Efficacy of periimplant mechanical debridement with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periimplant diseases among cigarette smokers and non-smokers.
OBJECTIVE
The aim was to assess the efficacy of mechanical debridement (MD) with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing periimplant inflammation among cigarette-smokers and non-smokers.


METHODS
Cigarette-smokers and non-smokers were randomly divided into 2 groups. In the test-group, participants underwent full mouth scaling and periimplant MD with adjunct aPDT; and in the control-group, the participants underwent full mouth scaling and periimplant MD alone. Periimplant bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured at baseline and at 6- and 12-months follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. P-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant.


RESULTS
Eighty-four smokers (41 patients in the test group and 43 in the control group) and 82 non-smokers (40 patients in the test group and 42 in the control group) were included. Among smokers and non-smokers, periimplant PD was significantly higher in the control-group compared with the test-group (P<0.05) at 6-months of follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in BOP, PD and CBL among smokers and non-smokers in the test- and control-groups at 12-months of follow-up. BOP was comparable among smokers at all time intervals.


CONCLUSIONS
In the short-term, MD with adjunct aPDT is more effective in reducing periimplant probing depth than MD alone in smokers and non-smokers. However, in the long-term outcomes of MD either with or without aPDT among smokers and non-smokers are comparable.
Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, USA. Electronic address: fawad_javed@urmc.rochester.edu.
Fawad
F
Javed
Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Tariq
T
Abduljabbar
Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, USA.
Gabriela
G
Carranza
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Capital College, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA.
Elham
E
Gholamiazizi
Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, USA.
David K
DK
Mazgaj
Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, USA.
Sergio Varela
SV
Kellesarian
Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Fahim
F
Vohra
D000328:Adult; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D057747:Periodontal Debridement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy; Bleeding on probing; Bone loss; Mechanical debridement; Periimplant diseases