The effects of increasing amounts of milk replacer powder added to whole milk on passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal development, and body composition in dairy calves.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on feed intake, calf performance, feed efficiency, fecal score, passage rate, apparent nutrient digestibility, development of rumen and other organs, and body composition of increasing the total solids content of liquid feed (whole milk) by adding increasing amounts of milk replacer powder during the preweaning period. Crossbred Holstein-Gyr calves (n=32) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n=8 per group), which consisted of different total solids concentrations: 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% of liquid feed. Calves received 6 L of liquid per day, divided into 2 equal meals (0800 and 1600 h) and provided in buckets, from 5 to 55d of age. Starter and water were provided ad libitum during the entire experiment. At 56d of age, animals were killed. Laboratory analysis determined that the actual total solids contents of the liquid feed were 13.5, 16.1, 18.2, and 20.4%, for the proposed 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% total solids treatments, respectively. The osmolality of liquid feed treatments was 265 to 533 mOsm/L. Fecal score was similar among treatments, except for wk 2 and 7. Intake of liquid feed was similar among treatments from 6wk of age. During wk 4, 5, and 6, we detected a linear decrease in starter intake. After wk 7, we observed greater starter intake for calves fed approximately 16.1% total solids. Water intake, feed efficiency, and withers height were similar among treatments. Increasing concentrations of total solids in liquid feed quadratically affected average daily gain, final body weight, and empty body weight. We observed a greater average daily gain for calves fed approximately 20.4% total solids. Passage rate, nutrient digestibility, development of pre-stomachs and intestine, and body composition were similar among treatments. Increasing the concentration of total solids in liquid feed up to 20.4% reduced starter intake between 4 and 6wk of life, but increased average daily gain. It did not affect passage rate, nutrient digestibility, ruminal and organ development, or body composition in calves during the preweaning period, indicating that this strategy may be a viable alternative for feeding without increasing the total volume of liquid feed provided to dairy calves.
Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil.
R A
RA
Azevedo
Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil.
F S
FS
Machado
Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil.
M M
MM
Campos
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
D R G
DRG
Lopes
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil.
S F
SF
Costa
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
H C
HC
Mantovani
Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil.
F C F
FCF
Lopes
Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
M I
MI
Marcondes
Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil.
L G R
LGR
Pereira
Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Minas Gerais, 36038-330, Brazil.
T R
TR
Tomich
Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, 30161-970, Brazil. Electronic address: sandragesteiracoelho@gmail.com.
S G
SG
Coelho
D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D008892:Milk; D014886:Weaning
calf performance; feed intake; preweaning; total solids