title: Exploring hypotheses and rationale for causes of infantile colic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infantile colic is a frequent problem in neonates and infants. This review addresses current management including the results for nutrient modifications; soy-based formulas; and prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Given the evidence that there is still an unmet clinical need, as current treatments are incompletely efficacious, we have examined the evidence around three hypothetical mechanisms that could potentially be involved in etiopathogenesis of infantile colic: immaturity of bile acid mechanisms that alter intraluminal and absorptive mechanisms, immaturity in motility and alterations in the microbiome. Understanding these potential mechanisms may lead to the introduction of diagnostic procedures that should enhance the selection or individualization of therapy for infantile colic.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.affiliation: Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scarpato
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Staiano
mesh_terms: D003085:Colic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058616:Synbiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D056692:Prebiotics
keywords: formulas; nutrition; prebiotics; probiotics; synbiotics