title: Analysis of enhancement at small and large radiation doses for effectiveness of inactivation in cultured cells by combining two agents with radiation.
abstract: To evaluate the enhancement effect of two combined radiation-sensitizing agents in mammalian cells at small doses as compared to large doses using the linear-quadratic (LQ) mathematical model.
  
  
  
  Data on clonogenic assays concerning the radio-enhancement effects of combined halogenated pyrimidines and hyperthermia or combined cisplatin and hyperthermia, as published in earlier reports, were analyzed according to the LQ-formula: S(D)/S(0) = exp-(αD + βD(2)). Effects of sensitizing agents on the linear parameter α and the quadratic parameter β are compared in order to evaluate differences depending on the applied dose, the possible relations to mechanisms of radiation sensitization and to derive suggestions for applications.
  
  
  
  The values of the linear parameter α, which determines the effectiveness at low doses, are for all cell lines and all conditions more increased than the values of the parameter β which has a higher contribution at larger radiation doses. The combination of hyperthermia with halogenated pyrimidines to radiation as well as the combination of hyperthermia and cisplatin to radiation significantly increases the value of the linear parameter α, as compared to radiation alone or radiation combined with a single agent.
  
  
  
  The radiation enhancement factors of the values of linear and quadratic parameters demonstrate that the sensitizing agents have a larger effect on the linear parameter which is dominant at low radiation doses as is used in fractionated-radiation treatment in the clinic. Moreover, the effect is even further increased when two radiation sensitizers are used.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology , Centre for Molecular Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands ;|b Department of Radiation Oncology , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicolaas A P
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Franken
authors.affiliation: b Department of Radiation Oncology , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H Petra
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.affiliation: b Department of Radiation Oncology , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crezee
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology , Centre for Molecular Medicine , Amsterdam , The Netherlands ;|b Department of Radiation Oncology , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerrit W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Barendsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
keywords: Cisplatin; halogenated pyrimidines; hyperthermia; linear quadratic analysis; radiation enhancement