Water, sanitation and hygiene related risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth and Giardia duodenalis infections in rural communities in Timor-Leste.
There is little evidence on prevalence or risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infections in Timor-Leste. This study describes the epidemiology, water, sanitation and hygiene, and socioeconomic risk factors of STH and intestinal protozoa amongst communities in Manufahi District, Timor-Leste. As part of a cluster randomised controlled trial, a baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted across 18 villages, with data from six additional villages. Stool samples were assessed for soil transmitted helminth and protozoal infections using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and questionnaires administered to collect water, sanitation and hygiene and socioeconomic data. Risk factors for infection were assessed using multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression, stratified by age group (preschool, school-aged and adult). Overall, soil transmitted helminth prevalence was 69% (95% Confidence Interval 67-71%), with Necator americanus being most common (60%; 95% Confidence Interval 58-62%) followed by Ascaris spp. (24%; 95% Confidence Interval 23-26%). Ascaris-N. americanus co-infection was common (17%; 95% Confidence Interval 15%-18%). Giardia duodenalis was the main protozoan identified (13%; 95% Confidence Interval 11-14%). Baseline water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and behaviours were poor. Although risk factors varied by age of participants and parasite species, risk factors for N. americanus infection included, generally, age in years, male sex, and socioeconomic quintile. Risk factors for Ascaris included age in years for children, and piped water to the yard for adults. In this first known assessment of community-based prevalence and associated risk factors in Timor-Leste, soil transmitted helminth infections were highly prevalent, indicating a need for soil transmitted helminth control. Few associations with water, sanitation and hygiene were evident, despite water, sanitation and hygiene being generally poor. In our water, sanitation and hygiene we will investigate implications of improving WASH on soil transmitted helminth infection in impoverished communities.
Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia. Electronic address: suzanne.campbell@anu.edu.au.
Suzy J
SJ
Campbell
Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
Susana V
SV
Nery
Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
Catherine A
CA
D'Este
Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Darren J
DJ
Gray
School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
James S
JS
McCarthy
Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Rebecca J
RJ
Traub
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Dr, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia.
Ross M
RM
Andrews
Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Stacey
S
Llewellyn
Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Wallace Wurth Building, High St, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
Andrew J
AJ
Vallely
School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Gail M
GM
Williams
Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
Salvador
S
Amaral
Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Rd, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
Archie C A
AC
Clements
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016829:Giardia lamblia; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012499:Sanitation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology; D049648:Timor-Leste / Q000453:epidemiology; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
D012987:Soil; D014867:Water
Ascaris lumbricoides; Giardia; Helminth; Hookworm; Necator americanus; Prevalence; Risk factor; Soil transmitted