title: E-cigarette puffing patterns associated with high and low nicotine e-liquid strength: effects on toxicant and carcinogen exposure.
abstract: Contrary to intuition, use of lower strength nicotine e-liquids might not offer reduced health risk if compensatory puffing behaviour occurs. Compensatory puffing (e.g. more frequent, longer puffs) or user behaviour (increasing the wattage) can lead to higher temperatures at which glycerine and propylene glycol (solvents used in e-liquids) undergo decomposition to carbonyl compounds, including the carcinogens formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. This study aims to document puffing patterns and user behaviour associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid and associated toxicant/carcinogen exposure in experienced e-cigarette users (known as vapers herein).
  
  
  
  A counterbalanced repeated measures design.
  
  
  
  Non-tobacco smoking vapers; have used an e-cigarette for ≥3 months; currently using nicotine strength e-liquid ≥12mg/mL and a second or third generation device.
  
  
  
  This study will measure puffing patterns in vapers whilst they use high and low strength nicotine e-liquid under fixed and user-defined settings, each for a week. The 4 counterbalanced conditions are: i) low strength (6mg/mL), fixed settings; ii) low strength user-defined settings; iii) high strength (18mg/mL) fixed settings; iv) high strength user-defined settings. Biomarkers of exposure to toxicants and carcinogens will be measured in urine. In the second phase of this study, toxicant yields will be measured in aerosol generated using a smoking machine operated to replicate the puffing behaviours of each participant.
  
  
  
  i) Puffing patterns (mean puff number, puff duration, inter-puff interval and mL of liquid consumed) and user behaviour (changes to device settings: voltage and air-flow) associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid. ii) Toxicant/carcinogen exposure associated with the puffing patterns/device settings used by our participants.
  
  
  
  i) Subjective effects. ii) comparisons with toxicant exposure from tobacco smoke (using documented evidence) and with recommended safety limits.
  
  
  
  Twenty participants.
  
  
  
  The findings will have important implications for public health messaging regarding the relative risks and subjective effects associated with using high and low strength nicotine e-liquid, and for policy makers regarding regulations on nicotine concentrations in e-liquids.
authors.affiliation: London South Bank University, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, 103 Borough Rd, London, UK. Coxs15@lsbu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8494-5105
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Koscielna 13 Street, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kośmider
authors.affiliation: Queen Mary University of London, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
authors.forename: Hayden
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McRobbie
authors.affiliation: Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goniewicz
authors.affiliation: University of East London, School of Psychology, Waters Lane, London, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kimber
authors.affiliation: ABS Laboratories Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertforshire, AL7 3AX, UK.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doig
authors.affiliation: London South Bank University, Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, 103 Borough Rd, London, UK.
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dawkins
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Carcinogens; E-cigarettes; E-liquids; ENDS; Electronic-cigarette; Nicotine; Puffing patterns; Puffing topography; Toxicants