title: Sialendoscopy under local anaesthesia.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  In most cases, both diagnostic and interventional sialendoscopy are well tolerated under local anaesthesia (LA) or under local anaesthesia with sedation (LAS), with reasonably low patient-reported discomfort. Sialendoscopy can be considered a patient-friendly and relatively painless, gland-preserving, minimally invasive procedure suitable for day surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate patient experience and compliance in sialendoscopy under LA/LAS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted at an academic tertiary-care university hospital. During a period of 22 months, 89 patients between ages 16-81 years underwent diagnostic or interventional sialendoscopy under LA (20%) or LAS (80%). After the operation the patients filled in a questionnaire formulated by the authors concerning their procedure-related experiences. Patients' demographic data, ASA status score, pre- and intra-operative blood pressure and heart rate measurements, affected gland, operation time, intervention type, as well as pre-, peri-, and postoperative medication were gathered later from the medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of discomfort and pain experienced during the operation was assessed as 'mild' or 'none' by 85% and 89% of the patients, respectively. The level of pain experienced after the operation was 'major' in 4% of patients and 'mild' or 'none' in the majority (87%) of patients. The patients' estimations showed no significant difference between the diagnostic and interventional procedures, although it seems that patients who underwent stone removal by transoral incision experienced the operation as a bit more uncomfortable and painful than other patients. Afterwards 97% of patients stated that they would agree to a new LA/LAS sialendoscopy in the future if needed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Aaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haapaniemi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.|b Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences , Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mäkitie
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saarinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015494:Salivary Gland Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D012793:Sialadenitis / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Sialendoscopy; local anaesthesia; obstructive sialadenitis; parotid gland; questionnaire; sialolith; submandibular gland