title: Genotoxicity assessment of acute exposure of 2, 4-dinitroanisole, its metabolites and 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene to Daphnia carinata.
abstract: The insensitive munition ingredient, 2, 4-dinitroanisole has emerged as an alternative ingredient to 2, 4, 6-trinitro toluene in melt pourable high explosive formulations mainly due to its improved insensitiveness properties. As a result, production of 2, 4-dinitroanisole has increased and as a consequence 2, 4-dinitroanisole has emerged as a potential ingredient to enter the environment and possibly persist in water and soil ecosystems. The present study showed that 2, 4-dinitroanisole, its metabolites (2-amino 4-nitroanisole and 2,4-dinitroanisole) and 2, 4, 6-trinitro toluene were found to induce DNA damages in a freshwater crustacean Daphnia carinata exposed for 48 h and which was investigated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) method. The value of LC50-48 h of 2, 4-dinitroanisole was determined as 14.87 ± 1.70 (mg L-1) and its metabolites exhibited the similar toxic range although the toxicity of 2, 4, 6-trinitro toluene was seven-fold more toxic (2.32 ± 0.29 mg L-1) than 2, 4-dinitroanisole and its metabolites. Exposure to sub-acute toxicity concentration ranges of 2, 4-dinitroanisole and its metabolites and 2, 4, 6-trinitro toluene showed significant (P < 0.01) DNA damage. The higher concentration of each test chemical exhibited higher tail DNA per cent and increased olive tail moment. The results from this study can be used to identify genotoxic biomarkers for the risk assessment of insensitive munitions exposure in aquatic invertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA5095, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prasath
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA5095, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Logeshwaran
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panneerselvan
authors.affiliation: Weapons and Combat Systems Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Provatas
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. megh.mallavarapu@newcastle.edu.au.|Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA5095, Australia. megh.mallavarapu@newcastle.edu.au.|Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. megh.mallavarapu@newcastle.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mallavarapu
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6230-518X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000840:Anisoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D020552:Comet Assay; D003621:Daphnia / Q000502:physiology; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D053834:Explosive Agents; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole
keywords: 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT); 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN); Comet assay; Daphnia carinata; Genotoxicity