title: Association between salivary sialic acid and periodontal health status among smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is an environmental risk factor causing poor dental health. Sialic acid is a salivary marker of oxidative stress for research of periodontal diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify diagnostic sialic acid fraction and its scavenger effect for periodontal diseases among smokers and periodental health status.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study carried out in the Khanzad specialized dental center - Erbil city. The study population is composed of 62 convenient samples. A structured interview questionnaire form was used to collect data about socio-demographic properties and smoking history. Clinical measurements were carried out to measure periodontal health status. Un-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected for measuring sialic acid fractions. Statistical package for social science (SPSS, version 18), was used for analysis and odds ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Risk of smoking increased significantly in young to mid ages, which included most of the current smokers, with periodontal diseases, and high total free sialic acid. Risk of periodontitis and teeth missing increased significantly by long duration of smoking, bad tooth brushing, and poor eating habits. Risk of teeth mobility and loss decreased significantly by early smoking cessation and low income. High levels of free sialic acid correlated significantly in current smokers with medium and deep pocket depth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salivary free sialic acid may be used as a diagnostic oxidative stress biomarker for periodontal diseases among young current smokers. Cumulative destructive effect of long duration of smoking on the periodontum can be controlled by smoking cessation, good oral hygiene and diet habit in early old ages.
authors.affiliation: Basic science Department, College of Nursing, Erbil, Iraq.
authors.forename: Jwan Ibrahim
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Jawzali
keywords: Cigarette smoking; Periodontal diseases; Sialic acid