Detection and removal of impurities in nitric oxide generated from air by pulsed electrical discharge.
Inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) produces selective pulmonary vasodilation without dilating the systemic circulation. However, the current NO/N2cylinder delivery system is cumbersome and expensive. We developed a lightweight, portable, and economical device to generate NO from air by pulsed electrical discharge. The objective of this study was to investigate and optimize the purity and safety of NO generated by this device. By using low temperature streamer discharges in the plasma generator, we produced therapeutic levels of NO with very low levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone. Despite the low temperature, spark generation eroded the surface of the electrodes, contaminating the gas stream with metal particles. During prolonged NO generation there was gradual loss of the iridium high-voltage tip (-90 μg/day) and the platinum-nickel ground electrode (-55 μg/day). Metal particles released from the electrodes were trapped by a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. Quadrupole mass spectroscopy measurements of effluent gas during plasma NO generation showed that a single HEPA filter removed all of the metal particles. Mice were exposed to breathing 50 parts per million of electrically generated NO in air for 28 days with only a scavenger and no HEPA filter; the mice did not develop pulmonary inflammation or structural changes and iridium and platinum particles were not detected in the lungs of these mice. In conclusion, an electric plasma generator produced therapeutic levels of NO from air; scavenging and filtration effectively eliminated metallic impurities from the effluent gas.
Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Binglan
B
Yu
Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Aron H
AH
Blaesi
Center for Biometals & Metallomics, Boston University School of Medicine, College of Engineering, Photonics Center, and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Noel
N
Casey
Department of Metallurgy, LeachGarner, Attleboro, MA 02703, USA.
Grigory
G
Raykhtsaum
Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Luca
L
Zazzeron
Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Rosemary
R
Jones
Applied Physics Laboratory, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
Alexander
A
Morrese
Applied Physics Laboratory, A. J. Drexel Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
Danil
D
Dobrynin
Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Rajeev
R
Malhotra
Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Donald B
DB
Bloch
Center for Biometals & Metallomics, Boston University School of Medicine, College of Engineering, Photonics Center, and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, College of Engineering, Photonics Center, and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
Lee E
LE
Goldstein
Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Electronic address: wzapol@mgh.harvard.edu.
Warren M
WM
Zapol
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D061808:Air Filters; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D004340:Drug Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004566:Electrodes; D005374:Filtration; D007495:Iridium / Q000737:chemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
D000393:Air Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007495:Iridium
Iridium electrode; Metal particles; Nitric oxide; Pulsed electrical discharge