title: Synthesis and characterization of genistein conjugated with gold nanoparticles and the study of their cytotoxic properties.
abstract: Gold nanoparticles conjugated with drug substances are used in diagnostics and therapies. Apart from the combinations involving gold nanoparticles conjugated with drug substances through linkers, a direct bonding is also known. In our paper the example of such a direct bonding between gold nanoparticles and genistein (AuNPs-GE) is presented. This conjugate was obtained in a one-pot synthesis and the formation of AuNPs-GE was monitored in terms of color change and UV-Vis spectroscopy. It has been shown that genistein reduces Au3+ions to spherical Au0nanocrystallites and acts as a stabilizing agent. The efficiency of the purification of the conjugate from free genistein was controlled by the capillary electrophoresis. Gold nanoparticles are homogeneously shaped and have a narrow range of size from 14 to 33nm and the size of the nanoparticles modified with genistein is around 64.64±0.41nm, as measured by the TEM and DSL techniques, respectively. The zeta potential of the gold nanoparticles modified with genistein is -19.32±0.82mV and suggests a high stability of the nanoparticles and lower toxicity for the normal cells. The identity of genistein on the gold nanoparticles was proved by the electrochemistry, NMR and Raman spectroscopy. The mechanism of the conjugate forming has been proposed. The coverage of gold nanoparticles with genistein 5.09% (m/m) has been calculated from the TGA analysis. Moreover, it has been proved that the obtained conjugate is characterized by a high cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells, as observed in the cell line test.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Institute, R&D Analytical Department, 8 Rydygiera Str., 01-793Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: e.stolarczyk@ifarm.eu.
authors.forename: Elżbieta U
authors.initials: EU
authors.lastname: Stolarczyk
authors.affiliation: University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, 1 Pasteura Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: kstolar@chem.uw.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stolarczyk
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Institute, R&D Analytical Department, 8 Rydygiera Str., 01-793Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Łaszcz
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Institute, R&D Analytical Department, 8 Rydygiera Str., 01-793Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubiszewski
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Institute, R&D Analytical Department, 8 Rydygiera Str., 01-793Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wioleta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maruszak
authors.affiliation: Warsaw Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, 1 Banacha Str, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wioletta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Olejarz
authors.affiliation: Warsaw Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, 1 Banacha Str, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bryk
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004563:Electrochemistry; D019833:Genistein / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013818:Thermogravimetry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D006046:Gold; D019833:Genistein
keywords: A549 and HTB140 cells; GE-genistein; Gold nanoparticles; RS–Raman spectroscopy; TGA-thermogravimetry