title: Fluorescent Nanodiamond-Gold Hybrid Particles for Multimodal Optical and Electron Microscopy Cellular Imaging.
abstract: There is a continuous demand for imaging probes offering excellent performance in various microscopy techniques for comprehensive investigations of cellular processes by more than one technique. Fluorescent nanodiamond-gold nanoparticles (FND-Au) constitute a new class of "all-in-one" hybrid particles providing unique features for multimodal cellular imaging including optical imaging, electron microscopy, and, and potentially even quantum sensing. Confocal and optical coherence microscopy of the FND-Au allow fast investigations inside living cells via emission, scattering, and photothermal imaging techniques because the FND emission is not quenched by AuNPs. In electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) analysis of FND-Au reveals greatly enhanced contrast due to the gold particles as well as an extraordinary flickering behavior in three-dimensional cellular environments originating from the nanodiamonds. The unique multimodal imaging characteristics of FND-Au enable detailed studies inside cells ranging from statistical distributions at the entire cellular level (micrometers) down to the tracking of individual particles in subcellular organelles (nanometers). Herein, the processes of endosomal membrane uptake and release of FNDs were elucidated for the first time by the imaging of individual FND-Au hybrid nanoparticles with single-particle resolution. Their convenient preparation, the availability of various surface groups, their flexible detection modalities, and their single-particle contrast in combination with the capability for endosomal penetration and low cytotoxicity make FND-Au unique candidates for multimodal optical-electronic imaging applications with great potential for emerging techniques, such as quantum sensing inside living cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Weina
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naydenov
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabyasachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakrabortty
authors.affiliation: NanoBioSciences Group, Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology , Pockelsstrasse 14, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wuensch
authors.affiliation: NanoBioSciences Group, Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology , Pockelsstrasse 14, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) GmbH , Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cölfen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Kaloian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koynov
authors.affiliation: Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Haoyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leiter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wrachtrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.affiliation: Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scheuer
authors.affiliation: Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , BM 5143, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sison
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Optique Biomédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , BM 5143, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lasser
authors.affiliation: NanoBioSciences Group, Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology , Pockelsstrasse 14, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tinnefeld
authors.affiliation: Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Fedor
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jelezko
authors.affiliation: Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 430074 Wuhan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuzhou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry III/Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.|Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weil
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D000818:Animals; D004705:Endocytosis; D006046:Gold; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D058612:Nanodiamonds; D015388:Organelles / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D058612:Nanodiamonds; D006046:Gold
keywords: Nanodiamond; hybrid particles; lifetime-engineering; multimodal imaging; nanogold