title: [Extrathoracic manifestations of tuberculosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Besides the lungs, tuberculosis (TB) can affect any organ system. In most cases, extrathoracic TB occurs in immunosuppressed patients as part of a severe illness via hematogenous spread. Extrathoracic involvement most commonly involves abdominal organs, especially the urogenital tract and less commonly the central nervous system (CNS) and the musculoskeletal system. Most frequently, computed tomography (CT) is used for detecting extrathoracic TB manifestations, except for CNS and musculoskeletal manifestations, where contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard. Extrathoracic manifestations of TB may be indistinguishable from inflammatory or malignant causes. Due to unspecific symptoms the diagnosis is often delayed. This article summarizes and discusses the various radiological manifestations of extrathoracic manifestation of TB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiological modalities for screening extrathoracic TB are CT and MRI. Conventional X‑radiographs do not play a role in the diagnosis of extrathoracic TB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possibility of extrathoracic TB should be considered particularly in immunosuppressed patients, such as the homeless, alcoholics or drug addicts or in patients with an immigrant background from the endemic areas of TB. The most likely site of extrathoracic TB is the abdomen; however, infections of the CNS or musculoskeletal systems and multisystem infections can also occur. In patients with suspected extrathoracic TB, radiological modalities for screening are CT, especially for abdominal infections and lymphadenopathy and MRI with contrast media for the musculoskeletal system and the CNS.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Allgemeine Radiologie und Kinderradiologie, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich. daniela.kienzl-palma@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kienzl-Palma
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Allgemeine Radiologie und Kinderradiologie, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prosch
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Computed tomography; Granulomatous systemic disease; Lymphadenopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Tuberculoma