title: High-resolution QTL mapping for grain appearance traits and co-localization of chalkiness-associated differentially expressed candidate genes in rice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grain appearance quality is a main determinant of market value in rice and one of the highly important traits requiring improvement in breeding programs. The genetic basis of grain shape and endosperm chalkiness have been given significant attention because of their importance in affecting grain quality. Meanwhile, the introduction of NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) has a significant part to play in the area of genomics, and offers the possibility for high-resolution genetic map construction, population genetics analysis and systematic expression profile study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A RIL population derived from an inter-subspecific cross between indica rice PYZX and japonica rice P02428 was generated, based on the significant variations for the grain morphology and cytological structure between these two parents. Using the Genotyping-By-Sequencing (GBS) approach, 2711 recombination bin markers with an average physical length of 137.68 kb were obtained, and a high-density genetic map was constructed. Global genetic mapping of QTLs affecting grain shape and chalkiness traits was performed across four environments and the newly identified stable loci were obtained. Twelve important QTL clusters were detected, four of which were coincident with the genomic regions of cloned genes or fine mapped QTL reported. Eight novel QTL clusters (including six for grain shape, one for chalkiness, and one for both grain shape and chalkiness) were firstly obtained and highlighted the value and reliability of the QTL analysis. The important QTL cluster on chromosome 5 affects multiple traits including circularity (CS), grain width (GW), area size of grain (AS), percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC) and degree of endosperm chalkiness (DEC), indicating some potentially pleiotropic effects. The transcriptome analysis demonstrated an available gene expression profile responsible for the development of chalkiness, and several DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were co-located nearby the three chalkiness-related QTL regions on chromosomes 5, 7, and 8. Candidate genes were extrapolated, which were suitable for functional validation and breeding utilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  QTLs affecting grain shape (grain width, grain length, length-width ratio, circularity, area size of grain, and perimeter length of grain) and chalkiness traits (percentage of grains with chalkiness and degree of endosperm chalkiness) were mapped with the high-density GBS-SNP based markers. The important differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were co-located in the QTL cluster regions on chromosomes 5, 7 and 8 affecting PGWC and DEC parameters. Our research provides a crucial insight into the genetic architecture of rice grain shape and chalkiness, and acquired potential candidate loci for molecular cloning and grain quality improvement.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Likai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Siping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.|Guangdong Agricultural Technology Extension, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
authors.forename: Jiyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Yongzhu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. chenlin@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Plant Space Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. guoguot@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-6991
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guo
keywords: Chalkiness; GBS; Grain shape; QTL mapping; Rice; Transcriptome profiling