title: Role of Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids in Modulating Energy Harvest and Fat Partitioning in Youth.
abstract: We aimed at determining the relationship of the gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids with obesity and fat partitioning and at testing potential differences in the ability of gut microbiota to ferment equal amounts of carbohydrates (CHO) between lean and obese youth.
  
  
  
  We analyzed the gut microbiota of 84 youth in whom body fat distribution was measured by fast-magnetic resonance imaging, de novo lipogenesis (DNL) quantitated using deuterated water, and the capability of gut flora to ferment CHO was assessed by13C-fructose treatment in vitro.
  
  
  
  A significant association was found between the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria with body mass index, visceral and SC fat (all P < .05). Plasma acetate, propionate, and butyrate were associated with body mass index and visceral and SC fat (all P < .05) and with hepatic DNL (P = .01, P = .09, P = .04, respectively). Moreover, the rate of CHO fermentation from the gut flora was higher in obese than in lean subjects (P = .018).
  
  
  
  These data demonstrate that obese youth show a different gut flora composition than lean and that short chain fatty acids are associated with body fat partitioning and DNL. Also, the gut microbiota of obese youth have a higher capability than the gut flora of lean to oxidize CHO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goffredo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mass
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Emily Ann
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Savoye
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pierpont
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cline
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (M.G., M.S., B.P., N.S.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Universita' Milano Bicocca (M.G.), Milano, Italy; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology (K.M., E.A.M., J.G.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Department of Medicine (E.J.P.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Metabolic Solutions Inc. (D.A.W.), Nashua, New Hampshire; Department of Internal Medicine (G.C.), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santoro
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology*; D000068536:Bacillota / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile