Combined Neurotrauma Models: Experimental Models Combining Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Insults.
Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently present with concomitant injuries that may cause secondary brain injury and impact outcomes. Animal models have been developed that combine contemporary models of TBI with a secondary neurologic insult such as hypoxia, shock, long bone fracture, and radiation exposure. Combined injury models may be particularly useful when modeling treatment strategies and in efforts to map basic research to a heterogeneous patient population. Here, we review these models and their collective contribution to the literature on TBI. In addition, we provide protocols and notes for two well-characterized models of TBI plus hemorrhagic shock.
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Dennis W
DW
Simon
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Vincent M
VM
Vagni
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Patrick M
PM
Kochanek
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA. clarkrs@ccm.upmc.edu.|Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. clarkrs@ccm.upmc.edu.|Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. clarkrs@ccm.upmc.edu.|The Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. clarkrs@ccm.upmc.edu.
Robert S B
RS
Clark
D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D061888:Craniospinal Irradiation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007022:Hypotension / Q000150:complications; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications; D051379:Mice; D020196:Trauma, Nervous System / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*
Combined injury model; Controlled cortical impact; Hemorrhagic shock; Hypoxia; Secondary brain injury; Traumatic brain injury