title: Measuring affiliation in group therapy for substance use disorders in the Women's Recovery Group study: Does it matter whether the group is all-women or mixed-gender?
abstract: A Stage II, two-site randomized clinical trial compared the manualized, single-gender Women's Recovery Group (WRG) to mixed-gender group therapy (Group Drug Counseling; GDC) and demonstrated efficacy. Enhanced affiliation and support in the WRG is a hypothesized mechanism of efficacy. This study sought to extend results of the previous small Stage I trial that showed the rate of supportive affiliative statements occurred more frequently in WRG than GDC.
  
  
  
  Participants (N = 158; 100 women, 58 men) were 18 years or older, substance dependent, and had used substances within the past 60 days. Women were randomized to WRG (n = 52) or GDC (n = 48). Group therapy videos were coded by two independent raters; Rater 1 coded 20% of videos (n = 74); Rater 2 coded 25% of videos coded by Rater 1 (n = 19).
  
  
  
  The number of affiliative statements made in WRG was 66% higher than in GDC. Three of eight affiliative statement categories occurred more frequently in WRG than GDC: supportive, shared experience, and strategy statements.
  
  
  
  This larger Stage II trial provided a greater number of group therapy tapes available for analysis. Results extended our previous findings, demonstrating both greater frequency of all affiliative statements, as well as specific categories of statements, made in single-gender WRG than mixed-gender GDC.
  
  
  
  Greater frequency of affiliative statements among group members may be one mechanism of enhanced support and efficacy in women-only WRG compared with standard mixed-gender group therapy for substance use disorders. (Am J Addict 2016;25:573-580).
authors.affiliation: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.|Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Dawn E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sugarman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida.
authors.forename: Sara B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wigderson
authors.affiliation: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Brittany R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Iles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.
authors.forename: Julia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.affiliation: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.|Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Garrett M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fitzmaurice
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
authors.forename: E Yvette
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Hilario
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts. sgreenfield@mclean.harvard.edu.|Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. sgreenfield@mclean.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Shelly F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult