title: Influence of Binders, Carbons, and Solvents on the Stability of Phosphorus Anodes for Li-ion Batteries.
abstract: Phosphorus (P) is an abundant element that exhibits one of the highest gravimetric and volumetric capacities for Li storage, making it a potentially attractive anode material for high capacity Li-ion batteries. However, while phosphorus carbon composite anodes have been previously explored, the influence of the inactive materials on electrode cycle performance is still poorly understood. Here, we report and explain the significant impacts of polymer binder chemistry, carbon conductive additives, and an under-layer between the Al current collector and ball milled P electrodes on cell stability. We focused our study on the commonly used polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) binders as well as exfoliated graphite (ExG) and carbon nanotube (CNT) additives. The mechanical properties of the binders were found to change drastically because of interactions with both the slurry and electrolyte solvents, significantly effecting the electrochemical cycle stability of the electrodes. Binder adhesion was also found to be critical in achieving stable electrochemical cycling. The best anodes demonstrated ∼1400 mAh/g-P gravimetric capacity after 200 cycles at C/2 rates in Li half cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nitta
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Danni
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Hong-Ryun
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Enbo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Garrett
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gresham
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Luzinov
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Gleb
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yushin
keywords: FTIR; XPS; batteries; carbon nanotubes; degradation; phosphorus; poly(acrylic acid)