Rumination in migraine: Mediating effects of brooding and reflection between migraine and psychological distress.
OBJECTIVE
The relationship between migraine and psychological distress has been consistently reported in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. We hypothesised that a stable tendency to perseverative thoughts such as rumination would mediate the relationship between migraine and psychological distress. Design and Main Outcomes Measures: Self-report questionnaires measuring depressive rumination, current psychological distress and migraine symptoms in two independent European population cohorts, recruited from Budapest (N = 1139) and Manchester (N = 2004), were used. Structural regression analysis within structural equation modelling was applied to test the mediational role of brooding and reflection, the components of rumination, between migraine and psychological distress. Sex, age and lifetime depression were controlled for in the analysis.


RESULTS
Migraine predicted higher brooding and reflection scores, and brooding proved to be a mediator between migraine and psychological distress in both samples, while reflection mediated the relationship significantly only in the Budapest sample.


CONCLUSIONS
Elevated psychological distress in migraine is partially attributed to ruminative response style. Further studies are needed to expand our findings to clinical samples and to examine how rumination links to the adjustment to migraine.
a MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|b Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary.
Gyongyi
G
Kokonyei
a MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|c Doctoral School of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary.
Edina
E
Szabo
a MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|c Doctoral School of Psychology , Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary.
Natalia
N
Kocsel
a MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|d MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.
Andrea
A
Edes
d MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|e Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.
Nora
N
Eszlari
e Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.
Dorottya
D
Pap
a MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|f Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.
Mate
M
Magyar
d MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|e Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.
David
D
Kovacs
a MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|f Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.
Terezia
T
Zsombok
g Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit , The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.|h Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.
Rebecca
R
Elliott
g Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit , The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.|h Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.
Ian Muir
IM
Anderson
g Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit , The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.|h Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.
John Francis
JF
William Deakin
d MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|e Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.
Gyorgy
G
Bagdy
a MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|e Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.|g Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit , The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.|h Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.
Gabriella
G
Juhasz
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking; D055815:Young Adult
brooding; cross-cultural; depression; migraine; psychological distress; rumination