title: A hypo-status in drug-dependent brain revealed by multi-modal MRI.
abstract: Drug addiction is a chronic brain disorder with no proven effective cure. Assessing both structural and functional brain alterations by using multi-modal, rather than purely unimodal imaging techniques, may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying addiction, which in turn may facilitate future treatment strategies. However, this type of research remains scarce in the literature. We acquired multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging from 20 cocaine-addicted individuals and 19 age-matched controls. Compared with controls, cocaine addicts showed a multi-modal hypo-status with (1) decreased brain tissue volume in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC); (2) hypo-perfusion in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, right temporal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and (3) reduced irregularity of resting state activity in the OFC and limbic areas, as well as the cingulate, visual and parietal cortices. In the cocaine-addicted brain, larger tissue volume in the medial OFC, anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum and smaller insular tissue volume were associated with higher cocaine dependence levels. Decreased perfusion in the amygdala and insula was also correlated with higher cocaine dependence levels. Tissue volume, perfusion, and brain entropy in the insula and prefrontal cortex, all showed a trend of negative correlation with drug craving scores. The three modalities showed voxel-wise correlation in various brain regions, and combining them improved patient versus control brain classification accuracy. These results, for the first time, demonstrate a comprehensive cocaine-dependence and craving-related hypo-status regarding the tissue volume, perfusion and resting brain irregularity in the cocaine-addicted brain.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institutes of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China.|Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China.|Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, China.
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|VISN-4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, China.
authors.forename: Dingna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darnley
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institutes of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China.|Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China.|Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.affiliation: Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Institutes of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China.|Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China.|Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|VISN-4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|VISN-4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Anna Rose
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Childress
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods
keywords: arterial spin labeling; brain entropy; cerebral blood flow; resting state fMRI; voxel-based morphometry