title: The Ticking of the Epigenetic Clock: Antipsychotic Drugs in Old Age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposed to antipsychotic drugs (APDs), older individuals with dementing illness are at risk of cerebrovascular adverse effects (CVAE), including sudden death. Transient microvascular dysfunctions are known to occur in younger persons exposed to APDs; however, they seldom progress to CVAE, suggesting that APDs alone are insufficient for engendering this untoward effect. It is, therefore, believed that a preexistent microvascular damage is necessary for CVAE to take place, but the exact nature of this lesion remains unclear. CNS small vessel disease (SVD) is a well-known age-related risk factor for strokes, dementia, and sudden death, which may constitute the initial CVAE-predisposing pathology. Therefore, we propose the two strikes CVAE paradigm, in which SVD represents the first strike, while exposure to APDs, the second. In this model, both strikes must be present for CVAE to take place, and the neuroimaging load of white matter hyperintensities may be directly proportional with the CVAE risk. To investigate this hypothesis at the molecular level, we focused on a seemingly unrelated phenomenon: both APDs and SVD were found protective against a similar repertoire of cancers and their spread to the brain (1-4). Since microRNA-29 has shown efficacy against the same malignancies and has been associated with small vessels pathology, we narrowed our search down to this miR, hypothesizing that the APDs mechanism of action includes miR-29 upregulation, which in turn facilitates the development of SVD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether miR-29 can be utilized as a peripheral blood biomarker for SVD and CVAE risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a search of experimentally verified miR-29 target genes utilizing the public domain tools miRanda, RNA22 and Weizemann Institute of Science miRNA Analysis. We identified in total 67 experimentally verified target genes for miR-29 family, 18 of which correlate with microvascular integrity and may be relevant for CVAE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upregulated microRNA-29 silences the expression of 18 genes connected with capillary stability, engendering a major vulnerability for SVD (first strike) which in turn increases the risk for CVAE after exposure to APDs (second strike).
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital , Patton, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Adonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sfera
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital , Patton, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Luzmin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Inderias
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, Patton State Hospital , Patton, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cummings
keywords: SIRT-1; VEGF; antipsychotic medications; diabetes mellitus; microRNA-29; stroke