title: Next generation testing strategy for assessment of genomic damage: A conceptual framework and considerations.
abstract: For several decades, regulatory testing schemes for genetic damage have been standardized where the tests being utilized examined mutations and structural and numerical chromosomal damage. This has served the genetic toxicity community well when most of the substances being tested were amenable to such assays. The outcome from this testing is usually a dichotomous (yes/no) evaluation of test results, and in many instances, the information is only used to determine whether a substance has carcinogenic potential or not. Over the same time period, mechanisms and modes of action (MOAs) that elucidate a wider range of genomic damage involved in many adverse health outcomes have been recognized. In addition, a paradigm shift in applied genetic toxicology is moving the field toward a more quantitative dose-response analysis and point-of-departure (PoD) determination with a focus on risks to exposed humans. This is directing emphasis on genomic damage that is likely to induce changes associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. This paradigm shift is moving the testing emphasis for genetic damage from a hazard identification only evaluation to a more comprehensive risk assessment approach that provides more insightful information for decision makers regarding the potential risk of genetic damage to exposed humans. To enable this broader context for examining genetic damage, a next generation testing strategy needs to take into account a broader, more flexible approach to testing, and ultimately modeling, of genomic damage as it relates to human exposure. This is consistent with the larger risk assessment context being used in regulatory decision making. As presented here, this flexible approach for examining genomic damage focuses on testing for relevant genomic effects that can be, as best as possible, associated with an adverse health effect. The most desired linkage for risk to humans would be changes in loci associated with human diseases, whether in somatic or germ cells. The outline of a flexible approach and associated considerations are presented in a series of nine steps, some of which can occur in parallel, which was developed through a collaborative effort by leading genetic toxicologists from academia, government, and industry through the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee (GTTC). The ultimate goal is to provide quantitative data to model the potential risk levels of substances, which induce genomic damage contributing to human adverse health outcomes. Any good risk assessment begins with asking the appropriate risk management questions in a planning and scoping effort. This step sets up the problem to be addressed (e.g., broadly, does genomic damage need to be addressed, and if so, how to proceed). The next two steps assemble what is known about the problem by building a knowledge base about the substance of concern and developing a rational biological argument for why testing for genomic damage is needed or not. By focusing on the risk management problem and potential genomic damage of concern, the next step of assay(s) selection takes place. The work-up of the problem during the earlier steps provides the insight to which assays would most likely produce the most meaningful data. This discussion does not detail the wide range of genomic damage tests available, but points to types of testing systems that can be very useful. Once the assays are performed and analyzed, the relevant data sets are selected for modeling potential risk. From this point on, the data are evaluated and modeled as they are for any other toxicology endpoint. Any observed genomic damage/effects (or genetic event(s)) can be modeled via a dose-response analysis and determination of an estimated PoD. When a quantitative risk analysis is needed for decision making, a parallel exposure assessment effort is performed (exposure assessment is not detailed here as this is not the focus of this discussion; guidelines for this assessment exist elsewhere). Then the PoD for genomic damage is used with the exposure information to develop risk estimations (e.g., using reference dose (RfD), margin of exposure (MOE) approaches) in a risk characterization and presented to risk managers for informing decision making. This approach is applicable now for incorporating genomic damage results into the decision-making process for assessing potential adverse outcomes in chemically exposed humans and is consistent with the ILSI HESI Risk Assessment in the 21st Century (RISK21) roadmap. This applies to any substance to which humans are exposed, including pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, food additives, and other chemicals. It is time for regulatory bodies to incorporate the broader knowledge and insights provided by genomic damage results into the assessments of risk to more fully understand the potential of adverse outcomes in chemically exposed humans, thus improving the assessment of risk due to genomic damage. The historical use of genomic damage data as a yes/no gateway for possible cancer risk has been too narrowly focused in risk assessment. The recent advances in assaying for and understanding genomic damage, including eventually epigenetic alterations, obviously add a greater wealth of information for determining potential risk to humans. Regulatory bodies need to embrace this paradigm shift from hazard identification to quantitative analysis and to incorporate the wider range of genomic damage in their assessments of risk to humans. The quantitative analyses and methodologies discussed here can be readily applied to genomic damage testing results now. Indeed, with the passage of the recent update to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the US, the new generation testing strategy for genomic damage described here provides a regulatory agency (here the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), but suitable for others) a golden opportunity to reexamine the way it addresses risk-based genomic damage testing (including hazard identification and exposure). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:264-283, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, District of Columbia.
authors.forename: Kerry L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dearfield
authors.affiliation: Exponent® Inc, Center for Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Midland, Michigan.
authors.forename: B Bhaskar
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Gollapudi
authors.affiliation: Litron Laboratories, Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bemis
authors.affiliation: OmnyCorp, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: R Daniel
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.affiliation: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDRH/OSEL DBCMS, Silver Spring, Maryland.
authors.forename: Rosalie K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Elespuru
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: George E
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5643-9942
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Kirkland Consulting, Tadcaster, LS24 OAS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kirkland
authors.affiliation: The Dow Chemical Company, Molecular, Cellular, and Biochemical Toxicology, Midland, Michigan.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: LeBaron
authors.affiliation: In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, Columbia, Maryland.
authors.forename: Albert P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.affiliation: Formerly of The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting now with Olin Corporation, Midland, Michigan.
authors.forename: Lynn H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Pottenger
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Emiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rorije
authors.affiliation: ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, District of Columbia.
authors.forename: Jennifer Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tanir
authors.affiliation: Sanofi, Drug Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thybaud
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Health Protection, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Benthem
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
authors.forename: Carole L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Yauk
authors.affiliation: Errol Zeiger Consulting, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Errol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zeiger
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Health Protection, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luijten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004782:Environmental Health; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens
keywords: exposure assessment; genetic toxicology; integrated testing strategy; mutagenicity; risk assessment