title: Maternal serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorines and indices of fetal growth: a Scandinavian case-cohort study.
abstract: The associations between prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) and fetal growth are inconsistent, and few studies have considered small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth as an outcome. Our current study of Scandinavian parous women aimed to address these inconsistencies and gaps in the literature.
  
  
  
  This case-cohort study included 424 mother-child pairs who participated in a prospective, multi-center study of parous women in Norway (Trondheim and Bergen) and Sweden (Uppsala). We used linear and logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to analyze the associations between two perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and five organochlorines (OCs) from early second trimester and indices of fetal growth.
  
  
  
  Among Swedish women, prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 153 and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were associated with higher odds for SGA birth. We found stronger associations among Swedish male offspring. In the Norwegian cohort, we found no significant associations between EDC exposure and indices of fetal growth.
  
  
  
  Some populations may be more vulnerable to EDCs, possibly due to differences in exposure levels, exposure sources and/or modifiable lifestyle factors. Male offspring may be more vulnerable to endocrine disruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Hilde B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Lauritzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Tricia L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Larose
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Torbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Øien
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram High north research Centre, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Torkjel M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sandanger
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jon Ø
authors.initials: JØ
authors.lastname: Odland
authors.affiliation: Section of Health and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van de Bor
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Geir W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002210:Caprylates / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009664:Norway; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls