title: [Pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease in children].
abstract: Acute and chronic pulmonary complications are frequent in sickle cell disease (SCD), with different spectrum and characteristics in children and adults. Chronic hypoxia is frequent and plays a role in several respiratory complications in SCD. Furthermore, hypoxia has been associated with a higher risk of cerebral ischemia. Despite differing oxygen affinity between hemoglobin A and S, standard pulse oximetry was shown to be accurate in diagnosing hypoxia in SCD patients. Whereas acute hypoxia management is similar to non-SCD patients, chronic hypoxia treatment is mainly based on a transfusion program rather than long-term oxygen therapy. Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is the foremost reason for admission to the intensive care unit and the leading cause of premature death. Guidelines on its management have recently been published. Asthma appears to be a different comorbidity and may increase the risk of vaso-occlusive crisis, ACS, and early death. Its management is not specific in SCD, but systemic steroids must be used carefully. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a major risk factor of death in adult patients. In children, no association between PH and death has been shown. Elevated tricuspid regurgitant velocity was associated with lower performance on the 6-min walk test (6MWT) but its long-term consequences are still unknown. These differences could be due to different pathophysiology mechanisms. Systematic screening is recommended in children. Regarding lung functions, although obstructive syndrome appears to be rare, restrictive pattern prevalence increases with age in SCD patients. Adaptation to physical exercise is altered in SCD children: they have a lower walking distance at the 6MWT than controls and can experience desaturation during effort, but muscular blood flow regulation maintains normal muscular strength. Sleeping disorders are frequent in SCD children, notably Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Because of the neurological burden of nocturnal hypoxia, OSAS care is primordial and mainly based on adenotonsillectomy, which has been shown to reduce ischemic events. The high morbidity and mortality related to pulmonary impairments in SCD require a careful pulmonary assessment and follow-up. Mainly based on clinical examination, follow-up aims to the diagnosis of SCD-related respiratory complications early in these children.
authors.affiliation: Service d'hémato-oncologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, hôpital universitaire Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pincez
authors.affiliation: Service de neurologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, hôpital du Kremlin Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Calamy
authors.affiliation: Service d'hémato-oncologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, hôpital universitaire Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Germont
authors.affiliation: Service de gastro-entérologie et nutrition pédiatriques, AP-HP, hôpital universitaire Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lemoine
authors.affiliation: Service de réanimation néonatale et soins intensifs, centre hospitalier de Meaux, 6-8, rue Saint-Fiacre, BP 218, 77104 Meaux cedex, France.
authors.forename: A-A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Service de pneumologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, hôpital universitaire Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massiot
authors.affiliation: Service de neurologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tencer
authors.affiliation: Service de neurologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, hôpital universitaire Armand-Trousseau, 26, avenue du Dr-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thivent
authors.affiliation: Service de pneumologie et d'allergologie pédiatriques, AP-HP, hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-Malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75046 Paris cedex 15, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Équipe 4, Inserm, U955, 94000 Créteil, France. Electronic address: alice.hadchouel-duverge@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadchouel
mesh_terms: D056586:Acute Chest Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy