title: Endostatin enhances antitumor effect of tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cell therapy in mouse xenograft model of lung carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antitumor effect of endostatin combined with tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cell (DC)-T cell therapy on lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transplanted Lewis lung cancer (LLC) models of C57BL/6 mice were established by subcutaneous injection of LLC cells in left extremity axillary. Tumor antigen-pulsed DC-T cells from spleen cells and bone of mice were cultured in vitro. Tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into three groups, including DC-T+endostatin group, DC-T group, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control group. Microvessel density (MVD) of tumor tissue in tumor-bearing mice was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were determined by Western blotting and IHC staining. The proportions of CD8+ T cells, mature dendritic cells (mDC), tumor-associated macrophages [TAM (M1/M2)], and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in suspended cells of tumor tissue were determined by flow cytometry. The expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in suspended cells of tumor tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  DC-T cells combined with endostatin remarkably suppressed tumor growth. MVD of mice in DC-T+endostatin group was significantly lower than that of the control group and DC-T monotherapy group. The expressions of VEGF, IL-6 and IL-17 in tumors were markedly decreased, but IFN-γ and HIF-1α increased after treating with DC-T cells combined with endostatin, compared to control group and DC-T group. In the DC-T+endostatin group, the proportions of MDSC and TAM (M2 type) were significantly decreased, mDC and TAM (M1 type) were up-regulated, and CD8+ T cells were recruited to infiltrate tumors, in contrast to PBS control and DC-T monotherapy. DC-T cells combined with endostatin potently reduced the expressions of IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β and IL-17 in tumor tissue, and enhanced the expression of IFN-γ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicated the synergic antitumor effects between endostatin and tumor antigen-pulsed DC-T cells, which may be a prospective therapy strategy to achieve potent antitumor effects on lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Islet Cell Lab, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: Guoling
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology.
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology.
authors.forename: Yanrui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China.
authors.forename: Beibei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
authors.forename: Xun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: DC-T cells; Endostatin; cellular therapy; lung cancer; tumor microenvironment