title: Real-time and label-free monitoring of nanoparticle cellular uptake using capacitance-based assays.
abstract: Nanoparticles have shown great potential as vehicles for the delivery of drugs, nucleic acids, and therapeutic proteins; an efficient, high-throughput screening method to analyze nanoparticle interaction with the cytomembrane would substantially improve the efficiency and accuracy of the delivery. Here, we developed a capacitance sensor array that monitored the capacitance values of nanoparticle-treated cells in a real-time manner, without the need for labeling. Upon cellular uptake of the nanoparticles, a capacitance peak was observed at a low frequency (e.g., 100 Hz) as a function of time based on zeta potential changes. In the high frequency region (e.g., 15-20 kHz), the rate of decreasing capacitance slowed as a function of time compared to the cell growth control group, due to increased cytoplasm resistance and decreased membrane capacitance and resistance. The information provided by our capacitance sensor array will be a powerful tool for scientists designing nanoparticles for specific purposes.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Rimi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon, Republic of Korea.|Department of Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Geol
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000737:chemistry; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D025802:Electric Capacitance; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D011137:Polystyrenes