title: Training current and future robotic surgeons simultaneously: initial experiences with safety and efficiency.
abstract: Robotic surgery is experiencing a rapidly-increasing presence in the field of general surgery. The adoption of any new technology carries the challenge of training current and future surgeons in a safe and effective manner. We report our experience with the initiation of a robotic general surgery program at an academic institution while simultaneously incorporating surgical trainees. The initial procedure performed was robotic-assisted cholecystectomy (RAC). Concurrent with the introduction of a robotic general surgical program, our institution implemented a progressive surgical trainee curriculum for all active residents and fellows. Immediately after being credentialed to perform RAC, attending surgeons began incorporating surgical trainees into robotic procedures. We retrospectively reviewed our first 50 RACs and compared them with our previous 50 standard laparoscopic cholecystectomies (SLC) to determine the impact of rapid integration of surgical trainees on developing technologies. Despite new technology and novice surgeons, there was no difference in mean operative time between the SLC and RAC groups (75.3 vs. 84.1 min, p = 0.077). Two patients in the robotic-assisted group required intraoperative conversion. Hospital length of stay was similar between groups, with the majority of patients leaving the same day. There were no postoperative complications in either group. A robotic general surgery program can be initiated while concurrently instructing surgical trainees on robotic surgery in a safe and efficient manner. We report our initial experience with the adoption of this rapidly advancing technology and describe our training model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA. rjuza@hmc.psu.edu.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Juza
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Haluck
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Eugene J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pauli
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Tung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.affiliation: Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jerome R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lyn-Sue
keywords: Innovation; Progressive; Robotic surgery; Surgical training