New Approach in Translational Medicine: Effects of Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) on NF-κB/iNOS Pathway in U937 Cell Line under Altered Redox State.
It is known that increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can exert harmful effects, altering the cellular redox state. Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) produced near the cathode during water electrolysis exhibits high pH, high concentration of dissolved hydrogen and an extremely negative redox potential. Several findings indicate that ERW had the ability of a scavenger free radical, which results from hydrogen molecules with a high reducing ability and may participate in the redox regulation of cellular function. We investigated the effect of ERW on H₂O₂-induced U937 damage by evaluating the modulation of redox cellular state. Western blotting and spectrophotometrical analysis showed that ERW inhibited oxidative stress by restoring the antioxidant capacity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Consequently, ERW restores the ability of the glutathione reductase to supply the cell of an important endogenous antioxidant, such as GSH, reversing the inhibitory effect of H₂O₂ on redox balance of U937 cells. Therefore, this means a reduction of cytotoxicity induced by peroxynitrite via a downregulation of the NF-κB/iNOS pathway and could be used as an antioxidant for preventive and therapeutic application. In conclusion, ERW can protect the cellular redox balance, reducing the risk of several diseases with altered cellular homeostasis such as inflammation.
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. s.franceschelli@unich.it.
Sara
S
Franceschelli
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. daniela.gatta@unich.it.
Daniela Maria Pia
DM
Gatta
Medicine and Health Science School, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. mirkopesce@unich.it.
Mirko
M
Pesce
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. alessioferrone@yahoo.it.
Alessio
A
Ferrone
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. antonia.patruno@unich.it.
Antonia
A
Patruno
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. maria.delutiis@unich.it.
Maria Anna
MA
de Lutiis
Medicine and Health Science School, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. algrilli@unich.it.
Alfredo
A
Grilli
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. mfelaco@unich.it.
Mario
M
Felaco
Department of Farmacy, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. fausto.croce@unich.it.
Fausto
F
Croce
Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Gabriele D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy. l.speranza@unich.it.
Lorenza
L
Speranza
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004572:Electrolysis / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014867:Water; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
antioxidant enzymes; electrolyzed reduced water; nitric oxide; superoxide anion