Islamic perspectives on clinical intervention near the end-of-life: We can but must we?
The ever-increasing technological advances of modern medicine have increased physicians' capacity to carry out a wide array of clinical interventions near the end-of-life. These new procedures have resulted in new "types" of living where a patient's cognitive functions are severely diminished although many physiological functions remain active. In this biomedical context, patients, surrogate decision-makers, and clinicians all struggle with decisions about what clinical interventions to pursue and when therapeutic intent should be replaced with palliative goals of care. For some patients and clinicians, religious teachings about the duty to seek medical care and the care of the dying offer ethical guidance when faced with such choices. Accordingly, this paper argues that traditional Sunni Islamic ethico-legal views on the obligation to seek medical care and Islamic theological concepts of human dignity (karāmah) and inviolability (ḥurmah) provide the ethical grounds for non-intervention at the end-of-life and can help calibrate goals of care discussions for Muslim patients. In closing the paper highlights the pressing need to develop a holistic ethics of healthcare of the dying from an Islamic perspective that brings together multiple genres of the Islamic intellectual tradition so that it can meet the needs of the patients, clinicians and Muslim religious leaders interacting with the healthcare system.
Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Program on Medicine and Religion, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 5068, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. apadela@uchicago.edu.|Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. apadela@uchicago.edu.|MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. apadela@uchicago.edu.
Aasim I
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-2889
AI
Padela
Islamic Foundation School, Villa Park, IL, USA.
Omar
O
Qureshi
D003657:Decision Making; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D026690:Ethics, Clinical; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D009014:Morals; D028723:Personhood; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics*
Bioethics; Human dignity; Islamic law; Palliative care; Religion