title: Evidence of oxidative damage and reproductive dysfunction accompanying 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide exposure in female Wistar rats.
abstract: 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is an occupational chemical widely reported to deplete ovarian follicles in rodents. Here, we investigated VCD-induced reproductive dysfunction in female Wistar rats. The rats were orally administered with VCD (100, 250 and 500mg/kg) for twenty-eight days. Thereafter, we evaluated selected biomarkers of oxidative damage, inflammation, endocrine disruption, and apoptosis. We observed that VCD increased ovarian and uterine malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in rats (p<0.05). Also, VCD induced hormonal imbalance, increased ovarian superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and depleted uterine SOD activity and ovarian glutathione (GSH) level in rats (p<0.05). Lastly, VCD markedly increase immunohistochemical expressions of ovarian cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Caspase-9 and Caspase-3. Overall, VCD induced reproductive dysfunctions in rats via ovarian and uterine oxidative damage, hormonal imbalance, as well as inflammation and apoptosis in the ovary of rats.
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Electronic address: amos_abolaji@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Amos O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Abolaji
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Isaac A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Adedara
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ayodeji O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Abajingin
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ore J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Fatunmibi
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Emmanuel O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ladipo
authors.affiliation: Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Electronic address: olatunde_farombi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ebenezer O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Farombi
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D006728:Hormones; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C012606:4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; C506435:Casp9 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide; Apoptosis; Endocrine disruption; Infertility; Inflammation; Oxidative damage