title: Tympanometric measurements in conscious sheep - a diagnostic tool for pre-clinical middle ear implant studies.
abstract: To investigate and establish the use of tympanometry in conscious sheep to provide a means of objective assessment of tympanic membrane integrity, middle ear ventilation and functioning of the Eustachian tube (ET).
  
  
  
  After conditioning the sheep for four weeks, tympanometric measurements at 226 Hz were carried out weekly for 13 weeks. Before measurements, the external ear canal had been cleaned. Resultant curves were classified according to human reference values.
  
  
  
  Tests were performed on 12 female blackface sheep.
  
  
  
  After cleaning of the external ear canal under otoscopic control, tympanic membranes were intact with no evidence of acute or chronic middle ear inflammation, middle ear effusion or retraction. Cleaning ensured valid, objective and reproducible measurements. As the majority of normal tympanograms were notched without the appearance of any malformation, an additional tympanogram type (AN) was introduced. The notched appearance can most likely be explained by the anatomy of the middle ear of the sheep and the test frequency that was used.
  
  
  
  The current study demonstrated how tympanometry can be used to evaluate treatment modalities for middle ear and ET function in conscious sheep. This provided a large animal model for further human research in otology.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paasche
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lenarz
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuon
mesh_terms: D000158:Acoustic Impedance Tests / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003243:Consciousness; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D023421:Models, Animal; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Animal studies; anatomy; medical audiology; middle ear; physiology