title: Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage; Neighborhood Racial Composition; and Hypertension Stage, Awareness, and Treatment Among Hypertensive Black Men in New York City: Does Nativity Matter?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neighborhood-level poverty and racial composition may contribute to racial disparities in hypertension outcomes. Little is known about how the effects of neighborhood social environments may differ by nativity status among diverse urban Black adults. We aimed to characterize the influence of neighborhood-level socio-demographic factors on hypertension outcomes among US- and foreign-born Black men with uncontrolled blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from two large community-based trials of hypertensive Black men aged 50 and over linked with census tract data from the 2012 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. We defined census tracts with high racial segregation as those where 60 % or more self-identified as Black and high-poverty census tracts as those where 20 % or more lived below the poverty line. Multivariable general estimating equation models were used to measure associations between neighborhood characteristics and stage of hypertension, hypertension awareness, and treatment to yield adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Models were run separately for US- and foreign-born Black men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 64 % of the 1139 participants lived in a census tract with a high percentage of Black residents and over 71 % lived in high-poverty census tracts. Foreign-born Black men living in neighborhoods with a high concentration of Black residents were less likely to be treated for their high blood pressure (aPR 0.44, 95 % CI 0.22-0.88), but this result did not hold for US-born Black men. There were no significant associations between neighborhood poverty and hypertension outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighborhood context may impact treatment for hypertension, one of the most important factors in hypertension control and decreasing hypertension-related mortality, particularly among foreign-born Black men.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. hvscole@gmail.com.|Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain. hvscole@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0936-6810
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.|Population Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Dustin T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Gbenga
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ogedegbe
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ravenell
keywords: Black men; Health disparities; Hypertension; Neighborhood context