title: Theoretical investigation of loratadine reactivity in order to understand its degradation properties: DFT and MD study.
abstract: Antihistamines are frequently used pharmaceuticals that treat the symptoms of allergic reactions. Loratadine (LOR) is an active component of the second generation of selective antihistaminic pharmaceutical usually known as Claritin. Frequent usage of this type of pharmaceuticals imposes the need for understanding their fundamental reactive properties. In this study we have theoretically investigated reactive properties of LOR using both density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. DFT study is used for collecting information related to the molecule stability, structure, frontier molecular orbitals, quantum molecular descriptors, charge distribution, molecular electrostatic potential surfaces, charge polarization, and local reactivity properties according to average local ionization energy surfaces. Based on these results, N24 atom of pyridine ring and oxygen atom O1 were identified with nucleophilic nature. In order to collect the information necessary for the proposition of degradation compounds we also calculated bond dissociation energies (BDE) for hydrogen abstraction and single acyclic bonds as well. According to BDE, the oxidation is likely to occur in the piperidine and cycloheptane rings. MD simulations were used in order to understand the interactions with water through radial distribution functions (RDF). Based on RDFs the most important interactions with solvent are determined for carbon atom C5, chlorine atom Cl15, and oxygen atom O1. Collected results based on DFT calculations and MD simulations provided information important for suggestion of possible degradation compounds. Covalent and noncovalent interactions between LOR and (•)OH have also been investigated.
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Trg D. Obradovića 4, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia. stevan.armakovic@df.uns.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Stevan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armaković
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Sanja J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Armaković
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Biljana F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Abramović
mesh_terms: D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000737:chemistry*; D017336:Loratadine / Q000737:chemistry*; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D011789:Quantum Theory; D055672:Static Electricity; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D014867:Water; D017336:Loratadine
keywords: Bond dissociation energy (BDE); Degradation intermediates; Density functional theory (DFT); Loratadine (LOR); Molecular dynamics (MD); Radial distribution functions (RDF)