title: Synthesis of Taste-Active γ-Glutamyl Dipeptides during Sourdough Fermentation by Lactobacillus reuteri.
abstract: This study aimed to assess whether peptides influence the taste of sourdough bread. γ-Glutamyl dipeptides with known kokumi taste threshold, namely γ-Glu-Glu, γ-Glu-Leu, γ-Glu-Ile, γ-Glu-Phe, γ-Glu-Met, and γ-Glu-Val, were identified in sourdough by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in MRM mode. γ-Glutamyl dipeptides were found in higher concentrations in sourdough fermented with Lactobacillus reuteri when compared to the chemically acidified controls. Proteolysis was an important factor for generation of γ-glutamyl dipeptides. Sourdoughs fermented with four strains of L. reuteri had different concentrations of γ-Glu-Glu, γ-Glu-Leu, and γ-Glu-Met, indicating strain-specific differences in enzyme activity. Buffer fermentations with L. reuteri confirmed the ability of the strains to convert amino acids to γ-glutamyl dipeptides as well as the strain-specific differences. Sensory evaluation of bread revealed that sourdough bread with higher concentrations of γ-glutamyl dipeptides ranked higher with respect to the taste intensity when compared to regular bread and type I sourdough bread. Sourdough breads fermented with L. reuteri LTH5448 and L. reuteri 100-23 differed with respect to the intensity of the salty taste; this difference corresponded to a different concentration of γ-glutamyl dipeptides. These results suggest a strain-specific contribution of γ-glutamyl dipeptides to the taste of bread. The use of sourdough fermented with glutamate and kokumi peptide accumulating lactobacilli improved the taste of bread without adverse effect on other taste or quality attributes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: Cindy J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.|College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan, 430068 P.R. China.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gänzle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001939:Bread / Q000382:microbiology; D003296:Cooking; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D052200:Limosilactobacillus reuteri / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; C482621:gamma-glutamylvaline; C406459:methionylglutamic acid; C100511:gamma-glutamyl-leucine; C094686:glutamyl-glutamic acid; C020621:gamma-glutamylphenylalanine
keywords: Lactobacillus reuteri; kokumi; sourdough; γ-glutamyl dipeptides