title: Heat accumulation and development rate of massed maggots of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae).
abstract: Blowfly larvae aggregate on exposed carcasses and corpses and pass through three instars before wandering from the carcass and pupating. The developmental landmarks in this process can be used by forensic entomologists to estimate the time since the insects colonised the carcass, which sets a minimum post mortem interval. Large aggregations of feeding larvae generate a microclimate with temperatures up to 15°C above ambient conditions, which may accelerate larval development and affect forensic estimates of post-mortem intervals. This study investigated the effects of heat accumulated by maggot masses of Lucilia cuprina at aggregations of 20, 50 and 100 larvae, each at incubation temperatures of 18°C, 24°C and 30°C, using body length and life stage as developmental indicators. Aggregation temperatures reached up to 18.7°C above ambient temperature, with significant effects of both size and temperature of the aggregation on the development time of its larvae. Survivorship was highest for all life stages at 24°C, which is near the developmental optimum of L. cuprina. The results of this study provide a broadly applicable method of quantifying heat accumulation by aggregations of a wide range of species of forensic importance, and the results obtained from such studies will demonstrate that ambient temperature cannot be considered the only source of heat that blowfly larvae experience when they develop on a carcass. Neglect of temperatures within larval aggregations will result in an overestimation of post-mortem intervals and thus have far-reaching medicolegal consequences.
authors.affiliation: Flies of Economic Significance Research Group (FliES), Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa. Electronic address: zanthe.kotze@zoology.up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Zanthé
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kotzé
authors.affiliation: Southern African Forensic Entomology Research (SAFER) Laboratory, Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Villet
authors.affiliation: Flies of Economic Significance Research Group (FliES), Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Weldon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004175:Diptera / Q000254:growth & development*; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008136:Longevity; D011156:Population Density
keywords: Development rate; Forensic entomology; Lucilia cuprina; Post-mortem interval; Thermogenesis