title: Effects of structured testing versus routine testing of blood glucose in diabetes self-management: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: To compare the effects of structured and routine testing regimens used in self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on glycemic control and diabetes self-management in insulin-naïve type 2 diabetes patients.
  
  
  
  Sixty-two outpatients with insulin-naïve type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated into two less-frequent SMBG usage groups: a structured testing group (STG) and a routine testing group (RTG). Subjects in STG measured 7-points on SMBG for 3 consecutive days once every two months without daily testing; subjects in RTG measured SMBG 3 times each week before breakfast on Monday and Friday and before dinner on Wednesday. The primary endpoint was HbA1c reduction. The secondary endpoints were change in body weight, blood pressure, treatment change, and self-management performance change.
  
  
  
  HbA1c levels were significantly decreased by 0.32% (3.50mmol/mol) in STG, partly because physicians changed medications more actively. In contrast, body weight and systolic/diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced by 0.94kg and 6.8/4.7mmHg, respectively, in RTG, possibly related to the increased diet and exercise score in RTG.
  
  
  
  Structured testing without daily testing is beneficial for glycemic control; routine testing 3 times a week is more helpful for daily self-management. In low SMBG frequency usage, these two regimens can be utilized according to individual diabetic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Electronic address: harasima@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Harashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inagaki
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D010349:Patient Compliance; D057566:Self Report; D000073278:Self-Management; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Glycemic control; Non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes; SMBG; Self-management; Self-monitoring of blood glucose