title: Does Expectation of Abnormality Affect the Search Pattern of Radiologists When Looking for Pulmonary Nodules?
abstract: This experiment investigated whether there might be an effect on the visual search strategy of radiologists during image interpretation of the same adult chest radiographs when given different clinical information. Each of 17 experienced radiologists was asked to interpret a set of 57 (10 abnormal) posteroanterior chest images to identify the presence of pulmonary lesions using differing clinical information (leading to unknown, low and high expectations of prevalence). Eye position metrics (search time, dwell time and time to first fixation) were compared for normal and abnormal images, as well as between conditions. For all images, there was a significantly longer search time at high prevalence expectation compared to low prevalence expectation (W = 75.19, P = <0.0001). Mann-Whitney analysis of the abnormal images demonstrated that the dwell time on correctly identified lesions was significantly shorter at low prevalence expectation compared to both unknown (U = 364.5, P = 0.02) and high prevalence expectation (U = 397.0, P = 0.0002). Visual search patterns of radiologists appear to be affected by changing a priori information where such information fosters an expectation of abnormality.
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Room M213, 75, East Street, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia. s.littlefair@usyd.edu.au.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9175-1624
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Littlefair
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Room M213, 75, East Street, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Room M213, 75, East Street, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.affiliation: Medical Image Optimisation and Perception Group (MIOPeG), Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Room M213, 75, East Street, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mello-Thoms
mesh_terms: D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015995:Prevalence; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D000072177:Radiologists; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Eye-tracking; Lung; Nodule; Search