title: Cell migration, viability and tissue reaction of calcium hypochlorite based-solutions irrigants: An in vitro and in vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to analyze in vitro cytotoxicity to cultured 3T3 fibroblasts and in vivo inflammatory reaction in rats by calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) solutions compared with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cultured 3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to different concentrations of (Ca(OCl)2) and NaOCl solutions, and a scratch assay was performed. The viability rate was analyzed with trypan blue assay. Both solutions of 1% and 2.5% concentrations were injected into the subcutaneous tissue of 18 male Wistar rats aged 18 weeks. The inflammatory tissue reaction was evaluated at 2h, 24h, and 14days after the injections. The samples were qualitatively analyzed using a light microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests for in vitro assays and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc tests for in vivo assays (α=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the scratch assay, Ca(OCl)2showed no significant difference compared with the control group (culture medium) at 24h (p<0.05). Solutions of 0.0075% and 0.005% NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2concentrations presented similar results compared with those in the positive control group (hydrogen peroxide) (p>0.05) in the trypan blue assay. In the in vivo assay, 1% Ca(OCl)2group showed a significant decrease in neutrophils at 2h and 24h (p=0.041) and 2h and 14days (p=0.017). There was no statistically significant difference for lymphocyte/plasmocyte and macrophage counts among the different concentration groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ca(OCl)2showed favorable results of viability and induced a low-level inflammatory response. Ca(OCl)2presented acceptable cytotoxicity and biocompatibility as an irrigant solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela Bess Ferraz
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Blattes
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leticia Boldrin
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Mestieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Zip Code 90619-900, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daiana Elisabeth
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Böttcher
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Zip Code 90050-170, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anna Cristina Medeiros
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fossati
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montagner
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Zip Code: 90035-003, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil. Electronic address: fabiana.grecca@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Fabiana Soares
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Grecca
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C004488:calcium hypochlorite; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Biocompatibility; Calcium hypochlorite; Cytotoxicity; Endodontics; Scratch assay