title: Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergies in children.
abstract: Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergic disorders (non-IgE-GI-FA) including food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), food protein-induced enteropathy (FPE), and food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) are relatively uncommon in infants and young children, but are likely under-diagnosed. Non-IgE-GI-FA have a favorable prognosis, with majority resolving by age 3-5 years. Diagnosis relies on the recognition of symptoms pattern in FPIAP and FPIES and biopsy in FPE. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of the pathomechanism, which will lead eventually to the development of diagnostic tests and treatments. Limited evidence supports the role of food allergens in subsets of constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and colic. The immunologic pathomechanism is not fully understood and empiric prolonged avoidance of food allergens should be limited to minimize nutrient deficiency and feeding disorders/food aversions in infants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Child and Adolescent, Medical School of the University of Geneva, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Christoph
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Caubet
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Hania
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Szajewska
authors.affiliation: Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Institute for Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Raanan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shamir
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowak-Węgrzyn
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D004760:Enterocolitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000378:metabolism; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011350:Proctocolitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000178:diet therapy; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: allergic proctocolitis; celiac disease; constipation; fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols; food allergy; food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis; food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome; food protein-induced enteropathy; gastroesophageal reflux; gastroesophageal reflux disease; gastrointestinal food allergy; irritable bowel syndrome