title: Analysis and evaluation of magnetism of black toners on documents printed by electrophotographic systems.
abstract: This paper reports on a study to assess the potential of measurements of magnetism, using a proprietary magnetic analysis system, for the routine analysis of toners on documents printed by black and white electrophotographic systems. Magnetic properties of black toners on documents printed by a number of different devices were measured and compared. Our results indicate that the analysis of magnetism is complementary to traditional methods for analysing black toners, such as FTIR. Further, we find that the analysis of magnetism is realistically applicable in closed set cases, that is when the number of potential printing devices can be clearly defined.
authors.affiliation: University of Lausanne, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland. Electronic address: alex.biedermann@unil.ch.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biedermann
authors.affiliation: Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Economics, 30121 Venice, Italy; University of Lausanne, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bozza
authors.affiliation: University of Lausanne, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Taroni
authors.affiliation: University of Lausanne, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fürbach
authors.affiliation: China University of Political Science and Law, Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: University of Lausanne, Faculty of Law, Criminal Justice and Public Administration, School of Criminal Justice, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland.
authors.forename: W D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Mazzella
keywords: Black & white electrophotography; Document examination; Forensic science; Magnetic analysis; Magnetic toner; Statistics