title: The use of vanishing spray reduces the extent of rule violations in soccer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More and more sport associations introduce innovative devices to support referees and umpires respectively, affecting a strong need for the evaluation of these devices. This study evaluates the use of the new vanishing spray for free kicks in the German Bundesliga. In more detail, the aim of the study is to investigate if the spray reduces violations of the required minimum distance and consequently the respective punishments, if it reduces errors concerning the distance set by the referee and if it leads to a higher success rate of free kicks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, 1833 free kicks of the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 season of the German Bundesliga were screened using a self-designed observational system. For the statistical analysis two parallel samples were built of 299 free kicks each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed no decrease of free kicks with distance violations but a significantly lower extent of these violations (χ(2) = 4.58; p < .05). However, none of these violations were punished appropriately. Concerning the success of free kicks, no significant impact was found neither for shots nor for crosses. In addition, no influence on the distance set by the referee could be identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main objective of the vanishing spray was basically realized, but the use didn't lead to any further positive (side) effects. Due to the lack of punishment, the authors raise concerns about the current application of the minimum distance rule.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Training Science and Sport Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Otto
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8062-3923
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kolbinger
authors.affiliation: Chair of Training Science and Sport Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Link
keywords: Evaluation research; Free kicks; Referees; Umpiring aids; Vanishing spray