Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced in vitro by solvent-extractable organic matter of size-segregated urban particulate matter.
Three organic fractions of different polarity, including a non polar organic fraction (NPOF), a moderately polar organic fraction (MPOF), and a polar organic fraction (POF) were obtained from size-segregated (<0.49, 0.49-0.97, 0.97-3 and >3 μm) urban particulate matter (PM) samples, and tested for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using a battery of in vitro assays. The cytotoxicity induced by the organic PM fractions was measured by the mitochondrial dehydrogenase (MTT) cell viability assay applied on MRC-5 human lung epithelial cells. DNA damages were evaluated through the comet assay, determination of the poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity, and the oxidative DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation, while pro-inflammatory effects were assessed by determination of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mediator release. In addition, the Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) inducibility of the solvent-extractable organic matter was measured on human peripheral lymphocyte. Variations of responses were assessed in relation to the polarity (hence the expected composition) of the organic PM fractions, particle size, locality, and season. Organic PM fractions were found to induce rather comparable Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of PM appeared to be rather independent from the polarity of the extractable organic PM matter (EOM) with POF often being relatively more toxic than NPOF or MPOF. All assays indicated stronger mass-normalized bioactivity for fine than coarse particles peaking in the 0.97-3 and/or the 0.49-0.97 μm size ranges. Nevertheless, the air volume-normalized bioactivity in all assays was highest for the <0.49 μm size range highlighting the important human health risk posed by the inhalation of these quasi-ultrafine particles.
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Ekaterini
E
Velali
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Eleni
E
Papachristou
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: natasa@chem.auth.gr.
Anastasia
A
Pantazaki
Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Theodora
T
Choli-Papadopoulou
Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
Nikoleta
N
Argyrou
Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
Theodora
T
Tsourouktsoglou
Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
Stergios
S
Lialiaris
Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
Alexandros
A
Constantinidis
Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
Dimitrios
D
Lykidis
Demokrition University of Thrace, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
Thedore S
TS
Lialiaris
Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Athanasios
A
Besis
Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Dimitra
D
Voutsa
Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: csamara@chem.auth.gr.
Constantini
C
Samara
D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects
D000393:Air Pollutants; D018736:DNA Adducts; D052638:Particulate Matter; D000067856:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine
8-OHdG; Comet assay; DNA; MTT assay; PARP; SCE assay; TNF-α