Differentiating Childhood Stroke From Mimics in the Emergency Department.
Clinical identification of stroke in the pediatric emergency department is critical for improving access to hyperacute therapies. We identified key clinical features associated with childhood stroke or transient ischemic attack compared with mimics.



Two hundred and eighty consecutive children presenting to the emergency department with mimics, prospectively recruited over 18 months from 2009 to 2010, were compared with 102 children with stroke or transient ischemic attack, prospectively/retrospectively recruited from 2003 to 2010.



Cerebrovascular diagnoses included arterial ischemic stroke (55), hemorrhagic stroke (37), and transient ischemic attack (10). Mimic diagnoses included migraine (84), seizures (46), Bell's palsy (29), and conversion disorders (18). Being well in the week before presentation (odds ratio [OR] 5.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.25-14.79), face weakness (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.19-7.28), arm weakness (OR 8.66, 95% CI, 2.50-30.02), and inability to walk (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.54-7.42) were independently associated with increased odds of stroke diagnosis. Other symptoms were independently associated with decreased odds of stroke diagnosis (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.10-0.77). Associations were not observed between seizures or loss of consciousness. Factors associated with stroke differed by arterial and hemorrhagic subtypes.



Being well in the week before presentation, inability to walk, face and arm weakness are associated with increased odds of stroke. The lack of positive or negative association between stroke and seizures or loss of consciousness is an important difference to adults. Pediatric stroke pathways and bedside tools need to factor in differences between children and adults and between stroke subtypes.
From the Department of Neurology (M.T.M.) and Emergency Department (F.E.B.), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.); Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., L.C., G.A.D.); Department of Pediatrics (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.) and Department of Medicine (L.C., G.A.D.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica (A.Y.-C.); and Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia (P.M.). mark.mackay@rch.org.au.
Mark T
MT
Mackay
From the Department of Neurology (M.T.M.) and Emergency Department (F.E.B.), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.); Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., L.C., G.A.D.); Department of Pediatrics (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.) and Department of Medicine (L.C., G.A.D.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica (A.Y.-C.); and Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia (P.M.).
Adriana
A
Yock-Corrales
From the Department of Neurology (M.T.M.) and Emergency Department (F.E.B.), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.); Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., L.C., G.A.D.); Department of Pediatrics (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.) and Department of Medicine (L.C., G.A.D.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica (A.Y.-C.); and Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia (P.M.).
Leonid
L
Churilov
From the Department of Neurology (M.T.M.) and Emergency Department (F.E.B.), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.); Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., L.C., G.A.D.); Department of Pediatrics (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.) and Department of Medicine (L.C., G.A.D.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica (A.Y.-C.); and Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia (P.M.).
Paul
P
Monagle
From the Department of Neurology (M.T.M.) and Emergency Department (F.E.B.), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.); Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., L.C., G.A.D.); Department of Pediatrics (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.) and Department of Medicine (L.C., G.A.D.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica (A.Y.-C.); and Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia (P.M.).
Geoffrey A
GA
Donnan
From the Department of Neurology (M.T.M.) and Emergency Department (F.E.B.), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.); Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia (M.T.M., L.C., G.A.D.); Department of Pediatrics (M.T.M., P.M., F.E.B.) and Department of Medicine (L.C., G.A.D.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica (A.Y.-C.); and Department of Haematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia (P.M.).
Franz E
FE
Babl
D000293:Adolescent; D020330:Bell Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010808:Physical Examination; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis*
brain attack; intracranial hemorrhage; seizure; stroke; transient ischemic attack