title: DNA and RNA profiling of excavated human remains with varying postmortem intervals.
abstract: When postmortem intervals (PMIs) increase such as with longer burial times, human remains suffer increasingly from the taphonomic effects of decomposition processes such as autolysis and putrefaction. In this study, various DNA analysis techniques and a messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling method were applied to examine for trends in nucleic acid degradation and the postmortem interval. The DNA analysis techniques include highly sensitive DNA quantitation (with and without degradation index), standard and low template STR profiling, insertion and null alleles (INNUL) of retrotransposable elements typing and mitochondrial DNA profiling. The used mRNA profiling system targets genes with tissue specific expression for seven human organs as reported by Lindenbergh et al. (Int J Legal Med 127:891-900, 27) and has been applied to forensic evidentiary traces but not to excavated tissues. The techniques were applied to a total of 81 brain, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney and skin samples obtained from 19 excavated graves with burial times ranging from 4 to 42 years. Results show that brain and heart are the organs in which both DNA and RNA remain remarkably stable, notwithstanding long PMIs. The other organ tissues either show poor overall profiling results or vary for DNA and RNA profiling success, with sometimes DNA and other times RNA profiling being more successful. No straightforward relations were observed between nucleic acid profiling results and the PMI. This study shows that not only DNA but also RNA molecules can be remarkably stable and used for profiling of long-buried human remains, which corroborate forensic applications. The insight that the brain and heart tissues tend to provide the best profiling results may change sampling policies in identification cases of degrading cadavers.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Berge
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiskerke
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gerretsen
authors.affiliation: InnoGenomics Technologies, 1441 Canal Street, Suite 307, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tabak
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands. t.sijen@nfi.minvenj.nl.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sijen
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000071298:Body Remains; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D049249:Exhumation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA
keywords: DNA profiling; Forensic science; Organ tissue identification; Postmortem interval; mRNA profiling