title: Effects of smoking status and MADRS retardation factor on response to low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression.
abstract: Despite growing evidence supporting the clinical interest of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), little is known regarding the effects of clinical and sociodemographic factors on the clinical outcome in patients.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively investigated the effects of clinical (using the 3-factor model of the Montgomery-Åsberg depression rating scale [MADRS] encompassing dysphoria, retardation and vegetative symptoms) and sociodemographic characteristics of participants on clinical outcome in a sample of 54 TRD patients receiving low frequency rTMS (1Hz, 360 pulses) applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex combined with sham venlafaxine.
  
  
  
  Responders (n=29) displayed lower retardation baseline scores (13.6±2.9) than non-responders (15.6±2.9; n=25; P=0.02). We also observed a significant difference between the numbers of ex-smokers in responders and non-responders groups; all ex-smokers (n=8) were responders to rTMS (P=0.005).
  
  
  
  Low MADRS retardation factor and ex-smoker status is highly prevalent in responders to low frequency rTMS. Further studies are needed to investigate the predictive value of these factors.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon neuroscience research center, ΨR2 Team, université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, 69000 Villeurbanne, France; Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, 69678 Bron, France; Service de psychiatrie des urgences, hôpital Édouard-Herriot, CHU de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France. Electronic address: emmanuel.poulet@chu-lyon.fr.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Poulet
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon neuroscience research center, ΨR2 Team, université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, 69000 Villeurbanne, France; Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, 69678 Bron, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galvao
authors.affiliation: Department of clinical psychiatry, CIC-1431 Inserm, university hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; EA-481, université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, université Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; FondaMental foundation, 94000 Créteil, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haffen
authors.affiliation: Princess Grace hospital, department of psychiatry, 98012 Monaco, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szekely
authors.affiliation: Pôle « information médicale évaluation recherche » (IMER), CHU de Lyon, 62, avenue Lacassagne, bâtiment A, 69424 Lyon cedex 03, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brault
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon neuroscience research center, ΨR2 Team, université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, 69000 Villeurbanne, France; Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, 69678 Bron, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebaert
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon neuroscience research center, ΨR2 Team, université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; University Lyon 1, 69000 Villeurbanne, France; Centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, 69678 Bron, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunelin
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Depression; MADRS; Nicotine; Retardation; Smoking; rTMS