title: Association between frequency of fried food consumption and resilience to depression in Japanese company workers: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long-chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3/n-6 PUFA) play important roles in emotional regulation. We previously reported an association between fish consumption, which is major source of LC n-3 PUFA, and resilience to depression, where resilience is the ability to cope with stress in the face of adversity. Although the traditional Japanese dietary pattern of high fish consumption is associated with low depressive symptoms, the current Japanese diet pattern has become westernized. Westernized diets contain excessive amounts of LC n-6 PUFA due to high intake of vegetable oils commonly used in fried food and are associated with risk of depression. The aim of this study was to examine the association between frequency of fried food consumption and resilience to depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 715 Japanese company workers. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms, and the 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14) was used to measure resilience. Frequency of fish and fried food consumption was assessed using a self-report questionnaire based on the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Regression analyses using Preacher and Hayes' bootstrap script were used to adjust for demographic factors, frequency of physical exercise, and fish consumption.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were identified between frequency of fried food consumption and total CES-D score (path c, B = 0.72; P < 0.01), between frequency of fried food consumption and total RS-14 score (path a, B = -1.73, P < 0.01), and between total RS-14 score and CES-D score (path b, B = -0.35; P < 0.01). The association between fried food consumption and total CES-D score was not significant when we controlled for RS-14 score. Bootstrapping results showed that there was a significant positive indirect association between frequency of fried food and CESD score through RS-14 (95 % bias-corrected and accelerated confidence interval = 0.34 to 0.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequency of fried food consumption was associated with lower resilience to depression. Further nutritional interventional studies to increase resilience and prevent depression are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, 1-7-1 Nagayama Tama City, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan.|Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Eisho
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health Policy and Evaluation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. d-nishi@umin.ac.jp.|Department of Public Mental Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan. d-nishi@umin.ac.jp.|Department of Psychiatry, National Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Midoricho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-0014, Japan. d-nishi@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Care Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.|Department of Psychiatry, National Disaster Medical Center, 3256 Midoricho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-0014, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000009:adverse effects; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Fried food consumption; Resilience; Westernized diet