title: Optical Screening of Female Breast Cancer from Whole Blood Using Raman Spectroscopy.
abstract: This study is intended to develop a screening method for female breast cancer (BRC) from whole blood using Raman spectroscopy. A multivariate partial least squares (PLS) regression model is developed which is based upon Raman spectra of BRC-positive and healthy participants. It yields coefficients of regression at the corresponding Raman shifts. These coefficients represent the changes in molecular structures which are associated with the progress of disease. The present study pointed out some specific molecules which differentiated BRC-positive and healthy groups. In the BRC-positive group, a rising trend of calcium oxalate, calcium hydroxyapatite, phosphatidylserine and qunoid ring, and a lowering trend of tryptophan, tyrosine, and proline were observed in PLS-based coefficients of regression. The R-square value of the model was found to be 0.987, which is accepted clinically. The model was tested for the prediction of 50 randomly collected samples at a cutoff value of 0.5 with the gray region defined in the range of 0.4-0.6. Goodness of fit was estimated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under ROC curve. All of these parameters were found to be very promising.
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar road, Islamabad, Pakistan.|2 Deptartment of Physics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bilal
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sobia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabassum
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Oncology, NORI Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Humera
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Usama
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sarwar
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bangush
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Bioinformatics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Faiza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munir
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aslam Zia
authors.affiliation: 1 National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Lehtrar road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mushtaq
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: 2 Deptartment of Physics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shaista
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahzada
authors.affiliation: 2 Deptartment of Physics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.|5 Department of Physics, Muslim Youth University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ullah Khan
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Breast cancer screening; PLS; Raman spectroscopy; multivariate analysis; partial least squares regression