title: Repeat-measures longitudinal study evaluating behavioural and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with autism before, during and after visceral osteopathic technique (VOT).
abstract: This study investigated the influence of visceral osteopathic technique (VOT) on the behaviour and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms of children with autism using a validated questionnaire to measure outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 49 recruited autistic children suffered GI symptoms and impaired social interaction and communication, but were otherwise healthy. Thirty minute VOT sessions were applied to the abdomens of the children over a 6 week period whilst their GI and behavioural parameters were recorded. Outcomes were measured using a modified Autism Research Institute Secretin Outcomes Survey Form, the 'S.O.S Form'. Four questionnaires were completed by parents before treatment (control period), four completed during treatment (treatment period) and one completed six weeks after the last treatment (post treatment period). Subjects acted as their own controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from repeat ANOVA demonstrated a positive, overall significant, symptomatic improvement (p < 0.05) in 'social behaviour and communication' and 'digestive signs' subscales of the questionnaire comparing before and after VOT. Significant improvement in vomiting (p = 0.00029), poor appetite (p = 0.039) and eye contact (p = 0.035) was also demonstrated after VOT application.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental hypothesis has been supported indicating a positive effect of VOT on some of the measured GI symptoms and behavioural patterns in this group of children with autism. This data indicates that the application of VOT may be of benefit to children with autism and GI disturbance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK. Electronic address: research@ibccare.co.uk.
authors.forename: Ioná
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bramati-Castellarin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
authors.forename: Vinood B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Drysdale
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D026301:Manipulation, Osteopathic / Q000379:methods*; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Autism; Behavioural symptoms; Gastrointestinal symptoms; Osteopathic treatment; Visceral osteopathic technique