title: Complications Related to the Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Use in Posterior Cervical Fusion.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the complications between posterior cervical fusions with and without recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Use of rhBMP2 in anterior cervical spinal fusion procedures can lead to potential complications such as neck edema, resulting in airway complications or neurological compression. However, there are no data on the complications associated with the "off-label" use of rhBMP2 in upper and lower posterior cervical fusion approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from the PearlDiver database who had a posterior cervical fusion between 2005 and 2011 were identified. We evaluated complications within 90 days after fusion and data was divided in 2 groups: (1) posterior cervical fusion including upper cervical spine O-C2 (upper group) and (2) posterior cervical fusion including lower cervical spine C3-C7 (lower group). Complications were divided into: any complication, neck-related complications, wound-related complications, and other complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 352 patients in the upper group, 73 patients (20.7%) received rhBMP2, and 279 patients (79.3%) did not. Likewise, in the lower group of 2372 patients, 378 patients (15.9%) had surgery with rhBMP2 and 1994 patients (84.1%) without. In the upper group, complications were observed in 7 patients (9.6%) with and 34 patients (12%) without rhBMP2. In the lower group, complications were observed in 42 patients (11%) with and 276 patients (14%) without rhBMP2. Furthermore, in the lower group the wound-related complications were significantly higher in the rhBMP2 group (23 patients, 6.1%) compared with the non-rhBMP2 group (75 patients, 3.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed that the use of rhBMP2 does not increase the risk of complications in upper cervical spine fusion procedures. However, in the lower cervical spine, rhBMP2 may elevate the risk of wound-related complications. Overall, there were no major complications associated with the use of rhBMP2 for posterior cervical fusion approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Hoffman Medical Research Center, Los Angeles, CA †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA §Spine Colorado, Durango, CO ∥Department of Neurosurgery, Bergmannstrost Hospital, Halle, Germany ¶Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT #Department of Orthopedics, Emory Spine Center, Atlanta, GA **Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Uijongbu St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Uijongbu, Korea.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Zorica
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Buser
authors.forename: Jeremiah R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Sue L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Myhre
authors.forename: Hans-Joerg
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Meisel
authors.forename: Darrel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Brodke
authors.forename: S Tim
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Jong-Beom
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jim A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Youssef
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000601:surgery*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2