title: Radiation exposure using the O-arm®surgical imaging system.
abstract: This study was conducted to characterise the O-arm®surgical imaging system in terms of patient organ doses and medical staff occupational exposure during three-dimensional thoracic spine and pelvic examinations.
  
  
  
  An anthropomorphic phantom was used to evaluate absorbed organ doses during a three-dimensional thoracic spine scan and a three-dimensional pelvic scan with the O-arm®. Staff occupational exposure was evaluated by constructing an ambient dose cartography of the operating theatre during a three-dimensional pelvic scan as well as using an anthropomorphic phantom to simulate the O-arm®operator.
  
  
  
  Patient organ doses ranged from 30 ± 4 μGy to 20.0 ± 3.0 mGy and 4 ± 1 μGy to 6.7 ± 1.0 mGy for a three-dimensional thoracic spine and pelvic examination, respectively. For a single three-dimensional acquisition, the maximum ambient equivalent dose at 2 m from the iso-centre was 11 ± 1 μSv.
  
  
  
  Doses delivered to the patient during a three-dimensional thoracic spine image acquisition were found to be significant with the O-arm®, but lower than those observed with a standard computed tomography examination. The detailed dose cartography allows for the optimisation of medical staff positioning within the operating theatre while imaging with the O-arm®.
authors.affiliation: Physics Section, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Nicolas.Pitteloud@chuv.ch.|Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Nicolas.Pitteloud@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6495-2914
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pitteloud
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamulin
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barea
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damet
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Racloz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Department of Imagery and Medical Science Information, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sans-Merce
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted
keywords: 3D surgical imaging system; Dosimetry; O-arm; Organ dose; Staff and patient radiation exposure