title: The effects of letter spacing and coloured overlays on reading speed and accuracy in adult dyslexia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zorzi et al. (2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109, 11455) found evidence that extra-large letter spacing aids children with dyslexia, but the evidence for the coloured overlays is contradictory (e.g., Henderson et al., 2013, J. Res. Special Educ. Needs, 13, 57; Wilkins, 2002, Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt., 22, 448), and possible combined advantages have not been identified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether extra-large letter spacing or coloured overlays can alleviate reading problems in dyslexic adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 24 dyslexic and 24 non-dyslexic university students, matched for age and fluid intelligence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reading speed and the errors made by a dyslexic and a control group were measured in four conditions: with and without coloured overlays and with normally and largely spaced texts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large letter spacing improves the reading speed in general, as well as improves the reading accuracy in dyslexic readers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the positive effect of letter spacing on reading performance.
authors.affiliation: Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.|Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sjoblom
authors.affiliation: Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Stagg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D012858:Size Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013334:Students; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adult dyslexia; coloured overlays; letter spacing; reading