title: High malaria transmission in a forested malaria focus in French Guiana: How can exophagic Anopheles darlingi thwart vector control and prevention measures?
abstract: In French Guiana, malaria vector control and prevention relies on indoor residual spraying and distribution of long lasting insecticidal nets. These measures are based on solid epidemiological evidence but reveal a poor understanding of the vector. The current study investigated the behaviour of both vectors and humans in relation to the ongoing prevention strategies. In 2012 and 2013, Anopheles mosquitoes were sampled outdoors at different seasons and in various time slots. The collected mosquitoes were identified and screened for Plasmodium infection. Data on human behaviour and malaria episodes were obtained from an interview. A total of 3,135 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected, of which Anopheles darlingi was the predominant species (96.2%). For the December 2012-February 2013 period, the Plasmodium vivax infection rate for An. darlingi was 7.8%, and the entomological inoculation rate was 35.7 infective bites per person per three-month span. In spite of high bednet usage (95.7%) in 2012 and 2013, 52.2% and 37.0% of the participants, respectively, had at least one malaria episode. An. darlingi displayed heterogeneous biting behaviour that peaked between 20:30 and 22:30; however, 27.6% of the inhabitants were not yet protected by bednets by 21:30. The use of additional individual and collective protective measures is required to limit exposure to infective mosquito bites and reduce vector densities.
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Samuel B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Vezenegho
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adde
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique des Armées, Marseille, France.|Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé en Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pommier de Santi
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Issaly
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Romuald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carinci
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaborit
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dusfour
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Girod
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Cayenne, Guyane, France.|Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé en Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France.|Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité de Parasitologie et d'Entomologie, Brétigny sur Orge, France.|Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briolant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D065928:Forests; D005616:French Guiana; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology*; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000635:transmission; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000635:transmission; D011156:Population Density; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity