title: A polyvalent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine is broadly immunogenic in rhesus macaques.
abstract: As the predominant aetiological agent of the common cold, human rhinovirus (HRV) is the leading cause of human infectious disease. Early studies showed that a monovalent formalin-inactivated HRV vaccine can be protective, and virus-neutralizing antibodies (nAb) correlated with protection. However, co-circulation of many HRV types discouraged further vaccine efforts. Here, we test the hypothesis that increasing virus input titres in polyvalent inactivated HRV vaccine may result in broad nAb responses. We show that serum nAb against many rhinovirus types can be induced by polyvalent, inactivated HRVs plus alhydrogel (alum) adjuvant. Using formulations up to 25-valent in mice and 50-valent in rhesus macaques, HRV vaccine immunogenicity was related to sufficient quantity of input antigens, and valency was not a major factor for potency or breadth of the response. Thus, we have generated a vaccine capable of inducing nAb responses to numerous and diverse HRV types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Sujin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Minh Trang
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Joe B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Strobert
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
authors.forename: Adriana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kajon
authors.affiliation: The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Ranjna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Madan-Lala
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Yury A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Bochkov
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gern
authors.affiliation: The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Krishnendu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
authors.forename: Dean D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Erdman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spearman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.|Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moore