title: Sleep and airway assessment: A review for dentists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dentists can be the first professionals to recognize a patient's potential sleep problem since they typically have more frequent contact with their patients than do physicians. It is important that dentists have a reasonable understanding of sleep disorders and how to assess their patients if they suspect such a problem so that a timely referral can be made or treatment can be provided as appropriate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the key literature relevant to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) characteristics and diagnosis, including history, examination, and investigation with an emphasis on radiographic airway analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors present a concise explanation of SDB conditions and an outline for thorough patient examination and evaluation, including radiographic airway analyses. Limited two-dimensional and three-dimensional norms exist for adult patients with no SDB and even less so for children. Much more research is needed, particularly in the pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.|b Department of Orthodontics , College of Dentistry, University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA.|c Graduate Program in Neuroscience , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2854-1872
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Masoud
authors.affiliation: b Department of Orthodontics , College of Dentistry, University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: d Departments of Biobehavioral Health Science, Medicine and Bioengineering , University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Carley
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003815:Dentists; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020182:Sleep Apnea, Central / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012913:Snoring / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology
keywords: CBCT; Sleep apnea; adenoids; airway analysis; cephalogram; sleep-disordered breathing