Phylogeny of the most species-rich freshwater bivalve family (Bivalvia: Unionida: Unionidae): Defining modern subfamilies and tribes.
Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida are key elements of freshwater habitats and are responsible for important ecological functions and services. Unfortunately, these bivalves are among the most threatened freshwater taxa in the world. However, conservation planning and management are hindered by taxonomic problems and a lack of detailed ecological data. This highlights the urgent need for advances in the areas of systematics and evolutionary relationships within the Unionida. This study presents the most comprehensive phylogeny to date of the larger Unionida family, i.e., the Unionidae. The phylogeny is based on a combined dataset of 1032bp (COI+28S) of 70 species in 46 genera, with 7 of this genera being sequenced for the first time. The resulting phylogeny divided the Unionidae into 6 supported subfamilies and 18 tribes, three of which are here named for the first time (i.e., Chamberlainiini nomen novum, Cristariini nomen novum and Lanceolariini nomen novum). Molecular analyses were complemented by investigations of selected morphological, anatomical and behavioral characters used in traditional phylogenetic studies. No single morphological, anatomical or behavioral character was diagnostic at the subfamily level and few were useful at the tribe level. However, within subfamilies, many tribes can be recognized based on a subset of these characters. The geographical distribution of each of the subfamilies and tribes is also presented. The present study provides important advances in the systematics of these extraordinary taxa with implications for future ecological and conservation studies.
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal. Electronic address: lopeslima.ciimar@gmail.com.
Manuel
M
Lopes-Lima
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
Elsa
E
Froufe
Department of Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
Van Tu
VT
Do
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Marrakech, Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, B.P. 2390 Marrakech, Morocco.
Mohamed
M
Ghamizi
Ecology Center and Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
Karen E
KE
Mock
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey.
Ümit
Ü
Kebapçı
Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Criology, Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch, Chita 672014, Russia.
Olga
O
Klishko
Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10600, Thailand.
Satit
S
Kovitvadhi
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
Uthaiwan
U
Kovitvadhi
Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, cE3c - Centre for Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
Octávio S
OS
Paulo
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
John M
JM
Pfeiffer
HydroGENomics, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
Morgan
M
Raley
CNR - Institute for Ecosystems Studies, Verbania Pallanza (VB), Italy.
Nicoletta
N
Riccardi
Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, İskenderun Technical University, 31200 Iskenderun, Hatay, Turkey.
Hülya
H
Şereflişan
CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
Ronaldo
R
Sousa
CIMO/ESA/IPB - Mountain Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança, Portugal.
Amílcar
A
Teixeira
CITAB/UTAD - Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Forestry Department, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Simone
S
Varandas
School of Life Sciences, Center for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.
Xiaoping
X
Wu
Biology Department, Institute for Great Lakes Research, Central Michigan University, Biosciences Bldg. 2408, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
David T
DT
Zanatta
School of Geography, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia.
Alexandra
A
Zieritz
Research Laboratory, North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, MSC 1626, Raleigh, NC 27699-1626, USA.
Arthur E
AE
Bogan
D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D010802:Phylogeny; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D045304:Cytochromes c; D004247:DNA
Classification; Freshwater mussels; Mollusca; Systematics; Taxonomy