title: CLINICAL ENDPOINTS FOR THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the recent literature describing the application of modern technologies in the study of patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of the literature describing the terms and definitions used to describe GA, imaging modalities used to capture and measure GA, and the tests of visual function and functional deficits that occur in patients with GA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper, we describe the evolution of the definitions used to describe GA. We compare imaging modalities used in the characterization of GA, report on the sensitivity and specificity of the techniques where data exist, and describe the correlations between these various modes of capturing the presence of GA. We review the functional tests that have been used in patients with GA, and critically examine their ability to detect and quantify visual deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ophthalmologists and retina specialists now have a wide range of assessments available for the functional and anatomic characterization of GA in patients with age-related macular degeneration. To date, studies have been limited by their unimodal approach, and we recommend that future studies of GA use multimodal imaging. We also suggest strategies for the optimal functional testing of patients with GA.
authors.affiliation: *Doheny Image Reading Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California; †David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ‡Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; §Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas; ¶Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; **Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "Luigi Sacco," Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; ††Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and ‡‡F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: SriniVas R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sadda
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chakravarthy
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Staurenghi
authors.forename: Erin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brittain
mesh_terms: D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D004596:Electroretinography; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D057092:Geographic Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests