title: Righting Reflex Predicts Long-Term Histological and Behavioral Outcomes in a Closed Head Model of Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: Blunt impact produces a heterogeneous brain injury in people and in animal models of traumatic brain injury. We report that a single closed head impact to adult C57/BL6 mice produced two injury syndromes (CHI-1 and CHI-2). CHI-1 mice spontaneously reinitiated breathing after injury while CHI-2 mice had prolonged apnea and regained breathing only after cardiopulmonary resuscitation and supplementation of 100% O2. The CHI-1 group significantly regained righting reflex more rapidly than the CHI-2 group. At 7 days post-injury, CHI-1, but not CHI-2 mice, acquired but had no long-term retention of an active place avoidance task. The behavioral deficits of CHI-1 and CHI-2 mice were retained one-month after the injury. CHI-1 mice had loss of hippocampal neurons and localized white matter injury at one month after injury. CHI-2 had a larger loss of hippocampal neurons and more widespread loss of myelin and axons. High-speed videos made during the injury were followed by assessment of breathing and righting reflex. These videos show that CHI-2 mice experienced a larger vertical g-force than CHI-1 mice. Time to regain righting reflex in CHI-2 mice significantly correlated with vertical g-force. Thus, physiological responses occurring immediately after injury can be valuable surrogate markers of subsequent behavioral and histological deficits.
authors.affiliation: Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, United States of America.
authors.forename: Natalia M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Grin'kina
authors.affiliation: Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.|Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Margalit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.affiliation: Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sangobowale
authors.affiliation: Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nikulina
authors.affiliation: Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Charm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le'Pre
authors.affiliation: Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El Sehamy
authors.affiliation: Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rachelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dugue
authors.affiliation: Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Johnson S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.|Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6335-1380
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bergold