title: Occurrence and fate of endocrine disrupting chemicals in ASP based sewage treatment plant in Hardwar.
abstract: The occurrence of emerging contaminants such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in our water resources is of prime concern. With this context, fate and seasonal variation of six EDCs (testosterone, T; progesterone, P; diethyl phthalate, DEP; dibutyl phthalate, DBP; propyl-paraben, PP and butyl-paraben, BP) were assessed throughout the year, i.e. in rainy, winter, spring and summer seasons in the raw, treated wastewater and activated sludge in an activated sludge process (ASP) based sewage treatment plant (STP) located in Haridwar, India. Qualitative and quantitative measurements were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results indicate that in summer, the examined STP could effectively remove 82.9% of T, 86.4% of P, 95.5% of DEP, 92.4% of DBP, 91.5% of PP, and 89.9% of BP from the wastewater. Among the EDCs considered, higher removal efficiencies were achieved for phthalates in the summer season. GC-MS analysis showed that a small fraction of EDCs was sorbed on the solid fraction of activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy analysis were also performed to investigate the occurrence of EDCs in biomass samples. Results of this study also demonstrated that removal efficiency, assessed in terms of physicochemical and microbiological parameters, was maximum in summer and reached minimum in rainy season.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India E-mail: gitaprvn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.affiliation: S. S. D. P. C. Girls P. G. College, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 246174, India.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.affiliation: K. L. D. A. V. P. G. College, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 246174, India.
authors.forename: Tanveer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India E-mail: gitaprvn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kazmi
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007194:India; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C032279:phthalic acid; C007379:diethyl phthalate