title: Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in aquaculture: a review.
abstract: Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a major devastating threat for aquatic animals. Betanodaviruses have been isolated in at least 70 aquatic animal species in marine and in freshwater environments throughout the world, with the notable exception of South America. In this review, the main features of betanodavirus, including its diversity, its distribution and its transmission modes in fish, are firstly presented. Then, the existing diagnosis and detection methods, as well as the different control procedures of this disease, are reviewed. Finally, the potential of selective breeding, including both conventional and genomic selection, as an opportunity to obtain resistant commercial populations, is examined.
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France.|TNU, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Quyet Thang Commune, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Q K
authors.initials: QK
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France.|INRA, GABI, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandeputte
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chatain
authors.affiliation: Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Unit Viral Diseases of Fish, Plouzané, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, UMR 9190 MARBEC, Palavas-les-Flots, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Allal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D030381:Nodaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D012327:RNA Virus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology
keywords: betanodavirus; disease resistance; genetics; nervous necrosis virus; selective breeding