title: Could gonadal and adrenal androgen deficiencies contribute to the depressive symptoms in men with systolic heart failure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Testosterone (TT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) are neurosteroids and their deficiencies constitute the hormone risk factors promoting the development of depression in elderly otherwise healthy men. We investigated the link between hypogonadism and depression in accordance with age and concomitant diseases in men with systolic HF using the novel scale previously dedicated for elderly population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the prevalence of depression and severity of depressive symptoms in population of 226 men with systolic HF (40-80 years) compared to 379 healthy peers. The severity of depression was assessed using the Polish long version of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men aged 40-59 years the severity of depressive symptoms was greater in NYHA classes III-IV compared to NYHA classes I-II and reference group. In men aged 60-80 years depressive symptoms were more severe in NYHA class III-IV compared to controls (all p ≤ 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression model in men aged 40-59 years advanced NYHA class was associated with higher prevalence of mild depression (OR = 2.14, 95%CI: 1.07-4.29) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with higher prevalence of severe depression (OR = 69.1, 95%CI: 2.11-2264.3). In men aged 60-80 years advanced NYHA class and TT deficiency were related to higher prevalence of mild depression (respectively: OR = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.3-6.4; OR = 3.6, 95%CI: 1.2-10.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TT deficiency, COPD and advanced NYHA class were associated with higher prevalence of depression in men with systolic HF.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kulej-Lyko
authors.affiliation: b Laboratory Department , Military Hospital , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Majda
authors.affiliation: c Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Haehling
authors.affiliation: c Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School , Berlin , Germany.|d Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Medical School , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Doehner
authors.affiliation: e Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Anthropology , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopuszanska
authors.affiliation: e Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Anthropology , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szklarska
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Banasiak
authors.affiliation: c Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School , Berlin , Germany.|f Centre for Clinical and Basic Research, IRCCS San Raffaele , Rome , Italy , and.
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital , Wroclaw , Poland.|g Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System , Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ponikowski
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Heart Diseases, Military Hospital , Wroclaw , Poland.|e Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Anthropology , Wroclaw , Poland.|g Laboratory for Applied Research on Cardiovascular System , Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jankowska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate / Q000097:blood*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005058:Eunuchism / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D019314:Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
keywords: Geriatric Depression Scale; Testosterone; dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate; depression; systolic heart failure