title: Muscle activation and energy expenditure of sedentary behavior alternatives in young and old adults.
abstract: The physiological mechanisms that underlie the metabolic benefits of breaking up sedentary behavior (SB) have yet to be determined. The purpose of this study is to compare energy expenditure (EE) and muscle activation (MA) responses to sitting and four SB alternatives in younger and older adults. Twenty-two adults, grouped by age (21-35 and 62-76 years), completed five randomly ordered 20 min tasks: (1) continuous sitting (Sit), (2) sitting on a stability ball (Ball), (3) continuous standing (Stand), (4) sitting interrupted by walking (S/W), and (5) sitting interrupted by standing (S/S). Muscle activation of two upper (trapezius and erector spinae) and two lower (rectus femoris and medial gastrocnemius) body muscles and total body EE were measured continuously. A linear mixed model using gender and age as a covariate with Bonferroni adjustment were used to determine significant differences between tasks. Collectively, S/W produced significantly higher MA and EE compared with Sit (p  <  0.001). Stand and Ball provided significantly greater EE, but not MA, compared to Sit (p  <  0.05), while S/S did not significantly change EE or MA compared to Sit. There were no net EE differences when comparing age groups across the tasks. Upper body MA was not consistent in both age groups across tasks. Specifically, during S/W the upper body MA of older adults (9.7  ±  1.5% MVC) was double that of young adults (4.8  ±  0.7% MVC, p  =  0.006). Lower body MA responded similarly to all tasks in both age groups. Disrupting sitting with walking produced the largest increase in EE and MA compared to other SB alternatives in both age groups. These results are important considering the wide use of SB alternatives by researchers and public health practitioners.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 416 Enderis Hall, 2400 E. Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Lerma
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Strath
authors.forename: Bethany M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Forseth
authors.forename: Chi C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Swartz