Toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses in intestinal macrophages; implications for mucosal immunity and autoimmune diseases.
Monocytes are precursors of macrophages and key players during inflammation and pathogen challenge in the periphery, whereas intestinal resident macrophages act as innate effector cells to engulf and clear bacteria, secrete cytokines, and maintain intestinal immunity and homeostasis. However, perturbation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway in intestinal macrophages has been associated with tolerance breakdown in autoimmune diseases. In the present review, we have summarized and discussed the role of toll-like receptor signals in human intestinal macrophages, and the role of human intestinal macrophages in keeping human intestinal immunity, homeostasis, and autoimmune diseases.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
Zejun
Z
Zhou
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
Miao
M
Ding
The 302 Hospital of PLA, Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100039, China.
Lei
L
Huang
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA.
Gary
G
Gilkeson
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10020, China. Electronic address: dr-langren@hotmail.com.
Ren
R
Lang
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA. Electronic address: jianw@musc.edu.
Wei
W
Jiang
D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology*
D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
Autoimmune disease; Intestine; Macrophages; Monocytes