title: Technical description of the microinjection pump (MIP®) and granulometric characterization of the aerosol applied for pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC).
abstract: Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is gaining acceptance in clinical practice, but detailed information about the microinjection pump (MIP®), the generated aerosol and drug distribution is missing.
  
  
  
  Ex vivo granulometric analyses by means of laser diffraction spectrometry were performed for MIP®aerosol characterization. Beside the standard operation conditions, the impact of the volumetric liquid flow rate on the aerosol characteristics was investigated with different liquids. Granulometric results as well as the local drug distribution were verified by ex vivo gravimetric analyses. On the basis of determined MIP®characteristics, the aerosol droplet size, which is necessary for a homogenous intra-abdominal drug distribution, was calculated.
  
  
  
  Granulometric analyses showed that the MIP®aerosol consists of a bimodal volume-weighted particle size distribution (PSD3) with a median droplet diameter of x50,3= 25 µm. Calculations reveal that the droplet size for a homogenous intra-abdominal drug distribution during PIPAC therapy should be below 1.2 µm. We show that >97.5 vol% of the aerosolized liquid is delivered as droplets with ≥3 µm in diameter, which are primarily deposited on the surface beneath the MIP®by gravitational settling and inertial impaction. These findings were confirmed by ex vivo gravimetric analyses, where more than 86.0 vol% of the aerosolized liquid was deposited within a circular area with a diameter of 15 cm.
  
  
  
  The granulometric aerosol properties, as well as the aerodynamic conditions achieved by standard MIP®operation, do not support the idea of widespread or homogenous drug distribution in the abdominal cavity.
authors.affiliation: Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Göhler
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany.|Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Veria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khosrawipour
authors.affiliation: Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Khosrawipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz-Carballo
authors.affiliation: Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas Albert
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Falkenstein
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zieren
authors.affiliation: Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stintz
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Therapy Center for Peritonealcarcinomatosis, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625, Herne, Germany. urs.pabst@marienhospital-herne.de.|Basic Research Laboratory Department of Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. urs.pabst@marienhospital-herne.de.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Giger-Pabst
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008845:Microinjections / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011312:Pressure
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols
keywords: Aerosol chemotherapy; Aerosol droplet size; Drug distribution pattern; MIP®; PIPAC; Technical construction