title: The use of carbon dioxide angiography for renal sympathetic denervation: a technical report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertension is the leading attributable cause of cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Patients with hypertension have multiple comorbidities including high rates of concomitant renal disease. Current pharmacological approaches are inadequate in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) has been shown to effectively treat resistant hypertension. The traditional use of iodinated contrast in RDN is contraindicated in patients with significant renal insufficiency. In patients with renal impairment, carbon dioxide (CO2) can be used as an alternative contrast material for RDN. This article describes the technical aspects of RDN using CO2angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our centre is experienced in the innovative RDN procedure using CO2angiography. We describe the protocol for CO2angiography for RDN using a home-made CO2delivery system and the Symplicity™(Minneapolis MN 55432 USA) catheter (Medtronic) device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CO2angiography is an excellent alternative to iodinated contrast for RDN procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CO2angiography for RDN is a safe and effective alternative to iodinated contrast. RDN using CO2angiography is an easy and feasible procedure that can be used in patients with renal insufficiency or iodinated contrast allergies. Advances in knowledge: There is a paucity of descriptive reports for CO2angiography for RDN and we provide details of the optimal protocol for the procedure. In particular, we describe the use of a Symplicity Spyral™catheter (Medtronic), which has not been reported to date for use in this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Renal Departments, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renton
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Renal Departments, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Renal Departments, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Indranil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Renal Departments, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Edward T D
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Renal Departments, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Radiology and Renal Departments, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Arul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganeshan
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D013562:Sympathectomy
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D002245:Carbon Dioxide