title: Downregulation of pigment epithelium-derived factor is associated with increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been reported to inhibit angiogenesis in bladder cancer, but whether it modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have included 68 samples of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in this study. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all sample sections for expressions of PEDF, SNAI2, Vimentin and E-cadherin, which were quantified and The EMT Index (EMTi) was calculated by Vimentin/E-cadherin. Levels of expression were studied for correlations with clinicopathological parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were grouped with high (EMTi≤1) and low (EMTi>1) EMT level for comparisons of clinicopathological parameters. In the univariate analysis, EMT level was shown to be significantly associated with tumor onset and PEDF level, but not with gender, occurrence, stage, grade, or SNAI2 level. Further multivariate analysis revealed that PEDF level was significantly negatively correlated with EMTi independent of other clinicopathological parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that PEDF may serve as a promising novel modality for the treatment of bladder cancer, as it can inhibit not only angiogenesis but also EMT process of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.|Department of First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Bin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.|Department of First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jia S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.|Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yang Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tian C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guang H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yun F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China - drurology@126.com.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D015843:Serpins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D015843:Serpins; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014746:Vimentin; D000099174:Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor; C513384:CDH1 protein, human; C000604408:SNAI2 protein, human