title: FACE-Q Eye Module for Measuring Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Cosmetic Eye Treatments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aesthetic eye treatments can dramatically change a person's appearance, but outcomes are rarely measured from the patient perspective. The patient perspective could be measured using an eye-specific patient-reported outcome measure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the development and psychometric evaluation of FACE-Q scales and an adverse effect checklist designed to measure outcomes following cosmetic eye treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pretreatment and posttreatment patients 18 years and older who had undergone facial aesthetic procedures were recruited from plastic surgery clinics in United States and Canada and completed FACE-Q scales between June 6, 2010, and July 14, 2014. We used Rasch Measurement Theory, a modern psychometric approach, to refine the scales and to examine psychometric properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The FACE-Q Eye Module, which has 4 scales that measure appearance of the eyes, upper and lower eyelids, and eyelashes. Scale scores range from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The module also includes a checklist measuring postblepharoplasty adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 233 patients (81% response rate) 18 years and older participated. Adverse effects included being bothered by eyelid scars, dry eyes, and eye irritation. In Rasch Measurement Theory analysis, each scale's items had ordered thresholds and good item fit. Person Separation Index and Cronbach α were greater than or equal to 0.83. Higher scores on the eye scales correlated with fewer adverse effects (range, -0.26 to -0.36). In the pretreatment group, older age correlated with lower scores (range, -0.42 to -0.51) on the scales measure appearance of the eyes and upper and lower eyelids. Compared with the pretreatment group, posttreatment participants reported significantly better scores on the scales measuring appearance of eyes overall, as well as upper and lower eyelids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FACE-Q Eye Module can be used in clinical practice, research and quality improvement to collect evidence-based outcomes data.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4K1, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Klassen
authors.affiliation: Can to Modus Outcomes, Letchworth Garden City, England.
authors.forename: Stefan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.affiliation: Grotting & Cohn Plastic Surgery, Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Grotting
authors.affiliation: MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Laeken
authors.affiliation: UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sykes
authors.affiliation: MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schwitzer
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pusic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D057189:Checklist; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome