title: Sensorimotor Network Crucial for Inferring Amusement from Smiles.
abstract: Understanding whether another's smile reflects authentic amusement is a key challenge in social life, yet, the neural bases of this ability have been largely unexplored. Here, we combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with a novel empathic accuracy (EA) task to test whether sensorimotor and mentalizing networks are critical for understanding another's amusement. Participants were presented with dynamic displays of smiles and explicitly requested to infer whether the smiling individual was feeling authentic amusement or not. TMS over sensorimotor regions representing the face (i.e., in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and ventral primary somatosensory cortex (SI)), disrupted the ability to infer amusement authenticity from observed smiles. The same stimulation did not affect performance on a nonsocial task requiring participants to track the smiling expression but not to infer amusement. Neither TMS over prefrontal and temporo-parietal areas supporting mentalizing, nor peripheral control stimulations, affected performance on either task. Thus, motor and somatosensory circuits for controlling and sensing facial movements are causally essential for inferring amusement from another's smile. These findings highlight the functional relevance of IFG and SI to amusement understanding and suggest that EA abilities may be grounded in sensorimotor networks for moving and feeling the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paracampo
authors.affiliation: Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy.|Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Emmanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tidoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.|Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgomaneri
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: di Pellegrino
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy.|Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avenanti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004645:Empathy / Q000502:physiology; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D012938:Social Perception; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: amusement; emotion authenticity; empathic accuracy; sensorimotor system; simulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation