title: The Effect of Piston Diameter in Stapedotomy for Otosclerosis: A Temporal Bone Model.
abstract: The use of larger-diameter pistons in stapedotomy leads to better hearing outcomes compared with the use of smaller-diameter pistons. There is an interaction between stapes piston diameter and fenestration diameter.
  
  
  
  Otosclerosis can be treated surgically by removing part of the stapes and bypassing the stapes footplate with a prosthesis. Available piston shaft diameters range between 0.3 and 0.8 mm. There has been a tendency toward the use of smaller-diameter pistons, because of a suspected decreased risk of cochlear trauma and subsequent sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) with smaller pistons. However, mathematical models, temporal bone studies, and clinical studies suggest that the use of larger-diameter pistons is associated with better hearing outcomes.
  
  
  
  Three fresh-frozen, non-pathologic temporal bones were harvested from human cadaveric donors. Acoustic stimuli in the form of pure tones from 250 to 8000 Hz were generated at 110 dB sound pressure level. A total of 16 frequencies in a 1/3-octave series were used. Stapes and round window velocities in response to the acoustic stimuli were measured at multiple equally spaced points covering the stapes footplate and round window using a scanning laser Doppler interferometry system. Eight sets of measurements were performed in each temporal bone: 1) normal condition (mobile stapes), 2) stapes fixation and stapedotomy followed by insertion of 3) a 0.4-mm-diameter piston in a 0.5-mm-diameter fenestration, 4) a 0.4-mm-diameter piston in a 0.7-mm-diameter fenestration, 5) a 0.4-mm-diameter piston in a 0.9-mm-diameter fenestration, 6) a 0.6-mm-diameter piston in a 0.7-mm-diameter fenestration, 7) a 0.6-mm-diameter piston in a 0.9-mm-diameter fenestration, and 8) a 0.8-mm-diameter piston in a 0.9-mm-diameter fenestration.
  
  
  
  At midrange frequencies, between 500 and 4000 Hz, round window velocities increased by 2 to 3 dB when using a 0.6-mm-diameter piston compared with a 0.4-mm-diameter piston. Using a 0.8-mm-diameter piston led to a further increase in round window velocities by 2 to 4 dB.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest a modest effect of piston diameter on hearing results following stapedotomy.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery†Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands‡Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University§Division of Otolaryngology, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wegner
authors.forename: Mostafa M A S
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Eldaebes
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Wilko
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grolman
authors.forename: Manohar L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bance
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D005276:Fenestration, Labyrinth / Q000379:methods*; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009998:Ossicular Prosthesis; D010040:Otosclerosis / Q000601:surgery*; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D012405:Round Window, Ear / Q000601:surgery; D013201:Stapes Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*