title: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of standardized extract of polymethoxyflavones from Ageratum conyzoides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ageratum conyzoides L. is a plant widely used in traditional medicine in tropical and subtropical regions of the world due to its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antibacterial properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the standardized extract of polymethoxyflavones (SEPAc) from the plant and evaluate its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SEPAc purified from the ethanol extract of the plant leaves was characterized by high resolution mass spectrometry and the methoxyflavones were quantified by a validated UPLC-PDA method. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the SEPAc were evaluated after oral administration on the acute nocifensive behavior of mice induced by formalin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta (IL-1β)) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Qualitative analyses revealed the presence of seven methoxyflavones in the SEPAc, also a simple UPLC-PDA method was developed and validated for the quantification of 5,6,7,3',4',5'-hexametoxyflavone; nobiletin; 5'-methoxynobiletin and eupalestin, major compounds in the extract. The SEPAc exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in both formalin phases, with significant inhibition of the paw edema formation and significant reduction of the nocifensive response induced by an intraplantar injection of PGE2 and intrathecal injection of interleukin-1β.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SEPAc exhibited significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. These results provided scientific suggestion of its potential as a source of new medicines to treat inflammatory diseases, such rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Faqueti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brieudes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halabalaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexios L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Skaltsounis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wellinghton M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: adair.santos@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Adair R S
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: maique.biavatti@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Maique W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Biavatti
mesh_terms: D031163:Ageratum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D047309:Flavones; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: 3′-Hydroxy-5,6,7,8,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone (PubChem CID: 44258654); 5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-Hexamethoxyflavone (PubChem CID: 185670); 5′-Methoxynobiletin (PubChem CID: 72815); Ageratum conyzoides; Anti-inflammatory; Antinociceptive; Eupalestin (PubChem CID: 331149); Linderoflavone B (PubChem CID: 97151); Methoxyflavones; Nobiletin (PubChem CID: 72344); Quercetin (PubChem CID: 5280343); Sinensetin (PubChem CID: 145659)