title: Parabens inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase: A potential role in paraben-enhanced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation.
abstract: Parabens are a class of small molecules that are regularly used as preservatives in a variety of personal care products. Several parabens, including butylparaben and benzylparaben, have been found to interfere with endocrine signaling and to stimulate adipocyte differentiation. We hypothesized these biological effects could be due to interference with the endocannabinoid system and identified fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) as the direct molecular target of parabens. FAAH inhibition by parabens yields mixed-type and time-independent kinetics. Additionally, structure activity relationships indicate FAAH inhibition is selective for the paraben class of compounds and the more hydrophobic parabens have higher potency. Parabens enhanced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation in a dose dependent fashion, different from two other FAAH inhibitors URB597 and PF622. Moreover, parabens, URB597 and PF622 all failed to enhance AEA-induced differentiation. Furthermore, rimonabant, a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)-selective antagonist, did not attenuate paraben-induced adipocyte differentiation. Thus, adipogenesis mediated by parabens likely occurs through modulation of endocannabinoids, but cell differentiation is independent of direct activation of CB1by endocannabinoids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Sean D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kodani
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Haley B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Overby
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morisseau
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: bdhammock@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D010226:Parabens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists; D000077285:Rimonabant; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
chemical_list: D000581:Amidohydrolases; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010226:Parabens; D010880:Piperidines; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D000077285:Rimonabant; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C078814:anandamide
keywords: Adipocyte; Benzylparaben; Fatty acid amide hydrolase; Parabens