title: Evaluation of anatomy and variations of superficial palmar arch and upper extremity arteries with CT angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the abnormalities and variations of the arterial system of upper extremities and superficial palmar arch with computed tomography angiography and to guide the clinician during this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 156 upper extremities of 78 cases were retrospectively analyzed using computed tomography angiography. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the hospital. From the analysis of the computed tomography angiography images, the following information was recorded; the diameters and abnormalities of radial, ulnar and brachial arteries in both upper extremities, the presence of atherosclerotic changes or stenosis in these arteries, whether the superficial palmar arch was complete or incomplete, and arterial dominance. Also, the computed tomography angiography classification of superficial palmar arch distribution and anatomic configuration was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean baseline diameters of the radial, ulnar and brachial arteries of the cases were; 2.8 ± 0.6, 2.5 ± 0.7, and 4.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. A complete superficial palmar arch was observed in 69.2 % of the right hands and 70.5 % of the left hands. For the superficial palmar arches on the right side, the radial artery was dominant in two and the ulnar artery was dominant in 47 with the remaining showing codominance. On the left side, the radial artery was dominant in one hand, with the ulnar artery being dominant in 49 cases, and in 28 cases, there was codominance. In the superficial palmar arch classification, four of the arches (A-D) were defined as complete and the remaining three (E-G) as incomplete.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study clarified different variations in palmar circulation and forearm arteries to aid the surgeon during trans-radial or trans-ulnar catheterization, hemodialysis, or coronary artery bypass grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Research and Training Hospital, TR-06100, Ankara, Turkey. hatice.altnkaynak@yahoo.com.tr.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaplanoglu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Hospital, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Beton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D063405:Anatomic Variation; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017535:Ulnar Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Hand arterial variation; Radial artery; Superficial palmar arch; Ulnar artery; Vascular anatomy