title: Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10(th) Century AD Hungarians.
abstract: The ancient Hungarians originated from the Ural region in today's central Russia and migrated across the Eastern European steppe, according to historical sources. The Hungarians conquered the Carpathian Basin 895-907 AD, and admixed with the indigenous communities. Here we present mitochondrial DNA results from three datasets: one from the Avar period (7(th)-9(th) centuries) of the Carpathian Basin (n = 31); one from the Hungarian conquest-period (n = 76); and a completion of the published 10(th)-12(th) century Hungarian-Slavic contact zone dataset by four samples. We compare these mitochondrial DNA hypervariable segment sequences and haplogroup results with published ancient and modern Eurasian data. Whereas the analyzed Avars represents a certain group of the Avar society that shows East and South European genetic characteristics, the Hungarian conquerors' maternal gene pool is a mixture of West Eurasian and Central and North Eurasian elements. Comprehensively analyzing the results, both the linguistically recorded Finno-Ugric roots and historically documented Turkic and Central Asian influxes had possible genetic imprints in the conquerors' genetic composition. Our data allows a complex series of historic and population genetic events before the formation of the medieval population of the Carpathian Basin, and the maternal genetic continuity between 10(th)-12(th) century and modern Hungarians.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1014-Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Aranka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Csősz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1014-Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szécsényi-Nagy
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Csákyová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1014-Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langó
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1014-Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Viktória
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bódis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1014-Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Kitti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1014-Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gyöngyvér
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tömöry
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, J. Selye University in Komárno, Komárno, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1014-Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Balázs Gusztáv
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Mende
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D006814:Hungary; D010802:Phylogeny; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013997:Time Factors