Social Pavlovian conditioning: Short- and long-term effects and the role of anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Today's stressors largely arise from social interactions rather than from physical threat. However, the dominant laboratory model of emotional learning relies on physical stimuli (e.g. electric shock) whereas adequate models of social conditioning are missing, possibly due to more subtle and multilayered biobehavioral responses to such stimuli. To fill this gap, we acquired a broad set of measures during conditioning to negative social unconditioned stimuli, also taking into account long-term maintenance of conditioning and inter-individual differences. Fifty-nine healthy participants underwent a classical conditioning task with videos of actors expressing disapproving (US-neg) or neutral (US-neu) statements. Static images of the corresponding actors with a neutral facial expression served as CS+ and CS-, predicting US-neg and US-neu, respectively. Autonomic and facial-muscular measures confirmed differential unconditioned responding whereas experiential CS ratings, event-related potentials, and evoked theta oscillations confirmed differential conditioned responding. Conditioning was maintained at 1 month and 1 year follow-ups on experiential ratings, especially in individuals with elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms, documenting the efficiency of social conditioning and its clinical relevance. This novel, ecologically improved conditioning paradigm uncovered a remarkably efficient multi-layered social learning mechanism that may represent a risk factor for anxiety and depression.
Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.|Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Nicole
N
Wiggert
Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Frank H
FH
Wilhelm
Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
Sabrina
S
Boger
Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.|Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Claudio
C
Georgii
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Wolfgang
W
Klimesch
Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.|Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Jens
J
Blechert
D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D000067570:Social Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D013995:Time
anxiety disorders; classical conditioning; emotion; major depression; neuroscience