PM2.5levels, chemical composition and health risk assessment in Xinxiang, a seriously air-polluted city in North China.
Seventeen PM2.5samples were collected at Xinxiang during winter in 2014. Nine water-soluble ions, 19 trace elements and eight fractions of carbonaceous species in PM2.5were analyzed. PM2.5concentrations and elements species during different periods with different pollution situations were compared. The threat of heavy metals in PM2.5was assessed using incremental lifetime cancer risk. During the whole period, serious regional haze pollution persisted, and the averaged concentration of PM2.5was 168.5 μg m-3, with 88.2 % of the daily samples exhibiting higher PM2.5concentrations than the national air quality standard II. The high NO3-/SO42-ratio suggested that vehicular exhaust made an important contribution to atmospheric pollution. All of organic carbon and elemental carbon ratios in this study were above 2.0 for PM2.5, which might reflect the combined contributions from coal combustion, motor vehicle exhaust and biomass burning. Mean 96-h backward trajectory clusters indicated that more serious air pollution occurred when air masses transported from the Hebei, Shanxi and Zhengzhou. The concentrations of the water-soluble ions and trace elements on haze days were 2 and 1.8 times of those on clear days. The heavy metals in PM2.5might not cause non-cancerous health issues by exposure through the human respiratory system. However, lifetime cancer risks of heavy metals obviously exceeded the threshold (10-6) and might have a cancer risk for residents in Xinxiang. This study provided detailed composition data and comprehensive analysis of PM2.5during the serious haze pollution period and their potential impact on human health in Xinxiang.
School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China. fengjinglan@163.com.
Jinglan
J
Feng
School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China.
Hao
H
Yu
School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China.
Shuhui
S
Liu
School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China.
Xianfa
X
Su
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 1110 W. Washington Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85007, USA.
Yi
Y
Li
State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
Yuepeng
Y
Pan
School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China. sunjhhj@163.com.
Jianhui
J
Sun
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment
D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
Air trajectory; Haze; Health risk; PM2.5; Xinxiang