title: Retention of fundamental surgical skills learned in robot-assisted surgery.
abstract: Evaluation of the learning curve for robotic surgery has shown reduced errors and decreased task completion and training times compared with regular laparoscopic surgery. However, most training evaluations of robotic surgery have only addressed short-term retention after the completion of training. Our goal was to investigate the amount of surgical skills retained after 3 months of training with the da Vinci™ Surgical System. Seven medical students without any surgical experience were recruited. Participants were trained with a 4-day training program of robotic surgical skills and underwent a series of retention tests at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post-training. Data analysis included time to task completion, speed, distance traveled, and movement curvature by the instrument tip. Performance of the participants was graded using the modified Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) for robotic surgery. Participants filled out a survey after each training session by answering a set of questions. Time to task completion and the movement curvature was decreased from pre- to post-training and the performance was retained at all the corresponding retention periods: 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. The modified OSATS showed improvement from pre-test to post-test and this improvement was maintained during all the retention periods. Participants increased in self-confidence and mastery in performing robotic surgical tasks after training. Our novel comprehensive training program improved robot-assisted surgical performance and learning. All trainees retained their fundamental surgical skills for 3 months after receiving the training program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.|Center for Advanced Surgical Technology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Irene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0216, USA.
authors.forename: Mukul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Bhavin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.|Center for Advanced Surgical Technology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oleynikov
authors.affiliation: Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182-0216, USA. kcsiu@unmc.edu.|Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. kcsiu@unmc.edu.|Center for Advanced Surgical Technology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. kcsiu@unmc.edu.
authors.forename: Ka-Chun
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Siu
keywords: Electromyography; Kinematics; Objective measures; Robotic surgery; Skill learning curve; Training