Detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Lithuanian wild boar populations.
BACKGROUND
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is recognized worldwide as an important and economically devastating pathogen in pig production. Although PRRSV is widespread in domestic swine, there is a lack of information regarding PRRSV infection in European wild boars (Sus scrofa). Currently available information does not provide conclusive evidence that wild boars are a reservoir of PRRSV. Nevertheless, wild boars may be likely to become infected by domestic swine through occasional direct or indirect contact. Furthermore, wild boars can act as a reservoir for infectious diseases of domestic pigs. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the virus prevalence and further explore the epidemiology and diversity of PRRSV strains present in Lithuanian wild boars over a 5-year period. A total of 1597 tissue and serum samples from wild boars inhabiting 44 districts and ten counties in Lithuania were analysed using conventional nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time Taqman RT-PCR for the detection of PRRSV-specific open reading frame (ORF) 1 and 6 sequences.


RESULTS
PRRSV was highly prevalent in Lithuanian wild boar populations, with an average rate of 18.66 % using conventional RT-PCR and 19.54 % using real-time RT-PCR. PRRSV was detected in 36.71 and 41.77 % of 237 hunting grounds tested by conventional RT-nPCR and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. No statistically significant differences in PRRSV prevalence were observed by geographic area in the ten Lithuanian counties. Animals infected with PRRSV were identified in all age groups; however, significantly higher prevalence rates were identified in subadult and adult wild boars than in juveniles up to 12 months old. No positive results were obtained using conventional PCR with Type 2 specific primers. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial ORF5 region revealed that ten wild boars harboured virus sequences belonging to genetic subtypes 3 and 4 and may therefore pose a serious threat to Lithuanian pig farms in which only subtype two strains are circulating.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of virus prevalence and phylogenetic analyses strongly support the role of wild boars as a possible natural reservoir for PRRSV in Lithuania.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania. arunas.stankevicius@lsmuni.lt.
Arunas
A
Stankevicius
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.|National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, J. Kairiukscio st. 10, LT-08409, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Jurate
J
Buitkuviene
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Virginija
V
Sutkiene
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Ugne
U
Spancerniene
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Ina
I
Pampariene
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Arnoldas
A
Pautienius
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Vaidas
V
Oberauskas
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Henrikas
H
Zilinskas
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, LT-47182, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Judita
J
Zymantiene
D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D058889:Molecular Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015995:Prevalence; D013552:Swine
ORF5 sequences; PRRSV; RT-PCR; Real-time RT-PCR; Virus prevalence; Wild boar