Vaccine purchasing groups in the United States: An overview of their policies and practices.
Vaccine purchasing groups (VPGs) may help reduce the upfront cost of vaccines. The objective of this study was to describe key business practices of VPGs in the United States.



Semi-structured, qualitative telephone interviews were conducted with representatives from 11 VPGs, based on a sampling frame of 53 VPGs. Interviews were transcribed and summarized by topic.



Characteristics of the 11 VPGs interviewed reflect the broader VPG population: 64% national vs 36% regional; 8% charge a membership fee; membership ranging from 40 to over 300,000 sites. VPGs establish agreements with vaccine manufacturers, typically with either GlaxoSmithKline or Merck and Sanofi Pasteur; 1 VPG reported a single-product (Trumenba) agreement with Pfizer. VPG agreements specify "product loyalty" benchmarks (proportion of that manufacturer's product line) that the VPG and its members must meet to receive discounted vaccine pricing. The amount of discount is considered proprietary. Practices may actively participate with only one VPG; the member discount is automatically applied by the manufacturer at the time of ordering. Vaccine manufacturers monitor sales data to ensure compliance with product loyalty terms; practices that do not meet benchmarks may be removed from the VPG. VPGs are paid administration fees by the manufacturers. VPGs use these fees to cover their operating expenses and often rebate a portion of these fees back to their members. All 11 VPGs offer additional services to members, ranging from immunization-focused education and technical assistance to discounts on a broad range of medical and business supplies.



VPGs can facilitate access to reduced purchase prices for most vaccines routinely recommended in the United States. Data on the magnitude of the price reductions were not publicly available. VPG members must balance loyalty-based price reductions against considerations of having a wider choice of vaccine products.
Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Center, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: cowana@med.umich.edu.
Anne E
AE
Cowan
Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Center, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Sarah J
SJ
Clark
National Vaccine Program Office, US Department of Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201, USA.
Jennifer L
JL
Gordon
National Vaccine Program Office, US Department of Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201, USA.
Karin
K
Bok
National Vaccine Program Office, US Department of Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201, USA.
Angela K
AK
Shen
D003132:Commerce / Q000379:methods; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D005249:Fees and Charges; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D057766:Policy; D014481:United States; D014612:Vaccines / Q000191:economics*
D014612:Vaccines
Buying group; Group purchasing organization; Purchasing group; Vaccine financing; Vaccine purchase; Vaccines