title: Zonula occludens toxins and their prophages in Campylobacter species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously showed that zonula occludens toxin (Zot) encoded by Campylobacter concisus zot (808T) gene has the potential to initiate inflammatory bowel disease. This Zot protein caused prolonged intestinal epithelial barrier damage, induced intestinal epithelial and macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor-α and enhanced the responses of macrophages to other microbes. In order to understand the potential virulence of Zot proteins in other Campylobacter species, in this study we examined their presence, similarities, motifs and prophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of Zot proteins in Campylobacter species was examined by searching for the Zot family domain in multiple protein databases. Walker A and Walker B motifs in Zot proteins were identified using protein sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree based on Campylobacter zot genes was constructed using maximum-likelihood method. Campylobacter Zot proteins were compared using protein sequence alignment. The zot-containing prophages in Campylobacter species were identified and compared with known prophage proteins and other viral proteins using protein sequence alignment and protein BLAST.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve Zot proteins were found in nine Campylobacter species/subspecies. Among these Campylobacter species, three species had two Zot proteins and the remaining six species/subspecies had one Zot protein. Walker A and Walker B motifs and a transmembrane domain were found in all identified Campylobacter Zot proteins. The twelve Campylobacter zot genes from the nine Campylobacter species/subspecies formed two clusters. The ZotCampyType_1 proteins encoded by Cluster 1 Campylobacter zot genes showed high similarities to each other. However, ZotCampyType_2 proteins encoded by Cluster 2 Campylobacter zot genes were more diverse. Furthermore, the zot-containing Campylobacter prophages were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports the identification of two types of Campylobacter Zot proteins. The high similarities of ZotCampyType_1 proteins suggest that they are likely to have similar virulence. ZotCampyType_2 proteins are less similar to each other and their virulent properties, if any, remain to be examined individually.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia.
authors.forename: Hoyul
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia.
authors.forename: Ruiting
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, 2052 Australia.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: Campylobacter; Campylobacter concisus; Prophage; Zonula occludens toxin (Zot)