Review on the immunotherapy strategies against metastatic colorectal carcinoma.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies throughout the world and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Western countries. Recent progress in CRC treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy, has improved the prognosis, but advanced disease with recurrence or distant metastasis is usually incurable and has an unfavorable prognosis. The introduction of immunotherapy-associated strategies, both active and passive, to the treatment of CRC aims to overcome the limits of classical treatments. We review the state of the art for CRC with respect to different immunotherapeutic approaches, such as the use of cancer vaccines and/or adoptive cellular therapy, their most current advances and limitations and perspectives for further improvements.
Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20123 Milano, Italy.
Lucia
L
Signorini
Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20123 Milano, Italy.
Serena
S
Delbue
Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20123 Milano, Italy.
Pasquale
P
Ferrante
Ospedale di Circolo di Busto Arsizio, Via A. Da Brescia, 1, 21052 Busto Arsizio VA, Italy.
Marco
M
Bregni
D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D019496:Cancer Vaccines
active immunotherapy; colon cancer; immune checkpoints inhibitors; passive immunotherapy