title: A Systematic Investigation of Accuracy and Response Time Based Measures Used to Index ANS Acuity.
abstract: The approximate number system (ANS) was proposed to be a building block for later mathematical abilities. Several measures have been used interchangeably to assess ANS acuity. Some of these measures were based on accuracy data, whereas others relied on response time (RT) data or combined accuracy and RT data. Previous studies challenged the view that all these measures can be used interchangeably, because low correlations between some of the measures had been observed. These low correlations might be due to poor reliability of some of the measures, since the majority of these measures are mathematically related. Here we systematically investigated the relationship between common ANS measures while avoiding the potential confound of poor reliability. Our first experiment revealed high correlations between all accuracy based measures supporting the assumption that all of them can be used interchangeably. In contrast, not all RT based measures were highly correlated. Additionally, our results revealed a speed-accuracy trade-off. Thus, accuracy and RT based measures provided conflicting conclusions regarding ANS acuity. Therefore, we investigated in two further experiments which type of measure (accuracy or RT) is more informative about the underlying ANS acuity, depending on participants' preferences for accuracy or speed. To this end, we manipulated participants' preferences for accuracy or speed both explicitly using different task instructions and implicitly varying presentation duration. Accuracy based measures were more informative about the underlying ANS acuity than RT based measures. Moreover, the influence of the underlying representations on accuracy data was more pronounced when participants preferred accuracy over speed after the accuracy instruction as well as for long or unlimited presentation durations. Implications regarding the diffusion model as a theoretical framework of dot comparison as well as regarding the relationship between ANS acuity and math performance are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut fuer Wissensmedien, Tuebingen, Germany.|Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia Felicitas
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut fuer Wissensmedien, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut fuer Wissensmedien, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Section Neuropsychology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willmes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Psychology, UMIT-The Health and Life Sciences University, Hall in Tyrol, Austria.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pixner
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut fuer Wissensmedien, Tuebingen, Germany.|Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.|LEAD Graduate School, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Korbinian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moeller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D011930:Reaction Time; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult