title: Aspergillus fumigatus Photobiology Illuminates the Marked Heterogeneity between Isolates.
abstract: The given strain of Aspergillus fumigatus under study varies across laboratories, ranging from a few widely used "standards," e.g., Af293 or CEA10, to locally acquired isolates that may be unique to one investigator. Since experiments concerning physiology or gene function are seldom replicated by others, i.e., in a different A. fumigatus background, the extent to which behavioral heterogeneity exists within the species is poorly understood. As a proxy for assessing such intraspecies variability, we analyzed the light response of 15 A. fumigatus isolates and observed striking quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity among them. The majority of the isolates fell into one of two seemingly mutually exclusive groups: (i) "photopigmenters" that robustly accumulate hyphal melanin in the light and (ii) "photoconidiators" that induce sporulation in the light. These two distinct responses were both governed by the same upstream blue light receptor, LreA, indicating that a specific protein's contribution can vary in a strain-dependent manner. Indeed, while LreA played no apparent role in regulating cell wall homeostasis in strain Af293, it was essential in that regard in strain CEA10. The manifest heterogeneity in the photoresponses led us to compare the virulence levels of selected isolates in a murine model; remarkably, the virulence did vary greatly, although not in a manner that correlated with their overt light response. Taken together, these data highlight the extent to which isolates of A. fumigatus can vary, with respect to both broad physiological characteristics (e.g., virulence and photoresponse) and specific protein functionality (e.g., LreA-dependent phenotypes).
  
  
  
  The current picture of Aspergillus fumigatus biology is akin to a collage, patched together from data obtained from disparate "wild-type" strains. In a systematic assessment of 15 A. fumigatus isolates, we show that the species is highly heterogeneous with respect to its light response and virulence. Whereas some isolates accumulate pigments in light as previously reported with strain Af293, most induce sporulation which had not been previously observed. Other photoresponsive behaviors are also nonuniform, and phenotypes of identical gene deletants vary in a background-dependent manner. Moreover, the virulence of several selected isolates is highly variable in a mouse model and apparently does not track with any observed light response. Cumulatively, this work illuminates the fact that data obtained with a single A. fumigatus isolate are not necessarily predictive of the species as whole. Accordingly, researchers should be vigilant when making conclusions about their own work or when interpreting data from the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zegans
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA jay.c.dunlap@dartmouth.edu jennifer.loros@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Jay C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunlap
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA jay.c.dunlap@dartmouth.edu jennifer.loros@dartmouth.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Loros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017353:Gene Deletion; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D025301:Hyphae / Q000502:physiology; D008027:Light; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D052817:Phototrophic Processes / Q000235:genetics*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins