title: Effects of different orthodontic retention protocols on the periodontal health of mandibular incisors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the following two hypotheses: 1) different types of retainers result in distinct levels of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and 2) the retainer bonded to all mandibular anterior teeth induces more detrimental outcomes to the periodontium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Department of Orthodontics at the University of Florida. The population consisted of individuals in the retention phase of orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 36 individuals. Subjects in group 1 had retainers bonded to the mandibular canines only. Group 2 consisted of individuals having retainers bonded to all mandibular anterior teeth. Group 3 included patients using mandibular removable retainers. After clinical examination, GCF was collected from the mandibular incisor and biomarker levels were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plaque accumulation and gingivitis differed significantly among groups, with the highest median values in group 2 subjects. Pairwise comparison of the groups with respect to gingivitis showed significant differences between groups 1 and 2. Significant differences among groups were detected for RANKL, OPG, OPN, M-CSF, MMP-3, and MMP-9. The ratio RANKL/OPG was significantly higher in group 2 subjects, with pairwise comparisons indicating that groups 1 and 2 differed from group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An association was found between orthodontic retention groups and GCF biomarker levels, which should be further explored in longitudinal studies. The presence of retainers bonded to all anterior teeth seems to increase plaque accumulation and gingivitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. wrody@dental.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Rody
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elmaraghy
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McNeight
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antal
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dolce
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: T T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-6492
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McGorray
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Shaddox
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003481:Cuspid; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000209:etiology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000209:etiology*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000737:chemistry; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000737:chemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000737:chemistry; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000737:chemistry; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000737:chemistry; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D018704:Orthodontic Retainers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000737:chemistry; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000737:chemistry; D010512:Periodontal Index; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; D053245:RANK Ligand; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D053495:Osteopontin; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: biomarkers; gingival crevicular fluid; orthodontic retainers; periodontal disease