title: Prediction of 10-year Risk of Incident Heart Failure in Elderly Hypertensive Population: The ANBP2 Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multivariable risk prediction models consisting of routinely collected measurements can facilitate early detection and slowing of disease progression through pharmacological and nonpharmacological risk factor modifications. This study aims to develop a multivariable risk prediction model for predicting 10-year risk of incident heart failure diagnosis in elderly hypertensive population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The derivation cohort included 6083 participants aged 65 to 84 years at baseline (1995-2001) followed for a median of 10.8 years during and following the Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study (ANBP2). Cox proportional hazards models were used to develop the risk prediction models. Variables were selected using bootstrap resampling method, and Akaike and Bayesian Information Criterion and C-statistics were used to select the parsimonious model. The final model was internally validated using a bootstrapping, and its discrimination and calibration were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incident heart failure was diagnosed in 319 (5.2%) participants. The final multivariable model included age, male sex, obesity (body mass index > 30kg/m2), pre-existing cardiovascular disease, average visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure variation, current or past smoking. The model has C-statistics of 0.719 (95% CI: 0.705-0.748) in the derivation cohort, and 0.716 (95% CI: 0.701-0.731) after internal validation (optimism corrected). The goodness-of-fit test showed the model has good overall calibration (χ2= 1.78, P = 0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk equation, consisting of variables readily accessible in primary and community care settings, allows reliable prediction of 10-year incident heart failure in elderly hypertensive population. Its application for the prediction of heart failure needs to be studied in the community setting to determine its utility for improving patient management and disease prevention.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.|Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Berhe W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sahle
authors.affiliation: Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Alice J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Lindon M H
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.affiliation: Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Garry L R
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.affiliation: Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; chris.reid@monash.edu.|School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
keywords: blood pressure; elderly; heart failure; hypertension; risk prediction.