Discovery of novel xylosides in co-culture of basidiomycetes Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma applanatum by integrated metabolomics and bioinformatics.
Transcriptomic analysis of cultured fungi suggests that many genes for secondary metabolite synthesis are presumably silent under standard laboratory condition. In order to investigate the expression of silent genes in symbiotic systems, 136 fungi-fungi symbiotic systems were built up by co-culturing seventeen basidiomycetes, among which the co-culture of Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma applanatum demonstrated the strongest coloration of confrontation zones. Metabolomics study of this co-culture discovered that sixty-two features were either newly synthesized or highly produced in the co-culture compared with individual cultures. Molecular network analysis highlighted a subnetwork including two novel xylosides (compounds 2 and 3). Compound 2 was further identified as N-(4-methoxyphenyl)formamide 2-O-β-D-xyloside and was revealed to have the potential to enhance the cell viability of human immortalized bronchial epithelial cell line of Beas-2B. Moreover, bioinformatics and transcriptional analysis of T. versicolor revealed a potential candidate gene (GI: 636605689) encoding xylosyltransferases for xylosylation. Additionally, 3-phenyllactic acid and orsellinic acid were detected for the first time in G. applanatum, which may be ascribed to response against T.versicolor stress. In general, the described co-culture platform provides a powerful tool to discover novel metabolites and help gain insights into the mechanism of silent gene activation in fungal defense.
School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China.
Lu
L
Yao
School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China.
Li-Ping
LP
Zhu
School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China.
Xiao-Yan
XY
Xu
School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China.
Ling-Ling
LL
Tan
Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States of America.
Martin
M
Sadilek
Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China.
Huan
H
Fan
Industrial Product Division, Intrexon Corporation, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America.
Bo
B
Hu
School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China.
Xiao-Ting
XT
Shen
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
Jie
J
Yang
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300070, China.
Bin
B
Qiao
School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, and Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao 266109, Shandong Province, China.|Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
Song
S
Yang
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032902:Ganoderma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D055432:Metabolomics; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D010430:Pentosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D055454:Trametes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000097608:UDP Xylose-Protein Xylosyltransferase
D005656:Fungal Proteins; D006027:Glycosides; D010430:Pentosyltransferases; D000097608:UDP Xylose-Protein Xylosyltransferase; C010807:xylosides