An association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels and emergency ambulance dispatches for cardiovascular diseases in Japan.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to determine whether short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with emergency ambulance dispatches for cardiovascular diseases in Japan.


METHODS
The nationwide data on emergency dispatches of ambulance for cardiovascular diseases classified as I00-I99 by International Classification of Diseases-10th revision in 30 Japanese prefectures between April 1 and December 31, in 2010 were analyzed. Data on weather variability including PM2.5, temperature and relative humidity were acquired from ambient air pollution monitoring stations. Conditional Poisson regression models were used to estimate the prefecture-specific effects of PM2.5on morbidity, and adjust for confounding factors. A meta-analysis was then applied to pool estimates at the 30-prefecture level.


RESULTS
A total of 160,566 emergency ambulance dispatches for cardiovascular diseases were reported during the study period. The risk of emergency ambulance dispatch for cardiovascular diseases significantly increased with an increase in the exposure to PM2.5in Fukuoka and Iwate Prefectures. However, we found no statistically significant associations between PM2.5and emergency ambulance dispatches in the pooled analysis (odds ratio 1.00, 95 % confidence interval 0.99-1.00). Heterogeneity was not observed between prefectures (Cochran Q test, p = 0.187, I2= 18.4 %).


CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to PM2.5is not associated with overall emergency ambulance dispatches for cardiovascular diseases in Japan.
Department of Cardiology, Harasanshin Hospital, 1-8 Taihakucho, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka, 812-0033, Japan. ichiki@cardiol.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
Toshihiro
T
Ichiki
Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
Daisuke
D
Onozuka
Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.|Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
Masahiro
M
Kamouchi
Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
Akihito
A
Hagihara
D000552:Ambulances; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D000071820:Emergency Medical Dispatch / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007564:Japan; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013696:Temperature; D014887:Weather
D052638:Particulate Matter
Cardiovascular diseases; Emergency ambulance dispatch; Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)