title: Peeking under the Iron Curtain: Development of a Microcosm for Imaging the Colonization of Steel Surfaces by Mariprofundus sp. Strain DIS-1, an Oxygen-Tolerant Fe-Oxidizing Bacterium.
abstract: Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is a major cause of damage to steel infrastructure in the marine environment. Despite their ability to grow directly on Fe(II) released from steel, comparatively little is known about the role played by neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB). Recent work has shown that FeOB grow readily on mild steel (1018 MS) incubated in situ or as a substrate for pure cultures in vitro; however, details of how they colonize steel surfaces are unknown yet are important for understanding their effects. In this study, we combine a novel continuously upwelling microcosm with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to determine the degree of colonization of 1018 MS by the marine FeOB strain DIS-1. 1018 MS coupons were incubated with sterile seawater (pH 8) inoculated with strain DIS-1. Incubations were performed both under oxic conditions and in an anoxic-to-oxic gradient. Following incubations of 1 to 10 days, the slides were removed from the microcosms and stained to visualize both cells and stalk structures. Stained coupons were visualized by CLSM after being mounted in a custom frame to preserve the three-dimensional structure of the biofilm. The incubation of 1018 MS coupons with strain DIS-1 under oxic conditions resulted in initial attachment of cells within 2 days and nearly total coverage of the coupon with an ochre film within 5 days. CLSM imaging revealed a nonadherent biofilm composed primarily of the Fe-oxide stalks characteristic of strain DIS-1. When incubated with elevated concentrations of Fe(II), DIS-1 colonization of 1018 MS was inhibited.
  
  
  
  These experiments describe the growth of a marine FeOB in a continuous culture system and represent direct visualizations of steel colonization by FeOB. We anticipate that these experiments will lay the groundwork for studying the mechanisms by which FeOB colonize steel and help to elucidate the role played by marine FeOB in MIC. These observations of the interaction between an FeOB, strain DIS-1, and steel suggest that this experimental system will provide a useful model for studying the interactions between microbes and solid substrates.
authors.affiliation: Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, USA amumford@usgs.gov.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8082-8910
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Irini J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Adaktylou
authors.affiliation: Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Emerson
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D003343:Corrosion; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D013232:Steel
chemical_list: D013232:Steel; D007501:Iron; D010100:Oxygen