title: The Effects of Wearable Resistance Training on Metabolic, Kinematic and Kinetic Variables During Walking, Running, Sprint Running and Jumping: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wearable resistance training (WRT) provides a means of activity- or movement-specific overloading, supposedly resulting in better transference to dynamic sporting performance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review was to quantify the acute and longitudinal metabolic, kinematic and/or kinetic changes that occur with WRT during walking, running, sprint running or jumping movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and MEDLINE (EBSCO) were searched using the Boolean phrases (limb OR vest OR trunk) AND (walk* OR run* OR sprint* OR jump* OR bound*) AND (metabolic OR kinetic OR kinematic) AND (load*).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic approach was used to evaluate 1185 articles. Articles with injury-free subjects of any age, sex or activity level were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were retained for analysis. Acute trunk loading reduced velocity during treadmill sprint running, but only significantly when loads of 11 % body mass (BM) or greater were used, while over-the-ground sprint running times were significantly reduced with all loads (8-20 %BM). Longitudinal trunk loading significantly increased jump performance with all loads (7-30 %BM), but did not significantly improve sprint running performance. Acute limb loading significantly increased maximum oxygen consumption and energy cost with all loads (0.3-8.5 %BM) in walking and running, while significantly reducing velocity during sprint running.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The variation in load magnitude, load orientation, subjects, testing methods and study duration no doubt impact the changes in the variables examined and hence make definitive conclusions problematic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WRT provides a novel training method with potential to improve sporting performance; however, research in this area is still clearly in its infancy, with future research required into the optimum load placement, orientation and magnitude required for adaptation.
authors.affiliation: Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. paul.macadam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macadam
authors.affiliation: Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.|School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.affiliation: Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kim D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Simperingham
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D016138:Walking; D016474:Weight-Bearing