title: Effect of ultrasonic degradation of hyaluronic acid extracted from rooster comb on antioxidant and antiglycation activities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (LMWHA) has been reported to have novel features, such as free radical scavenging activities, antioxidant activities and dietary supplements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) was extracted from rooster comb and LMWHA was obtained by ultrasonic degradation in order to assess their antioxidant and antiglycation activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Molecular weight (Mw) and the content of glucuronic acid (GlcA) were used as the index for comparison of the effect of ultrasonic treatment. The effects on the structure were determined by ultraviolet (UV) spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). The antioxidant activity was determined by three analytical assays (DPPH, NO and TBARS), and the inhibitory effect against glycated-BSA was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GlcA content of HA and LMWHA was estimated at about 48.6% and 47.3%, respectively. The results demonstrate that ultrasonic irradiation decreases the Mw (1090-181 kDa) and intrinsic viscosity (1550-473 mL/g), which indicate the cleavage of the glycosidic bonds. The FTIR and UV spectra did not significantly change before and after degradation. The IC50value of HA and LWMHA was 1.43, 0.76 and 0.36 mg/mL and 1.20, 0.89 and 0.17 mg/mL toward DPPH, NO and TBARS, respectively. Likewise LMWHA exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the AGEs formation than HA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that the ultrasonic irradiation did not damage and change the chemical structure of HA after degradation; furthermore, decreasing Mw and viscosity of LMWHA after degradation may enhance the antioxidant and antiglycation activity.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Jawhar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hafsa
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Aymen
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chaouch
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Bassem
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charfeddine
authors.affiliation: c University of Normandy, Laboratory of Polymers Biopolymers Surfaces (PBS), University of Rouen , Mont Saint Aignan , France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rihouey
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Khalifa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Limem
authors.affiliation: c University of Normandy, Laboratory of Polymers Biopolymers Surfaces (PBS), University of Rouen , Mont Saint Aignan , France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Cerf
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rouatbi
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Monastir , University of Monastir , Monastir , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Hatem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Majdoub
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism*; D003129:Comb and Wattles / Q000378:metabolism*; D004355:Drug Stability; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D006031:Glycosylation; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010851:Picrates; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014020:Tissue Extracts; C081628:advanced glycation end products-bovine serum albumin; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: FTIR; Polysaccharide; SEC-MALLS; advanced glycation end products; free radical; lipid peroxidation