title: How do individual-level sociodemographics and neighbourhood-level characteristics influence residential location behaviour in the context of the food and built environment? Findings from 25 years of follow-up in the CARDIA Study.
abstract: Little is known about how diet-related and activity-related amenities relate to residential location behaviour. Understanding these relationships is essential for addressing residential self-selection bias.
  
  
  
  Using 25 years (6 examinations) of data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (n=11 013 observations) and linked neighbourhood-level data from the 4 CARDIA baseline cities (Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Oakland, California, USA), we characterised participants' neighbourhoods as having low, average or high road connectivity and amenities using non-hierarchical cluster analysis. We then used repeated measures multinomial logistic regression with random effects to examine the associations between individual-level sociodemographics and neighbourhood-level characteristics with residential neighbourhood types over the 25-year period, and whether these associations differed by individual-level income.
  
  
  
  Being female was positively associated with living in neighbourhoods with low (vs high) road connectivity and activity-related and diet-related amenities among high-income individuals only. At all income levels, a higher percentage of neighbourhood white population and neighbourhood population <18 years were associated with living in neighbourhoods with low (vs high) connectivity and amenities. Individual-level race; age; and educational attainment, neighbourhood socioeconomic status and housing prices did not influence residential location behaviour related to neighbourhood connectivity and amenities at any income level.
  
  
  
  Neighbourhood-level factors appeared to play a comparatively greater role in shaping residential location behaviour than individual-level sociodemographics. Our study is an important step in understanding how residential locational behaviour relates to amenities and physical activity opportunities, and may help mitigate residential self-selection bias in built environment studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Pasquale E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rummo
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Guilkey
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jared P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gordon-Larsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States
keywords: DIET; EPIDEMIOLOGY; Neighborhood/place; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; SOCIAL INEQUALITIES