title: A meta-analysis of the effects of non-traditional teaching methods on the critical thinking abilities of nursing students.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scientific framework is important in designing curricula and evaluating students in the field of education and clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of non-traditional educational methods on critical thinking skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review approach was applied. Studies published in peer-reviewed journals from January 2001 to December 2014 were searched using electronic databases and major education journals. A meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.2. Reviewing the included studies, the California Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory (CCTDI) and California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) were used to assess the effectiveness of critical thinking in the meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eight CCTDI datasets showed that non- traditional teaching methods (i.e., no lectures) were more effective compared to control groups (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.42, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.57, p < .00001). And six CCTST datasets showed the teaching and learning methods in these studies were also had significantly more effects when compared to the control groups (SMD: 0.29, 95 % CI: 0.10-0.48, p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This research showed that new teaching and learning methods designed to improve critical thinking were generally effective at enhancing critical thinking dispositions.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: JuHee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. yoonju71@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yoonju
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: SaeLom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Juyeon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Bucheon University, Gyonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Moonki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D003479:Curriculum; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D013663:Teaching
keywords: Critical thinking; Education; Meta-analysis