Transgenerational effects of childhood conditions on third generation health and education outcomes.
This paper examines the extent to which pre-puberty nutritional conditions in one generation affect productivity-related outcomes in later generations. Recent findings from the biological literature suggest that the so-called slow growth period around age 9 is a sensitive period for male germ cell development. We build on this evidence and investigate whether undernutrition at those ages transmits to children and grandchildren. Our findings indicate that third generation males (females) tend to have higher mental health scores if their paternal grandfather (maternal grandmother) was exposed to a famine during the slow growth period. These effects appear to reflect biological responses to adaptive expectations about scarcity in the environment, and as such they can be seen as an economic correctional mechanism in evolution, with marked socio-economic implications for the offspring.
University of Bristol, Dept. of Economics, Bristol BS8 1TN, UK; IFAU-Uppsala, Sweden; IZA, Germany. Electronic address: gerard.vandenberg@bristol.ac.uk.
Gerard J
GJ
van den Berg
University of Bonn, Dept. of Economics, Adenauerallee 24-42, 53113 Bonn, Germany; IZA, Germany. Electronic address: pinger@uni-bonn.de.
Pia R
PR
Pinger
D000293:Adolescent; D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D057890:Epigenomics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013217:Starvation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics
Education; Epigenetics; Height; Mental health; Nutrition