title: An international survey: the role of specialist nurses in adult respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The last decade has seen an increase in the number of centres able to provide venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) internationally across different health care systems. To support this growth, a variety of staffing arrangements have been adopted depending on local need and availability of resources, both in terms of manpower and finances to safely meet the complex needs of the patient and circuit management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the survey was to describe current staffing arrangements of care provision for adult patients on VV-ECMO, with a focus on understanding the professional roles and responsibilities of staff managing the circuit in order to inform further discussion around different approaches to staffing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional international survey using an electronic questionnaire emailed to 177 worldwide ECMO centres treating adult patients with acute respiratory failure. The survey questions were generated through an internal and external iterative process and assessed for clarity, content and face validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 82%. Respondents managed extracorporeal oxygenation for adult respiratory alone (75%) or in combination with adult cardiac (67%), paediatric respiratory (62%) and paediatric cardiac (58%). The specialist nurse to patient ratio was 1:1 in 59% of centres, with 24-h/day presence in 74%. Overall, the specialist nurse provided the 24-h/day management of the circuit, including interventions. Perfusionists were responsible for the technical aspects of circuit management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A specialist nurse with perfusion backup is the staffing arrangement implemented by most centres and likely reflects the most efficient use of the professional competences available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Staffing for adult respiratory extracorporeal support has important implications for the planning of workforce, training and education, quality of service and the number of ECMO beds available.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK.|Department of Adult Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.|St Thomas' Hospital, 1st Floor East Wing, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Kathleen Jr
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.affiliation: Critical Care, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK.|Department of Adult Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.|St Thomas' Hospital, 1st Floor East Wing, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Camporota
authors.affiliation: Critical Care, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK.|Department of Adult Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.|St Thomas' Hospital, 1st Floor East Wing, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000451:nursing*; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D000072184:Nurse Specialists / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D024802:Nurse's Role; D061214:Patient Safety; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Adult intensive care; Advanced practice/nurse specialist roles; Inter-professional collaboration; Respiratory therapies; Service organization/delivery