Chemotaxonomic perspectives of the Paracaryum (Cynoglosseae, Boraginaceae) taxa based on fruit fatty acid composition.
Paracaryum is a medium sized genus in Cynoglosseae. This study represents the most comprehensive phytochemical investigation of Paracaryum to date. The fatty acid compositions of the fruits of ten Paracaryum taxa belonging to three different subgenera were investigated for chemotaxonomic allocation using gas chromatography. The fatty acid profiles of seven Paracaryum taxa, five of which are endemic to Turkey, were recorded for the first time. Among the twenty-two analysed fatty acids, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids were the major fatty acids represented. The oleic acid content ranged from 22.1% in P. hirsutum to 51.7% in P. lithospermifolium subsp. cariense var. erectum; linolenic acid content ranged from 8.6% in P. lithospermifolium subsp. cariense var. erectum to 20.7% in P. erysimifolium; α-linolenic acid content ranged from 7.5% in P. lithospermifolium subsp. cariense var. erectum to 13.5% in P. cristatum subsp. cristatum; gamma linolenic acid content ranged from 2.8% in P. erysimifolium to 6.0% in P. hirsutum. Additional fatty acids also displayed varying levels in different species; palmitic acid content accounted for 17.7% in P. erysimifolium, erucic acid content was 8.73% in P. strictum, eicosenoic acid content was 6.0% in P. cristatum subsp. cristatum, eicosadienoic acid content was 4.4% in P. hirsutum, and stearic acid content was 4.3% in P. erysimifolium. The classification of the tribe Cynoglosseae remains controversial despite the many intensive morphological and phylogenetic investigations that have been carried out. Our fatty acid data from Paracaryum were analysed together with previously recorded fatty acid data from Cynoglosseae s.l. taxa to examine the chemotaxonomic contribution to the classification among taxa in Cynoglosseae by multivariate methods, including the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and principal component analysis. An assessment of these chemometrics data supported the chemotaxonomic position of the genus Paracaryum in the tribe Cynoglosseae. While the principal component graphic did not depict clear separation of the three subgenera of Paracaryum, the principal component analysis revealed the chemotaxonomic significance of palmitic, linoleic, capric, and oleic acids.
Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: adogrukoca@gmail.com.
Aslı
A
Doğru-Koca
Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: tameroz@istanbul.edu.tr.
Tamer
T
Özcan
Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: ot@hacettepe.edu.tr.
Şinasi
Ş
Yıldırımlı
D028082:Boraginaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010802:Phylogeny
D003652:Decanoic Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D019301:Oleic Acid; D019308:Palmitic Acid; C031071:decanoic acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid
Boraginaceae; C10:0 = capric acid (PubChem CID:2969); C12:0 = lauric acid (PubChem CID:3893); C14:0 = myristic acid (PubChem CID:16212357); C15:0 = pentadecanoic acid (PubChem CID:13849); C16:0 = palmitic acid (PubChem CID:935); C16:1 = palmitoleic acid (PubChem CID:445638); C17:0 = heptadecanoic acid (PubChem CID:10465); C18:0 = stearic acid (PubChem CID:5281); C18:1n9c = oleic acid (PubChem CID:445639); C18:2n6c = linoleic acid = LA (PubChem CID:5280450); C18:3n3 = alpha-linolenic acid = ALA (PubChem CID:5280934); C18:3n6 = gamma-linolenic acid = GLA (PubChem CID:5280933); C20:0 = arachidic acid (PubChem CID:10467); C20:1n9c = eicosenoic acid (PubChem CID:142770); C20:2 = eicosadienoic acid (PubChem CID:6439848); C20:3n3 = eicosatrienoic acid = ETE (PubChem CID:5312529); C22:0 = behenic acid (PubChem CID:8215); C22:1n9 = erucic acid (PubChem CID:5281116); C23:0 = tricosanoic acid (PubChem CID:17085); C24:0 = lignoceric acid (PubChem CID:11197); C24:1 = nervonic acid (PubChem CID:5281120); C8:0 = caprylic acid (PubChem CID:379); Chemotaxonomy; Cynoglosseae; Fatty acids; Gas chromatography; Multivariate analysis; Paracaryum