to be effective for time-trial performance. Further work is needed to understand the optimal dosing strategies, which population is most likely to benefit, and under which conditions dietary nitrates are likely to be most effective for performance.
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia. n.mcmahon2@uq.edu.au.
Nicholas F
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7195-6005
NF
McMahon
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
Michael D
MD
Leveritt
School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
Toby G
TG
Pavey
D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects*
D009566:Nitrates