title: Migraine patients have a higher prevalence of PTSD symptoms in comparison to chronic tension-type headache and healthy subjects: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Headache is one of the most common disorders and has a heavy socioeconomic burden on both patients and society. Previous studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of psychological issues (e.g. depression and anxiety) in headache and especially migraine patients. The current study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in chronic migraine (CM), chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) and healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  CM and CTTH subjects were selected consecutively from patients referring to the department of neurology clinic at Shafa Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. PTSD symptomatology was assessed using PTSD checklist civilian version-Persian edition (PCL-C). Control subjects were enrolled from the family members of headache patients who did not have any history of headache. Chi-square test was used to analyse data and p < .05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 60 control subjects, 5 had a PTSD symptomatology (8.3%); this prevalence was 13.3% for CTTH and 40% for CM groups. CM patients had a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD symptomatology in comparison to CTTH and control subjects (p < .05). With reference to gender, most of the subjects with PTSD symptomatology were female.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the current study demonstrated that CM patients have a higher prevalence of PTSD symptomatology compared to another chronic headache condition (CTTH) and healthy subjects, which should be considered while treating CM patients. Further studies in larger populations are demanded.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oral Medicine , Chronic Orofacial Pain and Headache Clinic, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.affiliation: b Neuroscience Research Center , Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabani
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oral Medicine , Chronic Orofacial Pain and Headache Clinic, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Goli
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chamani
authors.affiliation: b Neuroscience Research Center , Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abareghi
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physiology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Moazamehosadat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razavinasab
authors.affiliation: d Resident of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nazeri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Chronic migraine; PCL-C; PTSD symptomatology; chronic tension-type headache