title: Cesarean section: the pediatricians' views.
abstract: Cesarean sections (CS) have greatly increased and many reasons are often evoked. Safer anesthetics and surgical procedures have rendered CS a popular choice for both professionals and mothers alike. CS on maternal request, for nonmedical reasons, is the subject of scientific, legal and ethical dispute. We shall address the CS issues, primarily, from the pediatrician's point of view. The immediate neonatal problems of the more mature neonate are well recognized. For preterm birth, contradictory results on mid- and long-term outcomes do not confirm the earlier reports on neonatal advantages of CS over vaginal delivery; therefore, their mode of delivery should be based on individual circumstances. The intestinal flora of neonates delivered by CS is often deprived of the normal colonization by maternal vulvovaginal and rectal flora. Whether this adverse microbiome will play a role in the late development of multiple morbidities in children and adults is an interesting possibility open to consideration. The consequences of unnecessary CS demands a reflection for all the involved parties and the decision to perform a CS shall, then, be based on the net clinical benefit to all: the mother, the child and the future adult.
authors.affiliation: a Pediatrics/Neonatal Department, S. Sebastião Hospital , Santa Maria da Feira , Portugal.|b Fernando Pessoa University, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Oporto , Portugal , and.
authors.forename: Manuel R G
authors.initials: MRG
authors.lastname: Carrapato
authors.affiliation: a Pediatrics/Neonatal Department, S. Sebastião Hospital , Santa Maria da Feira , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Bangkok , Thailand.
authors.forename: Tuangsit
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wataganara
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000941:ethics; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009035:Mothers; D000072143:Pediatricians / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
keywords: Cesarean section; immediate and long-term outcomes; pediatricians’ views