Genetic toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles using a 3D in vitro skin model (EpiDerm™).
The rapid production and incorporation of engineered nanomaterials into consumer products alongside research suggesting nanomaterials can cause cell death and DNA damage (genotoxicity) makes in vitro assays desirable for nanosafety screening. However, conflicting outcomes are often observed when in vitro and in vivo study results are compared, suggesting more physiologically representative in vitro models are required to minimise reliance on animal testing.



BASF Levasil® silica nanoparticles (16 and 85 nm) were used to adapt the 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay for nanomaterials administered topically or into the growth medium. 3D dose-responses were compared to a 2D micronucleus assay using monocultured human B cells (TK6) after standardising dose between 2D / 3D assays by total nanoparticle mass to cell number. Cryogenic vitrification, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques were applied to characterise in-medium and air-liquid interface exposures. Advanced transmission electron microscopy imaging modes (high angle annular dark field) and X-ray spectrometry were used to define nanoparticle penetration / cellular uptake in the intact 3D models and 2D monocultured cells.



For all 2D exposures, significant (p < 0.002) increases in genotoxicity were observed (≥100 μg/mL) alongside cell viability decreases (p < 0.015) at doses ≥200 μg/mL (16 nm-SiO2) and ≥100 μg/mL (85 nm-SiO2). In contrast, 2D-equivalent exposures to the 3D models (≤300 μg/mL) caused no significant DNA damage or impact on cell viability. Further increasing dose to the 3D models led to probable air-liquid interface suffocation. Nanoparticle penetration / cell uptake analysis revealed no exposure to the live cells of the 3D model occurred due to the protective nature of the skin model's 3D cellular microarchitecture (topical exposures) and confounding barrier effects of the collagen cell attachment layer (in-medium exposures). 2D monocultured cells meanwhile showed extensive internalisation of both silica particles causing (geno)toxicity.



The results establish the importance of tissue microarchitecture in defining nanomaterial exposure, and suggest 3D in vitro models could play a role in bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo outcomes in nanotoxicology. Robust exposure characterisation and uptake assessment methods (as demonstrated) are essential to interpret nano(geno)toxicity studies successfully.
Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. jwills.research@gmail.com.
John W
JW
Wills
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
Nicole
N
Hondow
Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
Adam D
AD
Thomas
Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
Katherine E
KE
Chapman
Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
David
D
Fish
Multi-Disciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
Thierry G
TG
Maffeis
Multi-Disciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
Mark W
MW
Penny
Multi-Disciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
Richard A
RA
Brown
Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
Gareth J S
GJ
Jenkins
School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
Andy P
AP
Brown
Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, K1N 9B4, ON, Canada.
Paul A
PA
White
Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. s.h.doak@swan.ac.uk.
Shareen H
SH
Doak
D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008954:Models, Biological; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*
3D cell culture; Air-liquid interface; Genotoxicity; Micronucleus assay; Nanoparticles; Nanotoxicology; Physico-chemical characterisation; RSMN; Reconstructed skin; Silica