title: Arsenic accumulation in rice: Consequences of rice genotypes and management practices to reduce human health risk.
abstract: Rice is an essential staple food and feeds over half of the world's population. Consumption of rice has increased from limited intake in Western countries some 50years ago to major dietary intake now. Rice consumption represents a major route for inorganic arsenic (As) exposure in many countries, especially for people with a large proportion of rice in their daily diet as much as 60%. Rice plants are more efficient in assimilating As into its grains than other cereal crops and the accumulation may also adversely affect the quality of rice and their nutrition. Rice is generally grown as a lowland crop in flooded soils under reducing conditions. Under these conditions the bioavailability of As is greatly enhanced leading to excessive As bioaccumulation compared to that under oxidizing upland conditions. Inorganic As species are carcinogenic to humans and even at low levels in the diet pose a considerable risk to humans. There is a substantial genetic variation among the rice genotypes in grain-As accumulation as well as speciation. Identifying the extent of genetic variation in grain-As concentration and speciation of As compounds are crucial to determining the rice varieties which accumulate low inorganic As. Varietal selection, irrigation water management, use of fertilizer and soil amendments, cooking practices etc. play a vital role in reducing As exposure from rice grains. In the meantime assessing the bioavailability of As from rice is crucial to understanding human health exposure and reducing the risk.
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Shofiqul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahmudur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: ravi.naidu@crccare.com.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001152:Arsenicals; D001682:Biological Availability; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005308:Fertilizers; D055868:Floods; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Bioaccumulation of As; Human health risk; Management practices for mitigation; Rice genotypes