The Prison Economy of Needles and Syringes: What Opportunities Exist for Blood Borne Virus Risk Reduction When Prices Are so High?
OBJECTIVE
A formal Needle and Syringe Program (NSP) is not provided in Australian prisons. Injecting equipment circulates in prisons as part of an informal and illegal economy. This paper examined how this economy generates blood-borne virus (BBV) risk and risk mitigation opportunities for inmates.


METHODS
The HITS-p cohort recruited New South Wales inmates who had reported ever injecting drugs and who had a negative HCV serological test within 12 months prior to enrolment. For this study, qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 participants enrolled in HITS-p. Participants included 10 women and were incarcerated in 12 prisons.


RESULTS
A needle/syringe was nominated as being typically priced in the 'inside' prison economy at $100-$150, with a range of $50-$350. Purchase or hire of equipment was paid for in cash (including transactions that occurred outside prison) and in exchange for drugs and other commodities. A range of other resources was required to enable successful needle/syringe economies, especially relationships with visitors and other prisoners, and violence to ensure payment of debts. Strategies to mitigate BBV risk included retaining one needle/syringe for personal use while hiring out others, keeping drug use (and ownership of equipment) "quiet", stealing used equipment from the prison health clinic, and manufacture of syringes from other items available in the prison.


CONCLUSIONS
The provision of prison NSP would disrupt the inside economies built around contraband needles/syringes, as well as minimise BBV risk. However, any model of prison NSP should be interrogated for any unanticipated markets that could be generated as a result of its regulatory practices.
Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.
Carla
C
Treloar
Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.
Luke
L
McCredie
Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia.
Andrew R
AR
Lloyd
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs; D009339:Needles / Q000191:economics; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013594:Syringes / Q000191:economics; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult