title: Comparison of Plasma Glucose and Gut Hormone Levels Between Drinking Enteral Formula Over a Period of 5 and 20 Minutes in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A fast eating speed is reportedly associated with obesity, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome. As a comparison of postprandial glucose levels after eating quickly or slowly has not been previously reported for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, we evaluated the impact of the fast or slow ingestion of an enteral formula (liquid meal) on glucose metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who had been hospitalized at our hospital were enrolled. All the subjects received an enteral formula for breakfast. The study was performed over a 2-day period in each subject (day 1: enteral formula was consumed over a 5-minute period; day 2: enteral formula was consumed over a 20-minute period). The subjects were requested to fast for at least 12 hours before eating breakfast, and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after the start of breakfast.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the plasma glucose, serum insulin, plasma active ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), plasma total glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and serum total peptide YY (PYY) levels were not significantly changed by intake over a 5-minute or 20-minute period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eating quickly per se probably does not affect postprandial glucose excursions, but the increased energy intake resulting from eating quickly may increase the body weight and increase insulin resistance. Eating quickly may increase energy intake and worsen long-term metabolic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamiko
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Internal Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taguri
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Terauchi
keywords: Blood glucose; Eating rate; Enteral formula; Incretin; Type 2 diabetes