title: Combining a micro/nano-hierarchical scaffold with cell-printing of myoblasts induces cell alignment and differentiation favorable to skeletal muscle tissue regeneration.
abstract: Biomedical scaffolds must be used in tissue engineering to provide physical stability and topological/biochemical properties that directly affect tissue regeneration. In this study, a new cell-laden scaffold was developed that supplies micro/nano-topological cues and promotes efficient release of cells. The hierarchical structure consisted of poly(ε-caprolactone) macrosized struts for sustaining a three-dimensional structural shape, aligned nanofibers obtained with optimized electrospinning, and cell-printed myoblasts. Importantly, the printed myoblasts were fully safe and were efficiently released from the cell-laden struts to neighboring nanofiber networks. The incorporation of micro/nanofibers in the hierarchical scaffold significantly affected myoblast proliferation, alignment, and even facilitated the formation of myotubes. We observed that myosin heavy chain expression and the expression levels of various myogenic genes (MyoD, myogenin, and troponin T) were significantly affected by the fiber alignment achieved in our hierarchical cell-laden structure. We believe that the combination of cell-printing and a hierarchical scaffold that encourages fiber alignment is a highly promising technique for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
authors.forename: Miji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Hyeongjin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Geun Hyung
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D062028:Bioprinting / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D019245:Compressive Strength; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology; D018008:Myogenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D020107:Troponin T / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D017570:MyoD Protein; D018008:Myogenin; D011091:Polyesters; D020107:Troponin T; C016240:polycaprolactone; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains