Increased time-to-pregnancy is associated with domestic work in South Africa.
BACKGROUND
The effects of female occupational exposures on fecundity have not been evaluated in South Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of three specific occupational groups on time-to-pregnancy (TTP).


METHODS
This cross-sectional study collected data, by means of a questionnaire, on 1210 women representative of a South African population, and sought information on: TTP for the most recent pregnancy, time-specific information on maternal factors and occupational exposures, as well as some paternal factors. Occupational exposure groups were determined using employment profile prior to the pregnancy. In the risk analysis, domestic workers and teachers were compared to administrative staff. Accidental and unplanned pregnancies were excluded from the analysis and participants who were never pregnant were censored. Discrete-time Cox regression models were built to estimate fecundability ratios (FR).


RESULTS
The median TTP in administrative workers, domestic workers and teachers was 4, 12 and 3 months respectively. After adjusting for a number of potential confounders, TTP was significantly related to occupation at the time of pregnancy attempt. Compared to administrative workers, domestic workers had a significantly lower per-cycle probability of conception (adjusted FR = 0.53; 95 CI 0.32-0.88). The per-cycle probability of conception in teachers compared to administrative workers was not significantly different (adjusted FR = 1.14; 95 CI: 0.75-1.72).


CONCLUSIONS
Domestic work was associated with prolonged TTP. Working as a domestic worker in South Africa may affect fecundity.
Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. braimoh.bello@cesar-africa.com.|Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa. braimoh.bello@cesar-africa.com.
Braimoh
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-2045
B
Bello
Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Dick
D
Heederik
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Danuta
D
Kielkowski
Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Kerry
K
Wilson
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D013019:South Africa; D013997:Time Factors; D061685:Time-to-Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
Domestic workers; Fecundity; Fertility; Occupation; South Africa; Time-to-pregnancy