title: Smoking, depression, & stress: predictors of fibromyalgia health status.
abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of smoking, stress, and depression on fibromyalgia health status. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain condition that negatively affects health status. Health status is not only affected by the constellation of physical symptoms, but also by mood symptoms, stress levels, and patient behaviors (e.g. smoking). Participants were 491 individuals with a physician's diagnosis of FMS. They completed self-report measures of their current levels of depression, stress, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and health status. A linear regression analysis was conducted to determine whether these measures predicted FMS health status. All three measures predicted worse health status, predicting 51.5% of the variance in health status. However, it is important to evaluate and treat more than just the physical symptoms of FMS. Attention should also be paid to mental health status and to engagement in unhealthy behaviors in order to reduce their effects on FMS health status. Future researchers should design and evaluate interventions that target these modifiable risk factors to determine the extent to which they could improve health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: a San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Breanna M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.affiliation: b California Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology , San Diego State University/University of San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Maya S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: a San Diego State University , San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cronan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fibromyalgia; depression; health status; smoking; stress