title: Nanoemulsion as a carrier to improve the topical anti-inflammatory activity of stem bark extract ofRapanea ferruginea.
abstract: The aim of this study was to develop nanoemulsion containing soft extract of stem bark ofRapanea ferrugineato improve the topical delivery and anti-inflammatory activity. The extract ofR. ferrugineastem bark was incorporated into the oily phase of the nanoemulsion by the method of phase inversion at low energy. The developed nanoemulsion had an average droplet size of 47.88±8.20 nm and a polydispersibility index of 0.228. Uniformity of size, spherical shape of droplet, and absence of clusters were confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy. The zeta potential was -34.7±1.15 mV. The nanoemulsion showed a moderate degree of skin irritation in the agarose overlay assay in vitro. The content of the extract markers, myrsinoic acids A and B, was 54.10±0.08 and 53.03 μg/g in the formulation, respectively. The formulation demonstrated pseudoplastic and thixotropic rheological behavior. In vitro release of chemical markers was controlled by diffusion mechanism. An extract-loaded nanoemulsion showed a topical anti-inflammatory activity in a croton oil-induced edema ear model, with a decrease in tumor necrosis factor release and myeloperoxidase activity. The nanoemulsion was 160% more efficient than the conventional cream containing 0.13% of the extract. The nanoemulsion showed suitable properties as a carrier for topical use ofR. ferrugineaextract and the approach for improving the topical anti-inflammatory activity.
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juarana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dal Mas
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tailyn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zermiani
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liliani C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Thiesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joana Lm
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kathryn Abs
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malheiros
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania Mb
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bresolin
authors.affiliation: NIQFAR, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lucinda-Silva
keywords: Rapanea ferruginea; anti-inflammatory; nanoemulsion; nanotechnology; phytomedicine