Source apportionment of PM2.5at urban and suburban areas of the Pearl River Delta region, south China - With emphasis on ship emissions.
Daily PM2.5samples were collected at an urban site in Guangzhou in 2014 and at a suburban site in Zhuhai in 2014-2015. Samples were subject to chemical analysis for various chemical components including organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC), major water-soluble inorganic ions, and trace elements. The annual average PM2.5mass concentration was 48±22μgm-3and 45±25μgm-3in Guangzhou and Zhuhai, respectively, with the highest seasonal average concentration in winter and the lowest in summer at both sites. Regional transport of pollutants accompanied with different air mass origins arriving at the two sites and pollution sources in between the two cities caused larger seasonal variations in Zhuhai (>a factor of 3.5) than in Guangzhou (<a factor of 2.0). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis identified six and five major source factors for PM2.5in Guangzhou and Zhuhai, respectively. Ship emissions, a source factor previously ignored in making emission control policies in the Pearl River Delta region of south China, were among the top contributors to PM2.5at both sites, accounting for >17% of PM2.5mass concentrations.
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China.
Jun
J
Tao
Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
Leiming
L
Zhang
Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China. Electronic address: cao@loess.llqg.ac.cn.
Junji
J
Cao
Guandong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China.
Liuju
L
Zhong
Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
Dongsheng
D
Chen
School of Materials Science and Food Engineering, Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan, China.
Yihong
Y
Yang
Guandong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China.
Duohong
D
Chen
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China.
Laiguo
L
Chen
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China.
Zhisheng
Z
Zhang
RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Yunfei
Y
Wu
RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Yunjie
Y
Xia
Guandong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China.
Siqi
S
Ye
RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Renjian
R
Zhang
Chemical composition; PM(2.5); Region transport; Ship emission