title: Cognitive and neural consequences of memory suppression in major depressive disorder.
abstract: Negative biases in cognition have been documented consistently in major depressive disorder (MDD), including difficulties in the ability to control the processing of negative material. Although negative information-processing biases have been studied using both behavioral and neuroimaging paradigms, relatively little research has been conducted examining the difficulties of depressed persons with inhibiting the retrieval of negative information from long-term memory. In this study, we used the think/no-think paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the cognitive and neural consequences of memory suppression in individuals diagnosed with depression and in healthy controls. The participants showed typical behavioral forgetting effects, but contrary to our hypotheses, there were no differences between the depressed and nondepressed participants or between neutral and negative memories. Relative to controls, depressed individuals exhibited greater activity in right middle frontal gyrus during memory suppression, regardless of the valence of the suppressed stimuli, and differential activity in the amygdala and hippocampus during memory suppression involving negatively valenced stimuli. These findings indicate that depressed individuals are characterized by neural anomalies during the suppression of long-term memories, increasing our understanding of the brain bases of negative cognitive biases in MDD.
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. msacchet@stanford.edu.|Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, Building 01-420, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. msacchet@stanford.edu.|Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA. msacchet@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sacchet
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.|Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: J Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Arkadiy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maksimovskiy
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Paula T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Hertel
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joormann
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.|MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.|Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, Building 01-420, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.|Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.|Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Jordan Hall, Building 01-420, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.|Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress-Related Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gotlib
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cognitive neuroscience; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Major depressive disorder (MDD); Memory suppression; Negative valence; Think/No-Think (TNT)