Clinical investigation of biofilm in non-healing wounds by high resolution microscopy techniques.
The aim of this study was to analyse wound biofilm from a clinical perspective. Research has shown that biofilm is the preferred microbial phenotype in health and disease and is present in a majority of chronic wounds. Biofilm has been linked to chronic wound inflammation, impairment in granulation tissue and epithelial migration, yet there lacks the ability to confirm the clinical presence of biofilm. This study links the clinical setting with microscopic laboratory confirmation of the presence of biofilm in carefully selected wound debridement samples.



Human wound debridement samples were collected from adult patients with chronic non-healing wounds who presented at the wound care centre. Sample choice was guided by an algorithm that was developed based on what is known about the characteristics of wound biofilm. The samples were then evaluated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for the presence of biofilm. Details about subject history and treatment were recorded. Adherence to biofilm-based wound care (BBWC) strategies was inconsistent. Other standard antimicrobial dressings were used and no modern antiseptic wound dressings with the addition of proven antibiofilm agents were available for use.



Of the patients recruited, 75% of the macroscopic samples contained biofilm despite the prior use of modern antiseptic wound dressings and in some cases, systemic antibiotics. Wounds found to contain biofilm were not all acutely infected but biofilm was present when infection was noted. The clinical histories associated with positive samples were consistent with ideas presented in the algorithm used to guide sample selection.



Visual cues can be used by the clinician to guide suspicion of the presence of wound biofilm. This suspicion can be further enhanced with the use of a clinical algorithm. Standard antiseptic wound dressings used in this study demonstrated limited antibiofilm efficacy. This study also highlighted a need for the clinical team to focus on expiration of dressing action and consistent practice of BBWC strategies which includes the use of proven antibiofilm agents.
Association for the Advancement of Wound Care (AAWC) Board of Directors, Wound Care LLC, Memphis, Tennessee, US.
J
J
Hurlow
Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, US.
E
E
Blanz
Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, US.|Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, US.
J A
JA
Gaddy
D000293:Adolescent; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D001458:Bandages; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D003646:Debridement; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local
biofilm; clinical; non-healing; wound