title: Surgical Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis.
abstract: The indications for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) have not been established. CEA is more appropriate than CAS if soft atherosclerotic plaques are included in the stenotic lesion, since such soft plaques are associated with a high incidence of ischemic complications during CAS. This report presents our surgical methods and the clinical results of CEA and CAS, and suggests an appropriate treatment strategy using plaque diagnosis, especially for high-risk patients.
  
  
  
  From January 2001 until December 2013 we surgically treated carotid stenosis in 241 lesions by CEA, and 309 lesions by CAS. The average age of the patients was 70.5 in CEA and 71.4 in CAS. The symptomatic stenosis rate was 67 % and the average stenotic rate was 82 % in CEA; these were 61 % and 66 %, respectively, in CAS.
  
  
  
  Stenosis of carotid arteries was relieved in all cases after CEA or CAS. Peri-operative mortality with CEA and CAS was 0.4 % (1/241) and 0.3 % (1/309), respectively. Morbidity by ischemic stroke with CEA and CAS was 2.9 % (7/241) and 1.6 % (5/309), respectively. Surgical morbidity was not high in patients with medical risk factors.
  
  
  
  Carotid stenotic lesions can be treated with comparably low morbidity and mortality rates using CEA and/or CAS even with high risks when appropriate surgical methods are selected, considering each characteristic of carotid stenosis using plaque diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-8555, Japan. ttsukaha@kyotolan.hosp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukahara
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
keywords: Carotid artery stenting (CAS); Carotid endarterectomy (CEA); Plaque diagnosis