Air pollution, deprivation and health: understanding relationships to add value to local air quality management policy and practice in Wales, UK.
Air pollution exposure reduces life expectancy. Air pollution, deprivation and poor-health status combinations can create increased and disproportionate disease burdens. Problems and solutions are rarely considered in a broad public health context, but doing so can add value to air quality management efforts by reducing air pollution risks, impacts and inequalities.



An ecological study assessed small-area associations between air pollution (nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter), deprivation status and health outcomes in Wales, UK.



Air pollution concentrations were highest in 'most' deprived areas. When considered separately, deprivation-health associations were stronger than air pollution-health associations. Considered simultaneously, air pollution added to deprivation-health associations; interactions between air pollution and deprivation modified and strengthened associations with all-cause and respiratory disease mortality, especially in 'most' deprived areas where most-vulnerable people lived and where health needs were greatest.



There is a need to reduce air pollution-related risks for all. However, it is also the case that greater health gains can result from considering local air pollution problems and solutions in the context of wider health-determinants and acting on a better understanding of relationships. Informed and co-ordinated air pollution mitigation and public health action in high deprivation and pollution areas can reduce risks and inequalities. To achieve this, greater public health integration and collaboration in local air quality management policy and practice is needed.
Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.|Health Protection Team, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK.
H
H
Brunt
Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
J
J
Barnes
Health Protection Team, Public Health Wales,Cardiff, UK.
S J
SJ
Jones
Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
J W S
JWS
Longhurst
WHO Collaborating Centre for Healthy Urban Environments, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
G
G
Scally
Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
E
E
Hayes
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D058735:Environmental Policy; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D009026:Mortality; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D052638:Particulate Matter; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide
air pollution; association; deprivation; health; inequalities