title: Cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation, shiftwork, and heat exposure for underground miners.
abstract: Sleep deprivation, abnormal sleep patterns arising from working rotating shifts, and exposure to high ambient temperatures contribute to physical and cognitive dysfunction. We examined the effects of these on 19 (41.5 ± 5.1 years) male underground miners. Data were collected for 28 to 30 consecutive days such that the participants experienced their full rotating shift schedule, including days off. Objective measures of sleep quality (actigraphy), attentional capacity (psychomotor vigilance task), core body temperature (visceral pill), executive function (BRIEF-A) and subjective measures of fatigue (Karolinska and Epworth Sleepiness scales) were obtained over the 28-30 day period. Non-parametric analyses (χ(2), Wilcoxen Signed ranks) were used to determine differences between shift types and days off. Z-tests were used to compare sample data to population norms. These revealed that the participants experienced poor quality of sleep relative to age-matched norms irrespective of the shift being worked or if the participant was on a scheduled day off [30-39 year olds: z = -14.62, p < 0.001; 40-49 year olds: z = -4.44, p < 0.001]. Participants when working day shift experienced less sleep prior to beginning work compared to their days off or night shift; however, no differences in total sleep time between when participants worked day or night shifts were observed [χ(2) (2, n = 18) = 13.44, p < 0.01]. When measured subjectively, the only time participants reported excessive sleepiness was after a night shift. Objective measures of attentional capacity showed best performance at the beginning of night shifts in contrast to any other time that the task was completed; however, performance degraded dramatically over the course of the night shift [χ(2) (2, n = 12) = 6.50, p < 0.05]. We show that underground miners reported for work sleep deprived. The cognitive consequences of this poor sleep were most pronounced during night shift when their attentional capacity declined rapidly over the course of the night shift.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada. Electronic address: glegault@laurentian.ca.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Legault
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Glen P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: CanmetMINING, Natural Resources Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hardcastle
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health and Medicine Sustainability, Vale, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001831:Body Temperature; D003071:Cognition; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008906:Mining; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012890:Sleep; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology*; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Cognition; Fatigue; Heat exposure; Sleep deprivation