Effects of early exposure to phthalates and bisphenols on cardiometabolic outcomes in pregnancy and childhood.
Pregnant women are exposed to various chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenols. Increasing evidence suggests that early life exposures to phthalates and bisphenols may contribute to cardiometabolic risks. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize current knowledge of the effects of fetal and childhood exposure to phthalates and bisphenols on child growth and child cardiometabolic outcomes and the effects on maternal outcomes. In total, 54 studies were identified and included. The majority of studies found effects of phthalates and bisphenols on maternal, child growth, and cardiometabolic outcomes. Currently results suggest that early life exposure to phthalates and bisphenols may have a substantial influence on perinatal and postnatal cardiometabolic programming. In a large part of the investigated outcomes studies show contradictory results. However, the majority of the existing evidence is based on non-cohort studies with single samples neglecting time-variant effects and complicating conclusions regarding causal inference. More studies are needed investigating the mechanisms and its potential interactions.
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: e.philips@erasmusmc.nl.
Elise M
EM
Philips
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Vincent W V
VWV
Jaddoe
Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; New York Wagner School of Public Service, New York City, NY, USA; New York Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York City, NY, USA; New York University Global Institute of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA.
Leonardo
L
Trasande
D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids
Bisphenols; Cardiometabolic effects; Growth; Phthalates; Prenatal and childhood exposure; Review