A comparative study of conventional and supercritical fluid extraction methods for the recovery of secondary metabolites from Syzygium campanulatum Korth.
Syzygium campanulatum Korth is a plant, which is a rich source of secondary metabolites (especially flavanones, chalcone, and triterpenoids). In our present study, three conventional solvent extraction (CSE) techniques and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) techniques were performed to achieve a maximum recovery of two flavanones, chalcone, and two triterpenoids from S. campanulatum leaves. Furthermore, a Box-Behnken design was constructed for the SFE technique using pressure, temperature, and particle size as independent variables, and yields of crude extract, individual and total secondary metabolites as the dependent variables. In the CSE procedure, twenty extracts were produced using ten different solvents and three techniques (maceration, soxhletion, and reflux). An enriched extract of five secondary metabolites was collected using n-hexane:methanol (1:1) soxhletion. Using food-grade ethanol as a modifier, the SFE methods produced a higher recovery (25.5%‒84.9%) of selected secondary metabolites as compared to the CSE techniques (0.92%‒66.00%).
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
Abdul Hakeem
AH
Memon
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
Mohammad Shahrul Ridzuan
MS
Hamil
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
Madeeha
M
Laghari
Center of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research (Ibnu Sina ISIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
Fahim
F
Rithwan
Center of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research (Ibnu Sina ISIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
Salman
S
Zhari
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
Mohammed Ali Ahmed
MA
Saeed
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
Zhari
Z
Ismail
EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
Amin Malik Shah Abdul
AM
Majid
D047188:Chalcones / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D047309:Flavones / Q000737:chemistry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D027842:Syzygium / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry
D047188:Chalcones; D047309:Flavones; D006586:Hexanes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D013729:Terpenes; D000431:Ethanol; D000432:Methanol
Chalcone; Conventional solvent extractions; Flavanones; Supercritical fluid extraction; Syzygium campanulatum; Triterpenoids