title: Superficial Siderosis after Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage.
abstract: Germinal matrix hemorrhage is a frequent complication of prematurity and can be associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome, depending on its severity. In addition to parenchymal damage, intraventricular residues of hemorrhage and hydrocephalus MR imaging findings include superficial siderosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and location of superficial siderosis in patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively identified patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage who underwent MR imaging in our institution between 2008 and 2016. Imaging was evaluated for the presence and location of superficial siderosis. The presence of subependymal siderosis and evidence of hydrocephalus were assessed.
  
  
  
  Thirty-seven patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage were included; 86.5% had preterm births. The mean age at the first MR imaging was 386 days (range 2-5140 days). The prevalence of superficial siderosis was 67.6%. Superficial siderosis was detected significantly more often when MR imaging was performed within the first year of life (82.8% versus 12.5%, P < .000). When present, superficial siderosis was located infratentorially in all cases, while additional supratentorial superficial siderosis was detectable in 27%.
  
  
  
  Here we report that superficial siderosis is a common MR imaging finding in the first year of life of patients with a history of germinal matrix hemorrhage, but it dissolves and has a low prevalence thereafter. A prospective analysis of its initial severity and speed of dissolution during this first year might add to our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental impairment after germinal matrix hemorrhages.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (U.Y., H.K., M.T., A.S., W.R., R.M.-B.) umut.yilmaz@uks.eu.
authors.forename: U
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4940-3575
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics (S.M., L.G.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7363-1354
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics (S.M., L.G.), Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5410-6359
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gortner
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (U.Y., H.K., M.T., A.S., W.R., R.M.-B.).
authors.forename: H
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7689-0554
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Körner
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (U.Y., H.K., M.T., A.S., W.R., R.M.-B.).
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6990-898X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Türkyilmaz
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (U.Y., H.K., M.T., A.S., W.R., R.M.-B.).
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0913-6740
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simgen
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (U.Y., H.K., M.T., A.S., W.R., R.M.-B.).
authors.forename: W
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8373-4090
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reith
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Neuroradiology (U.Y., H.K., M.T., A.S., W.R., R.M.-B.).
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1785-2675
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mühl-Benninghaus
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies