title: Norovirus Dynamics in Wastewater Discharges and in the Recipient Drinking Water Source: Long-Term Monitoring and Hydrodynamic Modeling.
abstract: Norovirus (NoV) that enters drinking water sources with wastewater discharges is a common cause of waterborne outbreaks. The impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the river Göta älv (Sweden) was studied using monitoring and hydrodynamic modeling. The concentrations of NoV genogroups (GG) I and II in samples collected at WWTPs and drinking water intakes (source water) during one year were quantified using duplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The mean (standard deviation) NoV GGI and GGII genome concentrations were 6.2 (1.4) and 6.8 (1.8) in incoming wastewater and 5.3 (1.4) and 5.9 (1.4) log10genome equivalents (g.e.) L-1in treated wastewater, respectively. The reduction at the WWTPs varied between 0.4 and 1.1 log10units. In source water, the concentration ranged from below the detection limit to 3.8 log10g.e. L-1. NoV GGII was detected in both wastewater and source water more frequently during the cold than the warm period of the year. The spread of NoV in the river was simulated using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The modeling results indicated that the NoV GGI and GGII genome concentrations in source water may occasionally be up to 2.8 and 1.9 log10units higher, respectively, than the concentrations measured during the monitoring project.
authors.affiliation: Ryhov County Hospital , Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.|Linköping University , Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dienus
authors.affiliation: Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sokolova
authors.affiliation: Ryhov County Hospital , Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.|Linköping University , Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.affiliation: Ryhov County Hospital , Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matussek
authors.affiliation: Ryhov County Hospital , Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Löfgren
authors.affiliation: Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.|City of Gothenburg , Department of Sustainable Waste and Water, Box 123, SE-424 23 Angered, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.affiliation: Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Environment Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas J R
authors.initials: TJR
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.affiliation: Ryhov County Hospital , Medical Services, Clinical Microbiology, SE-551 85 Jönköping, Sweden.|Linköping University , Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per-Eric
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Lindgren