title: PD-1/PD-L and autoimmunity: A growing relationship.
abstract: Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, namely PD-L1 and PD-L2, are one of the key factors responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling, mediating the mechanisms of tolerance and providing immune homeostasis. Mounting evidence demonstrates that impaired PD-1:PD-L function plays an important role in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), Behcet's disease (BD), myasthenia gravis (MG), autoimmune uveitis (AU), Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), myocarditis, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). By investigating the candidate genes, genome-wide association studies, and identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD-1 gene in humans, it has been shown that there is a higher risk in relevant genetic associations with developing autoimmune diseases in certain ethnic groups. In this review we have tried to present a comprehensive role of PD-1:PD-L in all recently studied autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zamani
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aslani
authors.affiliation: Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salmaninejad
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Javan
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Rezaei_nima@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rezaei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015551:Autoimmunity; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: Autoimmunity; PD-1; PD-L1; PD-L2