Associations with intraocular pressure across Europe: The European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium.
Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor for developing glaucoma, the second commonest cause of blindness globally. Understanding associations with IOP and variations in IOP between countries may teach us about mechanisms underlying glaucoma. We examined cross-sectional associations with IOP in 43,500 European adults from 12 cohort studies belonging to the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium. Each study conducted multivariable linear regression with IOP as the outcome variable and results were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. The association of standardized study IOP with latitude was tested using meta-regression. Higher IOP was observed in men (0.18 mmHg; 95 % CI 0.06, 0.31; P = 0.004) and with higher body mass index (0.21 mmHg per 5 kg/m2; 95 % CI 0.14, 0.28; P < 0.001), shorter height (-0.17 mmHg per 10 cm; 95 % CI -0.25, -0.08; P < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (0.17 mmHg per 10 mmHg; 95 % CI 0.12, 0.22; P < 0.001) and more myopic refraction (0.06 mmHg per Dioptre; 95 % CI 0.03, 0.09; P < 0.001). An inverted U-shaped trend was observed between age and IOP, with IOP increasing up to the age of 60 and decreasing in participants older than 70 years. We found no significant association between standardized IOP and study location latitude (P = 0.76). Novel findings of our study include the association of lower IOP in taller people and an inverted-U shaped association of IOP with age. We found no evidence of significant variation in IOP across Europe. Despite the limited range of latitude amongst included studies, this finding is in favour of collaborative pooling of data from studies examining environmental and genetic determinants of IOP in Europeans.
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK. anthony.khawaja@gmail.com.|Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK. anthony.khawaja@gmail.com.
Anthony P
0000-0001-6802-8585
AP
Khawaja
Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Henriët
H
Springelkamp
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, 21000, Dijon, France.
Catherine
C
Creuzot-Garcher
Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, 33000, Bordeaux, France.|Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, INSERM, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
Cécile
C
Delcourt
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Albert
A
Hofman
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.|Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
René
R
Höhn
Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Adriana I
AI
Iglesias
Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Roger C W
RC
Wolfs
Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, 33000, Bordeaux, France.|Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, INSERM, 33000, Bordeaux, France.|Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33000, France.
Jean-François
JF
Korobelnik
Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.|Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.|Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
Rufino
R
Silva
A Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle Universty of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Fotis
F
Topouzis
Departments of Ophthalmology and Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK.
Katie M
KM
Williams
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, 21000, Dijon, France.
Alain M
AM
Bron
Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Gabriëlle H S
GH
Buitendijk
Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal.|Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.|Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
Maria da Luz
MD
Cachulo
Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, 33000, Bordeaux, France.|Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, INSERM, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
Audrey
A
Cougnard-Grégoire
Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, 33000, Bordeaux, France.|Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, INSERM, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
Jean-François
JF
Dartigues
Departments of Ophthalmology and Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK.
Christopher J
CJ
Hammond
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Norbert
N
Pfeiffer
A Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle Universty of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Angeliki
A
Salonikiou
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Cornelia M
CM
van Duijn
Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Johannes R
JR
Vingerling
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
Robert N
RN
Luben
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.|Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
Alireza
A
Mirshahi
Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Julia
J
Lamparter
Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Caroline C W
CC
Klaver
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Nomdo M
NM
Jansonius
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
Paul J
PJ
Foster
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*
Blood pressure; Body mass index; Epidemiology; Glaucoma; Intraocular pressure; Refractive errors