title: Image-guided endoscopic surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hematoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Endoscopic removal of intracerebral hematomas is becoming increasingly common, but there is no standard technique. The authors explored the use of a simple image-guided endoscopic method for removal of spontaneous supratentorial hematomas. METHODS Virtual reality technology based on a hospital picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) was used in 3D hematoma visualization and surgical planning. Augmented reality based on an Android smartphone app, Sina neurosurgical assist, allowed a projection of the hematoma to be seen on the patient's scalp to facilitate selection of the best trajectory to the center of the hematoma. A obturator and transparent sheath were used to establish a working channel, and an endoscope and a metal suction apparatus were used to remove the hematoma. RESULTS A total of 25 patients were included in the study, including 18 with putamen hemorrhages and 7 with lobar cerebral hemorrhages. Virtual reality combined with augmented reality helped in achieving the desired position with the obturator and sheath. The median time from the initial surgical incision to completion of closure was 50 minutes (range 40-70 minutes). The actual endoscopic operating time was 30 (range 15-50) minutes. The median blood loss was 80 (range 40-150) ml. No patient experienced postoperative rebleeding. The average hematoma evacuation rate was 97%. The mean (± SD) preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 6.7 ± 3.2; 1 week after hematoma evacuation the mean GCS score had improved to 11.9 ± 3.1 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Virtual reality using hospital PACS and augmented reality with a smartphone app helped precisely localize hematomas and plan the appropriate endoscopic approach. A transparent sheath helped establish a surgical channel, and an endoscope enabled observation of the hematoma's location to achieve satisfactory hematoma removal.
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Guo-Chen
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Yuan-Zheng
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Xin-Guang
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Radiology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Jia-Shu
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Ru-Yuan
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Ding-Biao
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Bai-Nan
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods
keywords: GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; PACS = picture archiving and communication system; diagnostic and operative techniques; endoscopy; evacuation; hematoma