title: Flavonoid constituents of Dobera glabra leaves: amelioration impact against CCl4-induced changes in the genetic materials in male rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Poir (Salvadoraceae) is a highly valued tree with diverse importance as special mineral sourced feed and a folkloric tool for forecasting droughts. However, there are no reports on its phytochemical and biological investigations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Phytochemical investigation of D. glabra leaves and its protective potential against CCl4inducing changes in the genetic materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  D. glabra extract, DGE (70% MeOH/H2O), was applied to polyamide column chromatography, eluting with MeOH/H2O of decreasing polarities, followed by preparative chromatographic tools, yielded seven compounds. Three DGE doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw/d) were administrated for 8 weeks intragastrically to male albino rats prior treated with CCl4(0.5 mL/kg/bw). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, expression changes of glutamate transporters (GLAST, GLT-1 and SNAT3) mRNA, DNA fragmentation and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were investigated in the liver tissues of these rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-rhamnopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin and kaempferol were identified. DGE (200 mg/kg bw) + CCl4exhibited the most significant reduction in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation with 251.3% and141% compared to 523.1% and 273.2% for CCl4, respectively. Additionally, it increased significantly the mRNA expression of GLAST, GLT-1 and SNAT3 to 2.16-, 1.72- and 2.09-fold, respectively. Also, GPx activity was increased to 4.8 U/mg protein/min compared to CCl4(1.8 U/mg protein/min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flavonoid constituents, antioxidant effect and genotoxic protection activity of D. glabra were first reported. DGE may be valuable in the treatment and hindrance of hepatic oxidative stress and genotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics , National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elkhateeb
authors.affiliation: a Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics , National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt.
authors.forename: Rasha R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Abdel Latif
authors.affiliation: a Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics , National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Marzouk
authors.affiliation: a Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics , National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt.
authors.forename: Sameh R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.affiliation: a Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics , National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona E S
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kassem
authors.affiliation: b Department of Cell Biology , National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt.
authors.forename: Wagdy K B
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.affiliation: a Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics , National Research Center , Dokki , Giza , Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El-Ansari
mesh_terms: D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D032121:Salvadoraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D000975:Antioxidants; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C493395:Slc1a2 protein, rat; C493392:Slc1a3 protein, rat; D012997:Solvents; C403222:system N protein 1; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D000432:Methanol
keywords: DNA fragmentation; ROS; gene expression; glutathione peroxidase