title: Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) positively influences lipoprotein concentration and particle size in overweight men and women.
abstract: The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend twice weekly fish intake. Farmed Atlantic salmon is a good source of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids which have positive lipid modifying effects; however, it is unknown whether these responses are dose-dependent. Our primary research objective was to determine the effect of dose-dependent intake of farmed Atlantic salmon on lipoprotein particle (P) size and concentration. We hypothesized that low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-P and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-P size and concentration would increase with salmon intake in a dose-dependent manner. Overweight, adult participants (n = 19) were enrolled in a cross-over designed clinical trial evaluating intake of farmed Atlantic salmon. In random order, participants were assigned to 90, 180, or 270 g of salmon twice weekly for 4-week dietary treatments. Following a 4- to 8-week washout, participants crossed over to another dose of fish intake until all treatments were completed. Plasma lipid concentrations were determined and serum lipoprotein concentrations and particle size were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Intake of salmon reduced plasma and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations and increased plasma HDL-C concentrations. The concentrations of large very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-P and chylomicron (CM)-P were reduced. Large LDL-P concentrations were increased in a dose-dependent manner. The mean size of VLDL-P was reduced and that of LDL was increased. Total TG was reduced as was the TG content of VLDL-P and CM-P. Twice weekly intake of farmed Atlantic salmon portions influences lipoprotein particle size and concentration in a manner associated with cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue N., Grand Forks, ND, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. Electronic address: susan.raatz@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Susan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Raatz
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue N., Grand Forks, ND, USA.
authors.forename: LuAnn K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Thad A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Rosenberger
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue N., Grand Forks, ND, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Picklo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D050177:Overweight; D010316:Particle Size; D020317:Salmo salar; D017747:Seafood; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002914:Chylomicrons; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008079:Lipoproteins, VLDL; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: HDL; LDL; Lipids; Lipoprotein particle; Lipoproteins; Salmon; VLDL