title: An Intention-Based Account of Perspective-Taking: Why Perspective-Taking Can Both Decrease and Increase Moral Condemnation.
abstract: Perspective-taking often increases generosity in behavior and attributions. We present an intentions-based account to explain how perspective-taking can both decrease and increase moral condemnation. Consistent with past research, we predicted perspective-taking would reduce condemnation when the perspective-taker initially attributed benevolent intent to a transgressor. However, we predicted perspective-taking would increase condemnation when malevolent intentions were initially attributed to the wrongdoer. We propose that perspective-taking amplifies the intentions initially attributed to a transgressor. Three studies measured and manipulated intention attributions and found that perspective-taking increased condemnation when malevolent intentions were initially attributed to a transgressor. Perspective-taking also increased costly punishment of a transgressor, an effect mediated by malevolent intentions. In contrast, empathy did not increase punitive responses, supporting its conceptual distinction from perspective-taking. Whether perspective-taking leads to forgiveness or condemnation depends on the intentions the perspective-taker initially attributes to a transgressor.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Chicago, IL, USA.|2 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: 3 Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Galinksy
authors.affiliation: 2 Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Keith J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Murnighan
keywords: intentions; moral judgment; perspective-taking; unethical behavior