title: Resistin as an inflammatory marker in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is associated with excess cardiovascular comorbidity and mortality related to lifestyle factors, such as lack of physical activity, poor diet, and smoking. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increased among patients with schizophrenia, with the highest rates among patients on clozapine treatment. Smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, airway inflammation and obstruction, and adipose tissue and inflammatory marker activation are related in systemic inflammation. Low-grade inflammation is also associated with schizophrenia. Adipokine resistin is a biomarker involving several acute and chronic inflammatory states. However, the inflammatory role of resistin is so far inconclusive and studies in schizophrenia are scanty.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to explore the role of serum resistin as an inflammatory marker in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Associations between serum levels of resistin and some other selected cytokines/adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, adipsin, IL-6, IL-1Ra, TNF-α, hs-CRP) and metabolic markers in 190 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment were studied using a cross-sectional study design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among male patients especially, smokers had higher levels of resistin than non-smokers, and among smokers resistin levels were associated with IL-1Ra and hs-CRP levels. In the whole patient group levels of resistin associated with levels of IL-1Ra, and among male patients with low HDL-cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistin is a biomarker of systemic inflammation associated with smoking among patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment. Resistin might have a role as a marker of cardiovascular comorbidity.
authors.affiliation: a Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry , Pitkäniemi Hospital , Pitkäniemi , Finland.
authors.forename: Jari-Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Klemettilä
authors.affiliation: b School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.|c Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Hospital District , Seinäjoki , Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kampman
authors.affiliation: a Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry , Pitkäniemi Hospital , Pitkäniemi , Finland.
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seppälä
authors.affiliation: b School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.|d Tampere Mental Health Center , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viikki
authors.affiliation: e The Immunopharmacology Research Group , University of Tampere, School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hämäläinen
authors.affiliation: e The Immunopharmacology Research Group , University of Tampere, School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moilanen
authors.affiliation: a Tampere University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry , Pitkäniemi Hospital , Pitkäniemi , Finland.|b School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Esa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leinonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003024:Clozapine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C499624:RETN protein, human; D052243:Resistin; D003024:Clozapine
keywords: Cytokine; IL-1Ra; IL-6; hs-CRP; smoking