title: Randomized multicentre pilot study of sacubitril/valsartan versus irbesartan in patients with chronic kidney disease: United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (HARP)- III-rationale, trial design and baseline data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk of progression to end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease. Data from other populations and animal experiments suggest that neprilysin inhibition (which augments the natriuretic peptide system) may reduce these risks, but clinical trials among patients with CKD are required to test this hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  UK Heart and Renal Protection III (HARP-III) is a multicentre, double-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing sacubitril/valsartan 97/103 mg two times daily (an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) with irbesartan 300 mg one time daily among 414 patients with CKD. Patients ≥18 years of age with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥45 but <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (uACR) >20 mg/mmol or eGFR ≥20 but <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 (regardless of uACR) were invited to be screened. Following a 4- to 7-week pre-randomization single-blind placebo run-in phase (during which any current renin-angiotensin system inhibitors were stopped), willing and eligible participants were randomly assigned either sacubitril/valsartan or irbesartan and followed-up for 12 months. The primary aim was to compare the effects of sacubitril/valsartan and irbesartan on measured GFR after 12 months of therapy. Important secondary outcomes include effects on albuminuria, change in eGFR over time and the safety and tolerability of sacubitril/valsartan in CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between November 2014 and January 2016, 620 patients attended a screening visit and 566 (91%) entered the pre-randomization run-in phase. Of these, 414 (73%) participants were randomized (mean age 63 years; 72% male). The mean eGFR was 34.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the median uACR was 58.5 mg/mmol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UK HARP-III will provide important information on the short-term effects of sacubitril/valsartan on renal function, tolerability and safety among patients with CKD.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000613:Aminobutyrates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000077405:Irbesartan; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D000068756:Valsartan / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000613:Aminobutyrates; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000068756:Valsartan; D000077405:Irbesartan; C549068:sacubitril and valsartan sodium hydrate drug combination
keywords: cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; neprilysin; progression