title: A chemogenomic approach to understand the antifungal action of Lichen-derived vulpinic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine uncovered antifungal activity of lichen-derived compound, vulpinic acid, by using chemical-genetic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Haploinsufficiency and homozygous-profiling assays were performed, revealing that strains lacking GLC7, MET4, RFC2, YAE1 and PRP18 were sensitive to three concentrations (12·5, 25 and 50% of inhibitory concentration) of vulpinic acid and independently validated. To verify inhibition of those genes, cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry was performed and relative expressions were measured. Under vulpinic acid-treated condition, cell cycle was arrested in S and G2/M phases and sensitive strains' relative expressions were significantly lower than the wild type yeast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vulpinic acid mainly affects cell cycle, glycogen metabolism, transcription and translation to fungi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although lichen-derived compounds are commercially valuable, few studies have determined their modes of action. This study used a chemogenomic approach to gain insight into the mechanisms of one of well-known lichen-derived compound, vulpinic acid.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giaever
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nislow
authors.affiliation: Korean Lichen Research Institute, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, Korea.
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Medicine and Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D005663:Furans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D023281:Genomics; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D057895:Haploinsufficiency; D006720:Homozygote; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005663:Furans; D010648:Phenylacetates; C077134:vulpinic acid; D006003:Glycogen
keywords: HIP-HOP assay; antifungal; lichen compound; mode-of-action; vulpinic acid