Agroforestry Practices Promote Biodiversity and Natural Resource Diversity in Atlantic Nicaragua.
Tropical forest conversion to pasture, which drives greenhouse gas emissions, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss, remains a pressing socio-ecological challenge. This problem has spurred increased interest in the potential of small-scale agroforestry systems to couple sustainable agriculture with biodiversity conservation, particularly in rapidly developing areas of the tropics. In addition to providing natural resources (i.e. food, medicine, lumber), agroforestry systems have the potential to maintain higher levels of biodiversity and greater biomass than lower diversity crop or pasture systems. Greater plant diversity may also enhance soil quality, further supporting agricultural productivity in nutrient-limited tropical systems. Yet, the nature of these relationships remains equivocal. To better understand how different land use strategies impact ecosystem services, we characterized the relationships between plant diversity (including species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and natural resource diversity), and soil quality within pasture, agroforests, and secondary forests, three common land use types maintained by small-scale farmers in the Pearl Lagoon Basin, Nicaragua. The area is undergoing accelerated globalization following the 2007 completion of the region's first major road; a change which is expected to increase forest conversion for agriculture. However, farmer agrobiodiversity maintenance in the Basin was previously found to be positively correlated with affiliation to local agricultural NGOs through the maintenance of agroforestry systems, despite these farmers residing in the communities closest to the new road, highlighting the potential for maintaining diverse agroforestry agricultural strategies despite heightened globalization pressures. We found that agroforestry sites tended to have higher surface soil %C, %N, and pH relative to neighboring to secondary forest, while maintaining comparable plant diversity. In contrast, pasture reduced species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and natural resource diversity. No significant relationships were found between plant diversity and the soil properties assessed; however higher species richness and phylodiversity was positively correlated with natural resource diversity. These finding suggest that small, diversified agroforestry systems may be a viable strategy for promoting both social and ecological functions in eastern Nicaragua and other rapidly developing areas of the tropics.
School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002, United States of America.|Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America.
Seeta A
SA
Sistla
School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, United States of America.
Adam B
AB
Roddy
Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, United States of America.|Department of Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States of America.
Nicholas E
NE
Williams
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America.
Daniel B
DB
Kramer
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America.
Kara
K
Stevens
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America.|Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America.
Steven D
SD
Allison
D000383:Agriculture; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D044822:Biodiversity; D016468:Forestry; D005843:Geography; D009527:Nicaragua; D012987:Soil; D013045:Species Specificity
D012987:Soil