title: Genotype-dependent metabolism of exogenous testosterone - new biomarkers result in prolonged detectability.
abstract: Testosterone (T) misuse still represents a major problem in sports drug testing. Many strategies have been developed and applied to routine doping controls in recent years to enable both to identify suspicious samples in initial testing procedures and to confirm the exogenous origin of urinary T by means of carbon isotope ratio (CIR) determinations. Depending on the tested individual's genotype of UGT2B17, significantly different amounts of T are glucuronidated and excreted, which results in unaffected T/epitestosterone ratios after T misuse in those subjects with the deletion/deletion polymorphism (del/del). The aim of this study was to investigate differences in metabolic pathways of orally administered T between persons of del/del and insertion/insertion (ins/ins) genetic polymorphism. Therefore, a recently established method using hydrogen isotope ratios together with high-resolution and high-accuracy mass spectrometry was applied after administration of deuterated T to n = 4 subjects including both genotypes. Participants collected urine specimens directly before and for up to 8 days after the application. Urine aliquots were prepared to yield unconjugated, glucuronidated, and sulphoconjugated fractions of urinary steroids. Besides the significant difference in the excretion of T-glucuronide, all measured metabolites varied rather on an individual basis than due to a genotype difference. New T metabolites (both methylated and de-methylated) were detected and investigated regarding their potential to enhance the screening for T misuse. Sulphoconjugated epiandrosterone was further identified as the biomarker allowing for a prolonged retrospective detection of T misuse by means of CIR determinations for up to 5 days compared to 1 day if currently applied sports drug testing procedures were used. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.affiliation: German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schänzer
authors.affiliation: German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thevis
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: carbon isotope ratio; doping; hydrogen isotope ratio; long-term detectability; testosterone