title: The central role of national programme management for the achievement of malaria elimination: a cross case-study analysis of nine malaria programmes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A malaria eradication goal has been proposed, at the same time as a new global strategy and implementation framework. Countries are considering the strategies and tools that will enable progress towards malaria goals. The eliminating malaria case-study series reports were reviewed to identify successful programme management components using a cross-case study analytic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine out of ten case-study reports were included in the analysis (Bhutan, Cape Verde, Malaysia, Mauritius, Namibia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Turkmenistan). A conceptual framework for malaria elimination programme management was developed and data were extracted and synthesized. Findings were reviewed at a consultative workshop, which led to a revision of the framework and further data extraction and synthesis. Success factors of implementation, programme choices and changes, and enabling factors were distilled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decentralized programmes enhanced engagement in malaria elimination by sub-national units and communities. Integration of the malaria programme into other health services was also common. Decentralization and integration were often challenging due to the skill and experience levels of newly tasked staff. Accountability for programme impact was not clarified for most programmes. Motivation of work force was a key factor in maintaining programme quality but there were few clear, detailed strategies provided. Different incentive schemes targeted various stakeholders. Training and supervision, although not well described, were prioritized by most programmes. Multi-sectoral collaboration helped some programmes share information, build strategies and interventions and achieve a higher quality of implementation. In most cases programme action was spurred by malaria outbreaks or a new elimination goal with strong leadership. Some programmes showed high capacity for flexibility through introduction of new strategies and tools. Several case-studies described methods for monitoring implementation quality and coverage; however analysis and feedback to those implementing malaria elimination in the periphery was not well described. Political commitment and sustained financing contributed to malaria programme success. Consistency of malaria programmes depends on political commitment, human and financial resources, and leadership. Operational capacity of the programme and the overall health system structure and strength are also important aspects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malaria eradication will require adaptive, well-managed malaria programmes that are able to tailor implementation of evidence-based strategies, founded upon strong sub-national surveillance and response, with adequate funding and human resources.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA. Cara.smith@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith Gueye
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.affiliation: Independent Consultant, CRA 31A #9C-37, Champagnat, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tulloch
authors.affiliation: PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Suite 200, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slutsker
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.affiliation: Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Roland D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gosling
keywords: Case-study; Malaria elimination; Program management