Cognitive vulnerabilities in parents as a potential risk factor for anxiety symptoms in young adult offspring: An exploration of looming cognitive style.
Given that anxiety runs in families, it is critical to understand the cognitive factors that may be responsible for this intergenerational transmission. The present study offers a first step by exploring the link between mother and father tendencies to view potentially threatening situations as rapidly escalating toward dreaded outcomes (i.e., looming cognitive style) and the emotional disturbances and looming cognitive styles of their adult offspring.



We assessed cognitive vulnerabilities, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in a non-clinical sample (N = 382) of Italian college students and their parents.



The looming cognitive style of fathers, but not mothers, was significantly related to greater anxiety in adult offspring. This finding was obtained for both sons and daughters, and remained even after statistically controlling for the anxiety, worry, depressive symptoms, and anxiety sensitivity (AS) of parents). Notably, the association between fathers' looming cognitive style and offspring symptoms was not related to their child's depressive symptoms, and similar to prior work, served as a cognitive marker specific to anxiety.



The present study relied on a cross-sectional design and did not use clients diagnosed with anxiety disorders.



The findings suggest that it may prove fruitful to consider parental vulnerabilities such as looming cognitive styles in comprehensive cognitive and interpersonal models of anxiety. The intergenerational transmission of emotional difficulties seems to extend beyond anxiety to beliefs about the escalation of threat.
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA. Electronic address: jriskind@gmu.edu.
John H
JH
Riskind
Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy.
Claudio
C
Sica
Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Gioia
G
Bottesi
Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
Marta
M
Ghisi
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Todd B
TB
Kashdan
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D032721:Adult Children / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
Anxiety; Anxiety sensitivity; Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety; Intergenerational transmission of anxiety; Looming cognitive style; Worry