title: Comparison of Intraperitoneal and Intraepididymal Quercetin for the Prevention of Testicular Torsion/Detorsion-induced Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effects of intraepididymal quercetin (IE-QE) with those of intraperitoneal quercetin (IP-QE) on testicular torsion/detorsion (TD)-induced ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of the testes in an experimental rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four rats were divided into 4 groups: sham (S), TD, TD treated with IP-QE, and TD treated with IE-QE. The IP-QE group received 20 mg/kg QE intraperitoneally, whereas the IE-QE group received quercetin (QE) epididymally. After surgically induced TD, sera and testicular tissues were obtained for the analysis of biochemical parameters including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, histologic changes, and evaluation of germ cell apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oxidative stress index and oxidants (malondialdehyde and total oxidant status) were increased with a concomitant decrease in the antioxidants (GPx and total antioxidant status) in the TD group. Severe histopathological damage, indicated by low Johnsen scores and high testicular injury grades, and germ cell apoptosis were found in the TD group compared with the other groups. Rats treated with QE showed significantly less IR injury, with moderately altered biochemical parameters, histopathological damage, and germinal cell apoptosis compared with the TD group. Most importantly, we found no significant differences in the biochemical parameters, histopathological changes, and germinal cell apoptosis between the IP-QE and IE-QE groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IE-QE was comparable to IP-QE in the treatment of testicular TD. Local QE therapy should be considered as a new approach to treating testicular IR injury due to TD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Kai-Kai
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hui
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China. Electronic address: wgc460@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Guang-Ce
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Suo-Gang
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jiao
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004822:Epididymis; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000150:complications*; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011794:Quercetin