Seroprevalence of Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16 in Healthy People in Shandong Province, China.
BACKGROUND
Hand, foot, and mouth disease has become very common in mainland of China in recent years, and enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 are its major etiologic factors. Here we investigated the seroprevalence of enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 based on a large group of healthy individuals in Shandong province, China.


METHODS
A total of 1378 healthy individuals were tested for serum neutralizing antibodies against enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 using a micro neutralization test.


RESULTS
The overall seroprevalence of enterovirus A71 neutralizing antibodies was 74.75%. It increased significantly from 48.84% in children aged 0-1 years old to 88.64% in those aged 20-29 years (p < 0.01) and decreased to 85.71% in adults > 40 years old with a significant gender-specific difference (p < 0.01). The overall coxsackievirus A16 antibody prevalence was 71.77%. It increased significantly from 39.53% in children aged 0-1 years to 80.68% in those aged 10-19 years (p < 0.01) and decreased to 75.63% in adults >40 years without a gender-specific difference. Nearly 50% of the children <1 year were susceptible to enterovirus A71 infection versus 40% to coxsackievirus A16 infection. Sample collection time and place also played a role in the enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 positive rates. The overall rates in January were significantly lower than those in April and August (p < 0.01); enterovirus A71 positive rates in Jinan city (capital city of Shandong province) were lower than those in Jining city and Zibo city (p < 0.05); and oxsackievirus A16 positive rates in Jining city were significantly higher than those in Jinan city and Zibo city (p < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
There were significant differences among age groups, locations, and time points in the seroprevalence rates of enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 neutralizing antibodies in healthy people in Shandong province.
Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Controland Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong 250014, China.
Jian-Xing
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5098-1001
JX
Wang
WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
Shuang-Li
SL
Zhu
Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Controland Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong 250014, China.|School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
Jing
J
Wang
Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Controland Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong 250014, China.
Yi
Y
Lin
Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Controland Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong 250014, China.
Yao-Wen
YW
Pei
Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Controland Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong 250014, China.
Da-Peng
DP
Sun
WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
Yong
Y
Zhang
Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Controland Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong 250014, China.
Xian-Jun
XJ
Wang
WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
Wen-Bo
WB
Xu
Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Communicable Disease Controland Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan Shandong 250014, China.
Shu-Jun
SJ
Ding
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003384:Coxsackievirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000276:immunology; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D011159:Population Surveillance; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D055815:Young Adult
D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral