title: Beverage Consumption Patterns among Norwegian Adults.
abstract: Beverages may be important contributors for energy intake and dietary quality. The purpose of the study was to investigate how beverage consumption varies between different meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper/evening meal, snacks) and between weekdays and weekend-days in Norwegian adults. A cross-sectional dietary survey was conducted among Norwegian adults (n = 1787) in 2010-2011. Two telephone-administered 24 h recalls were used for dietary data collection. Breakfast was the most important meal for milk and juice consumption, dinner for sugar-sweetened beverages and wine, and snacks for water, coffee, artificially sweetened beverages, and beer. Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages did not differ between weekdays and weekend-days among consumers. The average intake of wine and beer (men only) was higher on weekend-days. Higher age was positively associated with wine consumption and negatively associated with consumption of water, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened beverages. Higher education was associated with consumption of water, beer, and wine, whereas lower education was associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Beverage consumption patterns among Norwegian adults vary between different meal types and in subgroups of the population. Alcohol consumption was higher on weekend-days. Knowledge regarding beverage consumption patterns in the population should be considered when revising dietary guidelines in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway. m.m.paulsen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Mari Mohn
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway. j.b.myhre@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Jannicke Borch
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Myhre
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, Oslo 0317, Norway. l.f.andersen@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Lene Frost
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: alcohol consumption; beverage consumption pattern; food based dietary guide lines; meal types; sugar-sweetened beverages