title: Variation in vegetative morphology tracks the complex genetic diversification of the mycoheterotrophic species Pyrola japonica sensu lato.
abstract: Although the evolution of full mycoheterotrophy has attracted many plant researchers, molecular phylogenetic studies that focus on the transition from partial to full mycoheterotrophy are limited to a few taxa. Pyrola japonica sensu lato is an ideal model for examining the evolution of mycoheterotrophy, owing to its variable leaf size, which suggests that the species comprises several transitional stages.
  
  
  
  To elucidate the molecular and morphological changes that occur during the evolutionary transition between partial and full mycoheterotrophy in P. japonica s.l. from 18 populations in Japan, we estimated a parsimony network of plastid haplotypes based on three noncoding regions, measured the leaf size and scape color of the shoots, and compared morphology among haplotypes.
  
  
  
  The seven haplotypes exhibited star-like relationships, and at least three divergent haplotypes were associated with differences in morphology. The first was mainly observed in large-leaved and green-scaped populations, whereas the second was observed in extremely small-leaved and reddish-scaped populations, which indicated a high degree of mycoheterotrophy, and the last was detected among mixed populations with both green- and reddish-scaped shoots with intermediate leaf sizes. In addition, the inconsistent association between the haplotypes and morphology suggests a complex relationship.
  
  
  
  Pyrola japonica s.l. has at least three separate genetic lineages that have different leaf morphologies. The genetic lineages and their coexistence could have led to the variable leaf size and suggest the possibility that gene flow from partial to full mycoheterotrophs could reverse the evolutionary transition to full mycoheterotrophy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan kohshutoh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kohtaroh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shutoh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Graduate school of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suetsugu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurosawa
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000502:physiology; D031828:Pyrola / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
keywords: Ericaceae; Japan; Pyrola japonica; Pyroleae; evolution; mycoheterotrophy; vegetative morphology