title: The association between maternal and partner experienced racial discrimination and prenatal perceived stress, prenatal and postnatal depression: findings from the growing up in New Zealand cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A growing number of studies document the association between maternal experiences of racial discrimination and adverse children's outcomes, but our understanding of how experiences of racial discrimination are associated with pre- and post-natal maternal mental health, is limited. In addition, existent literature rarely takes into consideration racial discrimination experienced by the partner.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed data from the Growing Up in New Zealand study to examine the burden of lifetime and past year experiences of racial discrimination on prenatal and postnatal mental health among Māori, Pacific, and Asian women in New Zealand (NZ), and to study the individual and joint contribution of mother's and partner's experiences of lifetime and past year racial discrimination to women's prenatal and postnatal mental health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings show strong associations between lifetime and past year experiences of ethnically-motivated interpersonal attacks and unfair treatment on mother's mental health. Māori, Pacific, and Asian women who had experienced unfair treatment by a health professional in their lifetime were 66 % more likely to suffer from postnatal depression, compared to women who did not report these experiences. We found a cumulative effect of lifetime experiences of ethnically-motivated personal attacks on poor maternal mental health if both the mother and the partner had experienced a racist attack.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experiences of racial discrimination have severe direct consequences for the mother's mental health. Given the importance of mother's mental health for the basic human needs of a healthy child, racism and racial discrimination should be addressed.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Humanities Bridgeford Street, G.14, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. Laia.becares@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bécares
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Polly
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atatoa-Carr
keywords: Depression; Ethnicity; New Zealand; Perceived stress; Postnatal; Prenatal; Racial discrimination