title: Antiviral activities of compounds from aerial parts of Salvia plebeia R. Br.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salvia plebeia R. Br. is an edible plant widely spread in many countries. It has been used as a traditional medicine to treat common cold, flu, cough, hepatitis, hemorrhoids, etc. The purpose of the study is to explicate antiviral compounds responsible for its traditional use for the common cold or flu.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of S. plebeia was extracted with CHCl3, EtOAc, and n-BuOH, successively. The EtOAc and CHCl3fractions were subjected to a successive of chromatographic method, which led to the isolation of fourteen compounds. Inhibition activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated against influenza A (H1N1) neuraminidase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemical investigation of the methanolic extracts of S. plebeia resulted in the isolation of two novel benzoylated monoterpene glycosides, named as plebeiosides A (1) and B (2), together with twelve known compounds including four flavonoids (4-5, 7, 10), two sesquiterpenoids (8, 12), four phenolics (9-10, 13-14), a steroid (6), and a triterpenoid (3). Their chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data and absolute stereochemistries of 1 and 2 were determined by comparison of optical rotations of their hydrolysates with literature values. Compounds 5, 7, 9, and 11 exhibited potent enzymatic inhibition against H1N1 neuraminidase (IC50values ranging from 11.18±1.73 to 19.83±2.28μM). Furthermore, two flavonoids (5 and 7) and one rosmarinic acid methyl ester (9) reduced cytopathic effects of the H1N1 virus during replication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antiviral activities of the flavonoids and phenolics isolated from the extracts of S. plebeia supported the traditional application of this medicine on common cold or flu. In this study, benzoylated monoterpene glycosides were first found to exist in this species. Moreover, the present study suggested potential of three compounds (5, 7, and 9) to be new lead structures for the development of new neuraminidase inhibitors in the future.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 144Gil 33, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sunghee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National Univeristy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
authors.forename: Thi Kim
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Quy Ha
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 144Gil 33, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, South Korea.
authors.forename: Changyeol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National Univeristy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea. Electronic address: wkoh1@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Won-Keun
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, 144Gil 33, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, South Korea. Electronic address: sangheeshim@duksung.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Sang Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D065089:Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014764:Viral Proteins; D009439:Neuraminidase
keywords: Antiviral; Monoterpene glycoside; Neuraminidase; Phenolic; Salvia plebeia R. Br.