title: Prevalence of PTSD and other mental disorders in UK service personnel by time since end of deployment: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  US studies have shown an increase of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, but not alcohol misuse related to time of assessment since returning from deployment. We assessed if similar trends occur in the UK Armed Forces.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected UK studies based on our data base of King's Centre for Military Health Research publications from 2006 until January 2016 with at least one of the following measures: PTSD checklist-civilian version (PCL-C), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The studies included personnel assessed for these outcomes after their most recent deployment. A search in Medline, Psycho-Info and Embase confirmed that no relevant publication was missed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty one thousand, seven hundred and forty-six deployed personnel from nine studies contributed to the meta-analyses by time since end of deployment in the PTSD analysis. The number of studies for period of time varied from two to four studies. The trend by time-category of questionnaire completion since returning from deployment were for PTSD β = 0.0021 (95 % CI -0.00046 to 0.0049, p = 0.12), for psychological distress β = 0.0123 (95 % CI 0.005 to 0.019, p = 0.002) and for alcohol misuse β = 0.0013 (-0.0079 to 0.0105, p = 0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no evidence that the prevalence of PTSD and alcohol misuse changed according to time since the end of deployment over a three-year period, but there was evidence for an association with increasing psychological distress.
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Rd, London, SE5 9RJ, UK. roberto.rona@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Roberto J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rona
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Rd, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burdett
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Section of Clinical & Health Psychology, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.affiliation: King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Rd, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wessely
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Fear
keywords: Alcohol misuse; Impact of deployment over time; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Prevalence trends; Psychological distress