title: Dropping Behavior in the Pea Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): How Does Environmental Context Affect Antipredator Responses?
abstract: The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum : Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a phloem-feeding insect whose antipredator defenses include kicking, walking away, and dropping from the plant. Aphid dropping, a risky and energetically costly antipredator behavior, can be increased by the release of aphid alarm pheromone; there is also evidence that insect density and plant health can affect the likelihood of aphids engaging in this behavior. We investigated whether interactions between alarm cues, insect density, and plant health can alter the dropping behavior of aphids in response to an artificial disturbance. The presence of the alarm pheromone E-β-farnesene resulted in a nearly 15-fold increase in aphid dropping behavior; the other two factors, however, did not affect dropping and none of the two- or three-way interactions were significant. This was surprising because aphids affected plant health: production of new plant biomass after 5 d of exposure to high aphid densities was 50% lower than in the control treatment. This research adds to our understanding of the factors affecting aphid antipredator behavior; the fact that neither aphid density nor feeding period impacted dropping may reflect the high energetic costs of this activity and an unwillingness to use it in any but the riskiest situations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, RI (kvharrison@my.uri.edu; preisser@uri.edu).
authors.forename: Katharine V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, RI (kvharrison@my.uri.edu; preisser@uri.edu) preisser@uri.edu.
authors.forename: Evan L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Preisser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000502:physiology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D020387:Food Chain; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D010675:Pheromones / Q000378:metabolism*; D011156:Population Density; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C062671:beta-farnesene
keywords: Antipredator behavior; alarm pheromone; nonconsumptive effect