title: Improved hybrid/GPU algorithm for solving cardiac electrophysiology problems on Purkinje networks.
abstract: Cardiac Purkinje fibers provide an important pathway to the coordinated contraction of the heart. We present a numerical algorithm for the solution of electrophysiology problems across the Purkinje network that is efficient enough to be used in in silico studies on realistic Purkinje networks with physiologically detailed models of ion exchange at the cell membrane. The algorithm is on the basis of operator splitting and is provided with 3 different implementations: pure CPU, hybrid CPU/GPU, and pure GPU. Compared to our previous work, we modify the explicit gap junction term at network bifurcations to improve its mathematical consistency. Due to this improved consistency of the model, we are able to perform an empirical convergence study against analytical solutions. The study verified that all 3 implementations produce equivalent convergence rates, and shows that the algorithm produces equivalent result across different hardware platforms. Finally, we compare the efficiency of all 3 implementations on Purkinje networks of increasing spatial resolution using membrane models of increasing complexity. Both hybrid and pure GPU implementations outperform the pure CPU implementation, but their relative performance difference depends on the size of the Purkinje network and the complexity of the membrane model used.
authors.affiliation: CISTIB, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5635-3444
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: MOX, Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palamara
authors.affiliation: CISTIB, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lassila
authors.affiliation: MOX, Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.affiliation: CMCS, Mathematics Institute of Computational Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quarteroni
authors.affiliation: CISTIB, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: A F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2675-528X
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Frangi
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D054849:Cardiac Electrophysiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D011690:Purkinje Fibers / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Purkinje networks; cardiac electrophysiology; graphics processing units; hybrid algorithms