The use of hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance for molecular imaging.
Until recently, molecular imaging using magnetic resonance (MR) has been limited by the modality's low sensitivity, especially with non-proton nuclei. The advent of hyperpolarized (HP) MR overcomes this limitation by substantially enhancing the signal of certain biologically important probes through a process known as external nuclear polarization, enabling real-time assessment of tissue function and metabolism. The metabolic information obtained by HP MR imaging holds significant promise in the clinic, where it could play a critical role in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the developments made in the field of hyperpolarized MR, including advancements in polarization techniques and delivery, probe development, pulse sequence optimization, characterization of healthy and diseased tissues, and the steps made towards clinical translation.
Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Sarmad
S
Siddiqui
Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Stephen
S
Kadlecek
Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Mehrdad
M
Pourfathi
Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Yi
Y
Xin
Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
William
W
Mannherz
Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Hooman
H
Hamedani
Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Nicholas
N
Drachman
Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Kai
K
Ruppert
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Justin
J
Clapp
Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: Rahim.Rizi@uphs.upenn.edu.
Rahim
R
Rizi
D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
D002247:Carbon Isotopes
Cellular imaging; DNP; Hyperpolarization; MRSI; Metabolic imaging; Molecular imaging; PHIP; Pyruvate