title: Urinary bisphenol A is associated with dysregulation of HPA-axis function in pregnant women: Findings from the APrON cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol A (BPA) is associated with dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in rodents, but evidence in humans is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether BPA exposure during pregnancy is associated with dysregulation of the HPA-axis, we examined the association between urinary BPA concentrations and diurnal salivary cortisol in pregnant women. Secondary analyses investigated whether the association between BPA and cortisol was dependent on fetal sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diurnal salivary cortisol and urinary BPA were collected during pregnancy from 174 women in a longitudinal cohort study, the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study. Associations between BPA and daytime cortisol and the cortisol awakening response (CAR) were estimated using mixed models after adjusting for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher concentrations of total BPA uncorrected for urinary creatinine were associated with dysregulation of the daytime cortisol pattern, including reduced cortisol at waking, β=-.055, 95% CI (-.100, -.010) and a flatter daytime pattern, β=.014, 95% CI (.006, .022) and β=-.0007 95% CI (-.001, -.0002) for the linear and quadratic slopes, respectively. Effect sizes in creatinine corrected BPA models were slightly smaller. None of the interactions between fetal sex and BPA were significant (all 95% CI's include zero).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide the first human evidence suggesting that BPA exposure is associated with dysregulation of HPA-axis function during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: ggiesbre@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jiaying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Maede
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ejaredar
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Letourneau
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Tavis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000416:Alberta; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity / Q000652:urine*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003404:Creatinine; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Bisphenol-A; Cortisol; Cortisol awakening response; HPA-axis function; Pregnancy