title: Uptake, accumulation and elimination of polystyrene microspheres in tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis.
abstract: Microplastic is an emerging contaminant affecting freshwater and marine ecosystem across the globe. In the present study, the filter feeding tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis were exposed to polystyrene microspheres (1 and 10 μm) for 48 h. Microspheres were observed in gills and digestive tract of tadpoles within 1 h after exposure as well as in feces 6 h after exposure. The accumulation of microspheres in the tadpoles were concentration dependent (Univariate ANOVA, p < 0.001), but no time dependent accumulation of microspheres was observed in tadpoles 48 h after exposure (Univariate ANOVA, p > 0.05). After the exposed tadpoles were transferred to clean water, the number of microspheres in the tadpoles decreased dramatically after 1 d and continued to decrease gradually afterwards. The absorbed polystyrene particles in unfed tadpoles was significantly higher than those in the fed tadpoles at 12 and 24 h after exposure. After transfer to clean water, the fed tadpoles showed a significant decrease in the amount of absorbed polystyrene particles, while the unfed tadpoles showed no significant change in the amount of absorbed polystyrene particles. Our results suggested that microspheres were likely to be ingested and egested relatively fast by tadpoles. Our results indicated that aquatic vertebrate organisms might ingest more microplastics if the abundance of microplastics continues to increase while the available food becomes less.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection of Water Environmental Biological Monitoring of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Centre, Jiangsu 213001, China.
authors.forename: Yingang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
authors.forename: Jingli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
authors.forename: Jingmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China. Electronic address: hhshi@des.ecnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huahong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005880:Gills / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008863:Microspheres; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010969:Plastics; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D011137:Polystyrenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Egestion; Ingestion; Microplastics; Tadpole; Xenopus tropicalis