title: Inflammatory Mechanisms Associated with Skeletal Muscle Sequelae after Stroke: Role of Physical Exercise.
abstract: Inflammatory markers are increased systematically and locally (e.g., skeletal muscle) in stroke patients. Besides being associated with cardiovascular risk factors, proinflammatory cytokines seem to play a key role in muscle atrophy by regulating the pathways involved in this condition. As such, they may cause severe decrease in muscle strength and power, as well as impairment in cardiorespiratory fitness. On the other hand, physical exercise (PE) has been widely suggested as a powerful tool for treating stroke patients, since PE is able to regenerate, even if partially, physical and cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise in poststroke patients remain poorly understood. Thus, in this study we analyze the candidate mechanisms associated with muscle atrophy in stroke patients, as well as the modulatory effect of inflammation in this condition. Later, we suggest the two strongest anti-inflammatory candidate mechanisms, myokines and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, which may be activated by physical exercise and may contribute to a decrease in proinflammatory markers of poststroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-851 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hélio José
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Coelho Junior
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-851 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno Bavaresco
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gambassi
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiego Aparecido
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela Maia da Cruz
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Human Movement Laboratory, São Judas Tadeu University (USJT), 03166-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Érico Chagas
authors.initials: ÉC
authors.lastname: Caperuto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-851 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Carlos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Santos
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Lira
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-851 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4246-4703
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018678:Cholinergic Agents