PM2.5pollution from household solid fuel burning practices in central India: 1. Impact on indoor air quality and associated health risks.
PM2.5concentrations were measured in residential indoor environment in slums of central India during 2012-2013. In addition, a suite of chemical components including metals (Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Mo, Se, Sb, Na, Mg, K and Hg), ions (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, NH4+, NO3-and SO42-) and carbon (OC and EC) were analyzed for all samples. Indoor PM2.5concentrations were found to be several folds higher than the 24-h national ambient air quality standard (60 µg/m3) for PM2.5in India, and the concentrations were found to vary from season to season. Mass closure was attempted for PM2.5data, and close to 100 % mass was accounted for by organic matter, crustal material, secondary organic and inorganic aerosols and elemental carbon. Additionally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to indoor PM2.5(inhalation, dermal and ingestion) were estimated and while exposures associated with dermal contact and ingestion were found to be within the acceptable limits, risk associated with inhalation exposure was found to be high for children and adults. Elements including Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, As and Pb were present in high concentrations and contributed to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for residents' health. Results from this study highlight the need for efforts to reduce air pollution exposure in slum areas.
School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India.|Regional Laboratory, Directorate of Geology and Mining, Chhattisgarh, Jagdalpur, Chattisgarh, 494001, India.
Jeevan Lal
JL
Matawle
School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India. shamshpervez@gmail.com.
Shamsh
S
Pervez
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440020, India.
Anjali
A
Shrivastava
Indian Institute of Tropical and Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi, India.
Suresh
S
Tiwari
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
Pallavi
P
Pant
School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattisgarh, 492010, India.
Manas Kanti
MK
Deb
Indian Institute of Tropical and Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi, India.
Diwan Singh
DS
Bisht
Chhatrpati Shivaji Institute of Technology, Durg, 491001, India.
Yasmeen F
YF
Pervez
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment
D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
Health risk; Indoor PM2.5; Mass closure; Solid fuel burning