Osmotic Pressure in Clinical Medicine with an Emphasis on Dialysis.
Since the beginning of life of the first multicellular organisms, the preservation of a physiologic milieu for every cell in the organism has been a critical requirement. A particular range of osmolality of the body fluids is essential for the maintenance of cell volume. In humans the stability of electrolyte concentrations and their resulting osmolality in the body fluids is the consequence of complex interactions between cell membrane functions, hormonal control, thirst, and controlled kidney excretion of fluid and solutes. Knowledge of these mechanisms, of the biochemical principles of osmolality, and of the relevant situations occurring in disease is of importance to every physician. This comprehensive review summarizes the major facts on osmolality, its relation to electrolytes and other solutes, and its relevance in physiology and in disease states with a focus on dialysis-related considerations.
Research Division, Renal Research Institute, New York City, New York.
Jochen G
0000-0002-8954-2783
JG
Raimann
Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center/University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Antonios H
AH
Tzamaloukas
Research Division, Renal Research Institute, New York City, New York.
Nathan W
NW
Levin
Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
Todd S
TS
Ing
D015510:Clinical Medicine / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
D015314:Dialysis Solutions