title: Maximizing potential impact of experimental research into cognitive processes in health psychology: A systematic approach to material development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an abundance of research into cognitive processing biases in clinical psychology including the potential for applying cognitive bias modification techniques to assess the causal role of biases in maintaining anxiety and depression. Within the health psychology field, there is burgeoning interest in applying these experimental methods to assess potential cognitive biases in relation to physical health conditions and health-related behaviours. Experimental research in these areas could inform theoretical development by enabling measurement of implicit cognitive processes that may underlie unhelpful illness beliefs and help drive health-related behaviours. However, to date, there has been no systematic approach to adapting existing experimental paradigms for use within physical health research. Many studies fail to report how materials were developed for the population of interest or have used untested materials developed ad hoc. The lack of protocol for developing stimuli specificity has contributed to large heterogeneity in methodologies and findings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this article, we emphasize the need for standardized methods for stimuli development and replication in experimental work, particularly as it extends beyond its original anxiety and depression scope to other physical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We briefly describe the paradigms commonly used to assess cognitive biases in attention and interpretation and then describe the steps involved in comprehensive/robust stimuli development for attention and interpretation paradigms using illustrative examples from two conditions: chronic fatigue syndrome and breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article highlights the value of preforming rigorous stimuli development and provides tools to aid researchers engage in this process. We believe this work is worthwhile to establish a body of high-quality and replicable experimental research within the health psychology literature. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Cognitive biases (e.g., tendencies to attend to negative information and/or interpret ambiguous information in negative ways) have a causal role in maintaining anxiety and depression. There is mixed evidence of cognitive biases in physical health conditions and chronic illness; one reason for this may be the heterogeneous stimuli used to assess attention and interpretation biases in these conditions. What does this study add? Steps for comprehensive/robust stimuli development for attention and interpretation paradigms are presented. Illustrative examples are provided from two conditions: chronic fatigue syndrome and breast cancer. We provide tools to help researchers develop condition-specific materials for experimental studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Rola
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Trudie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chalder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Colette R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK. rona.moss-morris@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moss-Morris
mesh_terms: D000070379:Attentional Bias; D001524:Behavioral Medicine; D003071:Cognition; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D012015:Reference Standards; D012106:Research
keywords: attentional bias; cancer; chronic fatigue syndrome; cognitive processing biases; experimental research; health psychology; information processing; interpretation bias