title: Peer groups splitting in Croatian EQA scheme: a trade-off between homogeneity and sample size number.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laboratory evaluation through external quality assessment (EQA) schemes is often performed as 'peer group' comparison under the assumption that matrix effects influence the comparisons between results of different methods, for analytes where no commutable materials with reference value assignment are available. With EQA schemes that are not large but have many available instruments and reagent options for same analyte, homogenous peer groups must be created with adequate number of results to enable satisfactory statistical evaluation. We proposed a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)-based test to evaluate heterogeneity of peer groups within the Croatian EQA biochemistry scheme and identify groups where further splitting might improve laboratory evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  EQA biochemistry results were divided according to instruments used per analyte and the MANOVA test was used to verify statistically significant differences between subgroups. The number of samples was determined by sample size calculation ensuring a power of 90% and allowing the false flagging rate to increase not more than 5%. When statistically significant differences between subgroups were found, clear improvement of laboratory evaluation was assessed before splitting groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After evaluating 29 peer groups, we found strong evidence for further splitting of six groups. Overall improvement of 6% reported results were observed, with the percentage being as high as 27.4% for one particular method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defining maximal allowable differences between subgroups based on flagging rate change, followed by sample size planning and MANOVA, identifies heterogeneous peer groups where further splitting improves laboratory evaluation and enables continuous monitoring for peer group heterogeneity within EQA schemes.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vlašić Tanasković
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Coucke
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leniček Krleža
authors.forename: Jadranka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vuković Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D017523:Croatia; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards*; D059021:Laboratory Proficiency Testing; D010379:Peer Group; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011786:Quality Control; D012016:Reference Values