title: Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a hospital-based population of Australian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of, and traditional and emerging risk factors associated with, retinopathy in a hospital-based population of Australian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 483 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Medical files were audited to collect all relevant clinical data. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed from colour retinal images by an ophthalmologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic retinopathy was observed in 11 (2.3%) participants. Logistic regression revealed that the principal components analysis derived risk profile of: higher serum creatinine, older age, higher systolic blood pressures, higher body mass index, abnormal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<59 mL/min), lower high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, higher serum sodium, longer duration of diabetes and narrower retinal arteriolar calibre was associated with diabetic retinopathy (ExpB=2.60, 95% CI 1.36/4.96, p=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the concept that the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is likely due to the combined influence of various risk factors, many already identified.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Itsiopoulos
authors.forename: Konstandina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koklanis
authors.forename: Meri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vukicevic
authors.forename: Fergus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Laima
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazionis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose