title: Bioaccumulation and effects of metals on oxidative stress and neurotoxicity parameters in the frogs from the Pelophylax esculentus complex.
abstract: Metals are involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species and can induce oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of several metals on oxidative stress in the skin and muscle of the Pelophylax esculentus "complex" frogs (parental species Pelophylax ridibundus, Pelophylax lessonae, and their hybrid Pelophylax esculentus) that inhabit the wetland Obedska Bara in Serbia, and the potential use of these species as bioindicator organisms in biomonitoring studies. The biomarkers of oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR, GST activities and GSH, SH concentrations) and cholinesterase activity were investigated. The concentrations of nine metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb) were measured in the water and tissues. Correlations were established between metals and biomarkers in the tissues. The results of metal accumulation distinguished the skin of P. lessonae and muscle of P. ridibundus from other P. esculentus complex species. The oxidative stress biomarkers observed in P. ridibundus and P. esculentus had greater similarity than in P. lessonae. The P. lessonae displayed the highest number of correlations between biomarkers and metals. The results of tissue responses revealed that skin was more susceptible to metal-induced oxidative stress, with only exception of As. In the light of these findings, we can suggest the use of P. esculentus complex species as a biomonitoring species in studies of metal accumulation and metal-induced oxidative stress, but with special emphasis on P. lessonae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia. marko.prokic@ibiss.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Marko D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Prokić
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
authors.forename: Slavica S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Borković-Mitić
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
authors.forename: Imre I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Krizmanić
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jelena J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mutić
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jelena Đ
authors.initials: JĐ
authors.lastname: Trifković
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jelena P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gavrić
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
authors.forename: Svetlana G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Despotović
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
authors.forename: Branka R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Gavrilović
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
authors.forename: Tijana B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Radovanović
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
authors.forename: Slađan Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Pavlović
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11060, Serbia.
authors.forename: Zorica S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Saičić
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011893:Rana esculenta / Q000502:physiology*; D055771:Serbia; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antioxidative defense system; Bioaccumulation; Frogs; Metals; Oxidative stress; Pelophylax esculentus complex