Developmental changes in the level of free and conjugated sialic acids, Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc and KDN in different organs of pig: a LC-MS/MS quantitative analyses.
Recent studies have shown a relationship between the level of the sialic acid (Sia), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) in red meat and its risk in cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Unresolved is the Sia concentration in different organs of piglets during development. Our aim was to determine the level of free and conjugated forms of Neu5Gc, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and ketodeoxynonulsonic acid (Kdn) in fresh and cooked spleen, kidney, lung, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle from 3-days-old (n = 4-8), 38-days-old (n = 10) and adult piglets (n = 4) by LC-MS/MS. Our findings show: (1) Lung tissue from 3 days-old piglets contained the highest level of total Sia (14.6 μmol/g protein) compared with other organs or age groups; (2) Unexpectedly, Neu5Gc was the major Sia in spleen (67-79 %) and adult lung (36-49 %) while free Kdn was the major Sia in skeletal muscle. Conjugated Neu5Ac was the highest Sia in other organs (61-84 %); (3) Skeletal muscle contained the lowest concentration of Neu5Gc in fresh and cooked meat; (4) Kdn accounted for <5 % of the total Sia in most organs; (5) During development, the total Sia concentration showed a 44-79 % decrease in all organs; (6) In adult piglets, the high to low rank order of total Sia was lung, heart, spleen, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle. In conclusion, the high level of Neu5Gc in all organs compared to skeletal muscle is a potential risk factor suggesting that dietary consumption of organ meats should be discouraged in favor of muscle to protect against cancer, cardiovascular and other inflammatory diseases.
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China.
Suna
S
Ji
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China.
Fang
F
Wang
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China.
Yue
Y
Chen
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China.
Changwei
C
Yang
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China.
Panwang
P
Zhang
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China.
Xuebing
X
Zhang
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China. fatroy@ucdavis.edu.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. fatroy@ucdavis.edu.
Frederic A
FA
Troy
School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, 361005, People's Republic of China. biwang@csu.edu.au.|School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, 2678, Australia. biwang@csu.edu.au.
Bing
0000-0003-2146-8529
B
Wang
D000818:Animals; D006321:Heart / Q000254:growth & development; D007668:Kidney / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009438:Neuraminic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000592:standards; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013154:Spleen / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013400:Sugar Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine
D009438:Neuraminic Acids; D012794:Sialic Acids; D013400:Sugar Acids
Development; LC-MS/MS; Neu5Gc; Pig; Sialic acids