title: Positive state observer for the automatic control of the depth of anesthesia-Clinical results.
abstract: The depth of anesthesia (DoA) is a crucial feature in general anesthesia. Nowadays the DoA is usually evaluated by the bispectral index (BIS). According to the surgical procedure, different reference levels for the BIS may be clinically required. This can be achieved by the simultaneous administration of an analgesic (e.g. remifentanil) and an hypnotic (eg propofol). As a contribution to the effort of automating the processes of drug delivery in general anesthesia, in this paper, a positive state observer is designed for the implementation of a control scheme proposed for the automatic administration of propofol and of remifentanil, in order to track a desired level for the BIS. It is proved and illustrated by simulations that the controller-observer scheme has a very good performance. This scheme was implemented, tested and evaluated both by means of simulations and for a set of patients during surgical procedures.
authors.affiliation: CTAC-The Center for Territory, Environment and Construction, School of Engineering of University of Minho, 4800-048 Guimarães, Portugal. Electronic address: filipan@fe.up.pt.
authors.forename: Filipa N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; SYSTEC-Research Center for Systems & Technologies, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: SYSTEC-Research Center for Systems & Technologies, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001331:Automation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077208:Remifentanil / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Anesthesia; Control; DoA; Positive systems; State observer