title: The association among chronotype, timing of food intake and food preferences depends on body mass status.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that individuals with circadian preferences for the evening (wake up later and reach maximum activity in the afternoon) have distorted dietary habits and misregulated body weight. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyse the possible relationships between 'morningness' or 'eveningness' (chronotype), dietary habits and the level of obesity.
  
  
  
  Among 400 participants, 171 subjects finished the follow-up period and were evaluated. Anthropometric, clinical and dietary parameters were analysed; the Horne-Östberg test was used to determine chronotype. A hypocaloric-behavioural intervention was performed in the overweight/obese subjects.
  
  
  
  In normal-weight subjects, the morningness group ingested most of their energy and nutrients at breakfast and lunch, whereas the eveningness group showed a higher intake at dinner, corresponding with their chronotypes. A significant interaction was revealed between chronotype and body mass index regarding the energy and nutrients consumed at dinner (P<0.05 in all cases), as in the normal-weight subjects the evening food intake was higher in the eveningness group, but in the overweight subjects the situation was inverse. In addition, the food preferences were related to the chronotype, as the morningness subjects showed a higher intake of fruit (P<0.010).
  
  
  
  The timing of food intake corresponded to the chronotype in the normal-weight subjects; however, the overweight/obese subjects showed intake patterns removed from their physiological rhythms. These findings may indicate a need to design specific diets based not only on the total energy expenditure but also on the chronotype, as an indicator of the biological rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Eating Disorders, Faculty of Nursing, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: J S G
authors.initials: JSG
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Eating Disorders, Faculty of Nursing, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cañavate
authors.affiliation: Interventional Imaging and Radiology Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cara-Salmerón
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Eating Disorders, Faculty of Nursing, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: J J H
authors.initials: JJH
authors.lastname: Morante
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins