title: The prognostic value of GLUT-1 staining in the detection of malignant transformation in oral mucosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) ranks as the sixth most common tumor entity worldwide. Unfortunately, the multimodal treatment consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy does not show the desired efficacy. The intent of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of an oral brush biopsy in combination with glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 staining in identifying premalignant and malignant lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 72 patients were included in the study, divided into four diagnostic subgroups (24 healthy, 15 carcinoma, 18 leukoplakia, 15 oral lichen planus). Oral brush biopsies were taken and analyzed for GLUT-1 expression by immunocytologic staining. Incisional biopsy served as the gold standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve (80 %) of the 15 carcinomas, nine (50 %) of the 18 leukoplakia, nine (60 %) of the 15 oral lichen planus, and none of the healthy specimens stained positive for GLUT-1. This resulted in a sensitivity rate of 80 % and a specificity rate of 68.42 %. Diagnostic accuracy was 70.83 % based on the correct diagnoses in 51 of 72 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An oral brush biopsy can easily be performed throughout the entire oral cavity, is noninvasive, and shows high sensitivity and specificity rates with conventional cytology or computer-assisted analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significance of GLUT-1-specific staining with an oral brush biopsy is more limited than expected but could be used as an additional tool in detecting malignant transformation in the oral cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany. brands_r@ukw.de.|Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. brands_r@ukw.de.
authors.forename: Roman C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brands
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rauthe
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.|Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Center for Oral Pathology, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 33-34, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ebhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seher
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linz
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kübler
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Urs D A
authors.initials: UDA
authors.lastname: Müller-Richter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1
keywords: GLUT-1; HNSCC; Oral brush biopsy