title: Comparison of aesthetic facial criteria between Caucasian and East Asian female populations: An esthetic surgeon's perspective.
abstract: Objective aesthetic criteria are important for patient evaluation and analysis during aesthetic surgeries, while successful aesthetic surgeries must take into account the underlying ethnic differences. The aim of this study is to help surgeons and scientists better plan facial aesthetic surgeries and understand the aesthetic needs according to different patients by reviewing and comparing the current aesthetic principles and preferences in Caucasian and East Asian populations. PubMed and The Cochrane Library were searched using keywords regarding anthropometric measurements. Only original clinical studies and reviews written in English and Chinese and those that focused on the objective assessment of facial aesthetics in Caucasian and East Asian female populations were retained for review. Reference lists of the selected articles were also reviewed for eligible studies. Sixty-five articles that described objective aesthetic criteria in Caucasian and East Asian female populations were found through PubMed, among which 47 included Caucasian populations and 18 included East Asian populations. Compared with White women, East Asian women prefer a small, delicate, and less robust face, lower position of double eyelid, more obtuse nasofrontal angle, rounder nose tip, smaller tip projection, and slightly more retruded mandibular profile. Various differences exist between objective facial aesthetic criteria in Caucasian and East Asian populations. Further studies that focus on the objective aesthetic criteria of facial attractiveness in different ethnicities need to be conducted, especially in Asian countries. Level V: Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France. Electronic address: j.niddam@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niddam
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hersant
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Meningaud
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057240:Patient Preference; D044465:White People
keywords: Asian people; aesthetic criteria; blepharoplasty; facial attractiveness; rhinoplasty