title: Transabdominal color doppler ultrasonography: A relevant approach for assessment of effects of uterine torsion in buffaloes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted on advanced pregnant buffaloes suffering from uterine torsion to assess the status of fetus and uterus by transabdominal ultrasonography, and the findings were compared with normal advanced pregnant buffaloes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 20 clinical cases of uterine torsion and 20 normal advanced pregnant buffaloes (control group). The lower ventral area just lateral to linea alba (on both sides of the udder) in standing animals was scanned transabdominally by the two-dimensional convex transducer for various ultrasonographic findings. The data collected were statistically analyzed by "one-way ANOVA" and "independent sample t-test" using computerized SPSS 16.0 software program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed dead fetus in 95% uterine torsion cases and proved useful in imaging internal structures of fetuses while no dead fetus was reported in the control group. Size of umbilicus was found significantly decreased (p<0.05) in uterine torsion group in comparison to control animals, but the decrease in placentomal area was marginal (p>0.05) in uterine torsion group. Average thickness of the uterine wall and mean pixel values of fetal fluids (echogenicity) were found significantly increased (p<0.05) in uterine torsion affected buffaloes in comparison to control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Status of fetus (whether live or dead), internal status of uterus, and its contents could be determined by transabdominal ultrasonography in uterine torsion cases and thus determining the prognosis of the uterine torsion cases before going for further manipulations. This will also help in taking all the precautions to avoid death of the fetus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.lastname: Devender
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandolia
authors.affiliation: Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Anand Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Parveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Jasmer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalal
keywords: buffaloes; pixel value; transabdominal; ultrasonography; uterine torsion