title: Self-harm in adolescence: protective health assets in the family, school and community.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper was to examine if the multiple environments of the adolescent including family, peers, school and neighbourhood might function as protective health assets against self-harming behaviour during adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study utilised data collected from 1608 respondents aged 15 years as part of the England WHO Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study. Multilevel modelling was undertaken using the package MLwiN (version 2.33) to investigate the potential domains and dimensions of family life, school culture and environment, and neighbourhood factors that may operate as protective health assets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that while peer support did not appear to operate as a protective health asset in the context of self-harm, key dimensions of adolescent/parent interaction and adolescent experience of the school culture and their neighbourhood were associated with reduced likelihood of self-harming behaviours during adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Findings highlight the significance of belonging and connectedness as important constituent elements of protective health assets for young people. Interventions that address the multiple environments of the young person, may offer an effective means to reduce the levels of self-harm.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care (CRIPACC), University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AL, Hertfordshire, UK. e.1.klemera@herts.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6699-6347
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klemera
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care (CRIPACC), University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AL, Hertfordshire, UK.|Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123 Broadway, Sydney NSW 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care (CRIPACC), University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AL, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Kayleigh L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chester
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care (CRIPACC), University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AL, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Josefine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Statistical Services and Consultancy Unit, Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, de Havilland Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9EU, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D004739:England; D005195:Family Relations / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010379:Peer Group; D065840:Protective Factors; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012574:Schools; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Family; Protective health assets; School; Self-harm; Young people