title: The fungicide triadimefon affects beer flavor and composition by influencing Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism.
abstract: Despite the fact that beer is produced on a large scale, the effects of pesticide residues on beer have been rarely investigated. In this study, we used micro-brewing settings to determine the effect of triadimefon on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and beer flavor. The yeast growth in medium was significantly inhibited (45%) at concentrations higher than 5 mg L(-1), reaching 80% and 100% inhibition at 10 mg L(-1) and 50 mg L(-1), respectively. There were significant differences in sensory quality between beer samples fermented with and without triadimefon based on data obtained with an electronic tongue and nose. Such an effect was most likely underlain by changes in yeast fermentation activity, including decreased utilization of maltotriose and most amino acids, reduced production of isobutyl and isoamyl alcohols, and increased ethyl acetate content in the fungicide treated samples. Furthermore, yeast metabolic profiling by phenotype microarray and UPLC/TOF-MS showed that triadimefon caused significant changes in the metabolism of glutathione, phenylalanine and sphingolipids, and in sterol biosynthesis. Thus, triadimefon negatively affects beer sensory qualities by influencing the metabolic activity of S. cerevisiae during fermentation, emphasizing the necessity of stricter control over fungicide residues in brewing by the food industry.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.|Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Minmin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jieying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio-Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing/Laboratory of Agro-products Quality Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000438:Alcohols / Q000032:analysis; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D001515:Beer / Q000032:analysis*; D062609:Electronic Nose; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects; D055432:Metabolomics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D000596:Amino Acids; D004952:Esters; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C032910:triadimefon