title: Prevalence and Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Determinants of Anemia during Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of Pregnant Women in China.
abstract: This study aimed to assess the differences regarding anemia among pregnant women with diverse characteristics and lifestyle factors.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study of pregnant women was conducted between June and August 2015 in 16 hospitals in five provinces of Mainland China. Self-reported doctor-diagnosed anemia was used in the study.
  
  
  
  We included 2345 pregnant women. Of the participants, 1755 (74.8%) were pregnant women of first pregnancy (PWFP) and 590 (25.2%) were second pregnancy (PWSP). The mean age of the participants was 28.1 years (SD 4.1). Overall, the prevalence of anemia was 12.7% (13.4% and 10.7% among PWFP and PWSP, respectively). The prevalence for not eating breakfast was 11.0%. Compared with PWFP, PWSP was inversely associated with the risk of anemia (odds ratio (OR) 0.66, 95% CI 0.48-0.91). Compared with those being registered in a low ranking hospital, pregnant women who were admitted to a high (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.28-0.57) or a medium ranking hospital (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.92) were inversely associated with the risk of anemia. Compared with women of low income (<¥4,500), those with high income were less likely to have anemia (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.94). Compared with women with non-manual jobs, women with manual jobs (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.17-2.45) and unemployed women (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.04-1.93) were associated with a greater likelihood of suffering from anemia.
  
  
  
  Pregnant women not eating breakfast are of concern. Anemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women in China. Lower socio-economic status, manual jobs, PWFP, and those who attend a lower quality hospital have a greater likelihood of suffering from anemia. Tailored interventions are needed to address these issues.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. xianglong1989@126.com.|Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. xianglong1989@126.com.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. xianglong1989@126.com.
authors.forename: Xianglong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. ls19940904@163.com.|Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. ls19940904@163.com.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. ls19940904@163.com.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. rys0606@163.com.
authors.forename: Yunshuang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. zumin.shi@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Zumin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: The Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. llian_w@163.com.|Department of Reproduction Health and Infertility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. llian_w@163.com.|Canada-China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. llian_w@163.com.
authors.forename: LianLian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213, USA. manoj.sharma@jsums.edu.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. zhaoyong@cqmu.edu.cn.|Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. zhaoyong@cqmu.edu.cn.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China. zhaoyong@cqmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011250:Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: China; anemia; lifestyle; pregnant women; sociodemographic