Computational Study of the Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Aromatic Acid Chlorides: The Synergistic Effect of PtBu3and CO on Reductive Elimination.
We describe herein computational studies on the unusual ability of Pd(PtBu3)2to catalyze formation of highly reactive acid chlorides from aryl halides and carbon monoxide. These show a synergistic role of carbon monoxide in concert with the large cone angle PtBu3that dramatically lowers the barrier to reductive elimination. The tertiary structure of the phosphine is found to be critical in allowing CO association and the generation of a high energy, four coordinate (CO)(PR3)Pd(COAr)Cl intermediate. The stability of this complex, and the barrier to elimination, is highly dependent upon phosphine structure, with the tertiary steric bulk of PtBu3favoring product formation over other ligands. These data suggest that even difficult reductive eliminations can be rapid with CO association and ligand manipulation. This study also represents the first detailed exploration of all the steps involved in palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reactions with simple phosphine ligands, including the key rate-determining steps and palladium(0) catalyst resting state in carbonylations.
McGill University, Chemistry, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada.
Jeffrey S
JS
Quesnel
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M at Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
Salvador
S
Moncho
Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie St, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada.
Kai E O
KE
Ylijoki
McGill University, Chemistry, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada.
Gerardo Martin
GM
Torres
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M at Qatar, Doha, Qatar. edward.brothers@qatar.tamu.edu.
Edward N
EN
Brothers
Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M at Qatar, Doha, Qatar. ashfaq.bengali@qatar.tamu.edu.
Ashfaq A
AA
Bengali
McGill University, Chemistry, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada. bruce.arndtsen@mcgill.ca.
Bruce A
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4915-9261
BA
Arndtsen
acid chloride; carbonylation; density functional calculations; palladium; reductive elimination