Origin of origami cockroach reveals long-lasting (11 Ma) phenotype instability following viviparity.
Viviparity evolved in bacteria, plants, ˃141 vertebrate lineages (ichthyosaurs, lizards, fishes, mammals, and others), and in 11 of 44 insect orders. Live-birth cockroaches preserved with brood sac (3D recovered two times optically) included Diploptera vladimir, Diploptera savba, Diploptera gemini spp.n., D. sp.1-2, and Stegoblatta irmgardgroehni from Green River, Colorado; Quilchena, Republic; McAbee, Canada; and Baltic amber, Russia (49, 54, and 45 Ma). They evolved from rare and newly evolved Blaberidae; they radiated circumtropically, later expanded into SE Asia, and have now spread to Hawaii and the SE USA. Association of autapomorphic characters that allow for passive and active protections from parasitic insects (unique wing origami pleating identical with its egg case-attacking wasp) suggest a response to high parasitic loads. Synchronized with global reorganization of the biota, morphotype destabilization in roaches lasted approximately 11-22 Ma, including both the adaptation of novel characters and the reduction of others. Thus, while viviparity can be disadvantageous, in association with new Bauplans and/or behaviors, it can contribute to the evolution of taxa with viviparous representatives that are slightly selectively preferred.
Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska c. 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia. geolvrsa@savba.sk.|Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, 117868, Moscow, Russia. geolvrsa@savba.sk.|Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska c. 9, P.O. BOX 105, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovakia. geolvrsa@savba.sk.
Peter V
PV
Vršanský
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Illkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Lucia
L
Šmídová
, 5 S s.r.o. Páričkova 18, 821 08, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Daniel
D
Valaška
Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska c. 9, P.O. BOX 105, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Peter
P
Barna
Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska c. 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Ľubomír
Ľ
Vidlička
Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska c. 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Peter
P
Takáč
Faculty of Materials and Technology, Slovak Technical University Bratislava, 91724, Trnava, Slovakia.|Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska c. 9/6319, 845 13, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Lubomir
L
Pavlik
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Illkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Tatiana
T
Kúdelová
CU Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, 265 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0265, USA.
Talia S
TS
Karim
CU Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, 265 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0265, USA.
David
D
Zelagin
CU Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, 265 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0265, USA.
Dena
D
Smith
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003058:Cockroaches / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D052286:Viviparity, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*
Blattaria (=Blattodea); Cenozoic; Eocene; Fossil insect