title: Candida species diversity and antifungal susceptibility patterns in oral samples of HIV/AIDS patients in Baja California, Mexico.
abstract: Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection in HIV patients. The aims of this study were to identify the prevalence of carriers of Candida, Candida species diversity, and in vitro susceptibility to antifungal drugs. In 297 HIV/AIDS patients in Baja California, Mexico, Candida strains were identified by molecular methods (PCR-RFLP) from isolates of oral rinses of patients in Tijuana, Mexicali, and Ensenada. 56.3% of patients were colonized or infected with Candida. In Tijuana, there was a significantly higher percentage of carriers (75.5%). Out of the 181 strains that were isolated, 71.8% were Candida albicans and 28.2% were non-albicans species. The most common non-albicans species was Candida tropicalis (12.2%), followed by Candida glabrata (8.3%), Candida parapsilosis (2.2%), Candida krusei (1.7%), and Candida guilliermondii (1.1%). Candida dubliniensis was not isolated. Two associated species were found in 11 patients. In Mexicali and Ensenada, there was a lower proportion of Candida carriers compared to other regions in Mexico and worldwide, however, in Tijuana, a border town with many peculiarities, a higher carrier rate was found. In this population, only a high viral load was associated with oral Candida carriers. Other factors such as gender, use of antiretroviral therapy, CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels, time since diagnosis, and alcohol/ tobacco consumption, were not associated with Candida carriers.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Ensenada B. C.|Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. Mexicali, B. C.
authors.forename: Isadora
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Clark-Ordóñez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Ensenada B. C.
authors.forename: Olga A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Callejas-Negrete
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, N. L.
authors.forename: Elva T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Aréchiga-Carvajal
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Ensenada B. C.
authors.forename: Rosa R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Mouriño-Pérez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: AIDS; Candida; HIV; Mexico; antifungal drug resistance; molecular epidemiology; oral candidiasis