title: Divergence of cryptic species of Doryteuthis plei Blainville, 1823 (Loliginidae, Cephalopoda) in the Western Atlantic Ocean is associated with the formation of the Caribbean Sea.
abstract: Although recent years have seen an increase in genetic analyses that identify new species of cephalopods and phylogeographic patterns, the loliginid squid of South America remain one of the least studied groups. The suggestion that Doryteuthis plei may represent distinct lineages within its extensive distribution along the western Atlantic coasts from Cape Hatteras, USA (36°N) to northern Argentina (35°S) is consistent with significant variation in a number of environmental variables along this range including in both temperature and salinity. In the present study D. plei samples were obtained from a large number of localities along the western Atlantic coasts to investigate the distribution of these possible species in a phylogeographic context. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene and nuclear Rhodopsin gene. Divergence times were estimated using Bayesian strict clock dating with calibrations based on fossil records for divergence from the lineage containing Vampyroteuthis infernalis (162mya), the probable origins of the North American loliginids (45mya), and the European loliginids (20mya) and fossil statolith from Doryteuthis opalescens (3mya). Our results suggest a deep genetic divergence within Doryteuthis plei. The currently described specie consists of two genetically distinct clades (pair-wise genetic divergence of between 7.7 and 9.1%). One clade composed of individuals collected in northwestern Atlantic and Central Caribbean Atlantic waters and the other from southwestern Atlantic waters. The divergence time and sampling locations suggest the speciation process at approximately 16Mya, which is in full agreement with the middle Miocene orogeny of the Caribbean plate, ending up with the formation of the Lesser Antilles and the adjacent subduction zone, coinciding with a particularly low global sea level, resulting in the practical absence of continental shelves at the area, and therefore an effective geographic barrier for D. plei. Furthermore, this study also provides evidence of previously undocumented sub-population structuring in the Gulf of Mexico.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Universitário do Marajó-Breves, Faculdade de Ciencias Naturais, Breves, PA CEP 68800-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Filogenômica e Bioinformatica, UFPA-IECOS, Campus de Bragança, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil. Electronic address: braullio@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: João Bráullio de L
authors.initials: JBL
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Campus Universitário de Capanema, Faculdade de Ciencias Biológicas, Capanema, PA CEP 68600-030, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis F da S
authors.initials: LFDS
authors.lastname: Rodrigues-Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Filogenômica e Bioinformatica, UFPA-IECOS, Campus de Bragança, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yrlene do S
authors.initials: YDS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Filogenômica e Bioinformatica, UFPA-IECOS, Campus de Bragança, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeferson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Geologia Costeira, UFPA-IECOS, Campus de Bragança, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nils E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Asp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Laboratório de Recursos Demersais e Cefalópodes, Caixa Postal 474, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96201-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haimovici
authors.affiliation: Línea de Pesquerías Artesanales, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, CONACYT, Calle 10 #264, 24000 Campeche, Mexico.
authors.forename: Unai
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Markaida
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Lepidopterologia e Ictiologia Integrada, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, ICB-UFPA, Belém, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ready
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Filogenômica e Bioinformatica, UFPA-IECOS, Campus de Bragança, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Filogenômica e Bioinformatica, UFPA-IECOS, Campus de Bragança, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iracilda
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sampaio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001267:Atlantic Ocean; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017691:Caribbean Region; D049830:Cephalopoda / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D005580:Fossils; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: COI; Caribbean plate; Doryteuthis plei; Phylogeography; Rhodopsin; Speciation