Chemical characterization of simulated landfill soil leachates from Nigeria and India and their cytotoxicity and DNA damage inductions on three human cell lines.
Landfill soils are sources of emerging carcinogens, teratogens and mutagens in the environment. There is inadequate information on its possible health risk and cytogenotoxicity. This study evaluated chemical characterization of four simulated landfill leachates with their cytotoxicity and DNA damage in human cells. Hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), lymphoma (Jurkat) and osteosarcoma (HOS) cells, incubated with 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of Aba Eku (AEL), Olusosun (OSL), Awotan (AWL) and Nagpur (NPL) simulated leachates for 24 h, were assessed for cell viability using MTT assay and morphological alterations. DNA damage was also assessed after 24 h treatment of cells with sub-lethal concentrations of the leachates using comet assay. Metals and organic compounds in the soil leachates were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) respectively. The leachates induced significant cytotoxicity in the treated cells with evidence of apoptosis; shrunken morphologies, detachment from the substratum and cytoplasmic vacuolations. Similarly, there was significant DNA damage induced in the treated cells, with increased Olive tail moment, tail length and % tail DNA. Jurkat was the most sensitive (Jurkat > HepG2 > HOS) to the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the leachates. All the analyzed metals except Cd, Fe, Zn and Mn were found at levels lower than standard allowable limits. 32, 17, 23 and 23 different PAHs and PCBs were detected in AEL, AWL, OSL and NPL respectively, at varying retention peak times. These toxic constituents induced the observed cytogenotoxicity in the cells and may suggest possible public health risk.
Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India.
Chibuisi G
CG
Alimba
Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India.
Deepa
D
Gandhi
Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India.
Saravanadevi
S
Sivanesan
Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India.
Mayuresh D
MD
Bhanarkar
Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India.
Pravin K
PK
Naoghare
Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Adekunle A
AA
Bakare
Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, India. Electronic address: k_krishnamurthi@neeri.res.in.
Kannan
K
Krishnamurthi
D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000473:pathology*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis; D009549:Nigeria; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000473:pathology*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
D019216:Metals, Heavy; D009153:Mutagens; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Comet assay; Cytotoxicity; DNA damage; Human cell lines; Landfill soil leachates; MTT assay