title: Bifidobacterium infantis NLS Super Strain Reduces the Expression of α-Defensin-5, a Marker of Innate Immunity, in the Mucosa of Active Celiac Disease Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown a reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms after the oral administration of Bifidobacterium infantis Natren Life Start super strain (NLS-SS) in untreated celiac disease (CD) patients. The symptomatic improvement was not associated with changes in intestinal permeability or serum levels of cytokines, chemokines, or growth factors. Therefore, we hypothesized that the beneficial symptomatic effect observed previously in patients with CD treated with B. infantis may be related to the modulation of innate immunity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential mechanisms of a probiotic B. infantis Natren Life Start super strain on the mucosal expression of innate immune markers in adult patients with active untreated CD compared with those treated with B. infantis×6 weeks and after 1 year of gluten-free diet (GFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Numbers of macrophages and Paneth cells and α-defensin-5 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry in duodenal biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that GFD decreases duodenal macrophage counts in CD patients more effectively than B. infantis. In contrast, B. infantis decreases Paneth cell counts and expression of α-defensin-5 in CD (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results identify differential innate immune effects of treatment with B. infantis compared with 1 year of GFD. Further studies are needed to investigate synergistic effects of GFD and B. infantis supplementation in CD.
authors.affiliation: *Medicine Department, Farcombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada †Small Intestinal Section, Department of Medicine ‡Department of Alimentation, Dr. C. Bonorino Udaondo, Gastroenterology Hospital §Research Institute, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Pinto-Sánchez
authors.forename: Edgardo C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Smecuol
authors.forename: Maria P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Temprano
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sugai
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: María L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Xianxi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Premysl
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bercik
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabanne
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niveloni
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazure
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mauriño
authors.forename: Elena F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Verdú
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000070236:Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis / Q000254:growth & development*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004386:Duodenum / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019879:Paneth Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C500225:DEFA5 protein, human; D023084:alpha-Defensins