title: Cross-sector analysis of socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and urban/rural disparities in food policy enactment in the United States.
abstract: We examined racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and urban/rural disparities in food policy enactment across different sectors, as well as retail food access, throughout the United States. Policy and retail food store data were obtained from 443 communities as part of the Bridging the Gap Community Obesity Measures Project. Our results indicated that median household income was inversely associated with healthier retail food zoning policies in Hispanic communities, where competitive food policies for schools were also healthier and mean fruit/vegetable access in stores was higher. In contrast, income was positively associated with healthier retail food zoning in rural communities, where competitive food policies were weaker. Black communities had low scores across all policy domains. Overall, Hispanic communities had the strongest food policies across sectors. Barriers to policy adoption in both rural and Black communities must be explored further.
authors.affiliation: Healthy Food America, 1200 12th Ave. S, Suite 710, Seattle, WA 98144, USA. Electronic address: dtaber@hfamerica.org.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Taber
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy and Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St. (MC 923), Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL 60608, USA. Electronic address: jchriqui@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Jamie F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Chriqui
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL 60608, USA. Electronic address: cquinn5@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
authors.forename: Leah M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rimkus
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, IL 60608, USA; Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 601 S. Morgan St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA. Electronic address: fjc@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chaloupka
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003132:Commerce; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005006:Ethnicity; D005638:Fruit; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016014:Linear Models; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D044469:Racial Groups; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Disparities; Nutrition; Policy; Race/ethnicity; Socioeconomic status