title: Survey of Two New (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and Other Blood Groups in Dogs of North America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Based upon serology, >10 canine blood group systems have been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We surveyed dogs for dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 and 2 new blood types (Kai 1 and Kai 2), and some samples also were screened for Dal and DEA 3, 4, and 7.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples provided by owners, breeders, animal blood banks, and clinical laboratories were typed for DEA 1 by an immunochromatographic strip technique with a monoclonal antibody and analysis of band intensity. Both new antigens, the Dal and other DEAs (except DEA 7 by tube method), were assessed by a gel column method with either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. The same gel column method was applied for alloantibody detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 503 dogs typed, 59.6% were DEA 1+ with 4% weakly, 10% moderately, and 45.6% strongly DEA 1+. Regarding Kai 1 and Kai 2, 94% were Kai 1+/Kai 2-, 5% were Kai 1-/Kai 2- and 1% were Kai 1-/Kai 2+, but none were Kai 1+/Kai 2+. There was no relationship between Kai 1/Kai 2 and other blood types tested. Plasma from DEA 1-, Kai 1-, Kai 2- dogs, or some combination of these contained no detectable alloantibodies against DEA 1 and Kai 1 or Kai, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new blood types, called Kai 1 and Kai 2, are unrelated to DEA 1, 3, 4, and 7 and Dal. Kai 1+/Kai 2- dogs were most commonly found in North America. The clinical relevance of Kai 1 and Kai 2 in canine transfusion medicine still needs to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Euler
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: H Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizukami
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. giger@vet.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Giger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000276:immunology*; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009656:North America
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001789:Blood Group Antigens
keywords: Alloantibodies; Blood types; Dog erythrocyte antigen; Hemolytic transfusion reaction; Transfusion