Statistical associations between housing quality and health among Finnish households with children - Results from two (repeated) national surveys.
The overall aim of the study was to assess housing and health issues related to Finnish housing stock and possible changes occurring in the course of time. Based on two housing and health questionnaire surveys, first one in 2007 and the second one in 2011, we examined factors associated with housing satisfaction and health symptoms that residents themselves reported on a general population level. A special emphasis was on housing quality and health issues among households with children. The total number of survey responses was 2674, response rate being slightly lower in the 2011 (29%) survey than in 2007 (43%). Differences in housing and health issues observed between 2007 and 2011 surveys were relatively small. From the various housing factors studied, largest differences between surveys were seen in thermal comfort during summer, which could be attributed to climate factors. From the five health outcome variables studied, only self-reported upper respiratory symptoms appeared to have significant temporal variation between the surveys. Overall, issues related to crowding, inaccessibility, use of chemicals, indoor air quality (e.g. ventilation adequacy), and dampness and mold could cause more unsatisfactory housing conditions among the families with children. Respondents who had children reported respiratory symptoms less commonly, whereas risk for respiratory infections was increased among these respondents. Modeling self-reported health symptoms led to selection of nine to twelve statistically significant housing variables together with up to five socio-economic variables, i.e. complex models which are difficult to interpret quantitatively. The models' sensitivity for properly indicating symptoms was rather low, varying from 4% to 22%, which illustrates that it is quite impossible to predict individuals' symptoms with a set of housing characteristics. However, the associations observed on the population level may be used to develop policies that are protective of public health.
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, PO Box 95, FI, 70701 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: mari.turunen@thl.fi.
Mari
M
Turunen
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, PO Box 95, FI, 70701 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: kati.isomarkku@gmail.com.
Kati
K
Iso-Markku
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, PO Box 95, FI, 70701 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: maria.pekkonen@thl.fi.
Maria
M
Pekkonen
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, PO Box 95, FI, 70701 Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: ulla.haverinen-shaughnessy@thl.fi.
Ulla
U
Haverinen-Shaughnessy
D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D002648:Child; D005387:Finland; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Children; Health; Housing; Questionnaire