title: Relationships Between Urinary Phthalate Metabolite and Bisphenol A Concentrations and Vitamin D Levels in U.S. Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2010.
abstract: Recent research suggests that environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may alter circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in humans. To date, no studies have assessed the associations between phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) and total 25(OH)D in the U.S. general population.
  
  
  
  To explore relationships between urinary concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites and BPA and serum total 25(OH)D in a representative sample of U.S. adults.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2010.
  
  
  
  U.S. general adult population (aged ≥20 years).
  
  
  
  None Main Outcome Measures: Serum total 25(OH)D measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  
  Metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were consistently inversely associated with total 25(OH)D in the overall study population and in gender-stratified models. In the overall population, we detected a significant inverse relationship for the molar sum of DEHP metabolites (ΣDEHP), where an interquartile range increase in ΣDEHP was associated with a 1.90% decrease (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.64, -0.17) in total 25(OH)D. A positive association was detected for monoethyl phthalate. For BPA, we found a statistically significant inverse relationship in women, but not in men. In women, an interquartile range increase in urinary BPA was associated with a 3.71% decrease (95% CI, -6.41, -1.02) in total 25(OH)D.
  
  
  
  Overall, our results provide suggestive evidence that environmental exposure to phthalates and BPA may alter circulating levels of total 25(OH)D in adults. Future human and animal studies are required to resolve the direction, temporality, and impact of these relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (L.E.J., K.K.F., J.D.M.), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Epidemiology Branch (K.K.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (L.E.J., K.K.F., J.D.M.), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Epidemiology Branch (K.K.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: Kelly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences (L.E.J., K.K.F., J.D.M.), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Epidemiology Branch (K.K.F.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Meeker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds