Current Technologies and Recent Developments for Screening of HPV-Associated Cervical and Oropharyngeal Cancers.
Mucosal infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a growing number of malignancies, predominantly represented by cervical cancer and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the prevalence of the virus, persistence of infection, and long latency period, novel and low-cost methods are needed for effective population level screening and monitoring. We review established methods for screening of cervical and oral cancer as well as commercially-available techniques for detection of HPV DNA. We then describe the ongoing development of microfluidic nucleic acid-based biosensors to evaluate circulating host microRNAs that are produced in response to an oncogenic HPV infection. The goal is to develop an ideal screening platform that is low-cost, portable, and easy to use, with appropriate signal stability, sensitivity and specificity. Advances in technologies for sample lysis, pre-treatment and concentration, and multiplexed nucleic acid detection are provided. Continued development of these devices provides opportunities for cancer screening in low resource settings, for point-of-care diagnostics and self-screening, and for monitoring response to vaccination or surgical treatment.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. sshah1@nd.edu.
Sunny S
SS
Shah
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. ssenapat@nd.edu.
Satyajyoti
S
Senapati
Bionics Innovation Center Nonprofit Ltd., 1088 Budapest, Hungary. flora.klacsmann@gmail.com.
Flora
F
Klacsmann
Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. miller.climb@gmail.com.
Daniel L
DL
Miller
Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA. jjohns39@nd.edu.
Jeff J
JJ
Johnson
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. hchang@nd.edu.|Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA. hchang@nd.edu.
Hsueh-Chia
HC
Chang
Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA. sstack@nd.edu.|Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. sstack@nd.edu.
M Sharon
MS
Stack
E6/E7 genotypes; HPV DNA; cervical and oropharyngeal cancers; diagnostics; human papillomavirus; integrated platform; microRNA