title: Alginate nanoparticles protect ferrous from oxidation: Potential iron delivery system.
abstract: A novel, efficient delivery system for iron (Fe2+) was developed using the alginate biopolymer. Iron loaded alginate nanoparticles were synthesized by a controlled ionic gelation method and was characterized with respect to particle size, zeta potential, morphology and encapsulation efficiency. Successful loading was confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis. Electron energy loss spectroscopy study corroborated the loading of ferrous into the alginate nanoparticles. Iron encapsulation (70%) was optimized at 0.06% Fe (w/v) leading to the formation of iron loaded alginate nanoparticles with a size range of 15-30nm and with a negative zeta potential (-38mV). The in vitro release studies showed a prolonged release profile for 96h. Release of iron was around 65-70% at pH of 6 and 7.4 whereas it was less than 20% at pH 2.The initial burst release upto 8h followed zero order kinetics at all three pH values. All the release profiles beyond 8h best fitted the Korsmeyer-Peppas model of diffusion. Non Fickian diffusion was observed at pH 6 and 7.4 while at pH 2 Fickian diffusion was observed.
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; SriLanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: nanukanp@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nuwanthi P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Katuwavila
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: chandanip@pdn.ac.lk.
authors.forename: A D L C
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Perera
authors.affiliation: SriLanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: damayanthid@slintec.lk.
authors.forename: Damayanthi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dahanayake
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; SriLanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: veranjak@slintec.lk.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karunaratne
authors.affiliation: SriLanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka; Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: gehanA@slintec.lk.
authors.forename: Gehan A J
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Amaratunga
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: nedrak@pdn.ac.lk.
authors.forename: D Nedra
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Karunaratne
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005296:Ferrous Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005296:Ferrous Compounds; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; C020748:ferrous sulfate; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D007501:Iron
keywords: Alginate nanoparticles; Anemia; Bioavailability; Calcium chloride (PubChem CID: 5284359); Ferrous sulfate; Ferrous sulphate (PubChem CID: 24393); Iron loaded nanocomposite; Sodium alginate (PubChem CID: 5102882); Sorbitanmonooleate (PubChem CID: 9920342); l-Ascorbic acid (PubChemCID: 54670067)