title: Observational study of compliance with Queensland bicycle helmet laws.
abstract: Mandatory bicycle helmet laws have been found to increase helmet wearing rates in Australia and internationally. However, much of the research on factors influencing compliance with the Australian helmet laws is dated or focuses on commuters and city areas only. To address this gap, video recordings of bicycle riders were undertaken at 17 sites across Queensland, Australia, representing a mixture of on- and off-road locations, speed limits and regions. Helmet status was able to be determined for 98% of riders observed. The level of compliance with the laws was very high, with 98.3% of the more than 27,000 riders observed wearing helmets. Riders riding on roads were less compliant than those riding on bicycle paths, but no significant differences were observed between the school-holiday and school-term periods. Among the on-road riders, boys were less compliant than girls and overall children were less compliant than adults. Higher compliance levels were found for group riders, road bike riders, lycra-clad riders, during morning hours, and on 50km/h or lower speed limit roads. While the overall level of compliance was very high, certain subgroups were identified as a possible focus for interventions to further improve the compliance level, for example children (particularly boys) riding mountain bikes away from groups during the afternoon hours on 60km/h roads.
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia. Electronic address: ashim.debnath@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ashim Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Debnath
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia. Electronic address: n.haworth@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Narelle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haworth
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia. Electronic address: a.schramm@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.affiliation: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), K Block, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Australia. Electronic address: ar.williamson@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002648:Child; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011793:Queensland; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Bicycle helmets; Bicycling; Compliance; Helmet laws