title: Intrahepatic Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Chronic HBV Infection Subjects: Asymptomatic Carriers, Active Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The entire disease spectrum of chronic HBV infection (CHB) includes asymptomatic carriers (AC), active chronic hepatitis (ACH), cirrhosis (Cir), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous study have demonstrated that the costimulation profiles from the livers of patients influenced immune responses and played various immunological roles in AC, ACH, Cir, and HCC. In addition, activation of TLR3 signaling in the liver may contribute to HBV clearance, although some HBV components are able to block TLR3 signaling and counteract HBV clearance through positive or negative feedback loops. Previous clinical studies have demonstrated that different TLR3 expressions are present in ACH patients, but no studies investigated the expression of TLR3 proteins in the livers of patients with AC, Cir, or HCC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated intrahepatic TLR3 expression throughout the entire disease spectrum of CHB patients and assessed the interrelations between TLR3 and costimulation proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with ACH, Cir, HCC, and AC and healthy donors (HD) were recruited. TLR3 expression in the livers of patients were investigated using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Correlations between TLR3 and costimulation proteins, including CD80, CD86, CD83, CD28, CTLA-4, CD40, and ICAM-1, were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TLR3 protein in the ACH group tended toward reduction although the P Value of the comparison between the ACH group and HD group was not statistically significant. The TLR3 levels in the HCC, AC, and Cir groups were higher than those in the HD and ACH groups. TLR3 was not interrelated with all costimulation proteins in the DCs and T cells in all five groups. No group presented any interrelation between TLR3 and CD40, except the AC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AC, HCC, and Cir patients displayed increased levels of the intrahepatic TLR3 protein compared to the HD and AC patients. Both activation of TLR3/INF-β signaling and inhibition of TLR3/INF-β signaling by HBV components influenced TLR3 expression in the AC, ACH, Cir, and HCC subjects. However, TLR3 signaling did not influence the expression of costimulatory protein in the ACH, Cir, or HCC patients. TLR3/ IFN-β signaling did influence immune responses in the livers of CHB patients.
authors.affiliation: The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jia Wen
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated Qingyuan People Hospital, Jinan University Medical School, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ping Huang
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated Qingyuan People Hospital, Jinan University Medical School, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhong
keywords: Chronic Hepatitis B Infection; Costimulatory Molecule; Intrahepatic Immunopathophysiology; Toll-Like Receptors; Toll-Like Receptors 3