title: A Low Impact Approach to Infected Pancreatic Necrosis: Review of a Case Series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infected pancreatic necrosis develops in approximately one third of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality rates. Historically, open necrosectomy has been the mainstay of management for these patients but is in itself a morbid procedure. In recent times, minimally invasive techniques have evolved to allow a less invasive approach to these patients. Percutaneous catheter drainage of infected pancreatic necrosis is a technique that has been demonstrated to be potentially useful in the treatment of this group of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to review outcomes and define the technique of percutaneous catheter drainage in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis. All patients with infected pancreatic necrosis were exclusively treated with percutaneous drainage over the study period. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, number and size of drains, drainage technique and drain management, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, nutritional requirements, and morbidity and mortality data were evaluated for the patient group. Computed tomography (CT) scans were used to assess the progression of the disease process and the effectiveness of the treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were nine patients with infected pancreatic necrosis in this case series between 2007 and 2012, all of whom were treated with percutaneous catheter drainage alone. The median APACHE II score in the patient group was 11, with a median stay in the ICU of 3 d and median hospital stay of 41 d. On average, nine CT scans were performed per patient during the hospital admission. A median of three drains were inserted per patient, and in the course of the study, it was evident that the larger drain size was the most effective. In eight of the nine patients in the group, complications developed that were both directly and indirectly related to the pancreatitis, but were effectively managed. There were no deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous catheter drainage as a stand-alone intervention is an alternative strategy for infected pancreatic necrosis and can be used with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates in this challenging group of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Capital and Coast District Health Board , Wellington, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velagapudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Capital and Coast District Health Board , Wellington, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Capital and Coast District Health Board , Wellington, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Tasmin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Capital and Coast District Health Board , Wellington, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bann
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Capital and Coast District Health Board , Wellington, New Zealand .
authors.forename: Susrutha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wickremesekera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult