title: Bouncing on Mars and the Moon-the role of gravity on neuromuscular control: correlation of muscle activity and rate of force development.
abstract: On our astronomical neighbors Mars and the Moon, bouncing movements are the preferred locomotor techniques. During bouncing, the stretch-shortening cycle describes the muscular activation pattern. This study aimed to identify gravity-dependent changes in kinematic and neuromuscular characteristics in the stretch-shortening cycle. Hence, neuromuscular control of limb muscles as well as correlations between the muscles' pre-activation, reflex components, and force output were assessed in lunar, Martian, and Earth gravity. During parabolic flights, peak force (Fmax), ground-contact-time, rate of force development (RFD), height, and impulse were measured. Electromyographic (EMG) activities in the m. soleus (SOL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) were assessed before (PRE) and during bounces for the reflex phases short-, medium-, and long-latency response (SLR, MLR, LLR). With gradually decreasing gravitation, Fmax, RFD, and impulse were reduced, whereas ground-contact time and height increased. Concomitantly, EMG_GM decreased for PRE, SLR, MLR, and LLR, and in EMG_SOL in SLR, MLR, and LLR. For SLR and MLR, Fmaxand RFD were positively correlated to EMG_SOL. For PRE and LLR, RFD and Fmaxwere positively correlated to EMG_GM. Findings emphasize that biomechanically relevant kinematic adaptations in response to gravity variation were accompanied by muscle- and phase-specific modulations in neural control. Gravitational variation is anticipated and compensated for by gravity-adjusted muscle activities. Importantly, the pre-activation and reflex phases were differently affected: in SLR and MLR, SOL is assumed to contribute to the decline in force output with a decreasing load, and, complementary in PRE and LLR, GM seems to be of major importance for force generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ramona.ritzmann@sport.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Ramona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ritzmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freyler
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gollhofer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006112:Gravitation; D006181:H-Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018535:Mars; D016081:Moon; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology
keywords: electromyography; load; parabolic flight; reflex; stretch-shortening cycle