Nuclear Localised MORE SULPHUR ACCUMULATION1 Epigenetically Regulates Sulphur Homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Sulphur (S) is an essential element for all living organisms. The uptake, assimilation and metabolism of S in plants are well studied. However, the regulation of S homeostasis remains largely unknown. Here, we report on the identification and characterisation of the more sulphur accumulation1 (msa1-1) mutant. The MSA1 protein is localized to the nucleus and is required for both S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) production and DNA methylation. Loss of function of the nuclear localised MSA1 leads to a reduction in SAM in roots and a strong S-deficiency response even at ample S supply, causing an over-accumulation of sulphate, sulphite, cysteine and glutathione. Supplementation with SAM suppresses this high S phenotype. Furthermore, mutation of MSA1 affects genome-wide DNA methylation, including the methylation of S-deficiency responsive genes. Elevated S accumulation in msa1-1 requires the increased expression of the sulphate transporter genes SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2 which are also differentially methylated in msa1-1. Our results suggest a novel function for MSA1 in the nucleus in regulating SAM biosynthesis and maintaining S homeostasis epigenetically via DNA methylation.
Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Xin-Yuan
XY
Huang
Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Dai-Yin
DY
Chao
Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Anna
A
Koprivova
Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
John
0000-0002-5103-3852
J
Danku
Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Markus
0000-0001-7790-4022
M
Wirtz
Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
Steffen
S
Müller
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America.
Francisco J
FJ
Sandoval
Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
Hermann
H
Bauwe
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America.
Sanja
S
Roje
Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
Brian
B
Dilkes
Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
Rüdiger
0000-0002-6238-4818
R
Hell
Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Stanislav
S
Kopriva
Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
David E
DE
Salt
D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D027321:Anion Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000378:metabolism*
D027321:Anion Transport Proteins; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C000618591:MSA1-1 protein, Arabidopsis; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C455459:Sultr1;1 protein, Arabidopsis; C455460:Sultr1;2 protein, Arabidopsis; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D005978:Glutathione