Macrophage fatty acid oxidation and its roles in macrophage polarization and fatty acid-induced inflammation.
Recent research considerably changed our knowledge how cellular metabolism affects the immune system. We appreciate that metabolism not only provides energy to immune cells, but also actively influences diverse immune cell phenotypes. Fatty acid metabolism, particularly mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) emerges as an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Catabolism of fatty acids also modulates the progression of disease, such as the development of obesity-driven insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Here, we summarize (i) recent developments in research how FAO modulates inflammatory signatures in macrophages in response to saturated fatty acids, and (ii) the role of FAO in regulating anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. In addition, we define the contribution of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), in controlling macrophage biology towards fatty acid metabolism and inflammation.
Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany. Electronic address: namgaladze@biochem.uni-frankfurt.de.
Dmitry
D
Namgaladze
Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
Bernhard
B
Brüne
D000818:Animals; D016764:Cell Polarity; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
D005227:Fatty Acids
AMP-activated protein kinase; Fatty acid oxidation; Fatty acids; Inflammation; Macrophages; Metabolism