title: The amount and types of fatty acids acutely affect insulin, glycemic and gastrointestinal peptide responses but not satiety in metabolic syndrome subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited clinical evidence is available on the effects of amount and types of dietary fats on postprandial insulinemic and gastrointestinal peptide responses in metabolic syndrome subjects. We hypothesized that meals enriched with designated: (1) amount of fats (50 vs 20 g), (2) fats with differing fatty acid composition (saturated, SFA; monounsaturated, MUFA or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA) would affect insulinemic and gastrointestinal peptide releases in metabolic syndrome subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a randomized, crossover and double-blinded design, 15 men and 15 women with metabolic syndrome consumed high-fat meals enriched with SFA, MUFA or n-6 PUFA, or a low-fat/high-sucrose (SUCR) meal. C-peptide, insulin, glucose, gastrointestinal peptides and satiety were measured up to 6 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As expected, SUCR meal induced higher C-peptide (45 %), insulin (45 %) and glucose (49 %) responses compared with high-fat meals regardless of types of fatty acids (P < 0.001). Interestingly, incremental area under the curve (AUC0-120min) for glucagon-like peptide-1 was higher after SUCR meal compared with MUFA (27 %) and n-6 PUFA meals (23 %) (P = 0.01). AUC0-120minfor glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide was higher after SFA meal compared with MUFA (23 %) and n-6 PUFA meals (20 %) (P = 0.004). Significant meal x time interaction (P = 0.007) was observed for ghrelin, but not cholecystokinin and satiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amount of fat regardless of the types of fatty acids affects insulin and glycemic responses. Both the amount and types of fatty acids acutely affect the gastrointestinal peptide release in metabolic syndrome subjects, but not satiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chee-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kanthimathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Alexander Tong-Boon
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Product Development and Advisory Services, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kalanithi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nesaretnam
authors.affiliation: Product Development and Advisory Services, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. kt.teng@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kim-Tiu
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Teng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000097:blood*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D004041:Dietary Fats; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
keywords: Fatty acids; Gastrointestinal peptides; Insulinemic; Metabolic syndrome; Postprandial