title: Antinociceptive effects of the 6-O-sulfate ester of morphine in normal and diabetic rats: Comparative role of mu- and delta-opioid receptors.
abstract: This study determined the antinociceptive effects of morphine and morphine-6-O-sulfate (M6S) in both normal and diabetic rats, and evaluated the comparative role of mu-opioid receptors (mu-ORs) and delta-opioid receptors (delta-ORs) in the antinociceptive action of these opioids. In vitro characterization of mu-OR and delta-OR-mediated signaling by M6S and morphine in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells showed that M6S exhibited a 6-fold higher affinity for delta-ORs and modulated G-protein and adenylyl cyclase activity via delta-ORs more potently than morphine. Interestingly, while morphine acted as a full agonist at delta-ORs in both functional assays examined, M6S exhibited either partial or full agonist activity for modulation of G-protein or adenylyl cyclase activity, respectively. Molecular docking studies indicated that M6S but not morphine binds equally well at the ligand binding site of both mu- and delta-ORs. In vivo analgesic effects of M6S and morphine in both normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats utilizing the hot water tail flick latency test showed that M6S produced more potent antinociception than morphine in both normal rats and diabetic rats. This difference in potency was abrogated following antagonism of delta- but not mu- or kappa (kappa-ORs) opioid receptors. During 9days of chronic treatment, tolerance developed to morphine-treated but not to M6S-treated rats. Rats that developed tolerance to morphine still remained responsive to M6S. Collectively, this study demonstrates that M6S is a potent and efficacious mu/delta opioid analgesic with a delayed tolerance profile when compared to morphine in both normal and diabetic rats.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrates that M6S acts at both mu- and delta-ORs, and adds to the growing evidence that the use of mixed mu/delta opioid agonists in pain treatment may have clinical benefit.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Jai Shankar K
authors.initials: JSK
authors.lastname: Yadlapalli
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ketkar
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Anqi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Narasimha R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Penthala
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Eoff
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Prather
authors.affiliation: Anesthesiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dobretsov
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA. Electronic address: pacrooks@uams.edu.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crooks
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000378:metabolism*; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000378:metabolism; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; C572396:morphine-6-O-sulfate; D009020:Morphine
keywords: 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (PubChem CID3758); 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (PubChem CID23831); Antinociception; DPDPE (PubChem CID104787); Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (PubChem CID9902403); Morphine; Morphine-6-O-sulfate; Naltrexone hydrochloride (PubChem CID 5485201); Naltrindole hydrochloride (Pubchem CID16219715); Norbinaltorphimine hydrochloride (PubChem CID11957626); Opioid receptors; Streptozotocin (Pubchem CID2733335); Streptozotocin-induced diabetes; [D-Ala(2),N-MePhe(4),Gly-ol]enkephalin (PubChem CID5462471)