title: Potential of Camellia sinensis proanthocyanidins-rich fraction for controlling malaria mosquito populations through disruption of larval development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anopheles arabiensis and A. gambiae (sensu stricto) are the most prolific Afrotropical malaria vectors. Population control efforts of these two vectors have been hampered by extremely diverse larval breeding sites and widespread resistance to currently available insecticides. Control of mosquito larval stages using bioactive compounds of plant origin has the potential to suppress vector populations leading to concomitant reduction in disease transmission rates. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of Camellia sinensis crude leaf extract and its fraction against the larvae of A. arabiensis and A. gambiae (s.s.).
  
  
  METHODS
  Late third/early fourth instar larvae (L3/L4) of A. arabiensis and A. gambiae (s.s.) were exposed to increasing doses of C. sinensis leaf extract and its active fraction for 72 h, with mortality rates recorded every 24 h in both control and test groups. Ultra performance liquid chromatography electron spray ionization quadruple time of flight coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Qtof/MS) was used to determine the main active constituents in the fraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major bioactive chemical constituents in the C. sinensis leaf extract were identified to be proanthocyanidins. The extract significantly interfered with larval survival and adult emergence in both species (ANOVA, F(5,24)= 1435.92, P < 0.001). Additionally, larval exposure to crude extract at 250 ppm and 500 ppm for 24 h resulted in larval mortality rates of over 90 % in A. gambiae (s.s.) and 75 % in A. arabiensis. A relatively lower concentration of 100 ppm resulted in moderate mortality rates of < 50 % in both species, but induced growth disruption effects evident as abnormal larval-pupal intermediates and disrupted adult emergence. The estimated LC50concentrations of the crude leaf extract against A. arabiensis and A. gambiae (s.s.) larvae at 24 h were 154.58 ppm (95 % CI: 152.37-158.22) and 117.15 ppm (95 % CI: 112.86-127.04), respectively. The bioactive polar fraction caused 100 % larval mortality in both vector species at 25 ppm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate the potential of green tea extract and its active constituents in disrupting mosquito larval development. This could contribute to the control of mosquito populations and improved management of malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. Jackson_mbithi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jackson M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Muema
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.|Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Joel L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bargul
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Nyanjom
authors.affiliation: Malaria Research Programme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mutunga
authors.affiliation: Present Address: Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) - Leibniz Institute for Age Research, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Sospeter N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Njeru
keywords: Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto); Camellia sinensis; Larvicidal activity; Proanthocyanidins; Vector control