title: Dignity Through Integrated Symptom Management: Lessons From the Breathlessness Support Service.
abstract: Dignity is poorly conceptualized and little empirically explored in end-of-life care. A qualitative evaluation of a service offering integrated palliative and respiratory care for patients with advanced disease and refractory breathlessness uncovered an unexpected outcome, it enhanced patients' dignity.
  
  
  
  To analyze what constitutes dignity for people suffering from refractory breathlessness with advanced disease, and its implications for the concept of dignity.
  
  
  
  Qualitative study of cross-sectional interviews with 20 patients as part of a Phase III evaluation of a randomized controlled fast-track trial. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, imported into NVivo, and analyzed through constant comparison. The findings were compared with Chochinov et al.'s dignity model. The model was adapted with the themes and subthemes specific to patients suffering from breathlessness.
  
  
  
  The findings of this study underscore the applicability of the conceptual model of dignity for patients with breathlessness. There were many similarities in themes and subthemes. Differences specifically relevant for patients suffering from severe breathlessness were as follows: 1) physical distress and psychological mechanisms are interlinked with the disability and dependence breathlessness causes, in the illness-related concerns, 2) stigma is an important component of the social dignity inventory, 3) conditions and perspectives need to be present to practice self-care in the dignity-conserving repertoire.
  
  
  
  Dignity is an integrated concept and can be affected by influences from other areas such as illness-related concerns. The intervention shows that targeting the symptom holistically and equipping patients with the means for self-care realized the outcome of dignity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK; Centre for Social Science and Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: mhgysels@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gysels
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London, London, UK; Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jolley
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Caty
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pannell
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Femke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spoorendonk
authors.affiliation: Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London, London, UK; Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moxham
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK; Department of Palliative Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bausewein
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, UK.
authors.forename: Irene J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Higginson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019468:Disease Management; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010166:Palliative Care; D028723:Personhood; D036301:Qualitative Research; D057545:Social Stigma
keywords: Breathlessness; advanced disease; dignity; dyspnea; palliative care; patient experience