title: A Novel One-Stage Obstruction-Based Endoscopic Approach to Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report 10-year results of a 1-stage, obstruction-based, endoscopic approach in children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) with and without prior failed probing/intubation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, children with primary CNLDO of >6 months old previously failed probing/intubation, acute dacryocystitis or dacryocele at any age, and at least 6 months follow up. Diagnosis was based on history of tearing and dye disappearance test. Excluded were patients with complete puncto-canalicular obstruction and craniofacial anomaly. Type of CNLDO was confirmed using endonasal endoscopic guided probing. An endoscopic probing was performed for membranous, intubation for incomplete complex, and dacryocystorhinostomy for complete complex CNLDO. They were followed at 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months, and then after. Success was defined as no or occasional tearing related to noxious stimulus at least 6 months after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 226 eyes (200 patients). Mean age was 26.72 months. Previous failed probing/intubation was in 34.1%. Inferior turbinate impaction in 73.5% and septal deviation in 2.7% were noted. Membranous CNLDO was found in 38.9%, incomplete complex in 57.9%, and complete complex in 3.1%. Mean time of tube removal was 11.9 weeks and last follow-up time was 24.3 months. There was no significant effect of any variables on the final success rates (probing: 96.5%, intubation: 95.4%, dacryocystorhinostomy: 100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One-stage, obstruction-based endoscopic approach to CNLDO resulted in a high success rate for different types of CNLDO (membranous, incomplete complex, and complete complex). No variable significantly affected the success rates.
authors.affiliation: Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen Bahmani
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Kashkouli
authors.forename: Mohammad Bagher
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Abtahi
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sianati
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahvidizadeh
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pakdel
authors.forename: Pedram Bahmani
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kashkouli
authors.forename: Parya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abdolalizadeh
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000379:methods*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome