Induced Regulatory T Cells: Their Development, Stability, and Applications.
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, as central mediators of immune suppression, play crucial roles in many facets of immune systems. The transcription factor Foxp3 has been characterized as a master regulator of Tregs, and is induced during their thymic development. Foxp3+Tregs can also be generated from naïve T cells after stimulation in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2; the resulting cells are called induced Tregs (iTregs) when generated in vitro, or peripheral Tregs (pTregs) when generated in vivo. Compared to tTregs, iTregs have been shown to be unstable, and attempts to generate stable iTregs have been made for clinical applications. We review here the current knowledge on the development of pTregs, iTregs, and their roles and applications.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
Mitsuhiro
M
Kanamori
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
Hiroko
H
Nakatsukasa
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
Masahiro
M
Okada
Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
Qianjin
Q
Lu
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan. Electronic address: yoshimura@a6.keio.jp.
Akihiko
A
Yoshimura
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D019175:DNA Methylation; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive / Q000379:methods*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000502:physiology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D007376:Interleukin-2; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
Clostridium species; DNA methylation; TGF-β; regulatory T cells; transcription factors