Safe Use of Subcutaneous Diphenhydramine in the Inpatient Hospice Unit.
BACKGROUND
Diphenhydramine (DPH) is most commonly used via oral, topical, intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) routes for the palliation of pruritus, treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms, management of parkinsonism and for allergic reactions. However, many hospice patients are unable to take oral medications and/or do not have IV access. Moreover, topical administration has a relatively slow rate of absorption. For this reason, in the hospice setting it is not uncommon for diphenhydramine to be administered via the subcutaneous (SC) route secondary to its ease of access, low infection rates and its low levels of discomfort. In contrast, outside the hospice setting, subcutaneous DPH has not been widely used, primarily because of a handful of case reports published in the 1990's that report skin necrosis following subcutaneous administration of DPH for local anesthesia. Since these early case reports, however, there has been very little in the way of research to examine this further. The aim of this study is to provide objective data concerning the safe use of subcutaneous diphenhydramine, as part of our efforts to improve upon safe practices in our organization.


METHODS
This is a retrospective review of records from 6 of our inpatient hospice units obtained from our pharmacy database for patients who received at least one subcutaneous injection of diphenhydramine between 2012-2015. Selected patients were then subsequently screened for post-administration skin necrosis, as recorded in our quality assurance database during the same time period.


RESULTS
A total of 648 diphenhydramine subcutaneous injections were administered in109 individual patients. None of the patients were reported to have an adverse cutaneous reaction.


CONCLUSIONS
This retrospective review demonstrates that subcutaneous diphenhydramine injection is a safe alternative to oral and other parenteral routes, and may be particularly valuable in terminally ill patients, who are often unable to swallow and are without IV access.
1 University of Miami/JFK Medical Center Palm Beach Regional Graduate Medical Education Consortium, Hospice and Palliative Medicine Program, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.
Aileen
A
Chen
1 University of Miami/JFK Medical Center Palm Beach Regional Graduate Medical Education Consortium, Hospice and Palliative Medicine Program, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.
Erwin J
EJ
Loquias
2 Trustbridge Health, West Palm Beach, Florida, FL, USA.
Ramesh
R
Roshan
1 University of Miami/JFK Medical Center Palm Beach Regional Graduate Medical Education Consortium, Hospice and Palliative Medicine Program, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.|2 Trustbridge Health, West Palm Beach, Florida, FL, USA.
Richard
R
Levene
2 Trustbridge Health, West Palm Beach, Florida, FL, USA.
Raymond
R
Zelhof
2 Trustbridge Health, West Palm Beach, Florida, FL, USA.
Terry
T
Hickey
1 University of Miami/JFK Medical Center Palm Beach Regional Graduate Medical Education Consortium, Hospice and Palliative Medicine Program, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.|2 Trustbridge Health, West Palm Beach, Florida, FL, USA.
Gail Austin
GA
Cooney
1 University of Miami/JFK Medical Center Palm Beach Regional Graduate Medical Education Consortium, Hospice and Palliative Medicine Program, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.|2 Trustbridge Health, West Palm Beach, Florida, FL, USA.
Faustino
F
Gonzalez
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006738:Hospices / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D011537:Pruritus / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology
D004155:Diphenhydramine
diphenhydramine; pruritus; retrospective review; safe; skin necrosis; subcutaneous