[Autism spectrum disorder and evaluation of perceived stress parents and professionals: Study of the psychometric properties of a French adaptation of the Appraisal of Life Event Scale (ALES-vf)].
BACKGROUND
Autism and related disorders are grouped into the category of « Autism Spectrum Disorder » (ASD) in the DSM-5. This appellation reflects the idea of a dimensional representation of autism that combines symptoms and characteristics that vary in severity and intensity. Despite common characteristics, there are varying degrees in intensity and in the onset of symptoms, ranging from a disability that can be very heavy with a total lack of communication and major disorders associated with the existence of a relative autonomy associated, sometimes, with extraordinary intellectual abilities. Parents are faced with several difficult situations, such as sleep disturbances, agitation, shouting, hetero violence, self-harm, learning difficulties, stereotyping, lack of social and emotional reciprocity, inappropriate behavior, etc. They can feel helpless and may experience stress related to these developmental and behavioral difficulties. The heterogeneity of symptoms, the presence of behavioral problems, the lack of reciprocity and autonomy also represent a challenge for practitioners in institutions and teachers at school. The objective of this research is to present the validation of a French translation of the Appraisal of Life Events Scale (ALES-vf) from Ferguson, Matthex and Cox, specifically adapted to the context of ASD. ALES was originally developed to operationalize the three dimensions of perceived stress (threat, loss and challenge) described by Lazarus and Folkman.


METHODS
ALES-vf was initially translated into French and adapted to the situation of parents of children with ASD. It was subsequently administered to 343 parents, 150 paramedical professionals involved with people with ASD, and 155 teachers from an ordinary school environment and from specialized schools, welcoming in their classroom at least one child with ASD.


RESULTS
An exploratory factor analysis performed on data from 170 parents highlighted two exploratory models with four and three factors, slightly different from the original three-factor model of Ferguson and his collaborators. Confirmatory analyzes were conducted on data from 173 other parents to test two exploratory models and the original model of Ferguson. It has also been tested on data from 305 professionals (paramedical professionals and teachers) and on the whole sample (parents and professionals). The results suggest a better match of the original three-factor model. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficients and inter-item correlations showed a good internal consistency for these three factors. Finally, variance analysis and regressions were performed to test the effect of the nationality of the parents, the child's level of autonomy, the child's level of communication, and on the perceived stress by experienced professionals.


CONCLUSIONS
ALES-vf, after our adaptation has good psychometric properties for use not only with parents but also with professionals (teachers, educators, psychologists) working with children with ASD. Our analyses showed that the nationality of the parents does not significantly influence the subscales « threat » and « challenge » of ALES-vf, which makes it usable in other Francophone countries. Specificities in the subscales were identified based on group membership (parents and professionals). For example parents get higher average scores on subscales « loss » and « threat » and a lower average score on the subscale « challenge », compared to professionals. Finally, regarding the specifics found among professionals, the results show that the years of experience have an effect on perceived stress. Specifically, teachers and educators who have more experience perceive their work with children with ASD as a challenge. This is consistent with the results of studies showing that teachers who have had experience with children with ASD had less difficulty in their interventions.
Laboratoire de psychopathologie et processus de santé (LPPS - EA4057), institut de psychologie, université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bureau 4087, 71, avenue Edouard-Vaillant, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Electronic address: emilie.cappe@parisdescartes.fr.
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Cappe
Département de psychologie, université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8 Canada.
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Poirier
Laboratoire de psychopathologie et processus de santé (LPPS - EA4057), institut de psychologie, université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bureau 4087, 71, avenue Edouard-Vaillant, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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Boujut
Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques, université catholique de Louvain, place de l'Université 1, 1348 Louvain, Belgique.
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Nader-Grosbois
Département de psychoéducation, université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7 Canada.
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Dionne
Service de psychologie clinique de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, département de psychologie et cliniques des systèmes humains, université de Liège, place du 20-Août-7, 4000 Liège, Belgique.
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Boulard
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012574:Schools; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations
ALES; Autistic disorder; Evénements de vie; Life change events; Parents; Professionals; Professionnels; Psychometrics; Psychométrie; Trouble autistique