title: MicroRNA Stability in FFPE Tissue Samples: Dependence on GC Content.
abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs responsible for fine-tuning of gene expression at post-transcriptional level. The alterations in miRNA expression levels profoundly affect human health and often lead to the development of severe diseases. Currently, high throughput analyses, such as microarray and deep sequencing, are performed in order to identify miRNA biomarkers, using archival patient tissue samples. MiRNAs are more robust than longer RNAs, and resistant to extreme temperatures, pH, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedding (FFPE) process. Here, we have compared the stability of miRNAs in FFPE cardiac tissues using next-generation sequencing. The mode read length in FFPE samples was 11 nucleotides (nt), while that in the matched frozen samples was 22 nt. Although the read counts were increased 1.7-fold in FFPE samples, compared with those in the frozen samples, the average miRNA mapping rate decreased from 32.0% to 9.4%. These results indicate that, in addition to the fragmentation of longer RNAs, miRNAs are to some extent degraded in FFPE tissues as well. The expression profiles of total miRNAs in two groups were highly correlated (0.88 <r < 0.92). However, the relative read count of each miRNA was different depending on the GC content (p<0.0001). The unequal degradation of each miRNA affected the abundance ranking in the library, and miR-133a was shown to be the most abundant in FFPE cardiac tissues instead of miR-1, which was predominant before fixation. Subsequent quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed that miRNAs with GC content of less than 40% are more degraded than GC-rich miRNAs (p<0.0001). We showed that deep sequencing data obtained using FFPE samples cannot be directly compared with that of fresh frozen samples. The combination of miRNA deep sequencing and other quantitative analyses, such as qPCR, may improve the utility of archival FFPE tissue samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kakimoto
authors.affiliation: Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamiguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Eriko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ochiai
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Motoki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001482:Base Composition / Q000235:genetics; D002102:Cadaver; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D016612:Paraffin Embedding / Q000379:methods; D020871:RNA Stability; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D035683:MicroRNAs