title: Maternal Dietary Patterns and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort: The GUSTO Study.
abstract: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of perinatal morbidity and long term health issues for both the mother and offspring. Previous research has demonstrated associations between maternal diet and GDM development, but evidence in Asian populations is limited. The objective of our study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of GDM in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. Maternal diet was ascertained using 24-h dietary recalls from participants in the Growing up in Singapore towards healthy outcomes (GUSTO) study-a prospective mother-offspring cohort, and GDM was diagnosed according to 1999 World Health Organisation guidelines. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis, and multivariate regression analyses performed to assess the association with GDM. Of 909 participants, 17.6% were diagnosed with GDM. Three dietary patterns were identified: a vegetable-fruit-rice-based-diet, a seafood-noodle-based-diet and a pasta-cheese-processed-meat-diet. After adjusting for confounding variables, the seafood-noodle-based-diet was associated with a lower likelihood of GDM (Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)) = 0.74 (0.59, 0.93). The dietary pattern found to be associated with GDM in our study was substantially different to those reported previously in Western populations.
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. j.deseymour@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Seymour
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. chiaairu@u.nus.edu.
authors.forename: Airu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. marjorelee_colega@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Marjorelee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colega
authors.affiliation: Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand. beatrix.jones@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Beatrix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. liz.mckenzie@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. obgcais@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Cai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shirong
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. kmg@mrc.soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore. Kenneth.Kwek.YC@kkh.com.sg.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwek
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore. seang_mei_saw@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand. c.conlon@massey.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Cathryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. yap_seng_chong@sics.a-star.edu.sg.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. yap_seng_chong@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Yap-Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. philip.baker@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117609, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Mary F F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chong
keywords: Asia; dietary patterns; gestational diabetes; maternal nutrition; pregnancy