title: You can hide but you can't run: apparent competition, predator responses and the decline of Arctic ground squirrels in boreal forests of the southwest Yukon.
abstract: Throughout much of North America's boreal forest, the cyclical fluctuations of snowshoe hare populations (Lepus americanus) may cause other herbivores to become entrained in similar cycles. Alternating apparent competition via prey switching followed by positive indirect effects are the mechanisms behind this interaction. Our purpose is to document a change in the role of indirect interactions between sympatric populations of hares and arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii plesius), and to emphasize the influence of predation for controlling ground squirrel numbers. We used mark-recapture to estimate the population densities of both species over a 25-year period that covered two snowshoe hare cycles. We analysed the strength of association between snowshoe hare and ground squirrel numbers, and the changes to the seasonal and annual population growth rates of ground squirrels over time. A hyperbolic curve best describes the per capita rate of increase of ground squirrels relative to their population size, with a single stable equilibrium and a lower critical threshold below which populations drift to extinction. The crossing of this unstable boundary resulted in the subsequent uncoupling of ground squirrel and hare populations following the decline phase of their cycles in 1998. The implications are that this sustained Type II predator response led to the local extinction of ground squirrels. When few individuals are left in a colony, arctic ground squirrels may also have exhibited an Allee effect caused by the disruption of social signalling of approaching predators.
authors.affiliation: Biodiversity Research Centre, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffery R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Department of Resource Management and Protection, Vancouver Island University , Nanaimo , British Columbia , Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gillis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Rudy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boonstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Krebs
keywords: Allee effect; Apparent competition; Extirpation; Functional response; Indirect effects; Numerical response; Population cycles; Predator-mediated extinction; Predator–prey interaction