title: Dispersal of Lutzomyia longipalpis and expansion of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in São Paulo State, Brazil.
abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected disease, is a serious public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the sensitivity of Lutzomyia longipalpis and canine VL (CVL) autochthony early detection and describe the spatial and temporal dispersal of vector and expansion of VL in a Brazilian state. We obtained data on the leishmaniasis vector and VL cases in São Paulo State (SP), Brazil, from the Division of Endemic Disease Control and from the Epidemiological Surveillance Center of the São Paulo State Department of Health. Data were analyzed for 645 municipalities and 63 microregions and presented as thematic and flow maps. Following the verified presence of L. longipalpis in Araçatuba in 1997, the first autochthonous cases of canine VL (CVL) (1998) and of human VL (HVL) (1999) in São Paulo were reported, both in Araçatuba. From 1997 to 2014, the urban presence of the leishmaniasis vector was verified in 167 (25.9%) municipalities with cases of CVL reported in 108 (16.7%) and cases of HVL in 84 (13%). The sensitivities for vector presence early detection in relation to the identification of CVL and HVL autochthony were, respectively, equal to 76.4 and 92.5%. The sensitivity for CVL autochthony early detection in relation to the HVL autochthony identification was 75.8%. Vector dispersal and expansion of CVL and HVL were from the northwest to the southeast of the state, primarily flanking the Marechal Rondon highway at a constant rate of progression of 10, seven, and six new municipalities affected per year, respectively. We concluded that the sensitivity for vector presence and CVL autochthony presented reasonable accuracy and most of the time the vector presence and, specially, the CVL and HVL autochthony were identified in the main cities of the microregions of SP. Vector dispersal and expansion of VL started in 1997 near the state border of SP with the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has advanced from the northwest to the southeast flanking the Marechal Rondon highway at an arithmetic progression rate outward from the main cities of the microregions. Autochthonous cases of CVL and HVL emerged in SP, in general, after the verified presence of L. longipalpis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: agdaracz@usp.br.
authors.forename: Agda Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem, Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: carolina.portugal.vieria@usp.br.
authors.forename: Carolina Portugal
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, 05408-003 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: mrdibo@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Margareth Regina
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dibo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Vetores de São José do Rio Preto, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, 15090-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: mmguirado@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marluci Monteiro
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Guirado
authors.affiliation: Serviço Regional 9, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Minas Gerais, 135, 15015-160 Araçatuba, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: colerodas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lilian Aparecida Colebrusco
authors.initials: LAC
authors.lastname: Rodas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: franciscochiara@usp.br.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiaravalloti-Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018450:Disease Progression; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D004285:Dogs; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000662:veterinary; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary*; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D011156:Population Density; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Brazil; Lutzomyia longipalpis; Spatial analysis; Visceral leishmaniasis