History of the infantile hepatic hemangioma: From imaging to generating a differential diagnosis.
We aim to provide an up-to-date summary of infantile hepatic hemangioma (IHH) and its misnomers and to dialectically present the differential diagnosis of these rare entities of the liver. Eligible peer-reviewed articles on hepatic infantile hemangiomas, published between 2000 and 2015, were reviewed for this study. IHH is the most common hepatic vascular tumor in children. Once a liver mass is identified in an infant, the differential diagnosis ranges from vascular malformations to benign and malignant tumors including mesenchymal hamartoma, hepatoblastoma, metastatic neuroblastoma, so careful physical examination, imaging studies, and, if indicated, tumor markers and biopsy, are of pivotal importance to ascertain the correct diagnosis. Despite the benign nature of IHHs, some of these lesions may demand medical and/or surgical intervention, especially for multiple and diffuse IHH. Complications can include hepatomegaly, hypothyroidism and cardiac failure. Therefore, a close follow-up is required until complete involution of the lesions. We propose an algorithm to guide the physicians towards the proper management of hepatic lesions.
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Maria
M
Gnarra
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Gerald
G
Behr
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Alison
A
Kitajewski
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
June K
JK
Wu
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Sudha A
SA
Anupindi
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Carrie J
CJ
Shawber
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Nick
N
Zavras
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Dimitrios
D
Schizas
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Chris
C
Salakos
Maria Gnarra, Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
Konstantinos P
KP
Economopoulos
Children; Hepatic hemangiomas; Infant; Vascular tumors