title: Oxytocin, a main breastfeeding hormone, prevents hypertension acquired in utero: A therapeutics preview.
abstract: Hypertension is a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease and stroke, leading causes of morbidity and death worldwide. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), caused by an excess of glucocorticoid exposure to the fetus, produces an imbalance in oxidative stress altering many biochemical and epigenetic gene transcription processes exposing the fetus and neonate to the 'thrifty' phenotype and pervasive polymorphisms appearance damaging health, cognitive, and behavioral processes in later life. OT is a major regulator of oxidative stress radicals that plays a major role in neonatal maturation of the central nervous system and many peripheral tissues expressing oxytocin/oxytocin-receptor (OT/OTR) system in the early postnatal period. OT and OTR are damaged by IUGR and early stress. This review highlights the fact that hypertension is likely to be a legacy of preterm birth due to IUGR and failure to meet nutritional needs in early infancy when fed formula instead of breastfeeding or human milk.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology of Malnutrition, Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Cinvestav, I.P.N, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, AP 12-740 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. Electronic address: fmvargas@fisio.cinvestav.mx.
authors.forename: Froylán
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vargas-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schanler
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, TX.
authors.forename: Keli M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hawthorne
authors.affiliation: AAP Austin Tx. Breastfeeding Committee, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landers
authors.affiliation: Childrens Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Secretaria de Salud Gobierno Federal, D.F., México.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guzman-Bárcenas
authors.affiliation: Childrens Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Secretaria de Salud Gobierno Federal, D.F., México.
authors.forename: Onofre
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Karolinska Institut, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Environmental Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uvnäs-Moberg
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology of Malnutrition, Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Cinvestav, I.P.N, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, AP 12-740 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Estrada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001942:Breast Feeding; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma; D010121:Oxytocin
keywords: DNA methylation; IUGR; development; hypertension; neuroprotection; oxytocin