title: Systemic immune response and virus persistence after foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of naïve cattle and cattle vaccinated with a homologous adenovirus-vectored vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to investigate host factors associated with the establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection, the systemic response to vaccination and challenge was studied in 47 steers. Eighteen steers that had received a recombinant FMDV A vaccine 2 weeks earlier and 29 non-vaccinated steers were challenged by intra-nasopharyngeal deposition of FMDV A24. For up to 35 days after challenge, host factors including complete blood counts with T lymphocyte subsets, type I/III interferon (IFN) activity, neutralizing and total FMDV-specific antibody titers in serum, as well as antibody-secreting cells (in 6 non-vaccinated animals) were characterized in the context of viral infection dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vaccination generally induced a strong antibody response. There was a transient peak of FMDV-specific serum IgM in non-vaccinated animals after challenge, while IgM levels in vaccinated animals did not increase further. Both groups had a lasting increase of specific IgG and neutralizing antibody after challenge. Substantial systemic IFN activity in non-vaccinated animals coincided with viremia, and no IFN or viremia was detected in vaccinated animals. After challenge, circulating lymphocytes decreased in non-vaccinated animals, coincident with viremia, IFN activity, and clinical disease, whereas lymphocyte and monocyte counts in vaccinated animals were unaffected by vaccination but transiently increased after challenge. The CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell ratio in non-vaccinated animals increased during acute infection, driven by an absolute decrease of CD8(+) cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of FMDV persistence was 61.5 % in non-vaccinated and 54.5 % in vaccinated animals. Overall, the systemic factors examined were not associated with the FMDV carrier/non-carrier divergence; however, significant differences were identified between responses of non-vaccinated and vaccinated cattle.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.|Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eschbaumer
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.|Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stenfeldt
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.|Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Steven I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rekant
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
authors.forename: Ethan J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hartwig
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Smoliga
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kenney
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Golde
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
authors.forename: Luis L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (FADRU), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA. jonathan.arzt@ars.usda.gov.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arzt
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae; D000818:Animals; D002353:Carrier State; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D058501:Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000502:physiology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008297:Male; D014611:Vaccination; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014765:Viral Vaccines
keywords: Carrier; ELISA; ELISPOT; FMDV; Flow cytometry; Interferon; Lymphopenia; Persistence; Vaccination