Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Niño 2015-2016.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main driver of interannual climate extremes in Amazonia and other tropical regions. The current 2015/2016 EN event was expected to be as strong as the EN of the century in 1997/98, with extreme heat and drought over most of Amazonian rainforests. Here we show that this protracted EN event, combined with the regional warming trend, was associated with unprecedented warming and a larger extent of extreme drought in Amazonia compared to the earlier strong EN events in 1982/83 and 1997/98. Typical EN-like drought conditions were observed only in eastern Amazonia, whilst in western Amazonia there was an unusual wetting. We attribute this wet-dry dipole to the location of the maximum sea surface warming on the Central equatorial Pacific. The impacts of this climate extreme on the rainforest ecosystems remain to be documented and are likely to be different to previous strong EN events.
Global Change Unit, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
Juan C
JC
Jiménez-Muñoz
Laboratory for the Analysis of the Biosphere, Department of Environmental Sciences and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11315, Santiago, Chile.
Cristian
C
Mattar
Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.|Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.|School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
Jonathan
J
Barichivich
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
Andrés
A
Santamaría-Artigas
Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Lima, Peru.
Ken
K
Takahashi
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13QY, UK.
Yadvinder
Y
Malhi
Global Change Unit, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
José A
JA
Sobrino
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), The Netherlands.
Gerard van der
Gv
Schrier