title: Risk factors for short- and long-term mortality in very old patients with Clostridium difficile infection: A retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most cases of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) occur in patients aged 65 years and older. Older age is associated with increased mortality. Risk factors for mortality in patients aged 80 years and older are not well recognized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed retrospective data including 184 patients aged 80 years and older hospitalized with CDI during 2009-2014. We aimed to delineate risk factors for short- and long-term mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 30-day mortality was 33.2%; 1-year mortality was 64.7%. Median survival was 110 days (interquartile range 24-655 days). All four patients who underwent colectomy died. Risk factors for 30-day mortality in multivariate analysis were diabetes mellitus, low albumin and therapy other than metronidazole monotherapy, the latter probably reflecting higher severity of disease rather than a true predictor of mortality. Risk factors for long-term mortality analyzed in Cox regression were albumin ≤2.5 g/dL (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.395-0.850), presentation with sepsis (HR 0.597, 95% CI 0.408-0.873), a non-independent activities of daily living baseline status (HR 0.460, 95% CI 0.236--0.897) and Charlson score (HR 0.867, 95% CI 0.801-0.938). None of the traditional severity indices for CDI (such as leukocytosis or creatinine increase) proved to be predictors of mortality over the age of 80 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognosis of old patients with CDI is dismal. Considering the high mortality, efforts to prevent CDI should be first priority in patients aged 80 years and older. Assessment of albumin levels should be part of the evaluation at presentation and considered when choosing treatment, rather than standard severity indexes for CDI. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1378-1383.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.|Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yaara
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leibovici-Weissman
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine C, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Alaa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atamna
authors.affiliation: Department of Acute Geriatrics, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.|Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.|Unit of Infectious Diseases, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Noa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eliakim-Raz
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.|Unit of Infectious Diseases, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Jihad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bishara
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel.|Unit of Infectious Diseases, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Dafna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yahav
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Clostridium difficile; frail elderly; geriatrics; hospital mortality; mortality