title: Gender differences in the prospective association between maternal alcohol consumption trajectories and young adult offspring's problem gambling at 30 years.
abstract: Although a large number of studies have examined the association between young adult's alcohol consumption and their problem gambling behaviours, none of these studies address the prospective association between mother's alcohol consumption and their young adult offspring's problem gambling behaviours. Using data from a 30 year prospective pre-birth cohort study in Brisbane, Australia (n = 1691), our study examines whether different maternal alcohol consumption trajectories predict offspring's risk of problem gambling behaviours and whether these associations differ by the young adults' gender. Offspring's level of problem gambling behaviours was assessed by the short version of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index, with about 10.6 % of young adults having some risk of problem gambling behaviours. Trajectories of maternal alcohol consumption were determined by group-based trajectory modelling over five time points. Our study found that mother's alcohol consumption pattern fits into three drinking trajectory groups, namely abstainers (17.2 %), a low-stable drinkers group (64.6 %) and a moderate-escalating drinkers group (18.2 %). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the moderate-escalating alcohol trajectory group is independently associated with a risk of their male young adult offspring having problem gambling behaviours at 30 years-even after adjustment for a range of potential confounding variables. Mothers who exhibit a persistent life course pattern of moderate-escalating drinking have male children who have a high risk of engaging in problem gambling behaviours. Offspring's alcohol consumption partially mediated the association between maternal drinking trajectories and young adult's risk of problem behaviours. High levels of maternal alcohol consumption may lead to male offspring antisocial behaviours. Programs intended to address problem gambling behaviours by young adults may need to focus on male group with a focus which specifically addresses family influences as these contribute to gambling behaviour.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ; Department of Sociology, Academy of Journalism and Communication, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nam T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clavarino
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia ; School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Jake M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Najman
keywords: Alcohol consumption; Australia; Gender; Longitudinal study; Problem gambling; Trajectory; Young adult