title: Systematical Evaluation of Mechanically Strong 3D Printed Diluted magnesium Doping Wollastonite Scaffolds on Osteogenic Capacity in Rabbit Calvarial Defects.
abstract: Wollastonite (CaSiO3; CSi) ceramic is a promising bioactive material for bone defect repair due to slightly fast degradation of its porous constructs in vivo. In our previous strategy some key features of CSi ceramic have been significantly improved by dilute magnesium doping for regulating mechanical properties and biodegradation. Here we demonstrate that 6 ~ 14% of Ca substituted by Mg in CSi (CSi-Mgx, x = 6, 10, 14) can enhance the mechanical strength (>40 MPa) but not compromise biological performances of the 3D printed porous scaffolds with open porosity of 60‒63%. The in vitro cell culture tests in vitro indicated that the dilute Mg doping into CSi was beneficial for ALP activity and high expression of osteogenic marker genes of MC3T3-E1 cells in the scaffolds. A good bone tissue regeneration response and elastoplastic response in mechanical strength in vivo were determined after implantation in rabbit calvarial defects for 6‒12 weeks. Particularly, the CSi-Mg10 and CSi-Mg14 scaffolds could enhance new bone regeneration with a significant increase of newly formed bone tissue (18 ~ 22%) compared to the pure CSi (~14%) at 12 weeks post-implantation. It is reasonable to consider that, therefore, such CSi-Mgx scaffolds possessing excellent strength and reasonable degradability are promising for bone reconstruction in thin-wall bone defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.|Zhejiang Province's Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Province's Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China.|The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Huifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xianyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chiyuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shigui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yanming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Province's Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China.|The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Zhongru
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gou