title: Reporting and dealing with missing quality of life data in RCTs: has the picture changed in the last decade?
abstract: Missing data are a major problem in the analysis of data from randomised trials affecting power and potentially producing biased treatment effects. Specifically focussing on quality of life outcomes, we aimed to report the amount of missing data, whether imputation was used and what methods and was the missing mechanism discussed from four leading medical journals and compare the picture to our previous review nearly a decade ago.
  
  
  
  A random selection (50 %) of all RCTS published during 2013-2014 in BMJ, JAMA, Lancet and NEJM was obtained. RCTs reported in research letters, cluster RCTs, non-randomised designs, review articles and meta-analysis were excluded.
  
  
  
  We included 87 RCTs in the review of which 35 % the amount of missing primary QoL data was unclear, 31 (36 %) used imputation. Only 23 % discussed the missing data mechanism. Nearly half used complete case analysis. Reporting was more unclear for secondary QoL outcomes. Compared to the previous review, multiple imputation was used more prominently but mainly in sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  
  Inadequate reporting and handling of missing QoL data in RCTs are still an issue. There is a large gap between statistical methods research relating to missing data and the use of the methods in applications. A sensitivity analysis should be undertaken to explore the sensitivity of the main results to different missing data assumptions. Medical journals can help to improve the situation by requiring higher standards of reporting and analytical methods to deal with missing data, and by issuing guidance to authors on expected standard.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK. s.fielding@abdn.ac.uk.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogbuagu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivasubramaniam
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: MacLennan
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: Imputation; Missing data; Quality of life; Randomised controlled trial