title: Predictors of social integration for individuals with brain injury: An application of the ICF model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with brain injury often experience significant challenges to social and community engagement following injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors impacting social integration for adults with brain injury using the International Classification and Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a conceptual model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with brain injury (n = 103) recruited through two US state brain injury associations participated in a survey study. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the predictive impact of components of the ICF model on social integration outcomes. Specifically, demographic (age, gender, SES), disability (severity of functional limitations), personal (disability acceptance, social self-efficacy) and environmental (neighbourhood climate, stigma, social support network) factors were entered as four conceptual groups of predictors to examine the incremental contribution of the variance in social integration explained by each set.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hypothesized, the inclusion of each block of predictors significantly improved the model. The overall regression model explained 41% of the variance in social integration. Specifically, SES (β = 0.25), severity of functional limitations (β = 0.29) and social support network (β = 0.29) emerged as the strongest independent predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from this study highlight the importance of adopting a biopsychosocial approach to understanding social integration for people with brain injury.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ditchman
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rafajko
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kazukauskas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D062309:Community Integration / Q000523:psychology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D014481:United States
keywords: Brain injury; ICF; biopsychosocial; community integration; participation