title: A study on association of virulence determinants of verotoxic Escherichia coli isolated from cattle calves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to find the association among virulence determinants of verotoxic Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolated from cattle calf feces.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 216 cattle calf fecal samples were collected aseptically and processed under required conditions for the isolation of E. coli. The isolates were further subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) for the detection of virulent genes. All the VTEC isolates were serotyped at the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. The VTEC isolates were observed for the enterohemolysin production on washed sheep blood agar (wSBA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 177 presumptive E. coli were isolated from 216 calf fecal samples revealing an overall prevalence of E. coli to be 81.94%. A total of 32 (14.81%) isolates were detected as VTEC through mPCR. The prevalence of verotoxin genes vt1, vt2, and combination of vt1+vt2 in the VTEC isolates was found to be 12 (37.5%), 14 (43.75%), and 6 (18.75%), respectively. Other virulent genes eaeA and hlyA were found in 6 and 11 VTEC strains with prevalence values of 18.75% and 34.37%, respectively. A total of 13 different O serogroups were revealed in serotyping of 32 VTEC isolates. Out of 32 VTEC strains, only 26 (81.25%) were enterohemolytic on wSBA as they produced the characteristic small, turbid zone of hemolysis around the streaking line. Although enterohemolysin production has been attributed to the presence of hlyA gene, only 11 of 26 enterohemolysin producing VTEC were found to be harboring the hlyA gene (11/26) 42.03%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study concludes that there might be an association between the presence of verotoxin genes and enterohemolysin production in VTEC group of E. coli.
authors.affiliation: State Veterinary Hospital, Dhana Teja, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Singh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parul
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Basanti
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bist
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Barkha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Udit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Janardan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yadav
keywords: enterohemolysin gene (hlyA); enterohemolysin toxin; intimin gene (eaeA); verotoxic Escherichia coli; verotoxin genes (vt1 and vt2); virulence determinants