title: Contribution to the anatomical nomenclature concerning upper limb anatomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to revise and extend the existing sections of Terminologia Anatomica dealing with the upper limb structures, which nomenclature belongs to its most neglected and not developing parts, and to justify the use of the proposed anatomical terms in the clinical practice, research, and education.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample collected from own educational and research experience was matched in the main anatomical textbooks as well as old and recent anatomical journals and compared with four versions of the official Latin anatomical nomenclatures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors summarize here 145 terms, completed with their definitions or explanations, concerning both constant and variable (inconstant) morphological structures (bones, joints, muscles, vessels, and nerves) of the pectoral girdle, arm, cubital region, forearm, wrist, and hand, completed with some grammar remarks and several general terms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After a broad discussion on this topic, the Terminologia Anatomica should be revised and extend with the listed terms (or their equivalents).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague 5, Czech Republic.|Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Tolstého 1556/16, 586 01, Jihlava, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kachlik
authors.affiliation: Centre of Scientific Information, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic. vladimir.musil@lf3.cuni.cz.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Musil
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics Jihlava, Tolstého 1556/16, 586 01, Jihlava, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vaclav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baca
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Anatomical nomenclature; Anatomical terminology; Terminologia Anatomica; Upper limb; Variation