Development of Short-Form Versions of the Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP-R): A Proof-of-Principle Study.
BACKGROUND
The Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain-Revised (SOAPP-R) is a 24-item questionnaire designed to assess risk of aberrant medication-related behaviors in chronic pain patients. The introduction of short forms of the SOAPP-R may save time and increase utilization by practitioners.


OBJECTIVE
To develop and evaluate candidate SOAPP-R short forms.


METHODS
Retrospective study.


METHODS
Pain centers.


METHODS
Four hundred and twenty-eight patients with chronic noncancer pain.


METHODS
Subjects had previously been administered the full-length version of the SOAPP-R and been categorized as positive or negative for aberrant medication-related behaviors via the Aberrant Drug Behavior Index (ADBI). Short forms of the SOAPP-R were developed using lasso logistic regression. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of all forms were calculated with respect to the ADBI using the complete data set, training-test analysis, and 10-fold cross-validation. The coefficient alpha of each form was also calculated. An external set of 12 pain practitioners reviewed the forms for content.


RESULTS
In the complete data set analysis, a form of 12 items exhibited sensitivity, specificity, and AUC greater than or equal to those of the full-length SOAPP-R (which were 0.74, 0.67, and 0.76, respectively). The short form had a coefficient alpha of 0.76. In the training-test analysis and 10-fold cross-validation, it exhibited an AUC value within 0.01 of that of the full-length SOAPP-R. The majority of external practitioners reported a preference for this short form.


CONCLUSIONS
The 12-item version of the SOAPP-R has potential as a short risk screener and should be tested prospectively.
Department of Public Health and Community Service, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Matthew D
MD
Finkelman
Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Niels
N
Smits
Craniofacial Pain and Headache Center, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Ronald J
RJ
Kulich
Inflexxion, Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, USA.
Kevin L
KL
Zacharoff
Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Britta E
BE
Magnuson
Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Hong
H
Chang
Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Jinghui
J
Dong
Inflexxion, Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, USA.
Stephen F
SF
Butler
D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
Chronic Pain; Opioids; Risk Stratification; SOAPP-R; Short Form; Substance Abuse