title: Three-dimensional kinematics of upper limb anatomical movements in asymptomatic adults: Dominant vs. non-dominant.
abstract: The effect of dominance on upper limb (UL) kinematics has only been studied on scapular movements. Moreover, when an anatomical UL movement is performed in a specific plane, secondary movements in the remaining planes involuntarily occur. These secondary movements have not been previously evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics of primary and secondary angles of dominant and non-dominant UL during anatomical movements in asymptomatic adults. 25 asymptomatic adults performed 6 anatomical movements bilaterally: shoulder flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, horizontal abduction-adduction, internal-external rotation, elbow flexion-extension and wrist pronation-supination. Kinematics of the dominant and non-dominant UL were compared by their ranges of motion (ROM) and their angular waveforms (Coefficient of Multiple Correlations, CMC). The comparison between dominant and non-dominant UL kinematics showed different strategies of movement, most notably during elbow flexion-extension (CMC=0.29): the dominant UL exhibited more pronation at maximal elbow flexion. Significant secondary angles were found on most of the UL anatomical movements; e.g. a secondary ROM of shoulder (humero-thoracic) external-internal rotation (69°±16°) was found when the subject intended to perform maximal shoulder abduction-adduction (119°±21°). Bias of dominance should be considered when comparing pathological limb to the controlateral one. Normative values of primary and secondary angles during anatomical movements could be used as a reference for future studies on UL of subjects with neurological or orthopedic pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Gait and Motion Analysis Lab, SESOBEL, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: ayman.assi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Assi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: ziadbakouny18@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bakouny
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: moh.karam80@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Gait and Motion Analysis Lab, SESOBEL, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: massaad.abyr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massaad
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France. Electronic address: wafa.skalli@ensam.eu.
authors.forename: Wafa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Skalli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon. Electronic address: ismat.ghanem@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ismat
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ghanem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anatomical movements; Dominance; Kinematics; Secondary angles; Upper limbs