title: 'Manage and mitigate punitive regulatory measures, enhance the corporate image, influence public policy': industry efforts to shape understanding of tobacco-attributable deforestation.
abstract: Deforestation due to tobacco farming began to raise concerns in the mid 1970s. Over the next 40 years, tobacco growing increased significantly and shifted markedly to low- and middle-income countries. The percentage of deforestation caused by tobacco farming reached 4 % globally by the early 2000s, although substantially higher in countries such as China (18 %), Zimbabwe (20 %), Malawi (26 %) and Bangladesh (>30 %). Transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have argued that tobacco-attributable deforestation is not a serious problem, and that the industry has addressed the issue through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives.
  
  
  
  After reviewing the existing scholarly literature on tobacco and deforestation, we analysed industry sources of public information to understand how the industry framed deforestation, its key causes, and policy responses. To analyse industry strategies between the 1970s and early 2000s to shape understanding of deforestation caused by tobacco farming and curing, the Truth Tobacco Documents Library was systematically searched. The above sources were compiled and triangulated, thematically and chronologically, to derive a narrative of how the industry has framed the problem of, and solutions to, tobacco-attributable deforestation.
  
  
  
  The industry sought to undermine responses to tobacco-attributable deforestation by emphasising the economic benefits of production in LMICs, blaming alternative causes, and claiming successful forestation efforts. To support these tactics, the industry lobbied at the national and international levels, commissioned research, and colluded through front groups. There was a lack of effective action to address tobacco-attributable deforestation, and indeed an escalation of the problem, during this period.
  
  
  
  The findings suggest the need for independent data on the varied environmental impacts of the tobacco industry, awareness of how the industry seeks to work with environmental researchers and groups to further its interests, and increased scrutiny of tobacco industry efforts to influence environmental policy.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. kelley_lee@sfu.ca.
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carrillo Botero
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Novotny
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011362:Professional Corporations / Q000592:standards*; D011640:Public Policy / Q000639:trends; D011641:Public Relations / Q000639:trends*; D012941:Social Responsibility; D019460:Tobacco Industry / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods
keywords: Corporate social responsibility; Deforestation; Leaf farming; Policy influence; Tobacco industry