title: Does Oil Rich in Alpha-Linolenic Fatty Acid Cause the Same Immune Modulation as Fish Oil in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats?
abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 (PUFA n-3) have shown effects in reducing tumor growth, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) abundantly present in fish oil (FO). When these fatty acids are provided in the diet, they alter the functions of the cells, particularly in tumor and immune cells. However, the effects of α-linolenic fatty acid (ALA), which is the precursor of EPA and DHA, are controversial. Thus, our objective was to test the effect of this parental fatty acid.
  
  
  
  Non-tumor-bearing and tumor-bearing Wistar rats (70 days) were supplemented with 1 g/kg body weight of FO or Oro Inca® (OI) oil (rich in ALA). Immune cells function, proliferation, cytokine production, and subpopulation profile were evaluated.
  
  
  
  We have shown that innate immune cells enhanced phagocytosis capacity, and increased processing and elimination of antigens. Moreover, there was a decrease in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)) by macrophages. Lymphocytes showed decreased proliferation capacity, increased cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) subpopulation, and increased TNF-α production.
  
  
  
  Oil rich in ALA caused similar immune modulation in cancer when compared with FO.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Nutrição , Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO , Guarapuava , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Dalton Luiz
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schiessel
authors.affiliation: b Laboratório de Metabolismo Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: b Laboratório de Metabolismo Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kryczyk
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Nutrição , Campus Universitário, Universidade Federal de Lavras , Lavras , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coelho de Castro
authors.affiliation: d Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: e Curso de Medicina-Campus de Três Lagoas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil.
authors.forename: Danielle C T
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Pequito
authors.affiliation: f Centro de Ciências da Vida, Instituto de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino Americana , Foz do Iguaçu , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gleisson A P
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: g Centro de Estudos da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Roraima , Boa Vista , Roraima , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borghetti
authors.affiliation: b Laboratório de Metabolismo Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.affiliation: h Laboratório de Investigação de Doenças Crônicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina , Brazil.
authors.forename: Everson A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: i Departamento de Biologia Celular , Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Kátia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naliwaiko
authors.affiliation: b Laboratório de Metabolismo Celular, Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid