title: Beeswax: A minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine.
abstract: Beeswax is the substance that forms the structure of a honeycomb; the bees secrete wax to build the honeycombs where to store honey. Thanks to its rich hydrophobic protective properties, the beeswax is in fact present within cosmetics and body products. Also, beeswax is used in the food industry: as a film to wrap cheese for maturing or as a food additive (E901) to give shine to the products. Exactly as the honey which it contains, beeswax is also characterized by several therapeutic properties of great interest to us; it is thought to be particularly effective in healing bruises, inflammation and burns. Recently, the interest of researchers has moved even on antimicrobial properties of beeswax although there are still few studies in the literature focused only on the action of beeswax. The few studies showed an antimicrobic effectiveness of beeswax against overall Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger; these inhibitory effects are enhanced synergistically with other natural products such as honey or olive oil. This minireview aims to be a collection of major scientific works that have considered the antimicrobial activity of beeswax alone or in combination with other natural products in recent years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Italy. Electronic address: filippo.fratini@unipi.it.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fratini
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cilia
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Felicioli
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Beeswax; Honeybees; Natural product