title: Extreme climatic events constrain space use and survival of a ground-nesting bird.
abstract: Two fundamental issues in ecology are understanding what influences the distribution and abundance of organisms through space and time. While it is well established that broad-scale patterns of abiotic and biotic conditions affect organisms' distributions and population fluctuations, discrete events may be important drivers of space use, survival, and persistence. These discrete extreme climatic events can constrain populations and space use at fine scales beyond that which is typically measured in ecological studies. Recently, a growing body of literature has identified thermal stress as a potential mechanism in determining space use and survival. We sought to determine how ambient temperature at fine temporal scales affected survival and space use for a ground-nesting quail species (Colinus virginianus; northern bobwhite). We modeled space use across an ambient temperature gradient (ranging from -20 to 38 °C) through a maxent algorithm. We also used Andersen-Gill proportional hazard models to assess the influence of ambient temperature-related variables on survival through time. Estimated available useable space ranged from 18.6% to 57.1% of the landscape depending on ambient temperature. The lowest and highest ambient temperature categories (<-15 °C and >35 °C, respectively) were associated with the least amount of estimated useable space (18.6% and 24.6%, respectively). Range overlap analysis indicated dissimilarity in areas where Colinus virginianus were restricted during times of thermal extremes (range overlap = 0.38). This suggests that habitat under a given condition is not necessarily a habitat under alternative conditions. Further, we found survival was most influenced by weekly minimum ambient temperatures. Our results demonstrate that ecological constraints can occur along a thermal gradient and that understanding the effects of these discrete events and how they change over time may be more important to conservation of organisms than are average and broad-scale conditions as typically measured in ecological studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Evan P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
authors.forename: R Dwayne
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Elmore
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fuhlendorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Dahlgren
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Orange
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D017753:Ecosystem; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D011157:Population Dynamics; D013696:Temperature
keywords: 
  Colinus virginianus
  ; Andersen-Gill model; Maxent; climate change; temperature