title: Repurposing of approved cardiovascular drugs.
abstract: Research and development of new drugs requires both long time and high costs, whereas safety and tolerability profiles make the success rate of approval very low. Drug repurposing, applying known drugs and compounds to new indications, has been noted recently as a cost-effective and time-unconsuming way in developing new drugs, because they have already been proven safe in humans. In this review, we discuss drug repurposing of approved cardiovascular drugs, such as aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, cardiac glycosides and statins. Regarding anti-tumor activities of these agents, a number of experimental studies have demonstrated promising pleiotropic properties, whereas all clinical trials have not shown expected results. In pathological conditions other than cancer, repurposing of cardiovascular drugs is also expanding. Numerous experimental studies have reported possibilities of drug repurposing in this field and some of them have been tried for new indications ('bench to bedside'), while unexpected results of clinical studies have given hints for drug repurposing and some unknown mechanisms of action have been demonstrated by experimental studies ('bedside to bench'). The future perspective of experimental and clinical studies using cardiovascular drugs are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. juishida-circ@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9703-9419
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.affiliation: Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konishi
authors.affiliation: Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.affiliation: Innovative Clinical Trials, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Springer
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017277:Drug Approval; D058492:Drug Repositioning; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: Cardiovascular drugs; Drug repositioning; Drug repurposing; Pleiotropic properties; Second label indication