title: Scan, plan, print, practice, perform: Development and use of a patient-specific 3-dimensional printed model in adult cardiac surgery.
abstract: Static 3-dimensional printing is used for operative planning in cases that involve difficult anatomy. An interactive 3D print allowing deliberate surgical practice would represent an advance.
  
  
  
  Two patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had 3-dimensional prints constructed preoperatively. Stereolithography files were generated by segmentation of chest computed tomographic scans. Prints were made with hydrogel material, yielding tissue-like models that can be surgically manipulated. Septal myectomy of the print was performed preoperatively in the simulation laboratory. Volumetric measures of print and patient resected specimens were compared. An assessment tool was developed and used to rate the utility of this process. Clinical and echocardiographic data were reviewed.
  
  
  
  There was congruence between volumes of print and patient resection specimens (patient 1, 3.5 cm3and 3.0 cm3, respectively; patient 2, 4.0 cm3and 4.0 cm3, respectively). The prints were rated useful (3.5 and 3.6 on a 5-point Likert scale) for preoperative visualization, planning, and practice. Intraoperative echocardiographic assessment showed adequate relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (patient 1, 80 mm Hg to 18 mm Hg; patient 2, 96 mm Hg to 9 mm Hg). Both patients reported symptomatic improvement (New York Heart Association functional class III to class I).
  
  
  
  Three-dimensional printing of interactive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy heart models allows for patient-specific preoperative simulation. Resection volume relationships were congruous on both specimens and suggest evidence of construct validity. This model also holds educational promise for simulation of a low-volume, high-risk operation that is traditionally difficult to teach.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Electronic address: hermsejl@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hermsen
authors.affiliation: Thomas Burke PhD Consultant, LLC, Bothell, Wash.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Heart Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash; Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Seslar
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ripley
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Nahush A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mokadam
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Verrier
mesh_terms: D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D066230:Patient-Specific Modeling; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D020127:Recovery of Function; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D063186:Uterine Myomectomy / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 3D printing; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; operative simulation; septal myectomy; surgical education