title: Influence of dietary calcium intake on quantitative and qualitative parameters of bone tissue in Polish adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of the study was to assess dietary calcium intake in the Polish population and its influence on selected parameters of bone tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  1,129 osteoporosis treatment-naive subjects, aged 20-80 years, randomly selected, were involved in the study. Bone status was established using densitometry of spine and hip and quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus. Dietary calcium intake was calculated according to data gathered in a questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median calcium intake was 746 mg; 72% of subjects had calcium intake below the recommended dose. Calcium intake correlated negatively with age (r = -0.15; p<0.001) and positively with BMD in the spine (r = 0.06; p<0.05) and in the femoral neck (r = 0.07; p < 0.05). In subjects with the lowest calcium intake, a significantly lower femoral neck BMD and heel stiffness was noticed than in subjects with the highest calcium intake. However, multiple regression analysis showed that dietary calcium was not a predictor of low BMD, both in the hip and spine, as well as of bone stiffness in contrast to age, low BMI and female gender (p<0.0001). In all factors regression analysis, a weak influence of calcium intake on BMD was shown only in the subgroup of premenopausal women (β = 0.1; p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In most subjects, dietary calcium intake was below the recommended dose; however, its influence on bone seems to be weak, except for persons with the greatest deficiency of dietary calcium and the subgroup of premenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Skowrońska-Jóźwiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaworski
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lorenc
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewiński
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary