title: Techniques for thoracic duct cannulation without thoracotomy in piglets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pigs are the natural hosts of many zoonotic pathogens such as influenza viruses and Staphylococcus aureus and thus have advantages over non-natural hosts when studying these zoonotic diseases. In addition, pulmonary infections are a key issue in the pig industry, for example: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Exploration of the pathogenesis of swine pulmonary infections, in particular at the onset of disease, will provide valuable information for the development of vaccines against these diseases. Therefore, there is need to develop a methodology that allows for in vivo sampling of efferent pulmonary lymph with minimum damage to the target tissues for studying the pathogenesis of swine pulmonary infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We introduce the surgical procedures for cannulating the thoracic duct at its point of entry into the external jugular vein cranial to the first rib on the left in pigs. Using this methodology, we monitored the amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol in the lymph collected from the thoracic duct following 30 h fasting and at multiple time points after meals. It was found that the levels of triglyceride rather than cholesterol corresponded to the milky appearance of the lymph samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our techniques provide a strategy for collecting lymph including pulmonary lymph from the thoracic duct without thoracotomy. A pig model for collecting in vivo, in situ efferent lymph draining the lower respiratory tract and its local lymph nodes in real-time with minimal tissue damage to the target tissues opens a new door for studying disease processes in pulmonary infections. Techniques described here are the key to this door.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. hyen@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hung-Hsun
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-1646
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen M S
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D013552:Swine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013897:Thoracic Duct / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Lymphatic cannulation; Pulmonary lymph; Swine; Thoracic duct