title: Study of Hepatic Osteodystrophy in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It involves haemodynamic and metabolic complications. Hepatic Osteodystrophy is a metabolic bone disease that may occur in individuals with chronic liver disease. It can significantly affect morbidity and quality of life of these patients. Fractures are also associated with an excess mortality. It has been an under recognized and inadequately studied complication among Indian population. An early diagnosis is essential to correct reversible risk factors which predispose to bone mass loss.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of metabolic bone disease and identify the risk factors associated with hepatic osteodystrophy in patients with cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational, cross-sectional, hospital based study conducted at a medical college hospital. All patients more than 20-year-old, diagnosed with chronic liver disease/Cirrhosis were enrolled. They were subjected to haematological, biochemical investigations, evaluation of Vitamin D and other hormonal parameters. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was estimated by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 72 patients with mean age 50.04±11.24 years were included in the study. Amongst causes of chronic liver disease were alcoholic liver disease 22 (30.6%), CLD due to hepatitis B 24 (33.3%) and chronic hepatitis C 26 (36.1%). Twenty one (29.2%) patients had normal BMD while 51 (70.8%) had a low BMD. Out of these 51 patients, 36 (70.6%) were diagnosed of osteopenia and 15 (29.4%) others were found to have osteoporosis. Vitamin D levels and severity of liver disease had correlation with low BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low BMD is highly prevalent in patients with chronic liver disease of variable aetiologies. We advocate more randomised and prospective studies to be conducted on homogeneous groups with chronic liver disease in its various stages. In view of numerous therapeutic options available both for liver disease and bone disease, it is prudent to characterize this condition in order to give these patients a better chance of survival with good quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Senior Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedics, Ram Manohar Lohia Combined Hospital , Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Karoli
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College , Sarfarzganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Ritu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karoli
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College , Sarfarzganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Jalees
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fatima
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Student, Department of Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College , Sarfarzganj, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manhar
keywords: Bone mineral density; Chronic liver disease; Hepatic osteodystrophy; Metabolic bone disese; Osteoporosis