title: Large-scale monitoring of effects of clothianidin-dressed oilseed rape seeds on pollinating insects in Northern Germany: effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera).
abstract: Possible effects of clothianidin seed-treated oilseed rape on honey bee colonies were investigated in a large-scale monitoring project in Northern Germany, where oilseed rape usually comprises 25-33 % of the arable land. For both reference and test sites, six study locations were selected and eight honey bee hives were placed at each location. At each site, three locations were directly adjacent to oilseed rape fields and three locations were situated 400 m away from the nearest oilseed rape field. Thus, 96 hives were exposed to fully flowering oilseed rape crops. Colony sizes and weights, the amount of honey harvested, and infection with parasites and diseases were monitored between April and September 2014. The percentage of oilseed rape pollen was determined in pollen and honey samples. After oilseed rape flowering, the hives were transferred to an extensive isolated area for post-exposure monitoring. Total numbers of adult bees and brood cells showed seasonal fluctuations, and there were no significant differences between the sites. The honey, which was extracted at the end of the exposure phase, contained 62.0-83.5 % oilseed rape pollen. Varroa destructor infestation was low during most of the course of the study but increased at the end of the study due to flumethrin resistance in the mite populations. In summary, honey bee colonies foraging in clothianidin seed-treated oilseed rape did not show any detrimental symptoms as compared to colonies foraging in clothianidin-free oilseed rape. Development of colony strength, brood success as well as honey yield and pathogen infection were not significantly affected by clothianidin seed-treatment during this study.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rolke
authors.affiliation: Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grünewald
authors.affiliation: tier3 solutions GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany.
authors.forename: Zhenglei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institut für Bienenkunde (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Goethe University Frankfurt, Oberursel, Germany. wblenau@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-4730
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Blenau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D029688:Brassica napus / Q000737:chemistry*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005858:Germany; D006146:Guanidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D054817:Pollination / Q000187:drug effects*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin
keywords: Colony development; Field study; Neonicotinoid; Plant protection product; Pollinator; Seed-treatment