title: Dietary Protein Requirement During Juvenile Growth of Zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: A standard diet for zebrafish, based on their specific nutritional requirements, is of primary importance to improve experimental outcomes with this model organism and optimize its large-scale production. However, the main basic nutritional requirements of zebrafish are yet to be determined. This study aimed at contributing to fill this gap by evaluating the dietary protein requirement of zebrafish juvenile. Ten isoenergetic fishmeal-based diets with increasing protein levels (15%-60%) were formulated, and each diet was assigned to duplicated groups of zebrafish (53.6 mg/17.8 mm initial mean body weight/fork length), fed to apparent satiation during 8 weeks. Weight gain, protein retention, and feed efficiency significantly increased in fish fed diets with increasing protein levels up to 35%-40% and then stabilized. Based on dose-response models, the dietary protein requirement of zebrafish juvenile was estimated at 37.6% and 44.8% for maximum weight gain and maximum protein retention, respectively (with a crude protein-to-energy ratio of about 22.5 g/MJ), corresponding to a protein intake of 14 mg/g average body weight/day. Feed intake increased linearly when fish were fed diets with decreasing protein levels below the estimated requirement, suggesting that zebrafish would regulate feed intake primarily to meet protein needs. On the other hand, the efficiency of protein utilization and retention linearly decreased when fish were fed diets with increasing protein levels above the estimated requirement, indicating that the excess of dietary protein would be deaminated, contributing to increased ammonia excretion. The whole-body composition of fish was affected by the dietary protein level, with fish fed diets with higher protein levels having higher water and protein contents and lower energy content. Considering that zebrafish juveniles are often reared with diets containing excessive amounts of protein, we suggest that the estimated protein requirement should be taken into account to formulate a more suitable, cost-effective, and less pollutant diet for this species.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: 2 CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .|2 CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: António Paulo
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011897:Random Allocation; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: body composition; feed utilization; growth; nutrition; protein; zebrafish