title: Thermal cooking changes the profile of phenolic compounds, but does not attenuate the anti-inflammatory activities of black rice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence on biological activities of cooked black rice is limited. This study examined the effects of washing and cooking on the bioactive ingredients and biological activities of black rice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cooked rice was prepared by washing 0-3 times followed by cooking in a rice cooker. The acidic methanol extracts of raw and cooked rice were used for the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raw black rice, both washed and unwashed, had higher contents of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), but lower protocatechuic acid (PA), than did cooked samples. Similarly, raw rice extracts were higher in ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities than extracts of cooked samples. Nonetheless, extracts of raw and cooked rice showed similar inhibitory potencies on nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 productions in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, whereas equivalent amounts of C3G and PA did not possess such inhibitory effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermal cooking decreased total anthocyanin and C3G contents and the FRAP antioxidative capacity, but did not affect anti-inflammatory activities of black rice. Neither C3G nor PA contributed to the anti-inflammatory activity of black rice.
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sassy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhawamai
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shyh-Hsiang
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Beverage Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Cancer Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan; yuehwa@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yue-Hwa
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: anthocyanin; anti-inflammation; antioxidation; black rice; cyanidin-3-glucoside; protocatechuic acid