Active diffusion of nanoparticles of maternal origin within the embryonic brain.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate porous silicon (PSi) nanoparticles (NPs) behavior in the embryonic brain.


METHODS
Fluorescently labeled PSi NPs were injected into the embryonic brains intraventricularly and to the mother intravenously (iv.). Brain histology from different time points up to 3 days was analyzed and live brains imaged with two-photon microscopy.


RESULTS
PSi NPs were able to penetrate 80% of the embryonic cortical depth. Particle motility was confirmed in real-time in vivo. PSi NPs were able to penetrate the embryonic cortex after either iv. maternal or intraventricular injection. No developmental of macromorphological changes or increased cell apoptosis was observed.


CONCLUSIONS
PSi NPs penetrate deep in the brain tissues of embryos after intraventricular injection and after iv. injection to the mother.
Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Mikhail
M
Yuryev
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Mónica Pa
MP
Ferreira
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Vimalkumar
V
Balasubramanian
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Alexandra Mr
AM
Correia
Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
Ermei M
EM
Mäkilä
Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland.
Ville
V
Jokinen
Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Liliia
L
Andriichuk
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Marianna
M
Kemell
Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
Jarno J
JJ
Salonen
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Jouni T
JT
Hirvonen
Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Hélder A
HA
Santos
Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.|Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 901, 13009 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, 13273 Marseille, France.
Claudio
C
Rivera
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D016062:Porosity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D012825:Silicon
development; embryos; mother–embryo interface; nanoparticles; porous silicon