Dyslipidemia in rural areas of North China: prevalence, characteristics, and predictive value.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has been increasing worldwide. As a common pathogenic risk factor, dyslipidemia played a great role in the incidence and progress of these diseases. We investigated to achieve accurate and up-to-date information on the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associations with other lipid-related diseases in rural North China.


METHODS
Using a complex, multistage, probability sampling design, we conducted a large-scale cross-sectional study of 8528 rural participants aged over 18 years in Shandong Province. Prevalence and characteristics of dyslipidemia were demonstrated. The odds ratios between dyslipidemia types and lipid-related diseases were further analyzed by logistic regression.


RESULTS
Among the overall population, 45.8 % suffered from dyslipidemia. The prevalence of lipid abnormality (including high and very high levels) was 18.6, 12.7, 9.8 and 12.7 % for total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), respectively. Among all participants with dyslipidemia, 23.9 % were aware, only 11.5 % were treated, 10.0 % were controlled. For subjects with dyslipidemia, the risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was highest with a 3.3-fold over that of non-dyslipidmia (OR = 3.30, P < 0.001); followed by hyperuricemia and diabetes mellitus (DM), while with 2-fold increase (OR = 1.99, P < 0.001; OR = 1.92, P < 0.001); with only 1.5-fold risk for atherosclerosis (AS) (OR = 1.47, P < 0.001). The presence of high cholesterol was mainly associated with AS, while abnormal TG was correlated with NAFLD and DM.


CONCLUSIONS
Dyslipidemia has become a serious public health issue in rural North China. The rapid increase of high TC and incremental risk of high TG may contribute to the epidemic of AS, NAFLD and DM. It is imperative to develop individualized prevention and treatment guidelines according to dyslipidemia phenotypes.
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.|Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.|Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
Nannan
N
Gao
Department of Sonography, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
Yong
Y
Yu
Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
Bingchang
B
Zhang
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
Zhongshang
Z
Yuan
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.|Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.|Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
Haiqing
H
Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.|Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.|Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
Yongfeng
Y
Song
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.|Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.|Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
Meng
M
Zhao
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
Jiadong
J
Ji
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.|Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.|Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
Lu
L
Liu
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. doctorxuchao@163.com.|Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. doctorxuchao@163.com.|Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. doctorxuchao@163.com.
Chao
C
Xu
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. jjzhao@medmail.com.cn.|Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. jjzhao@medmail.com.cn.|Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. jjzhao@medmail.com.cn.
Jiajun
J
Zhao
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
D008055:Lipids; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
Dyslipdemia; Lipoproteins; Metabolic diseases; Phenotypes; Rural China