title: The development of a coding system to code planning talk within motivational interviewing.
abstract: Understanding mechanisms of motivational interviewing (MI) could improve practice. Planning is important for behavior change, and a component of MI. We aimed to develop a scale to measure planning talk within MI and explore the potential association between planning and weight loss maintenance (WLM).
  
  
  
  A literature review and thematic analysis was used to develop the coding system. Reliability was tested using MI examples and a transcript. It was applied to 50 sessions and associations between planning and WLM were analyzed using logistic and linear regression.
  
  
  
  The coding system included: past, continuing, future and hypothetical plans and goal setting, varying on specificity and commitment. The percentage agreement was 86% and 75% for examples and transcript reliability respectively. Frequent planners, potentially decrease their weight 2.8kg(-9.7, 0.6) and BMI 1.2kg/m2(-3.1, 0.4) more compared to less frequent planners. Frequent goal setters increase their BMI(3.6kg/m2, 1.5, 5.7) and weight (9.5kg, 3.4, 15.6) compared to non-goal setters.
  
  
  
  It is feasible to measure planning, with acceptable agreement. Limited conclusions for the potential associations were demonstrated.
  
  
  
  This is the first scale to measure planning, an important aspect of MI which has received less attention.
authors.affiliation: Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: CopelandLC@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: South East Wales Trials Unit, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: McNamara@cardiff.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McNamara
authors.affiliation: South East Wales Trials Unit, Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Electronic address: KelsonMJ@cf.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelson
authors.affiliation: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, UK. Electronic address: Sharon.simpson@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D000068959:Body Weight Maintenance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D062405:Motivational Interviewing / Q000379:methods*; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs
keywords: Behavior change counselling; Lifestyle change; Motivational interviewing; Outcome measure; Planning; Weight loss maintenance