title: [Intraoperative 3D imaging in spinal surgery].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative imaging during spinal interventions has experienced significant developments over the last two decades. By the introduction of flat screen detectors, 3D imaging has been made possible and easier and by developing compact and mobile systems computed tomography can even be used in the operating theater.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Presentation of modern intraoperative 3D imaging and navigation in spinal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The techniques of intraoperative 3D imaging and navigation during spinal procedures are presented based on the currently available literature and own experiences at a German national spine and trauma center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of flat panel detectors and the possibility of 3D visualization nowadays substantially facilitate the use of navigation and allow certain control of surgical results even during the intervention. Radiation exposure of the whole team in the operating theater can be significantly reduced by the new techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The advantages of intraoperative 3D imaging with a clear improvement of visualization for spinal surgeons and the certain control of materials at the end of the operation are obvious. Even the use of navigation has been greatly simplified and can therefore lead to an even greater precision and less radiation exposure. There are even more sophisticated developments, such as operation suites and intraoperative computed tomography but these are initially reserved for selected centers.
authors.affiliation: Abt. für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Prof.-Küntscher-Str. 8, 82418, Murnau, Deutschland. oliver.gonschorek@bgu-murnau.de.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gonschorek
authors.affiliation: Abt. für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Prof.-Küntscher-Str. 8, 82418, Murnau, Deutschland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.affiliation: Abt. für Wirbelsäulenchirurgie, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Prof.-Küntscher-Str. 8, 82418, Murnau, Deutschland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bühren
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000379:methods; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Computed tomography; Minimally invasive surgical procedures; Navigation; Radiation exposure; Spine