title: Influence of staff's emotional reactions on the escalation of patient aggression in mental health care.
abstract: Patient aggression is universally recognized as an important challenge in mental health care (MHC). Based upon a pragmatic exploration of the professional literature, we seek here to determine how negative emotional reactions of staff-including those conveyed in terms of fear, anger, and insult-may serve to exacerbate this serious impediment to safe and effective MHC. This is done using biological and evolutionary paradigms. Studies of patient aggression have tended to focus more on patient characteristics and behavior than on those of their caregivers. The authors suggest that patient aggression may be viewed as a response to "normal" interaction processes. The results of this investigation imply that the emotional reactions of staff may escalate the aggressive interaction by increasing the patient's perception of threat, and also, increase the probability of new incidents by creating a patient-staff relationship characterized by unsafety and mistrust. Mindfulness-based interventions are suggested as useful strategies to expand the staff's emotional awareness and increase emotional control.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: marie.haugvaldstad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marie Jørgensen
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Haugvaldstad
authors.affiliation: Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: t.l.husum@medisin.uio.no.
authors.forename: Tonje Lossius
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Husum
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D064866:Mindfulness; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations
keywords: Affective aggression; Aggressive interaction; Emotional reactions; Mental health care; Mindfulness