title: Orthopaedic manifestations of congenital indifference to pain with anhidrosis (Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type IV).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital indifference to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare hereditary neuropathy, which is associated with defective sensation to noxious stimuli and autonomic dysfunction. The objective of the study was to report on the orthopaedic manifestations of this condition and provide an evidence-based approach for management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of 14 consecutive patients with CIPA referred to a single tertiary centre. Mean age of diagnosis was 2.5 years (range 0.5 to 11 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients presented with a range of orthopaedic problems including fractures, infections, growth disturbance, joint subluxation and Charcot joints affecting the limbs and spine. Conservative treatment with closed reduction and cast immobilisation was satisfactory for stress fractures of the lower extremity and Charcot joints. Posterior instrumented correction of scoliosis was associated with a high-risk of infection requiring reoperation for debridement and removal of posterior instrumentation. Growth disturbance leading to leg-length discrepancies were managed with shoe raises and corrective osteotomies. Aspiration and cultures may be used to differentiate between acute fracture and infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preventative treatment strategies with appropriately padded shoe-wear, gait and posture modification, parental education regarding environmental thermoregulation, and behavioural support are essential for improving prognosis and reducing long-term complications.
authors.affiliation: The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK.
authors.forename: Babar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kayani
authors.affiliation: The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK. Electronic address: matbuzz1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mathew David
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sewell
authors.affiliation: The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK.
authors.forename: Johnson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Platinum
authors.affiliation: The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.affiliation: The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy W R
authors.initials: TWR
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.affiliation: The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK.
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eastwood
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D009477:Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Anhidrosis; Autonomic neuropathy; Charcot joint; Dislocation; Fracture; Growth; Neuropathy; Orthopaedic