Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Colorectal Cancer.
Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and fourth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While cancer is largely considered to be a disease of genetic and environmental factors, increasing evidence has demonstrated a role for the microbiota (the microorganisms associated with the human body) in shaping inflammatory environments and promoting tumor growth and spread. Herein, we discuss both human data from meta'omics analyses and data from mechanistic studies in cell culture and animal models that support specific bacterial agents as potentiators of tumorigenesis-including Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli. Further, we consider how microbes can be used in diagnosing colorectal cancer and manipulating the tumor environment to encourage better patient outcomes in response to immunotherapy treatments.
Departments of Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; email: brennan@hsph.harvard.edu , wgarrett@hsph.harvard.edu.
Caitlin A
CA
Brennan
Departments of Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; email: brennan@hsph.harvard.edu , wgarrett@hsph.harvard.edu.|Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.|Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.|Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
Wendy S
WS
Garrett
D000818:Animals; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*
Fusobacterium; colitis; colorectal cancer; inflammation; microbiota/microbiome; mucosal immunology