Asian venous thromboembolism guidelines: updated recommendations for the prevention of venous thromboembolism.
The Asian venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis guidelines were first published in 2012. Since its first edition, the Asian Venous Thrombosis Forum (AVTF) working group have updated the Asian VTE epidemiology and reviewed issues that were not addressed in the previous guidelines. The authors noted that the rising incidence of VTE across Asia may be attributable to aging population, dietary changes, and increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes. The new additions in the guideline include role of thrombophilia in VTE, bleeding risk in Asians, individual risk assessment, updates in the prevention of VTE in medically ill, bariatric surgery, cancer, orthopedic and trauma patients. The influence of primary thrombophilia in perioperative VTE is still unclear. The secondary risk factors, however, are similar between Asians and Caucasians. The group found no evidence of increased risk of bleeding while using pharmacological agents, including the use of novel anti-coagulants. At present, Caprini risk assessment model is widely used for individual risk assessment. Further validation of this model is needed in Asia. In medically ill patients, pharmacological agents are preferred if there is no bleeding risk. Intermittent pneumatic compression device (IPC) is recommended in patients with bleeding risk but we do not recommend using graduated compressive stockings. In bariatric patients, data on VTE is lacking in Asia. We recommend following current international guidelines. A high index of suspicion should be maintained during postbariatric surgery to detect and promptly treat portomesenteric venous thrombosis. Different cancer types have different thrombotic risks and the types of surgery influence to a large extent the overall VTE risk. Cancer patients should receive further risk assessment. In patients with higher thrombotic risk, either due to predisposing risk or concomitant surgery, low molecular weight heparin is indicated. Different countries appear to have different incidence of VTE following trauma and major orthopedic surgery. We recommend mechanical prophylaxis using IPC as the main method and additional pharmacological prophylaxis if the thrombotic risk is high. As for obstetric practice, we propose adherence to the UK Greentop guideline that is widely accepted and utilized across Asia. To improve VTE thromboprophylaxis implementation in the region, we propose that there should be better health education, establishment of hospital-based guidelines and multidisciplinary collaboration.
Department of Surgery, University Putra Malaysia and Hospital Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia - liewnc@yahoo.com.
Ngoh C
NC
Liew
Department of Cardiology, Makati Medical Centre, Makati, Philippines.
Gina V
GV
Alemany
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
Pantep
P
Angchaisuksiri
Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University, Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
Soo M
SM
Bang
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
Gordon
G
Choi
National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore.
Deidre A
DA
DE Silva
Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
Ji M
JM
Hong
Department of Surgery, University Putra Malaysia and Hospital Serdang, Serdang, Malaysia.
Limi
L
Lee
Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
Yong J
YJ
Li
Orthopedic Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore.
Ganesan N
GN
Rajamoney
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India.
John
J
Suviraj
Department of O and G KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
Thiam C
TC
Tan
Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Eric
E
Tse
Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
Li T
LT
Teo
Department of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Santo Tomas, Philippines.
Julie
J
Visperas
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
Raymond S
RS
Wong
Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
Lai H
LH
Lee
D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D048228:Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012955:Societies, Medical; D053828:Stockings, Compression; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*
D000925:Anticoagulants; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents