title: Target volume definition for post prostatectomy radiotherapy: Do the consensus guidelines correctly define the inferior border of the CTV?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compare urethrogram delineation of the caudal aspect of the anastomosis to the recommended guidelines of post prostatectomy radiotherapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Level one evidence has established the indications for, and importance of, adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy. Several guidelines have recently addressed delineation of the prostate bed target volume including identification of the vesico-urethral anastomosis, taken as the first CT slice caudal to visible urine in the bladder neck. The inferior border of clinical target volume is then variably defined 5-12 mm below this anastomosis or 15 mm cranial to the penile bulb.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy were reviewed. All underwent planning CT with urethrogram. The authors (MM, JC) independently identified the CT slice caudal to the last slice showing urine in the bladder neck (called the CT Reference Slice), and measured the distance between this and the tip of the urethrogram cone. Five patients also had a diagnostic MRI at the time of CT planning to better visualize the anatomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-six readings were obtained. The mean distance between the Bladder CT Reference Slice and the most cranial urethrogram contrast slice was 16.1 mm (MM 16.4 mm, JC 15.8 mm), range: 6.8-34.2 mm. The mean distance between the urethrogram tip and the ischial tuberosities was 19.9 mm (range 12.5-29.8 mm). The mean distance between the CT Reference Slice and the ischial tuberosities was 36.9 mm (range 28.3-52.4 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guidelines for prostate bed radiation post prostatectomy have been developed after publication of the trials proving benefit of such treatment, and are thus untested. The anastomosis is a frequent site of local relapse but is variably defined by the existing guidelines, none of which take into account anatomic patient variation and all of which are at variance with urethrogram data. We recommend the use of planning urethrogram to better delineate the vesico-urethral junction and minimize the potential for geographic misses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manji
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Juanita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Cancer Centre for the Southern Interior, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Rasika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajapakshe
keywords: Adjuvant radiotherapy; Planning urethrogram; Post-operative radiotherapy; Prostate cancer; Salvage radiotherapy