Modulation of immune and antioxidant responses by azinphos-methyl in the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis challenged with Escherichia coli.
The aim of the present study was to characterize the immune response-total hemocyte number, cell type proportion, hemocyte viability, lysosomal membrane stability, phagocytic activity, cellular acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, and humoral bacteriolytic and phenoloxidase activity--in Diplodon chilensis exposed to 0.2 mg/L of azinphos-methyl (AZM), using Escherichia coli as immunological and pro-oxidant challenges. In addition, glutathione-S-transferase and lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were analyzed in gill tissue. Mussels from an unpolluted site were treated for 3 d as follows: 1) experimental control; 2) solvent effects control (acetone 0.01%); 3) bacterial challenge effects control (E. coli, 5 cells/mL × 104cells/mL); 4) pesticide effects control (AZM in acetone); 5) control for combined effects of solvent and bacterial challenge; and 6) exposed to AZM, then challenged with E. coli. The results showed increased granulocyte proportion and phagocytic activity. Partial reversion of deleterious effects of E. coli on lysosomal membranes was observed in mussels exposed to AZM and then challenged with E. coli. Total hemocyte number and humoral bacteriolytic activity were increased only by E. coli challenge. Acid phosphatase activity was increased by both E. coli and AZM, whereas the stimulating effect of E. coli on alkaline phosphatase activity was negatively modulated by AZM. Azinphos-methyl inhibited phenoloxidase activity regardless of the E. coli challenge. Gill glutathione-S-transferase activity was increased by E. coli treatment either alone or pretreated with acetone or AZM and by AZM alone. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were reduced by AZM alone or combined with the E. coli challenge and by acetone followed by the E. coli challenge. Both acetone and AZM seem to be important modulators of immune and antioxidant responses in D. chilensis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1785-1794. © 2016 SETAC.
Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo)-CEAN, Neuquén, Argentina.
Juan Manuel
JM
Castro
Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Río Negro, Argentina.
Virginia Angélica
VA
Bianchi
Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo)-CEAN, Neuquén, Argentina.
Mariano
M
Pascual
Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Río Negro, Argentina.
Andrés
A
Venturino
Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo)-CEAN, Neuquén, Argentina.
Carlos Marcelo
CM
Luquet
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001387:Azinphosmethyl / Q000633:toxicity*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
D000975:Antioxidants; D010575:Pesticides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001387:Azinphosmethyl; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
Aquatic invertebrates; Immunotoxicity; Organophosphorus insecticide; Stress response