title: Does Skipping Breakfast and Being Overweight Influence Academic Achievement Among Korean Adolescents?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Health status and health behaviors are associated with academic achievement in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether skipping breakfast and being overweight are related to academic achievement of Korean adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data on a sample of 1,652 high-school seniors (942 males and 710 females) drawn from the 2004 Korea Education Employment Panel were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher proportion of males (15.3%) than females (6.1%) was overweight (p < 0.001); 37% of males and 41% of females reported skipping breakfast. Overall test scores were significantly higher for females than males (p < 0.05), and in language and foreign language subjects. However, both males and females who reported skipping breakfast had significantly lower scores in language, mathematics, and foreign language than those who did not report skipping breakfast. Overweight males had a lower probability than normal-weight males of having the highest language scores (OR = 0.52, p < 0.05), but there was no difference among females. Females who skipped breakfast had a lower probability of having the highest scores in language (OR = 0.41, p < 0.05), mathematics (OR = 0.24, p < 0.01), or foreign language (OR = 0.18, p < 0.01), while males had a lower probability of having the highest scores in language only (OR = 0.46, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skipping breakfast and being overweight are associated with poor academic achievement in Korean adolescents. Eating breakfast and weight control is being discussed as the overlooked factors that may influence better academic achievement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease Control, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Yang Wha
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea; College Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Hyock
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: academic achievement; adolescents; health behavior; obesity and overweight; skipping breakfast