title: Stress in Parents of a Child with Hemifacial Microsomia: The Role of Child Characteristics and Parental Coping Strategies.
abstract: Examine stress levels of parents of children with hemifacial microsomia (HFM) and the relationship of parental stress to child characteristics and cognitive coping strategies.
  
  
  
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  Parents with a child (age 3-19 years) with HFM (N = 31) were recruited through the Department of Orthodontics and the Craniofacial Center, Sophia-Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Intervention and Outcome Measures: The adapted and shortened Dutch version of the parental stress index (NOSI-K) was used to measure parental stress, and the cognitive emotion-regulation questionnaire was used to measure cognitive coping strategies. Pearson correlations and a multiple regression analysis were performed.
  
  
  
  The hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed associations between increased parental stress and learning difficulties and use of acceptance as a coping strategy. This suggests that problems other than the characteristic visual appearance of the child's face in HFM have a greater influence on parental stress.
  
  
  
  Learning difficulties of the child with HFM and parental acceptance affect stress in parents with a child with HFM the most and are important in the search for a targeted tailoring of intervention for parents with high levels of parental stress.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ongkosuwito
authors.forename: Lieneke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van der Vlies
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kraaij
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garnefski
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Neck
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuijpers-Jagtman
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hovius
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006053:Goldenhar Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HFM; coping strategies; hemifacial microsomia; parental stress; parents