title: Neuropsychology in South Africa: confronting the challenges of specialist practice in a culturally diverse developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This was an invited paper on the history and current status of neuropsychology in South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was gathered from literature searches, personal communication, and the authors' experiences while occupying relevant professional and academic positions for over 30 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since its origins in the 1950s, the development of neuropsychology in South Africa has faced numerous challenges, against a background of extreme sociocultural and socioeconomic disparity in the country that is on-going. The creation of the South African Clinical Neuropsychological Society in the 1980s, a credentialing and training body, gave impetus to the discipline. In the absence of a neuropsychology category within the South African professional framework, university instruction has been ad hoc with vastly different levels of competency depending on the institution involved. The small number of practitioners and/or academics involved in neuropsychology includes mainly masters, and some doctoral level psychologists registered in clinical, counseling or educational categories. A prime emphasis of neuropsychological research has been local norming of psychometric tests to facilitate valid assessment practices in the country. South Africa is on the cusp of achieving a hard-won neuropsychology professional register. It is anticipated that this development will provide impetus to the discipline by promoting training programs, the creation of neuropsychology posts, wider service delivery, and increased research funding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite significant challenges in a culturally diverse, developing country, neuropsychology has evolved sufficiently to warrant the creation of a separate category in the professional framework. This development will facilitate training, research, and services in the country.
authors.affiliation: a Entabeni Hospital , Durban , South Africa.
authors.forename: Ann D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , South Africa.
authors.forename: Ann B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shuttleworth-Edwards
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D008511:Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009484:Neuropsychology / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D011584:Psychology / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D011594:Psychometrics; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Neuropsychological education; South Africa; cross-cultural; multicultural; neuropsychological training