title: Insulin in the nervous system and the mind: Functions in metabolism, memory, and mood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin, a pleotrophic hormone, has diverse effects in the body. Recent work has highlighted the important role of insulin's action in the nervous system on glucose and energy homeostasis, memory, and mood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we review experimental and clinical work that has broadened the understanding of insulin's diverse functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including glucose and body weight homeostasis, memory and mood, with particular emphasis on intranasal insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implications for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and mood disorders are discussed in the context of brain insulin action. Intranasal insulin may have potential in the treatment of central nervous system-related metabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, South Korea. Electronic address: hwanx2@catholic.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Seung-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA. Electronic address: jzabolot@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zabolotny
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physiology, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Dr., Greenville, NC 27858, USA. Electronic address: huangh@ecu.edu.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21 Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, South Korea. Electronic address: hyonlee@gilhospital.com.
authors.forename: Hyon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02216, USA. Electronic address: ykim2@bidmc.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Young-Bum
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Insulin; Intranasal insulin; Memory; Metabolism; Mood