title: Effect of transmembrane pressure control on energy efficiency during skim milk concentration by ultrafiltration at 10 and 50°C.
abstract: The efficiency of the ultrafiltration process during skim milk concentration was studied using both dynamic and constant (465 or 672kPa) transmembrane pressure experiments at refrigerated temperature (10°C) and high temperature (50°C). The pilot-scale module was equipped with a 10-kDa polyethersulfone spiral-wound membrane element with a surface area of 2.04m2. Permeation flux, resistance-in-series model, mineral and protein rejection, and energy consumption were studied as a function of temperature and transmembrane pressure applied. Higher permeation flux values were systematically obtained at 50°C. Also, a significant temperature effect was found for calcium rejection, which was lower at 10°C compared with 50°C. Total hydraulic resistance and reversible fouling resistance were higher at 50°C than at 10°C. No change in protein rejection was observed, depending on the operating mode studied. Permeation flux, which was higher at 50°C, had lower pumping energy consumption compared with ultrafiltration at the colder temperature. Also, the low ultrafiltration temperature required a higher total energy consumption to reach the 3.6× retentate compared with ultrafiltration at 50°C. Overall, our study shows that the operating parameters and temperature can be optimized using an energy efficiency ratio.
authors.affiliation: STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Méthot-Hains
authors.affiliation: STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.affiliation: STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doyen
authors.affiliation: STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bazinet
authors.affiliation: STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6. Electronic address: yves.pouliot@fsaa.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pouliot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011312:Pressure; D013450:Sulfones / Q000737:chemistry; D014462:Ultrafiltration
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008894:Milk Proteins; D011108:Polymers; D013450:Sulfones; C022840:polyether sulfone
keywords: efficiency; energy consumption; transmembrane pressure; ultrafiltration