Fruit vinegars attenuate cardiac injury via anti-inflammatory and anti-adiposity actions in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.
BACKGROUND
Fruit vinegars (FVs) are used in Mediterranean folk medicine for their hypolipidemic and weight-reducing properties.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the preventive effects of three types of FV, commonly available in Algeria, namely prickly pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill (Cectaceae)], pomegranate [Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)], and apple [Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae)], against obesity-induced cardiomyopathy and its underlying mechanisms.


METHODS
Seventy-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into 12 groups. The first group served as normal control (distilled water, 7 mL/kg bw), and the remaining groups were respectively treated with distilled water (7 mL/kg bw), acetic acid (0.5% w/v, 7 mL/kg bw) and vinegars of pomegranate, apple or prickly pear (at doses of 3.5, 7 and 14 mL/kg bw, acetic acid content as mentioned above) along with a high-fat diet (HFD). The effects of the oral administration of FV for 18 weeks on the body and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) weights, plasma inflammatory and cardiac enzymes biomarkers, and in heart tissue were evaluated.


RESULTS
Vinegars treatments significantly (p < .05) attenuated the HFD-induced increase in bw (0.2-0.5-fold) and VAT mass (0.7-1.8-fold), as well as increase in plasma levels of CRP (0.1-0.3-fold), fibrinogen (0.2-0.3-fold), leptin (1.7-3.7-fold), TNF-α (0.1-0.6-fold), AST (0.9-1.4-fold), CK-MB (0.3-1.4-fold) and LDH (2.7-6.7-fold). Moreover, vinegar treatments preserved myocardial architecture and attenuated cardiac fibrosis.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that pomegranate, apple and prickly pear vinegars may prevent HFD-induced obesity and obesity-related cardiac complications, and that this prevention may result from the potent anti-inflammatory and anti-adiposity properties of these vinegars.
a Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team , FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) , Algiers , Algeria.
Abdenour
A
Bounihi
a Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team , FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) , Algiers , Algeria.|b Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition , Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique , El Harrach , Algiers , Algeria.
Arezki
A
Bitam
a Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team , FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) , Algiers , Algeria.
Asma
A
Bouazza
c Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Central Biochemistry Laboratory , Mustapha Bacha Hospital , Algiers , Algeria.
Lyece
L
Yargui
a Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism Team , FSB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB) , Algiers , Algeria.
Elhadj Ahmed
EA
Koceir
D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005355:Fibrosis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D029747:Opuntia / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017208:Rats, Wistar
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form; D019342:Acetic Acid
Visceral fat obesity; adipokine; apple; heart; inflammation; pomegranate; prickly pear