title: Three-dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart disease: an expert consensus document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography.
abstract: Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has become important in the management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly with pre-surgical planning, guidance of catheter intervention, and functional assessment of the heart. 3DE is increasingly used in children because of good acoustic windows and the non-invasive nature of the technique. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the optimal application of 3DE in CHD including technical considerations, image orientation, application to different lesions, procedural guidance, and functional assessment.
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK john.simpson@gstt.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGhie
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Folkert
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meijboom
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roberson
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Annemien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van den Bosch
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shirali
mesh_terms: D032921:Consensus; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012955:Societies, Medical; D014481:United States
keywords: ASE; EACVI; congenital heart disease; recommendation; three-dimensional echocardiography