title: Patient Activation in Type 2 Diabetes: Does It Differ between Men and Women?
abstract: Background.Aim was to investigate whether the degree of patient activation of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is different between men and women. Furthermore, we investigated which factors are associated with patient activation in men and women.Methods.This cross-sectional study included 1615 patients with T2D from general practices. Patient activation was measured with the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to investigate the association between gender and patient activation. Stratified analyses according to gender were performed to investigate which factors are associated with patient activation.Results.No association between gender and PAM score was found after adjustment for all selected confounders (p= 0.094). In men, lower age (p= 0.001), a higher WHO-5 score (p< 0.001), and a lower BMI (p= 0.013) were associated with a higher PAM score. In women, a higher WHO-5 score (p< 0.017) and the absence of macrovascular complications (p< 0.031) were associated with a higher PAM score.Conclusion.There is no difference in the degree of patient activation of men and women with T2D. Age, well-being, and BMI were found to be associated with patient activation in men, whereas well-being and macrovascular complications were found to be associated with patient activation in women.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Centre, Isala, 8000 GK Zwolle, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6397-4441
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Centre, Isala, 8000 GK Zwolle, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9001-8068
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Hartog
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Klaas H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0414-1383
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Groenier
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 HP Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Angela H E M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5782-9926
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.affiliation: Langerhans Medical Research Group, 8025 BT Zwolle, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kornelis J J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: van Hateren
authors.affiliation: Langerhans Medical Research Group, 8025 BT Zwolle, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nanne
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1741-8449
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kleefstra
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Centre, Isala, 8000 GK Zwolle, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Isala, 8025 AB Zwolle, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk J G
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2083-346X
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bilo