title: A one-step centrifugal ultrafiltration method to concentrate enteric viruses from wastewater.
abstract: A one-step centrifugal ultrafiltration method was developed to enhance rapid detection of human enteric viruses and co-occurring viruses in wastewater. Samples were collected pre- and post-UV treatment at two full-scale tertiary municipal wastewater treatment plants in Calgary, Canada. Viruses were concentrated from 100mL wastewater samples through direct centrifugation using the Centricon Plus-70 ultrafilter. Seven viruses, including norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, astrovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus and JC virus, were tested using real-time quantitative PCR (rt-qPCR) and cell culture. All of the viruses were detected in pre- and post-UV samples by rt-qPCR, with rotavirus the most numerous (6.6 log10GE copies/L). Infectious viruses, by cell culture, were found in all tested pre-UV samples but only in one post-UV sample. The results were comparable and consistent to that obtained using virus adsorption-elution method, indicating that the centrifugal ultrafiltration method is adequate to retain the viruses and maintain their infectivity during processing. As a simple, rapid and cost-effective method to screen wastewater viruses, this one-step centrifugal ultrafiltration method may serve as an effective approach to assess virus removal and gain knowledge of human virus activity during wastewater treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Electronic address: yuanyuan@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Bonita E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: City of Calgary, Water Resources, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Norma J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ruecker
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashbolt
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D002170:Canada; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Cell culture; Enteric viruses; Real-time PCR; Ultrafiltration; Wastewater