Problem-based learning for radiological technologists: a comparison of student attitudes toward plain radiography.
BACKGROUND
Knowledge and skill expected of healthcare providers continues to increase alongside developments in medicine and healthcare. Problem-based learning (PBL) is therefore increasingly necessary in training courses for radiological technologists. However, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of PBL to completely introduce it in our education programs. As a Hypothesis, it seems that a change occurs in the student's attitudes by participating in PBL practical training. There is the Semantic Differential (SeD) technique as a method to identify student's attitudes. We conceived that PBL could be appropriately evaluated by using SeD technique. In this paper, we evaluated PBL for plain radiography practical training using the SeD technique.


METHODS
Thirty-eight third-year students studying radiological technology participated. PBL was introduced to practical training in plain radiography positioning techniques. Five sessions lasting 5 h each were delivered over a 5-week period during November to December 2012. The clinical scenario was an emergency case with multiple trauma requiring plain radiography. Groups comprising approximately eight students created workflows for trauma radiography with consideration of diagnostic accuracy and patient safety. Furthermore, students groups conducted plain radiography on a patient phantom according to created workflows and were then guided by feedback from professional radiologists. All students answered SeD questionnaires to assess views on plain radiography before instruction to provide preliminary practical training reports and after completing practical training.


RESULTS
The factors were identified using factor analysis of the questionnaires, which were answered before and after each practical training session. On evaluation of the relationships between factors and question items according to factor loading, we identified "reluctance", "confidence", and "exhaustion" as the predominant attitudes before practical training. Similarly, we identified "expectation", "self-efficacy", and "realness" as the predominant attitudes after practical training. The attitudes toward plain radiography changed before and after PBL practical training.


CONCLUSIONS
The attitude of self-efficacy was noted after practical training, which incorporated PBL. Student self-efficacy was thought to increase through self-directed learning, which is one of the aims of PBL. Although the influences of other lectures and training, which were performed in parallel with the PBL practice training, were not completely excluded, and although the number of study participants was small, we were able to confirm the effects of PBL.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kitaku N12 W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0821, Japan. terapist@med.hokudai.ac.jp.
Takayoshi
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8628-0204
T
Terashita
Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kitaku N12 W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0821, Japan.
Naomi
N
Tamura
Kutchan-Kosei General Hospital, N4 E1, Kutchan, Hokkaido, 044-0004, Japan.
Kengo
K
Kisa
Department of Medical Education and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kitaku N15 W7, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
Hidenobu
H
Kawabata
Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kitaku N12 W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0821, Japan.
Katsuhiko
K
Ogasawara
D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D018794:Problem-Based Learning; D011859:Radiography; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Factor analysis; Plain radiography practical training; Problem-based learning; Radiological technologist; Self-efficacy; Semantic differential technique; Student’s attitude