title: NAD-preferring malic enzyme: localization, regulation and its potential role in herring (Clupea harengus) sperm cells.
abstract: Herring spermatozoa exhibit a high activity of NAD-preferring malic enzyme (NAD-ME). This enzyme is involved in the generation of NADH or NADPH in the decarboxylation of malate to form pyruvate and requires some divalent cations to express its activity. In order to confirm that NAD-ME isolated from herring sperm cells is localized in mitochondria, we performed immunofluorescent analysis and assayed spectrophotometrically the malic enzyme reaction. Production of polyclonal rabbit antibodies against NAD-ME from herring spermatozoa enabled identification of mitochondrial localization of this enzyme inside herring spermatozoa. The kinetic studies revealed that NAD-ME was competitively inhibited by ATP up to tenfold. Addition of fumarate reversed ATP-dependent inhibition of NAD-ME to 55 % of its maximum activity. The pH-dependent regulation of malic enzyme activity was also examined. Malic enzyme showed maximum activity at pH near 7.0 in all studied conditions. Finally, the role of malic enzyme activity regulation in mitochondria of herring sperm cells was discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland. n.niedzwiecka@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Niedźwiecka
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gronczewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Edward F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Skorkowski
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005650:Fumarates / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D005650:Fumarates; D010725:Phosphocreatine; C032005:fumaric acid; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase; C046446:malate dehydrogenase-(oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NAD+)
keywords: ATP; Herring sperm; Immunolocalization; Mitochondria; NAD-ME