title: Maximizing performance in supercritical fluid chromatography using low-density mobile phases.
abstract: The performance of a 3.0mm×150mm column packed with 1.8μm fully porous HSS-SB-C18particles was investigated in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with low-density, highly expansible carbon dioxide. These conditions are selected for the analysis of semi-volatile compounds. Elevated temperatures (>100°C) were then combined with low column back pressures (<100bar). In this work, the inlet temperature of pure carbon dioxide was set at 107°C, the active back pressure regulator (ABPR) pressure was fixed at 100bar, and the flow rate was set at 2.1mL/min at 12°C (liquefied carbon dioxide) and at an inlet column pressure close to 300bar. Nine n-alkylbenzenes (from benzene to octadecylbenzene) were injected under linear (no sample overload) conditions. The severe steepness of the temperature gradients across the column diameter were predicted from a simplified heat transfer model. Such conditions dramatically lower the column performance by affecting the symmetry of the peak shape. In order to cope with this problem, three different approaches were experimentally tested. They include (1) the decoupling and the proper selection of the inlet eluent temperature with respect to the oven temperature, (2) the partial thermal insulation of the column using polyethylene aerogel, and (3) the application of a high vacuum (10-5Torr provided by a turbo-molecular pump) in a housing chamber surrounding the whole column body. The results reveal that (1) the column efficiency can be maximized by properly selecting the difference between the eluent and the oven temperatures, (2) the mere wrapping of the column with an excellent insulating material is insufficient to fully eliminate heat exchanges by conduction and the undesirable radial density gradients across the column i.d., and (3) the complete thermal insulation of the SFC column under high vacuum allows to maximize the column efficiency by maintaining the integrity of the peak shape.
authors.affiliation: Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, Milford, MA 01757, USA. Electronic address: Fabrice_Gritti@waters.com.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gritti
authors.affiliation: Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fogwill
authors.affiliation: Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilar
authors.affiliation: Waters Corporation, Instrument/Core Research/Fundamental, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jarrell
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016062:Porosity; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature; D014618:Vacuum
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Column efficiency; Decoupling between inlet eluent temperature and oven temperature; Insulating material; Low-density carbon dioxide; Supercritical fluid chromatography; Vacuum technology