title: Comparsion of Intravenous Lignocaine, Tramadol and Keterolac for Attenuation of Propofol Injection Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propofol possesses many characteristics of an ideal intravenous anaesthetic agent, providing a smooth induction and a rapid recovery. However, it has been reported to evoke considerable pain on injection in 10-100% of patients. The cause of pain upon intravenous injection of propofol remains a mystery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study and compare the efficacy of Lignocaine, Tramadol and Ketorolac in minimizing the propofol injection pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hundred adult patients (ASA grade I and grade II) scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia with propofol as an inducing agent were considered for the study. Patients were randomly divided into 4 groups of 25 patients each Group L (lignocaine) Group T (tramadol) Group K (ketorolac) and Group N (normal saline). Pain scores were measured by the investigator immediately following injection of propofol. All patients' responses were graded by a verbal pain score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the results were tabulated and analysed using the one-way ANOVA and z-test. There was no statistically significant difference among group L (24%), T (28%) and K (28%) for pain on injection, but significant difference of all 3 groups was there when compared with group N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous lignocaine, tramadol and ketorolac all 3 drugs significantly reduce propofol injection pain. However, lignocaine appears to be more acceptable cause of less pain and fewer side effects as compared to tramadol and ketorolac.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, HBT Medical College and Dr. R.N. Cooper Municipal Gen. Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Harprit Kaur
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of General Surgery, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Ch. Hospital , Mumbai, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Rajinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Senior Consultant, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, MD Oswal Cancer Charitable Hospital and Research Centre , Ludhiana, Punjab, India .
authors.forename: Gurdip Singh
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sodhi
keywords: Analgesic; Injection pain; Tourniquet