title: Effectiveness of the behavior change intervention to improve harm reduction self-efficacy among people who inject drugs in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People who inject drugs (PWID) in Thailand reported unsafe injection practices resulting in injection-related health consequences. Harm reduction self-efficacy plays an important role and could be improved to reduce harm associated with injecting drugs. Evidence-based interventions targeting PWID are needed. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the behavior change intervention within the PWID population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The behavior change intervention, Triple-S, was designed to improve harm reduction self-efficacy among PWID. This quasi-experimental study was a pre- and post-comparison with a control group design. Participants were PWID, aged 18-45 years, and located in Bangkok. Changes in harm reduction self-efficacy of the intervention group were compared with the control group using paired and independent t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of PWID were male (84%), had a secondary school and lower education (71%), were single, and had a mean age of 41 years. They had been injecting drugs for an average of 20 years, and the median of drug injections per week was ten times in the past month. Pre- and post-intervention effects were measured and results showed that the intervention group reported improvement in harm reduction self-efficacy in negative emotional conditions (P=0.048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that Triple-S intervention can significantly improve harm reduction self-efficacy in negative emotional conditions. The results may suggest the importance of behavior change intervention, especially when integrated with services provided by drop-in centers. The intervention can be further developed to cover other harm reduction behaviors and improve harm reduction self-efficacy.
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Duangta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pawa
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University; Drug Dependence Research Center WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Drug Dependence, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chitlada
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Areesantichai
keywords: behavior change; drug injection; drug use; harm reduction; self-efficacy; substance abuse