title: Measurement of emerging dechloranes in human serum using modulated gas chromatography coupled to electron capture negative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Quite recently, the presence of significant amounts of several emerging Dechlorane (Dec) flame retardants (FRs) was reported in environmental and biota samples, principally from Canada and China, but also from Europe. Several molecules were identified, e.g. Dec 602, 603, 604, Dechlorane Plus (DP), and Chlordene Plus (CP). Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to electron ionization (EI) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is typically used for their measurement in various matrices based on hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD) fragment ions at m/z 271.8102/273.8072.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the use of GC with cryogenic zone compression and electron capture negative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CZC-GC/ECNI-TOFMS) to measure Dechlorane compounds at low levels in human serum. The TOFMS instrument provided a resolving power of 5000 (FWHM) with an acquisition rate of 25 Hz and was equipped with a specific low thermal emission filament, which allowed it to perform reproducibly in ECNI mode at ion source temperatures as low as 140°C, thus yielding a signal for the molecular ion cluster.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method provided comparable sensitivity to the GC/EI-SectorHRMS technique used in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode, and specificity for the target Dechlorane compounds. The method was applied on human serum samples and quantification was performed for Dec 602, Dec 603, and CP, ranging from 0.1 to 10 ng/g lipid weight levels. The main drawbacks of the method are the high instrument detection limits (IDLs) obtained for DP and Dec 604. The method would benefit from even softer ionization and better ion transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main advantages of the present method are the selectivity, as detection is based on the molecular ion signal, and the use of good mass accuracy combined with isotopic distribution calculation for molecular formulae investigation of halogenated compounds. This methodology should facilitate the monitoring of emerging Dechlorane contaminants in future studies, and possibly extend the scope to untargeted emerging analogues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.|Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brasseur
authors.affiliation: Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pirard
authors.affiliation: Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: L'homme
authors.affiliation: Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Pauw
authors.affiliation: Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Focant