title: Primary thermometry triad at 6 mK in mesoscopic circuits.
abstract: Quantum physics emerge and develop as temperature is reduced. Although mesoscopic electrical circuits constitute an outstanding platform to explore quantum behaviour, the challenge in cooling the electrons impedes their potential. The strong coupling of such micrometre-scale devices with the measurement lines, combined with the weak coupling to the substrate, makes them extremely difficult to thermalize below 10 mK and imposes in situ thermometers. Here we demonstrate electronic quantum transport at 6 mK in micrometre-scale mesoscopic circuits. The thermometry methods are established by the comparison of three in situ primary thermometers, each involving a different underlying physics. The employed combination of quantum shot noise, quantum back action of a resistive circuit and conductance oscillations of a single-electron transistor covers a remarkably broad spectrum of mesoscopic phenomena. The experiment, performed in vacuum using a standard cryogen-free dilution refrigerator, paves the way towards the sub-millikelvin range with additional thermalization and refrigeration techniques.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iftikhar
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anthore
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jezouin
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: F D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Parmentier
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavanna
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouerghi
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: U
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2423-2140
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gennser
authors.affiliation: Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud-Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91120 Palaiseau, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-6808
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pierre