title: Effects of Exercise Therapy on Balance Capacity in Chronic Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of exercise training on balance capacity in people in the chronic phase after stroke. Furthermore, we aimed to identify which training regimen was most effective.
  
  
  
  Electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of exercise therapy on balance capacity in the chronic phase after stroke. Studies were included if they were of moderate or high methodological quality (PEDro score ≥4). Data were pooled if a specific outcome measure was reported in at least 3 randomized controlled trials. A sensitivity analysis and consequent subgroup analyses were performed for the different types of experimental training (balance and/or weight-shifting training, gait training, multisensory training, high-intensity aerobic exercise training, and other training programs).
  
  
  
  Forty-three randomized controlled trials out of 369 unique hits were included. A meta-analysis could be conducted for the Berg Balance Scale (28 studies, n=985), Functional Reach Test (5 studies, n=153), Sensory Organization Test (4 studies, n=173), and mean postural sway velocity (3 studies, n=89). A significant overall difference in favor of the intervention group was found for the Berg Balance Scale (mean difference 2.22 points (+3.9%); 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-3.17; P<0.01; I(2)=52%), Functional Reach Test (mean difference=3.12 cm; 95% CI, 0.90-5.35; P<0.01; I(2)=74%), and Sensory Organization Test (mean difference=6.77 (+7%) points; 95% CI, 0.83-12.7; P=0.03; I(2)=0%). Subgroup analyses of the studies that included Berg Balance Scale outcomes demonstrated a significant improvement after balance and/or weight-shifting training of 3.75 points (+6.7%; 95% CI, 1.71-5.78; P<0.01; I(2)=52%) and after gait training of 2.26 points (+4.0%; 95% CI, 0.94-3.58; P<0.01; I(2)=21, whereas no significant effects were found for other training regimens.
  
  
  
  This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that balance capacities can be improved by well-targeted exercise therapy programs in the chronic phase after stroke. Specifically, balance and/or weight-shifting and gait training were identified as successful training regimens.
authors.affiliation: From the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (H.J.R.v.D., A.C.H.G., V.W.); Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands (A.H.); Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), School of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.A.M.P.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.V., G.K.); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Neurorehabilitatioan, Reade Centre of Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (G.K.); and Sint Maartenskliniek, Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.C.H.G., V.W.). hanneke.vanduijnhoven@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Hanneke J R
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Duijnhoven
authors.affiliation: From the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (H.J.R.v.D., A.C.H.G., V.W.); Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands (A.H.); Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), School of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.A.M.P.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.V., G.K.); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Neurorehabilitatioan, Reade Centre of Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (G.K.); and Sint Maartenskliniek, Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.C.H.G., V.W.).
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heeren
authors.affiliation: From the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (H.J.R.v.D., A.C.H.G., V.W.); Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands (A.H.); Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), School of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.A.M.P.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.V., G.K.); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Neurorehabilitatioan, Reade Centre of Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (G.K.); and Sint Maartenskliniek, Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.C.H.G., V.W.).
authors.forename: Marlijn A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: From the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (H.J.R.v.D., A.C.H.G., V.W.); Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands (A.H.); Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), School of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.A.M.P.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.V., G.K.); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Neurorehabilitatioan, Reade Centre of Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (G.K.); and Sint Maartenskliniek, Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.C.H.G., V.W.).
authors.forename: Janne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Veerbeek
authors.affiliation: From the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (H.J.R.v.D., A.C.H.G., V.W.); Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands (A.H.); Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), School of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.A.M.P.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.V., G.K.); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Neurorehabilitatioan, Reade Centre of Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (G.K.); and Sint Maartenskliniek, Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.C.H.G., V.W.).
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kwakkel
authors.affiliation: From the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (H.J.R.v.D., A.C.H.G., V.W.); Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands (A.H.); Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), School of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.A.M.P.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.V., G.K.); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Neurorehabilitatioan, Reade Centre of Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (G.K.); and Sint Maartenskliniek, Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.C.H.G., V.W.).
authors.forename: Alexander C H
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Geurts
authors.affiliation: From the Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (H.J.R.v.D., A.C.H.G., V.W.); Rehabilitation Medical Centre Groot Klimmendaal, Arnhem, The Netherlands (A.H.); Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen (HAN), School of Occupational Therapy, University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.A.M.P.); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, MOVE Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.M.V., G.K.); Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Neurorehabilitatioan, Reade Centre of Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (G.K.); Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (G.K.); and Sint Maartenskliniek, Research, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (A.C.H.G., V.W.).
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weerdesteyn
mesh_terms: D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: activities of daily living; exercise therapy; postural balance; stroke