title: Standardization as a Tool for Causal Inference in Medical Research.
abstract: Traditional standardization methods have been used in medical research for a long time to standardize the effect of interest for one confounder such as age. Model-based standardization extension of these methods is used when we have more than one variable produces an effect which is the population average and has marginal causal interpretation. In this paper, we discuss the most traditional model-based standardization methods that are used to estimate the marginal causal effect of exposure. We applied these methods to data from Tehran Thyroid Study and estimated the standardized effect of exposure on outcome. Based on the simulation studies, covariate standardization is preferred except when 1) we have enough information about the mechanism of exposure or 2) the outcome is rare and exposure is frequent, so propensity score standardization is suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. of Iran.
authors.forename: Safoora
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gharibzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. of Iran.
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. of Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimiforoushani
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. of Iran.
authors.forename: Atieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amouzegar
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. of Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mansournia
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D015233:Models, Statistical; D057216:Propensity Score