title: Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse.
abstract: Autophagy is a highly regulated process in which excessive cytoplasmic materials are captured and degraded during deprivation conditions. The unique nature of autophagy that clears invasive microorganisms has made it an important cellular defense mechanism in a variety of clinical situations. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy is extensively involved in the pathology of HIV-1. To ensure survival of the virus, HIV-1 viral proteins modulate and utilize the autophagy pathway so that biosynthesis of the virus is maximized. At the same time, the abuse of illicit drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and alcohol is thought to be a significant risk factor for the acquirement and progression of HIV-1. During drug-induced toxicity, autophagic activity has been proved to be altered in various cell types. Here, we review the current literature on the interaction between autophagy, HIV-1, and drug abuse and discuss the complex role of autophagy during HIV-1 pathogenesis in co-exposure to illicit drugs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glazyrin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. ksantosh@uthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. kumaran@umkc.edu.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D008694:Methamphetamine; D009020:Morphine
keywords: Alcohol; Autophagy; HIV-1; Methamphetamine; Morphine