title: Two alternative DNA extraction methods to improve the detection of Mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex members in cattle and red deer tissue samples.
abstract: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), which is caused by Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae, is a notifiable animal disease in Germany. Diagnostic procedure is based on a prescribed protocol that is published in the framework of German bTB legislation. In this protocol small sample volumes are used for DNA extraction followed by real-time PCR analyses. As mycobacteria tend to concentrate in granuloma and the infected tissue in early stages of infection does not necessarily show any visible lesions, it is likely that DNA extraction from only small tissue samples (20-40 mg) of a randomly chosen spot from the organ and following PCR testing may result in false negative results. In this study two DNA extraction methods were developed to process larger sample volumes to increase the detection sensitivity of mycobacterial DNA in animal tissue. The first extraction method is based on magnetic capture, in which specific capture oligonucleotides were utilized. These nucleotides are linked to magnetic particles and capture Mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex (MTC) DNA released from 10 to 15 g of tissue material. In a second approach remaining sediments from the magnetic capture protocol were further processed with a less complex extraction protocol that can be used in daily routine diagnostics. A total number of 100 tissue samples from 34 cattle (n = 74) and 18 red deer (n = 26) were analyzed with the developed protocols and results were compared to the prescribed protocol.
  
  
  
  All three extraction methods yield reliable results by the real-time PCR analysis. The use of larger sample volume led to a sensitivity increase of DNA detection which was shown by the decrease of Ct-values. Furthermore five samples which were tested negative or questionable by the official extraction protocol were detected positive by real time PCR when the alternative extraction methods were used. By calculating the kappa index, the three extraction protocols resulted in a moderate (0.52; protocol 1 vs 3) to almost perfect agreement (1.00; red deer sample testing with all protocols).
  
  
  
  Both new methods yielded increased detection rates for MTC DNA detection in large sample volumes and consequently improve the official diagnostic protocol.
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Shari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fell
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bröckl
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Büttner
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rettinger
authors.affiliation: Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany. R.Straubinger@lmu.de.
authors.forename: Reinhard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Straubinger
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003670:Deer; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000382:microbiology; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000662:veterinary; D014380:Tuberculosis, Bovine / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: Bovine tuberculosis; DNA extraction; MTC; Magnetic capture; Mycobacterium caprae