title: Azo dyes and human health: A review.
abstract: Synthetic azo dyes are widely used in industries. Gerhardt Domagk discovered that the antimicrobial effect of red azo dye Prontosil was caused by the reductively cleaved (azo reduction) product sulfanilamide. The significance of azo reduction is thus revealed. Azo reduction can be accomplished by human intestinal microflora, skin microflora, environmental microorganisms, to a lesser extent by human liver azoreductase, and by nonbiological means. Some azo dyes can be carcinogenic without being cleaved into aromatic amines. However, the carcinogenicity of many azo dyes is due to their cleaved product such as benzidine. Benzidine induces various human and animal tumors. Another azo dye component, p-phenylenediamine, is a contact allergen. Many azo dyes and their reductively cleaved products as well as chemically related aromatic amines are reported to affect human health, causing allergies and other human maladies.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biological Sciences , The University of Memphis , Memphis , Tennessee , USA.
authors.forename: King-Thom
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords: Azo dyes; cancer; carcinogen activation; intestinal microbiome