title: Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Removal of Unilateral Noninvasive Pheochromocytomas in 10 Dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the surgical technique and outcome of dogs undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for removal of unilateral noninvasive pheochromocytoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs with unilateral noninvasive adrenal tumors (n=10).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of dogs that underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy for histologically confirmed pheochromocytoma were reviewed. Dogs were positioned in lateral recumbency with the table tilted up to create a semi-sternal position. Three or 4 ports were used and dissection of the mass proceeded using a combination of laparoscopic instrumentation, bipolar vessel-sealing devices, and in some cases monopolar electrosurgical probes. Conversion rate, complications, surgical time, hospitalization time, and long-term follow-up were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was completed without the need for conversion in 9 of 10 dogs. In 1 dog, hemorrhage obscured the visual field and conversion to an open approach was elected. In 5 cases, a 3-port approach was used, and in 5 cases, a 4th port was placed. Median surgical time was 105 minutes (range, 65-250). Intraoperative complications included 1 splenic laceration. Postoperatively, 1 dog developed gastric dilatation-volvulus. All dogs were discharged from the hospital. Median follow-up time was 16.0 months (range, 6.9-38.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With careful case selection, laparoscopic adrenalectomy for resection of pheochromocytoma was feasible and could be performed efficiently by experienced laparoscopic surgeons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: Philipp D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mayhew
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steffey
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: William T N
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Della Maggiore
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies