title: Are Temporal Differences in GDNF and NOS Isoform Induction Contributors to Neurodegeneration? A Fluorescence Microscopy-Based Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Specific factors in Parkinson's disease have become targets as to their protective and degenerative effects. We have demonstrated that cytokines and PD-CSF detrimentally affect microglia and astrocyte growth. While glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been recognized as a possible neuron-rescue agent, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in neurodegenerative processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that glial cell activation, cytokine production, and NOS induction, play an intimate role in the loss of dopaminergic signaling, via mechanisms that are a result of inflammation and inflammatory stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study animals were sacrificed following endotoxin treatment and tissue sections were harvested and probed for GDNF and NOS isomers by fluorescence deconvolution microscopy. Fluorescence was mapped and quantified for each probe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An immune cell influx into 'vulnerable' areas of the brain was seen, and three NOS isomers, inducible (iNOS), neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS), were synthesized in the brains, a finding which suggests that each isomer has a role in neurodegeneration. eNOS was found associated with blood vessels, while iNOS was associated with glial and matrix cells and nNOS was located with both glia and neurons. Following endotoxin treatment, serum levels of nitric oxide were higher at 6-8 hours, while tissue levels of NOS were elevated for much longer. Thus, induction of NOS occurred earlier than the induction of GDNF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the protective abilities of GDNF to combat neural destruction are not available rapidly enough, and do not remain at sufficiently high levels long enough to assert its protective effects. (250).
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston,Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Marie-Francoise
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Doursout
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston,Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Yangyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston,Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Mya C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Schiess
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston,Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston,Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Poindexter
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston,Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Diane L M
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hickson-Bick
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston,Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bick
keywords: Endotoxin; Fluorescence microscopy; Glial derived neurotrophic factor; Neurodegeneration; Nitric oxide