title: Wear, strength, modulus and hardness of CAD/CAM restorative materials.
abstract: To measure the mechanical properties of several CAD/CAM materials, including lithium disilicate (e.max CAD), lithium silicate/zirconia (Celtra Duo), 3 resin composites (Cerasmart, Lava Ultimate, Paradigm MZ100), and a polymer infiltrated ceramic (Enamic).
  
  
  
  CAD/CAM blocks were sectioned into 2.5mm×2.5mm×16mm bars for flexural strength and elastic modulus testing and 4mm thick blocks for hardness and wear testing. E.max CAD and half the Celtra Duo specimens were treated in a furnace. Flexural strength specimens (n=10) were tested in a three-point bending fixture. Vickers microhardness (n=2, 5 readings per specimen) was measured with a 1kg load and 15s dwell time. The CAD/CAM materials as well as labial surfaces of human incisors were mounted in the UAB wear device. Cusps of human premolars were mounted as antagonists. Specimens were tested for 400,000 cycles at 20N force, 2mm sliding distance, 1Hz frequency, 24°C, and 33% glycerin lubrication. Volumetric wear and opposing enamel wear were measured with non-contact profilometry. Data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc analysis (alpha=0.05). Specimens were observed with SEM.
  
  
  
  Properties were different for each material (p<0.01). E.max CAD and Celtra Duo were generally stronger, stiffer, and harder than the other materials. E.max CAD, Celtra Duo, Enamic, and enamel demonstrated signs of abrasive wear, whereas Cerasmart, Lava Ultimate, Paradigm MZ100 demonstrated signs of fatigue.
  
  
  
  Resin composite and resin infiltrated ceramic materials have demonstrated adequate wear resistance for load bearing restorations, however, they will require at least similar material thickness as lithium disilicate restorations due to their strength.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL, USA. Electronic address: nlawson@uab.edu.
authors.forename: Nathaniel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Ritika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomaterials, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Burgess
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003764:Dental Materials; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials
keywords: CAD/CAM; Elastic modulus; Enamel; Flexural strength; Hardness; Wear