title: Assessment study of insight ARTHRO VR (®) arthroscopy virtual training simulator: face, content, and construct validities.
abstract: The aims of this study were to test the face, content, and construct validities of a virtual-reality haptic arthroscopy simulator and to validate four assessment hypothesis. The participants in our study were 94 arthroscopists attending an international conference on arthroscopy. The interviewed surgeons had been performing arthroscopies for a mean of 8.71 years (σ = 6.94 years). We explained the operation, functionality, instructions for use, and the exercises provided by the simulator. They performed a trial exercise and then an exercise in which performance was recorded. After having using it, the arthroscopists answered a questionnaire. The simulator was classified as one of the best training methods (over phantoms), and obtained a mark of 7.10 out of 10 as an evaluation tool. The simulator was considered more useful for inexperienced surgeons than for surgeons with experience (mean difference 1.88 out of 10, P value < 0.001). The participants valued the simulator at 8.24 as a tool for learning skills, its fidelity at 7.41, the quality of the platform at 7.54, and the content of the exercises at 7.09. It obtained a global score of 7.82. Of the subjects, 30.8% said they would practise with the simulator more than 6 h per week. Of the surgeons, 89.4% affirmed that they would recommend the simulator to their colleagues. The data gathered support the first three hypotheses, as well as face and content validities. Results show statistically significant differences between experts and novices, thus supporting the construct validity, but studies with a larger sample must be carried out to verify this. We propose concrete solutions and an equation to calculate economy of movement. Analogously, we analyze competence measurements and propose an equation to provide a single measurement that contains them all and that, according to the surgeons' criteria, is as reliable as the judgment of experts observing the performance of an apprentice.
authors.affiliation: Dpto. de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Computadores, Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, DATCCCIA D.0054 Ampliación Rectorado, C/Tulipán, S/N, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain. sofia.bayona@urjc.es.
authors.forename: Sofía
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayona
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Severo Ochoa Leganés, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernández-Arroyo
authors.affiliation: Dpto. de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Computadores, Ciencias de la Computación e Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, DATCCCIA D.0054 Ampliación Rectorado, C/Tulipán, S/N, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: National Board of Psychologists in Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bayona
keywords: Arthroscopy; Assessment study; Construct validity; Content validity; Face validity; Virtual-reality simulator