Toxicity mechanisms and synergies of silver nanoparticles in 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Mechanisms of silver nanoparticles-mediated toxicity to Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the influence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) have been systematically investigated. AgNPs at low doses (0-60μM) have greatly enhanced the degradation ability of P. chrysosporium to 2,4-DCP with the maximum degradation rates of more than 94%, exhibiting excellent synergies between AgNPs and P. chrysosporium in the degradation of 2,4-DCP. Meanwhile, removal of total Ag was also at high levels and highly pH dependent. However, significant inhibition was highlighted on 2,4-DCP biodegradation and Ag removal upon treatment with AgNPs at high doses and AgNO3at low-level exposure. Results also suggested that AgNPs-induced cytotoxicity could arise from the "Trojan-horse" mechanism executing particle effects, ion effects, or both, ruling out extracellularly released Ag+. Moreover, under relatively low concentrations of AgNPs exposure, 2,4-DCP was broken into linear chain organics, and eventually turned into CO2and H2O through reductive dechlorination and reaction with hydroxyl radicals. FTIR analysis showed that amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, and sulfur-containing functional groups played crucial roles in Ag transportation and the reduction of Ag+to Ag0.
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
Zhenzhen
Z
Huang
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China. Electronic address: gqchen@hnu.edu.cn.
Guiqiu
G
Chen
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China. Electronic address: zgming@hnu.edu.cn.
Guangming
G
Zeng
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
Zhi
Z
Guo
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
Kai
K
He
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
Liang
L
Hu
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
Jing
J
Wu
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
Lihua
L
Zhang
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
Yuan
Y
Zhu
Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
Zhongxian
Z
Song
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002733:Chlorophenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020075:Phanerochaete / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012834:Silver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*
D002733:Chlorophenols; D012834:Silver; C004762:2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol; Biodegradation; Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Silver nanoparticles; Synergies