title: Impact of prospective verification of intravenous antibiotics in an ED.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delay in appropriate antibiotic therapy is associated with an increase in mortality and prolonged length of stay. Automatic dispensing machines decrease the delivery time of intravenous (IV) antibiotics to patients in the emergency department (ED). However, when IV antibiotics are not reviewed by pharmacists before being administered, patients are at risk for receiving inappropriate antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study was to determine if a difference exists in the time to administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy before and after implementation of prospective verification of antibiotics in the ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective, institutional review board-approved preimplementation vs postimplementation study evaluated patients 18years or older who were started on IV antibiotics in the ED. Patients were excluded if pregnant, if the patient is a prisoner, if no cultures were drawn, or if the patient was transferred from an outside facility. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was based on empiric source-specific evidence-based guidelines, appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and microbiologic data. The primary end point was the time from ED arrival to administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1628 evaluated, 128 patients met the inclusion criteria (64 pre vs 64 post). Patients were aged 65.2±17.0years, with most of infections being pneumonia (44%) and urinary tract infections (18%) and most patients being noncritically ill. Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy was reduced in the postgroup vs pregroup (8.1±8.6 vs 15.2±22.8hours, respectively, P=.03). In addition, appropriate empiric antibiotics were initiated more frequently after the implementation (92% post vs 66% pre; P=.0001). There was no difference in mortality or length of stay between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prompt administration of the appropriate antibiotics is imperative in patients with infections presenting to the ED. The impact of prospective verification of antibiotics by pharmacists led to significant improvement on both empiric selection of and time to appropriate antibiotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, NC. Electronic address: arhunt89@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Allyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, NC. Electronic address: steven.nakajima@nhrmc.org.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, NC. Electronic address: lisa.zimmerman@nhrmc.org.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hall Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, Wilmington, NC. Electronic address: manav.patel@nhrmc.org.
authors.forename: Manav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents