Pharmacy and primary care perspectives on e-prescribing in a rural community: A focused ethnography.
Electronic prescribing (ERx) is the ability for prescriber to send a digital prescription directly to a pharmacist through a dedicated secure network. A number of federally funded incentives such as the health information technology for economic and clinical health (HITECH) and Meaningful Use standards have led to ERx implementation. ERx is an integral part of primary care practice and today most community pharmacies are enabled to accept e-prescriptions. Little is known about the experience of rural pharmacists, primary care providers and patients regarding e-prescribing. This paper reports on the results of ERx from their perspectives. The findings are a portion of a larger qualitative descriptive study focused on the meaning of Meaningful Use in remote rural communities. One remote rural community in the Pacific Northwest was used for this research endeavor.



Explore understandings of e-prescribing from both pharmacist and primary care provider perspective. Explore patients' understandings and experiences of e-prescribing.



The conceptual model for this research was the Ecological Transactional Model. This model informed the research design, interview questions and analysis. A qualitative descriptive methodology - focused ethnography was used for this study. Six key informant interviews, 14 patient interviews and 15 hours of participant observation provided the data. Data analysis occurred collectively between a social pharmacy researcher, a primary care nurse practitioner-researcher and pharmacy graduate students. The research qualitatively identified contextual understandings and dimensions of ERx in this setting.



Based on a focused ethnographic methodology, contextual understandings of rurality and role identity, both pharmacist and primary care provider, were explored. Perspectives on ERx of patients, clinic manager and RN staff were also elicited. Three dimensions of ERx were identified - technological, structural and communication.



The structural, technological and communication dimensions are essential in understanding e-prescribing across settings and addressing digital divides in our health care system. Implications for interprofessional pharmacy education were addressed. Understanding the rural context and the need for role adaptability has implications for health care policy. Additional research is needed on the role of the rural pharmacist and how best to interact with primary care providers and patients.
Fay W. Whitney School of Nursing, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Electronic address: skooieng@uwyo.edu.
Sarah
S
Kooienga
Social and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
Reshmi L
RL
Singh
D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D019033:Delivery of Health Care, Integrated / Q000458:organization & administration; D055695:Electronic Prescribing; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology*; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000523:psychology*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D014959:Wyoming
Digital divide; Electronic prescribing; Pharmacist; Primary health care; Rural population