"Post-thrombotic panic syndrome": A thematic analysis of the experience of venous thromboembolism.
OBJECTIVE
Venous thromboembolism (VTE, including deep vein thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolism [PE]) is a serious, potentially traumatic, life-threatening condition and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to explore the patients' experiences of VTE and its psychosocial impact.


METHODS
Audio-recorded semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of 12 participants who had experienced a first-time DVT or PE within the previous 6 months. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed.


RESULTS
Four key themes with 10 subthemes were identified. The major themes were as follows: VTE as life-changing and traumatic, living with uncertainty and fear of reoccurrence, feeling let down by health services, and positive changes and outcomes. The content of themes varied according to age at the time of VTE and participants' experiences of diagnosis and treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
The data demonstrate the psychosocial impact of VTE as life-changing, encompassing a dynamic duality of trauma and growth. The findings highlight a potential role for health care professionals in identifying and supporting individuals at risk of post-traumatic stress, and targeted interventions to enhance psychological well-being and recovery and reduce distress. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is often characterized by sudden onset and may carry a significant threat to life, particularly in the form of pulmonary embolism. Early studies suggest that health-related quality of life is negatively affected by VTE and there is likely to be a high prevalence of trauma. What does this study add? This study explores for the first time the experience of, and reactions to, VTE in the 6 months following its occurrence. It explores the role that psychological well-being can play in recovery after VTE. This study highlights that improvements are needed to support VTE patients to cope with the emotional impact of VTE. A dual process of trauma and post-traumatic growth after VTE is reported for the first time.
Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Rachael
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2738-7252
R
Hunter
Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK.
Sarah
S
Lewis
School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
Simon
S
Noble
Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Jaynie
J
Rance
Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
Paul D
PD
Bennett
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010200:Panic; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000523:psychology*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000523:psychology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
illness; post-traumatic stress disorder; psychosocial; qualitative; venous thromboembolism