title: Oculomotor, Vestibular, and Reaction Time Tests in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mild traumatic brain injury is a major public health issue and is a particular concern in sports. One of the most difficult issues with respect to mild traumatic brain injury involves the diagnosis of the disorder. Typically, diagnosis is made by a constellation of physical exam findings. However, in order to best manage mild traumatic brain injury, it is critically important to develop objective tests that substantiate the diagnosis. With objective tests the disorder can be better characterized, more accurately diagnosed, and studied more effectively. In addition, prevention and treatments can be applied where necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cohorts each of fifty subjects with mild traumatic brain injury and one hundred controls were evaluated with a battery of oculomotor, vestibular and reaction time related tests applied to a population of individuals with mild traumatic brain injury as compared to controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated pattern differences between the two groups and showed how three of these tests yield an 89% sensitivity and 95% specificity for confirming a current diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results help better characterize the oculomotor, vestibular, and reaction time differences between those the mild traumatic brain injury and non-affected individuals. This characterization will allow for the development of more effective point of care neurologic diagnostic techniques and allow for more targeted treatment which may allow for quicker return to normal activity.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balaban
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL, United States of America.|University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miami, FL, United States of America.|University of Miami Sports Performance and Wellness Institute, Miami, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hoffer
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL, United States of America.|University of Miami Sports Performance and Wellness Institute, Miami, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mikhaylo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szczupak
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hillary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snapp
authors.affiliation: Madigan Army Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Tacoma, WA, United States of America.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL, United States of America.|Naval Medical Center, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Madigan Army Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Tacoma, WA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL, United States of America.|University of Miami Sports Performance and Wellness Institute, Miami, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelusso
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: Neuro-Kinetics, Inc. Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiderman