title: FGF-23 and cardiovascular disease: review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review examines associations between fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGF-23 is a hormone produced by osteocytes and osteoblasts that aids with phosphate excretion by the kidney and acts as a negative feedback regulator for activated vitamin D synthesis. Recent studies have found associations between elevated FGF-23 levels and a number of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular events and mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent studies have explored the possible effects of FGF-23 on the cardiovascular system. In animal and observational human studies, there is a link between elevated FGF-23 levels and multiple cardiovascular outcomes, including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular events and mortality. Further studies are required to evaluate whether decreasing FGF-23 levels improves cardiovascular outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jasveen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Rupinder Singh
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Buttar
authors.forename: Pardeep
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kreimerman
authors.forename: Michal L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Melamed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: C000717427:FGF23 protein, human; D010710:Phosphates; D014807:Vitamin D; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D000089703:Fibroblast Growth Factor-23