title: Light Control of Insulin Release and Blood Glucose Using an Injectable Photoactivated Depot.
abstract: In this work we demonstrate that blood glucose can be controlled remotely through light stimulated release of insulin from an injected cutaneous depot. Human insulin was tethered to an insoluble but injectable polymer via a linker, which was based on the light cleavable di-methoxy nitrophenyl ethyl (DMNPE) group. This material was injected into the skin of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. We observed insulin being released into the bloodstream after a 2 min trans-cutaneous irradiation of this site by a compact LED light source. Control animals treated with the same material, but in which light was blocked from the site, showed no release of insulin into the bloodstream. We also demonstrate that additional pulses of light from the light source result in additional pulses of insulin being absorbed into circulation. A significant reduction in blood glucose was then observed. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of using light to allow for the continuously variable control of insulin release. This in turn has the potential to allow for the tight control of blood glucose without the invasiveness of insulin pumps and cannulas.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States.
authors.forename: Bhagyesh R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Sarode
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Childrens' Mercy Hospital , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States.|Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kover
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Childrens' Mercy Hospital , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States.
authors.forename: Pei Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Childrens' Mercy Hospital , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States.
authors.forename: Chaoying
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States.
authors.forename: Simon H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007328:Insulin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: DMNPE; insulin; light controlled drug release; photoactivated depot