title: The role of gender, psycho-social factors and anthropological-cultural dimensions on pain in neurorehabilitation. Evidence and recommendations from the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation.
abstract: Pain is frequent in patients undergoing neurorehabilitation, but there is a number of still unanswered questions on this topic. The Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation (ICCPN) was constituted with the purpose to identify the best practices that can be used in this context. In this article we summarize the existing evidence and recommendations provided by the ICCPN about the role of gender, psycho-social factors and anthropological-cultural dimensions on pain in neurorehabilitation. Sex, gender, psycho-social variables, anthropological and cultural features may influence pain expression, and its pharmacological and non-pharmacological outcome, but the role of these factors has not been consistently explored in neurorehabilitation. There is a number of psychological factors that can be correlated with or represent a predictor for pain, or may influence the treatment and outcome of neurorehabilitation programs. All these factors should be considered when designing these programs, and future studies should incorporate them as potential covariates that may influence outcome.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy - gianluca.castelnuovo@auxologico.it.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aloisi
authors.forename: Vanna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berlincioni
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torta
authors.forename: Rossella E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nappi
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tassorelli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barale
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ieraci
authors.forename: Emanuele M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Giusti
authors.forename: Giada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pietrabissa
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamburin
authors.forename: Gian M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Manzoni
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castelnuovo
mesh_terms: D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D000066530:Neurological Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000592:standards; D011584:Psychology; D012737:Sex Factors