Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly applied to enhance the white colour and brightness of food products. TiO2is also used as white pigment in other products such as toothpaste. A small fraction of the pigment is known to be present as nanoparticles (NPs). Recent studies with TiO2NPs indicate that these particles can have toxic effects. In this paper, we aimed to estimate the oral intake of TiO2and its NPs from food, food supplements and toothpaste in the Dutch population aged 2 to over 70 years by combining data on food consumption and supplement intake with concentrations of Ti and TiO2NPs in food products and supplements. For children aged 2-6 years, additional intake via ingestion of toothpaste was estimated. The mean long-term intake to TiO2ranges from 0.06 mg/kg bw/day in elderly (70+), 0.17 mg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 0.67 mg/kg bw/day in children (2-6 year old). The estimated mean intake of TiO2NPs ranges from 0.19 μg/kg bw/day in elderly, 0.55 μg/kg bw/day for 7-69-year-old people, to 2.16 μg/kg bw/day in young children. Ninety-fifth percentile (P95) values are 0.74, 1.61 and 4.16 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The products contributing most to the TiO2intake are toothpaste (in young children only), candy, coffee creamer, fine bakery wares and sauces. In a separate publication, the results are used to evaluate whether the presence of TiO2NPs in these products can pose a human health risk.
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
Cathy
C
Rompelberg
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
Minne B
MB
Heringa
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
Gerda
G
van Donkersgoed
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
José
J
Drijvers
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
Agnes
A
Roos
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
Susanne
S
Westenbrink
b RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research Centre , Wageningen , The Netherlands.
Ruud
R
Peters
b RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research Centre , Wageningen , The Netherlands.
Greet
G
van Bemmel
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
Walter
W
Brand
a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands and.
Agnes G
AG
Oomen
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D004435:Eating; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D009426:Netherlands; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis*; D014100:Toothpastes / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
D014100:Toothpastes; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
Food additive E 171; TiO2; long-term dietary intake; nanomaterial; probabilistic modelling