title: Changes in serum proteins after endotoxin administration in healthy and choline-treated calves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate the possible serum protein changes after endotoxin administration in healthy and choline-treated calves using proteomics. These results are expected to contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of endotoxemia and the beneficial effect of choline administration in this clinical situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy-calves (n = 20) were divided into 4 groups: Control, Choline treated (C), Lipopolysaccharide administered (LPS), and LPS + C. Control calves received 0.9 % NaCl injection. Calves in C and LPS + C groups received choline chloride (1 mg/kg/iv). Endotoxin (LPS) was injected (2 μg/kg/iv) to the calves in LPS and LPS + C groups. Serum samples were collected before and after the treatments. Differentially expressed proteins (> 1.5 fold-change relative to controls) were identified by LC-MS/MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After LPS administration, 14 proteins increased, and 13 proteins decreased within 48 h as compared to controls. In the LPS group, there were significant increases in serum levels of ragulator complex protein (189-fold) and galectin-3-binding protein (10-fold), but transcription factor MafF and corticosteroid binding globulin were down regulated (≥ 5 fold). As compared with the LPS group, in LPS + C group, fibrinogen gamma-B-chain and antithrombin were up-regulated, while hemopexin and histone H4 were down-regulated. Choline treatment attenuated actin alpha cardiac muscle-1 overexpression after LPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS administration produces changes in serum proteins associated with lipid metabolism, immune and inflammatory response, protein binding/transport, cell adhesion, venous thrombosis, cardiac contractility and blood coagulation. The administration of choline is associated with changes in proteins which can be related with its beneficial effect in this clinical situation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey. zyilmaz@uludag.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.affiliation: Medical and Surgical Experimental Animal Practice and Research Center, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eralp Inan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocaturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Baykal
authors.affiliation: TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hacariz
authors.affiliation: Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hatipoglu
authors.affiliation: Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.|Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tvarijonaviciute
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cansev
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ceron
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Ulus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood*; D002794:Choline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008082:Lipotropic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D040901:Proteomics
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D008082:Lipotropic Agents; D002794:Choline
keywords: Calves; Choline; Endotoxemia; Proteomic; Sepsis