title: Urinary Incontinence and Its Association with Frailty Among Men Aged 80 Years or Older in Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its association with frailty among men aged 80 years and older in Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents living in four veterans retirement communities were invited for study and 440 men aged 80 years and older were enrolled. Comprehensive geriatric assessment was performed for them, which composed of Clinical Frailty Scale, Northern Health and Social Care Trust (HSC)-Continence Assessment Form, Charlson's Comorbidity Index (CCI), Barthel Index (BI), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale-5 (GDS-5), and Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the overall prevalence of UI was 19.1% (mostly urgency incontinence and functional incontinence). Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between UI and other variables. Frailty was more common among subjects with UI than those without (60.7% vs 32.3%, p < 0.001). Besides, subjects with UI had more comorbidity (CCI: 1.40 ± 1.15 vs 0.89 ± 0.89, p < 0.001), poorer physical function (BI: 65.77 ± 33.39 vs 84.12 ± 24.08, p < 0.001; IADL: 3.46 ± 2.64 vs 4.41 ± 2.25, p = 0.003), more depressive symptoms (GDS-5: 1.83 ± 1.78 vs 1.18 ± 1.36, p = 0.02), poorer cognitive function (MMSE: 16.57 ± 7.65 vs 19.37 ± 6.82, p = 0.001), poorer nutritional status (MNA-SF: 10.0 ± 03.03 vs 11.23 ± 2.24, p = 0.001), more polypharmacy (66.7% vs 45.2%, p < 0.001) and higher chance of stool incontinence (22.6% vs 1.7%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that UI was independently associated with frailty, (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-3.6; p = 0.012), stool incontinence (OR = 14.4; 95% CI 5.2-39.7; p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.10-1.54; p = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About one fifth of study subjects had UI (mostly urgency and functional incontinence type), which was significantly associated with frailty, stool incontinence and depressive symptoms. Further study is needed to evaluate the possibilities of reversing these geriatric syndromes by an integrated intervention program.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua, Taiwan .|2 Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chih-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 2 Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .|3 Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Cheng-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: 2 Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .|3 Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Ting-Ching
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: 2 Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .|3 Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Liang-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 2 Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .|3 Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Li-Ning
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: 4 Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Fei-Yuan
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: 2 Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University , Taipei, Taiwan .|3 Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Liang-Kung
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Clinical Frailty Scale; frailty; octogenarian; urinary incontinence