title: Impact of New Camera Technologies on Discoveries in Cell Biology.
abstract: New technologies can make previously invisible phenomena visible. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the field of light microscopy. Beginning with the observation of "animalcules" by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, when he figured out how to achieve high magnification by shaping lenses, microscopy has advanced to this day by a continued march of discoveries driven by technical innovations. Recent advances in single-molecule-based technologies have achieved unprecedented resolution, and were the basis of the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 2014. In this article, we focus on developments in camera technologies and associated image processing that have been a major driver of technical innovations in light microscopy. We describe five types of developments in camera technology: video-based analog contrast enhancement, charge-coupled devices (CCDs), intensified sensors, electron multiplying gain, and scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor cameras, which, together, have had major impacts in light microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143 nico.stuurman@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stuurman
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143.
authors.forename: Ronald D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Vale
mesh_terms: D003585:Cell Biology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods