title: Variation of Linear and Nonlinear Parameters in the Swim Strokes According to the Level of Expertise.
abstract: The aim was to examine the variation of linear and nonlinear proprieties of the behavior in participants with different levels of swimming expertise among the four swim strokes. Seventy-five swimmers were split into three groups (highly qualified experts, experts and nonexperts) and performed a maximal 25m trial for each of the four competitive swim strokes. A speed-meter cable was attached to the swimmer's hip to measure hip speed; from which speed fluctuation (dv), approximate entropy (ApEn) and fractal dimension (D) variables were derived. Although simple main effects of expertise and swim stroke were obtained for dv and D, no significant interaction of expertise and stroke were found except in ApEn. The ApEn and D were prone to decrease with increasing expertise. As a conclusion, swimming does exhibit nonlinear properties but its magnitude differs according to the swim stroke and level of expertise of the performer.
authors.affiliation: 1 Nanyang Technological University.
authors.forename: Tiago M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: 1 Nanyang Technological University.
authors.forename: Wan Xiu
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: 2 Polytechnic Institute of Bragança.
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.affiliation: 3 Polytechnic Institute of Guarda.
authors.forename: Mário J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013550:Swimming
keywords: complexity; nonlinear parameters; predictability; swimming; variability