title: Intravenous Infiltration Risk by Catheter Dwell Time Among Hospitalized Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed to examine the cumulative risk for infiltration over IV catheter dwell time by general or catheterization-specific characteristics of pediatric patients with IV therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This secondary data analysis was done with the data of 1596 children who received peripheral IV therapy at least once during their hospital stay between August 1st and October 30th, 2011 and in June, 2013 in an academic medical center, Yangsan, Republic of Korea. The survival functions of infiltration were determined by using the Kaplan-Meier analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative risk for infiltration had rapidly increased from 1.5% after 24 hours of catheter dwell time to 17.3% after 96 hours. The survival functions were significantly different in the medical than in the surgical department (p=.005), lower extremities than upper ones (p=.001), and use of 10% dextrose (p=.001), ampicillin/sulbactam (p<.001), vancomycin (p=.024), high-concentration electrolytes (p=.001), and phenytoin (p<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When catheter dwell times are similar, the cumulative risk for infiltration was higher in cases wherein the patient had a risk factor. The cumulative risk for infiltration has rapidly increased after 24 hours in patients who have 10% dextrose, high-concentration electrolytes, and phenytoin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that nurses are required to assess the IV site every hour after 24 hours of catheter dwell time for the infusion of irritants for a safer practice of IV therapy. However, this monitoring time may be modified by the age of child, previous IV complications, and/or hemodynamic issues which may impact IV integrity.
authors.affiliation: Pusan National University College of Nursing, Yangsan, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jeongis@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ihn Sook
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Pusan National University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gey Rok
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: KAIST School of Electrical Engineering, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Man Seop
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Pusan National University, Department of Applied IT Engineering, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bum Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Pusan National University Hospital, Department of Nursing, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soon Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Pusan National University College of Nursing, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sookyung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hyun
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002673:Child, Hospitalized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Catheterization; IV therapy; Infiltration; Peripheral; Risk