Smoking, alcohol and caffeine in relation to two hormonal indicators of ovarian age during the reproductive years.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether or not cigarette smoking, alcohol and caffeine intake are related to two indicators of ovarian age-anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).


METHODS
Cross-sectional study of 477 women with a recent index spontaneous abortion (SA) (105 trisomic, 93 non-trisomic) or livebirth (LB) (279) with hormones measured on days 2-4 of an apparently normal menstrual cycle after the index pregnancy.


RESULTS
Current smoking is associated with about a 15% increase in median FSH (β for ln(FSH)=0.14, 95% CI 0.03,0.25). It is not significantly related to AMH (β for ln(AMH)=-0.25, 95% CI -0.56,0.06). Neither alcohol 2-7days per week nor caffeine 122-<553mg per day is independently related to AMH or FSH.


CONCLUSIONS
The observation that current smoking is associated with FSH, but not with AMH, suggests that current smoking either impairs the development of antral follicles or dysregulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The absence of an association with AMH argues against mechanisms related to accelerated follicle atresia.
Department of Social Psychiatry and Imprints Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: jkk3@columbia.edu.
J
J
Kline
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA.
A
A
Tang
Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
B
B
Levin
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D006080:Ovarian Follicle; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012098:Reproduction; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
D002110:Caffeine; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone
AMH; Alcohol; Caffeine; Epidemiology; FSH; Smoking