title: Parental smoking during pregnancy: findings from the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate patterns of exposure to tobacco smoke in pregnancy among a representative sample of New Zealand women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses of smoking-related data from the first wave of the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort study, ie from the first data-collection point during the antenatal period in 2009-10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty percent of mothers reporting smoking before pregnancy and 9.9% of mothers continued during pregnancy. These figures were higher in younger women (p<.0001), women with lower educational achievement (p<.001) and Māori women (p<.001). Similarly, being Māori (p<.0001) and having a lower education achievement (p<.0029) were associated with smoking during an unplanned compared to a planned pregnancy. Multiparous mothers were more likely to be smokers than primaparous mothers (11%: 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 10.0-12.1 vs 8.3%: 95% CI 7.2-9.4). Second-hand smoke exposure was more common for younger women (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.2: 95% CI 1.6-6.4), Māori women (OR 1.9: 95% CI 1.4-2.5), and women with unplanned pregnancies (OR 3.4 95% CI 12.0-14.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are differences in a range of contextual and behavioural factors related to smoking before and during pregnancy. Low educational achievement, being young, Māori and multiparous were all associated with smoking during pregnancy. A better understanding of why these differences exist is needed in order to find appropriate interventions to support women in becoming smoke-free.
authors.affiliation: Co-Lead Health Information and Technology Programme and Research Fellow, National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland.
authors.forename: Gayl
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.affiliation: Senior Research Fellow, Growing Up in New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossen
authors.affiliation: Programme Leader, National Institute for Health Innovation, and Member of Centre for Addiction Research, University of Auckland, Auckland.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Director, National Institute for Health Innovation, and Member of Centre for Addiction Research, University of Auckland, Auckland.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bullen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution