An Adaptive Nonlinear Basal-Bolus Calculator for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.
Bolus calculators help patients with type 1 diabetes to mitigate the effect of meals on their blood glucose by administering a large amount of insulin at mealtime. Intraindividual changes in patients physiology and nonlinearity in insulin-glucose dynamics pose a challenge to the accuracy of such calculators.



We propose a method based on a continuous-discrete unscented Kalman filter to continuously track the postprandial glucose dynamics and the insulin sensitivity. We augment the Medtronic Virtual Patient (MVP) model to simulate noise-corrupted data from a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). The basal rate is determined by calculating the steady state of the model and is adjusted once a day before breakfast. The bolus size is determined by optimizing the postprandial glucose values based on an estimate of the insulin sensitivity and states, as well as the announced meal size. Following meal announcements, the meal compartment and the meal time constant are estimated, otherwise insulin sensitivity is estimated.



We compare the performance of a conventional linear bolus calculator with the proposed bolus calculator. The proposed basal-bolus calculator significantly improves the time spent in glucose target ( P < .01) compared to the conventional bolus calculator.



An adaptive nonlinear basal-bolus calculator can efficiently compensate for physiological changes. Further clinical studies will be needed to validate the results.
1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.|2 Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
Dimitri
D
Boiroux
1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Tinna Björk
TB
Aradóttir
3 Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
Kirsten
K
Nørgaard
1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Niels Kjølstad
NK
Poulsen
1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Henrik
H
Madsen
1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
John Bagterp
JB
Jørgensen
D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D014584:User-Computer Interface
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
bolus calculator; diabetes technology; type 1 diabetes; unscented Kalman filter