title: Self - Reported Depression, Anxiety and Evaluation of Own Pain in Clinical Sample of Patients with Different Location of Chronic Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression, anxiety and chronic pain are frequent co-occurrent disorders. Patients with these mental disorders experience more intense pain that lasts for a longer time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire with 228 variables was applied to 109 randomly chosen patients that were treated at an outpatient clinic for treatment of chronic pain of the University Clinical Centre Ljubljana from March to June 2013. 87 patients responded to the questionnaire (79.8%). Location of pain considering diagnosis was the criterion in the discriminant analysis (soft tissue disorders; headache; symptoms not elsewhere classified; back pain) and following summative scores as predictors: level of depression and anxiety (The Zung Self-Rating Depression/Anxiety Scale), evaluation of pain and perceptions of being threatened in social relations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average age of participants was M = 52.7 years (SD 13.9), with 70.9% female, 29.1% male participants. 63% of respondents achieved clinically important level of depression and 54% clinically important level of anxiety. On univariate level, the highest level of depression and anxiety was found for back pain and the lowest for headache. No significant difference was found in evaluation of pain and perceptions of being threatened in social relations regarding location of pain. Self-evaluation of depression has, in the framework of discriminant analysis, the largest weight for prediction of differentiation between different locations of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different locations of pain have different connections with mood levels. The results of research on a preliminary level indicate the need to consider mental experience in the treatment of chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: University Psychiatric Hospital Ljubljana, Center for Mental Health, Poljanski nasip 58, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rus Makovec
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Clinical Department of Anesteziology, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Neli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vintar
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Medical Faculty, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Samo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makovec
keywords: anxiety; back pain; chronic pain; depression; location of pain