title: State Medical Marijuana Laws and the Prevalence of Opioids Detected Among Fatally Injured Drivers.
abstract: To assess the association between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and the odds of a positive opioid test, an indicator for prior use.
  
  
  
  We analyzed 1999-2013 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 18 states that tested for alcohol and other drugs in at least 80% of drivers who died within 1 hour of crashing (n = 68 394). Within-state and between-state comparisons assessed opioid positivity among drivers crashing in states with an operational MML (i.e., allowances for home cultivation or active dispensaries) versus drivers crashing in states before a future MML was operational.
  
  
  
  State-specific estimates indicated a reduction in opioid positivity for most states after implementation of an operational MML, although none of these estimates were significant. When we combined states, we observed no significant overall association (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61, 1.03). However, age-stratified analyses indicated a significant reduction in opioid positivity for drivers aged 21 to 40 years (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.37, 0.67; interaction P < .001).
  
  
  
  Operational MMLs are associated with reductions in opioid positivity among 21- to 40-year-old fatally injured drivers and may reduce opioid use and overdose.
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: June H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santaella-Tenorio
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerdà
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Keyes
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hasin
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Silvia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: June H. Kim, Julian Santaella-Tenorio, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah Hasin, Silvia S. Martins, and Guohua Li are with the Department of Epidemiology and Christine Mauro and Julia Wrobel are with the Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY. Magdalena Cerdà is with the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000097:blood*; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000067401:Blood Alcohol Content; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064086:Medical Marijuana; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000067401:Blood Alcohol Content; D064086:Medical Marijuana