title: "Experience Keeps a Dear School": the Effects of Ethnicity and Caregiving Experience on Hiring a Healthcare Advocate.
abstract: In the present study, ethnic differences in evaluating the severity and associated needs of medical complications experienced by an elderly man and the likelihood of seeking professional assistance (i.e., hire a healthcare advocate [HCA]) to care for him, and for one's own family or parent should they become ill, as a function of previous caregiving experience, were investigated. The 974 participants were White, Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander. They read a hypothetical vignette about a 75-year-old man, Daryl, who was experiencing health problems. Participants were instructed to imagine that they were James, Daryl's son, and asked to indicate how severe his condition(s) were, how much medical assistance he would require, and how likely they would be to hire an HCA to assist him. They were also asked to report whether they previously had assisted a parent with activities of daily living (Assistance) and whether they would be likely to hire an HCA in the future if 1) a family member or 2) a parent, specifically, became ill. Two, 2 (Assistance) × 4 (Ethnicity) multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) were performed to assess differential responses among individuals of different ethnicities as a function of previous caregiver experience. A priori interaction contrasts were examined to determine whether Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander participants differed on the outcomes from White participants as a function of previous caregiver experience. There were no significant differences between Black or Asian/Pacific Islander and White participants, but Hispanic participants assigned significantly higher severity and need for medical assistance ratings and were significantly more likely to indicate that they would seek assistance from an HCA with respect to the vignette and for their own parents in the future if they had provided caregiving to a parent in the past, whereas White participants were less likely to seek assistance from an HCA if they had provided caregiving in the past to a parent. Although ethnic differences in evaluations of Daryl's condition and in the reported likelihoods of hiring an HCA in various contexts as a function of previous caregiving experience were limited, there are important inter-cultural differences to recognize. It may be important in future research to assess ethnic differences in the expectations and experiences of caregiving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. cavanliew@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Liew
authors.affiliation: Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dhwani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennalee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wooldridge
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.|Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Terry A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cronan
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian; D044383:Black People; D017028:Caregivers / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D005006:Ethnicity; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Assistance; Caregiving; Ethnicity; Healthcare advocacy