title: Parents' reactions to children's stuttering and style of coping with stress.
abstract: The aim of the research was to determine: (a) how parents react to their child's stuttering, (b) what stress coping strategies they utilise, as well as (c) whether stress coping style depends on parents' reaction to their child's stuttering.
  
  
  
  The research involved 23 mothers and 23 fathers of children who stutter (CWS) at the age of three to six years old. The Reaction to Speech Disfluency Scale (RSDS), developed by the authors, was used in the research. To determine the parents' coping the Coping Inventory in Stressful Situations (CISS) by N.S. Endler and D.A Parker was applied.
  
  
  
  The strongest reactions are observed on the cognitive level. Stronger cognitive, emotional and behavioural reactions are observed in the mothers towards their disfluently speaking sons and in the fathers towards their daughters. Having analysed the profiles of coping styles, it can be noticed that the task-oriented coping is most frequently adapted by the fathers. The mothers most often use the avoidance-oriented coping. No relevant correlation was observed between the fathers' coping style and their reactions to the child's disfluent speech. As far as the mothers are concerned, it has been proved that an increase in behavioural reactions correlates with the avoidance-oriented coping.
  
  
  
  The cognitive reactions of the parents' towards their child's stuttering were most frequent, while the emotional ones were the least frequent. Confronted with a stressful situation, the fathers most often adapt the task-oriented coping, whereas the mothers use the avoidance-oriented coping.
  
  
  
  the reader will be able to (1) learn what the key reactions of parents to their children's stuttering are, (2) describe stuttering as a stress factor for the parents, (3) describe the factors which influence parents' reactions to their child's stuttering and their coping style.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Rehabilitation of Speech, Medical University of Lublin, 4/6 Staszyca St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland. Electronic address: ewa.humeniuk@umlub.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Humeniuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Rehabilitation of Speech, Medical University of Lublin, 4/6 Staszyca St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland. Electronic address: tarkowskizbigniew@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tarkowski
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: children; coping; parents; reactions to stuttering; stress; stuttering