The Immune System in Tissue Environments Regaining Homeostasis after Injury: Is "Inflammation" Always Inflammation?
Inflammation is a response to infections or tissue injuries. Inflammation was once defined by clinical signs, later by the presence of leukocytes, and nowadays by expression of "proinflammatory" cytokines and chemokines. But leukocytes and cytokines often have rather anti-inflammatory, proregenerative, and homeostatic effects. Is there a need to redefine "inflammation"? In this review, we discuss the functions of "inflammatory" mediators/regulators of the innate immune system that determine tissue environments to fulfill the need of the tissue while regaining homeostasis after injury.
Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India.
Onkar P
0000-0002-8877-0573
OP
Kulkarni
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
Julia
0000-0001-5210-4774
J
Lichtnekert
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
Hans-Joachim
0000-0003-2434-2956
HJ
Anders
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
Shrikant R
0000-0003-4261-445X
SR
Mulay
D000818:Animals; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000378:metabolism*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*