title: Accumulation of K+in the synaptic cleft modulates activity by influencing both vestibular hair cell and calyx afferent in the turtle.
abstract: In the synaptic cleft between type I hair cells and calyceal afferents, K+ions accumulate as a function of activity, dynamically altering the driving force and permeation through ion channels facing the synaptic cleft. High-fidelity synaptic transmission is possible due to large conductances that minimize hair cell and afferent time constants in the presence of significant membrane capacitance. Elevated potassium maintains hair cells near a potential where transduction currents are sufficient to depolarize them to voltages necessary for calcium influx and synaptic vesicle fusion. Elevated potassium depolarizes the postsynaptic afferent by altering ion permeation through hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, and contributes to depolarizing the afferent to potentials where a single EPSP (quantum) can generate an action potential. With increased stimulation, hair cell depolarization increases the frequency of quanta released, elevates [K+]cleftand depolarizes the afferent to potentials at which smaller and smaller EPSPs would be sufficient to trigger APs.
  
  
  
  Fast neurotransmitters act in conjunction with slower modulatory effectors that accumulate in restricted synaptic spaces found at giant synapses such as the calyceal endings in the auditory and vestibular systems. Here, we used dual patch-clamp recordings from turtle vestibular hair cells and their afferent neurons to show that potassium ions accumulating in the synaptic cleft modulated membrane potentials and extended the range of information transfer. High-fidelity synaptic transmission was possible due to large conductances that minimized hair cell and afferent time constants in the presence of significant membrane capacitance. Increased potassium concentration in the cleft maintained the hair cell near potentials that promoted the influx of calcium necessary for synaptic vesicle fusion. The elevated potassium concentration also depolarized the postsynaptic neuron by altering ion permeation through hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. This depolarization enabled the afferent to reliably generate action potentials evoked by single AMPA-dependent EPSPs. Depolarization of the postsynaptic afferent could also elevate potassium in the synaptic cleft, and would depolarize other hair cells enveloped by the same neuritic process increasing the fidelity of neurotransmission at those synapses as well. Collectively, these data demonstrate that neuronal activity gives rise to potassium accumulation, and suggest that potassium ion action on HCN channels can modulate neurotransmission, preserving the fidelity of high-speed synaptic transmission by dynamically shifting the resting potentials of both presynaptic and postsynaptic cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Contini
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7780-3854
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Art
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels / Q000502:physiology*; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; D005260:Female; D018069:Hair Cells, Vestibular / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D014426:Turtles
chemical_list: D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D011188:Potassium
keywords: excitatory synaptic transmission; hair cell; hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-activated channels; potassium accumulation; synaptic modulation; vestibular system