title: Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic.
abstract: Nootropics or smart drugs are well-known compounds or supplements that enhance the cognitive performance. They work by increasing the mental function such as memory, creativity, motivation, and attention. Recent researches were focused on establishing a new potential nootropic derived from synthetic and natural products. The influence of nootropic in the brain has been studied widely. The nootropic affects the brain performances through number of mechanisms or pathways, for example, dopaminergic pathway. Previous researches have reported the influence of nootropics on treating memory disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Those disorders are observed to impair the same pathways of the nootropics. Thus, recent established nootropics are designed sensitively and effectively towards the pathways. Natural nootropics such as Ginkgo biloba have been widely studied to support the beneficial effects of the compounds. Present review is concentrated on the main pathways, namely, dopaminergic and cholinergic system, and the involvement of amyloid precursor protein and secondary messenger in improving the cognitive performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Azuin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0296-3313
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Suliman
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Che Norma
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4534-5614
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Mat Taib
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Aris
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9282-129X
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohd Moklas
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Aras 9 Bangunan FF3, UiTM Puncak Alam, Bandar Baru Puncak Alam, 42300 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Ilham
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Adenan
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Taufik
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hidayat Baharuldin
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rusliza
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3363-6630
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basir