title: Prevalent and Incident Vertebral Deformities in Midlife Women: Results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vertebral fractures are the most common type of osteoporotic fracture among women, but estimates of their prevalence and incidence during middle-age are limited. The development of vertebral morphometry (VM) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) makes it more feasible to measure VM in large, longitudinal, observational studies. We conducted this study to: 1) contribute to the scant knowledge of the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for vertebral deformities in middle-aged women; and 2) to evaluate the performance of DXA-based VM measurement in a large, community based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample is derived from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multi-site, community-based, longitudinal cohort study of the MT. Using Hologic QDR 4500A instruments, we acquired initial VM measurements in 1446 women during calendar years 2004-2007; in 2012-2013, a follow-up VM was obtained in 1108. Annually, lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral density (BMD) were measured and participant characteristics were assessed with standardized instruments. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the relations between prevalent deformity and relevant characteristics. Analyses of characteristics associated with prevalent deformity were restricted to 824 women who had not taken bone active medications since SWAN baseline. We calculated incident deformity per person year (PY) of observation, standardized to 1000 person-years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cranial portion of the VM image yielded the lowest proportions of readable vertebrae: from T4 through T6, between 43% and 63% of vertebral bodies were evaluable. Greater BMI was associated with fewer readable levels (B = -0.088, p<0.0001). In the baseline sample of 1446 women, the prevalence of vertebral deformity was 3.2% (95% CI: 2.3, 4.1). The relative odds of deformity increased by 61% per SD decrement in baseline LS BMD (p = 0.02) and were 67% greater per SD decrement in baseline FN BMD (p = 0.04). Odds of prevalent deformity increased by 21% per year increment in age (p = 0.02). On average, 1108 women were followed for 6.8 years (SD 0.5 years, range 5.1-8.3 years) and we observed an incidence of 1.98 vertebral deformities per 1000 PY. In the longitudinal sample, 628 participants had never used bone active medications; their vertebral deformity incidence was 2.8 per 1000 PY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of vertebral deformity in SWAN participants aged 50-60 years was low and lower bone density at the LS and FN was strongly related to greater risk of prevalent deformity. Only about half of the vertebral levels between T4-T6 could be adequately imaged by DXA. Greater BMI is associated with fewer readable vertebral levels.
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Greendale
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wilhalme
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mei-Hua
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cauley
authors.affiliation: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America.
authors.forename: Arun S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Karlamangla