title: A Role of Ginseng and Its Constituents in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders.
abstract: Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the Panax genus of the Araliaceae family, has been used in China, Korea, and Japan as a traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. Ginseng is recorded to have exhibited a wide variety of beneficial pharmacological effects and has become a popular and worldwide known health supplement and drug. The protective effects of ginseng on central nervous system are discussed in this review. Ginseng species and ginsenosides and their intestinal metabolism and bioavailability are concisely introduced. The molecular mechanisms of the effects of ginseng on central nervous system, mainly focused on the neuroprotection properties of ginseng, memory, and learning enhanced properties, and the effects on neurodegenerative disorders are presented. Thus, ginseng and its constituents are of potential merits in the treatment of cerebral disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Natasya Trivena
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Rokot
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Timothy Sean
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kairupan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Kai-Chun
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Runtuwene
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Nova Hellen
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kapantow
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amitani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morinaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amitani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9028-2480
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inui