title: Use of restraint with hospitalized children: A survey of nurses' perceptions of practices.
abstract: Restraint is often perceived as necessary to ensure that medical procedures are carried out safely. The limited research into nurses' perceptions of restraint practices with hospitalized children hinders understanding the extent of the problem. A survey design was used to investigate nurses' perceptions of restraint use from five units in one children's hospital in Ireland. Findings revealed that restraint is a common practice, with physical and psycho- logical restraints most commonly used and newborn to 4-year-old children most likely to be restrained. Restraint was most often used for cannulation and latterly for administering medication and preventing interference to intravenous lines. To promote the use of thera- peutic holding for the safe delivery of procedures, nurses require education and skills training. Restraint should only be used as a last resort and in all situations, nurses should assess the need to use restraint and explore any alternatives in order to gain the child's cooperation. More research is needed into the situational variables that can lead to restraint usage in order to identify learning needs and promote the use of alternative interventions.
authors.affiliation: 1 Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kirwan
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Nursing & Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Imelda
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coyne
keywords: Clinical decision making; nurse–child interaction; restraint; survey design; therapeutic holding