Investigating potential exogenous tumor initiating and promoting factors for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL), a rare skin malignancy.
Most skin malignancies are caused by external and often preventable environmental agents. Multiple reports demonstrated that cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) can occur in married couples and cluster in families. Furthermore, recent studies document geographic clustering of this malignancy in Texas as well as in other areas of the United States. Multiple infectious, occupational, and medication causes have been proposed as triggers or promoters of this malignancy including hydrochlorothiazide diuretics, Staphylococcus aureus, dermatophytes, Mycobacterium leprae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, human T-Cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this report, we review recent evidence evaluating the involvement of these agents in cancer initiation/progression. Most importantly, recent molecular experimental evidence documented for the first time that S. aureus can activate oncogenic STAT3 signaling in malignant T cells. Specifically, S. aureus Enterotoxin type A (SEA) was recently shown to trigger non-malignant infiltrating T cells to release IL-2 and other cytokines. These signals upon binging to their cognate receptors on malignant T cells are then able to activate STAT3 and STAT5 oncogenic signaling and promote cancer progression and IL-17 secretion. In light of these findings, it might be important for patients with exacerbation of their CTCL symptoms to maintain high index of suspicion and treat these individuals for S. aureus colonization and/or sepsis with topical and systemic antibiotics.
Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Ivan V
IV
Litvinov
Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
Anna
A
Shtreis
Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Kenneth
K
Kobayashi
Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Steven
S
Glassman
Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Matthew
M
Tsang
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.
Anders
A
Woetmann
Division of Dermatology, McGill University , Montréal, QC, Canada.
Denis
D
Sasseville
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.
Niels
N
Ødum
Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA.
Madeleine
M
Duvic
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); HTLV-1 and geographic clustering; IL-17; Mycosis fungoides (MF); S. aureus; STAT3; Sézary syndrome (SS); viruses