title: Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX).
abstract: Water is an increasingly deteriorated, limited natural resource due to population increase and industrialization. Also, the widespread use of pharmaceuticals in modern society leads to their presence in domestic, hospital and industrial effluents. Due to their analgesic properties, some of the most commonly used pharmaceuticals are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). High concentrations of one these products, diclofenac (DCF), have been detected in effluents and water bodies of different countries, including Mexico. Diverse studies show that trace amounts (ngL-1to μgL-1) of this compound induce toxicity on aquatic organisms such as algae, microcrustaceans and fish. However, studies on its potential toxicity during development in species of commercial interest such as the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate DCF-induced teratogenesis and embryotoxicity in Xenopus laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species marketed as a nutritional meat source in Mexico, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Oocytes in mid-blastula transition were exposed for 96h to 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 62.5mgDCFL-1. The criteria evaluated were mortality, malformation and growth inhibition. The teratogenic index was 4.2 in L. catesbeianus, three-fold higher than the reference limit (1.5), and 3.9 in X. laevis. Diclofenac induced diverse malformations in both species, the most frequent of these being axial malformations in the tail and notochord, edema and stunted growth. Results indicate that DCF is a potentially teratogenic compound and is toxic during development in X. laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species which, due to its sensitivity, can be used to evaluate the toxicity of pharmaceutical products, using FETAX.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cardoso-Vera
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico. Electronic address: hislasf@uaemex.mx.
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: SanJuan-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elena Irabella
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Montero-Castro
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700 México, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y Cerrada de Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, C.P. 007700 México, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elizalde-Velázquez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Octavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dublán-García
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico. Electronic address: lmgomezo@uaemex.mx.
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D008800:Mexico; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D064793:Teratogenesis; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac
keywords: Amphibian; FETAX; NSAIDs; Pharmaceuticals