title: Characterizing the relationship between increases in the cost of nicotine and decreases in nicotine content in adult male rats: implications for tobacco regulation.
abstract: A large reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes may benefit public health by reducing the rate and the prevalence of smoking. A behavioral economics framework suggests that a decrease in nicotine content may be considered an increase in the unit price of nicotine (unit price = reinforcer cost/reinforcer magnitude). Increasing the price of cigarettes (i.e., increasing reinforcer cost) would be considered an equivalent change in unit price to reducing nicotine content (i.e., reducing reinforcer magnitude).
  
  
  
  The goal of the present experiments was to characterize the relationship between increases in nicotine cost and decreases in nicotine dose.
  
  
  
  A rat self-administration model was used to assess this relationship across three experiments, with an emphasis on very low nicotine doses to model a potential nicotine reduction policy. Cost was manipulated via changes in the number of responses required to earn an infusion.
  
  
  
  Results show that increases in the cost of nicotine and decreases in nicotine content were not equivalent manipulations. Nicotine consumption was more sensitive to nicotine dose than to nicotine cost. Nicotine consumption was also not equivalent across a variety of cost and dose combinations forming a single unit price.
  
  
  
  Results of the present studies suggest that nicotine reduction is likely to have a large impact on nicotine exposure from cigarettes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. tracysmith@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Tracy T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.|Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sved
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D060909:Economics, Behavioral; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Behavioral economics; Nicotine; Nicotine reduction; Self-administration; Tobacco regulation; Unit price