title: Distraction and task engagement: How interesting and boring information impact driving performance and subjective and physiological responses.
abstract: As more devices and services are integrated into vehicles, drivers face new opportunities to perform additional tasks while driving. While many studies have explored the detrimental effects of varying task demands on driving performance, there has been little attention devoted to tasks that vary in terms of personal interest or investment-a quality we liken to the concept of task engagement. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of task engagement on driving performance, subjective appraisals of performance and workload, and various physiological measurements. In this study, 31 participants (M = 37 yrs) completed three driving conditions in a driving simulator: listening to boring auditory material; listening to interesting material; and driving with no auditory material. Drivers were simultaneously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy, heart monitoring and eye tracking systems. Drivers exhibited less variability in lane keeping and headway maintenance for both auditory conditions; however, response times to critical braking events were longer in the interesting audio condition. Drivers also perceived the interesting material to be less demanding and less complex, although the material was objectively matched for difficulty. Drivers showed a reduced concentration of cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin when listening to interesting material, compared to baseline and boring conditions, yet they exhibited superior recognition for this material. The practical implications, from a safety standpoint, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA. Electronic address: william.horrey@libertymutual.com.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Horrey
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garabet
authors.affiliation: Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: Providence Regional Medical Center, Providence Strategic and Management Services, Everett, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Rammohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maikala
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001887:Boredom; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D000071826:Distracted Driving; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016526:Workload
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Cerebral blood oxygenation; Driver distraction; Driving performance; Heart rate; Pupillometry; Task engagement/interest