title: Impact of nasal septal perforations of varying sizes and locations on the warming function of the nasal cavity: A computational fluid-dynamics analysis of 5 cases.
abstract: Patients with a nasal septal perforation often exhibit symptoms associated with disturbed airflow, which can have an adverse effect on the warming function of the nasal cavity. The impact of this effect is not fully understood. The warming function is an important factor in the maintenance of nasal physiology. We conducted a study to investigate the impact of septal perforations of various sizes and locations on the warming function during inspiration in 5 patients-3 men and 2 women, aged 25 to 47 years. Three-dimensional computed tomography and computational fluid dynamics were used to model the flux of communication and temperature, and differences among patients were compared. All 5 patients exhibited an impairment of their nasal warming function. As the size of the perforation increased, the flux of communication increased and the warming function decreased. Perforations located in an anterior position were associated with greater damage to the warming function than those in a posterior position. In patients with a large or anteriorly located perforation, airflow temperature in the nasopharynx was decreased. Our findings suggest that septal perforations not only induce airflow disturbance, but they also impair the nasal warming function. Further analysis of warming function is necessary to better explore flow mechanisms in patients with structural abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, No. 1, Dongjiaominxiang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China 100730.
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Demin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Luo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yunchuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hongrui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yingxi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D001239:Inhalation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D061270:Nasal Septal Perforation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000503:physiopathology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology