Biocompatibility and biomechanical characteristics of loofah based scaffolds combined with hydroxyapatite, cellulose, poly-l-lactic acid with chondrocyte-like cells.
The current study reports the biocompatibility and biomechanical characteristics of loofah-based scaffolds combined with hydroxyapatite (HA), cellulose, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) with chondrocytes-like cells. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of the scaffolds showed that the addition of PLLA usually resulted in an increase in cell's attachment on scaffolds. Mechanical and elemental analyzes were assessed using tensile test and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), respectively. In summary, we showed that the loofah+PLLA+HA scaffolds perform significantly better than other loofah-based scaffolds employed in terms of increasing a diversity of mechanical properties including tensile strength and Young's modulus. Based on the analysis of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms and EDS spectrums that give an idea about the calcium phosphate (CaP) ratios, the improvement in the mechanical properties could principally be recognized to the strong interaction formed between loofah, PLLA and HA. The viability of chondrocytes on loofah-based scaffolds was analyzed by XTT tests. However, none of the scaffolds have proved to be toxic in metabolic activity. The histological evaluation obtained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson trichrome, toluidine blue and immunohistochemistry methods showed that cells in all scaffolds produced extracellular matrix that defined proteoglycan and type I-II collagens. The results of this study suggest that the loofah-based scaffold with desirable properties can be considered as an ideal candidate for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
Dokuz Eylul University, The Institute of Health Science, Department of Biomechanics, 35340 Izmir, Turkey. Electronic address: berivan.erik@deu.edu.tr.
Berivan
B
Cecen
Yildirim Beyazit University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Yildirim Beyazit University, Musculoskeletal System Studies Research Center, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Leyla Didem
LD
Kozaci
Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Chemical Engineering, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
Mithat
M
Yuksel
Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Histology & Embryology, 35340 Izmir, Turkey.
Ozcan
O
Ustun
Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Histology & Embryology, 35340 Izmir, Turkey.
Bekir Ugur
BU
Ergur
Dokuz Eylul University, The Institute of Health Science, Department of Biomechanics, 35340 Izmir, Turkey; Dokuz Eylul University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 35340 Izmir, Turkey.
Hasan
H
Havitcioglu
D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D029776:Luffa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013718:Tensile Strength
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024043:Collagen Type II; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide); D002482:Cellulose; D017886:Durapatite; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
Cellulose; Hydroxyapatite; Loofah; Poly-l-lactic acid; SW-1353