title: Magnolia officinalis L. Fortified Gum Improves Resistance of Oral Epithelial Cells Against Inflammation.
abstract: Inflammatory diseases of the periodontal tissues are known health problems worldwide. Therefore, anti-inflammatory active compounds are used in oral care products to reduce long-term inflammation. In addition to inducing inflammation, pathogen attack leads to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may lead to oxidative damage of macromolecules. Magnolia officinalis L. bark extract (MBE) has been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in vitro. In the present study, the influence of MBE-fortified chewing gum on the resistance against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress of oral epithelial cells was investigated in a four-armed parallel designed human intervention trial with 40 healthy volunteers. Ex vivo stimulation of oral epithelial cells with LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis for 6[Formula: see text]h increased the mRNA expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1[Formula: see text], IL-[Formula: see text], IL-8, MIP-1[Formula: see text], and TNF[Formula: see text]. Chewing MBE-fortified gum for 10[Formula: see text]min reduced the ex vivo LPS-induced increase of IL-8 release by 43.8 [Formula: see text] 17.1% at the beginning of the intervention. In addition, after the two-week intervention with MBE-fortified chewing gum, LPS-stimulated TNF[Formula: see text] release was attenuated by 73.4 [Formula: see text] 12.0% compared to chewing regular control gum. This increased resistance against LPS-induced inflammation suggests that MBE possesses anti-inflammatory activity in vivo when added to chewing gum. In contrast, the conditions used to stimulate an immune response of oral epithelial cells failed to induce oxidative stress, measured by catalase activity, or oxidative DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: * Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Julia Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Imboeck
authors.affiliation: * Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Joel Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: † Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Amarnath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.affiliation: ‡ Competence Center for Oral Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Gottlieb University, Clinic of Dentistry, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Hady
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haririan
authors.affiliation: ‡ Competence Center for Oral Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Gottlieb University, Clinic of Dentistry, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rausch-Fan
authors.affiliation: † Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.affiliation: † Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Taichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.affiliation: * Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Somoza
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D002638:Chewing Gum; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000009:adverse effects; D031566:Magnolia / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002638:Chewing Gum; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Anti-Inflammatory; Chewing Gum; IL-8; Magnolia Bark Extract; Oxidative Stress; TNFα