title: Flexible Endoscopic Aspiration for Intraventricular Casting Hematoma.
abstract: Conventionally, patients suffering a massive intraventricular hemorrhage have undergone external ventricular drainage. However, long-term or repeated drainage increases the risk of complications due to infections or shunt dependency. Neuroendoscopic surgery may offer some advantages over more conventional procedures.
  
  
  
  Thirteen patients suffering intraventricular hematoma associated with intracerebral hemorrhage, treated in our hospital between April 2011 and March 2014, were reviewed retrospectively. Casting hematomas in the ventricles were manually aspirated using a flexible endoscope. The timing of the operation, period of post-endoscopic ventricular drainage, additional internal shunt surgery, 3-month post-surgical outcome, and critical complications were evaluated.
  
  
  
  Two patients (treated during our earliest use of endoscope) who underwent surgery on the 7th and 16th day post-onset required subsequent cerebrospinal shunt surgery. In contrast, of the 11 patients who underwent endoscopic surgery on the day of onset, only 1 patient required an additional, third ventriculostomy due to a secondary obstruction of the aqueduct by adhesive fibrous membranes. After 3 months, all six patients with mRS scores of 2-3 satisfied all the following criteria: initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores higher than 8, flexible endoscopic surgeries performed on the day of onset, and period of ventricular drainage of less than 4 days.
  
  
  
  Early surgical intervention using a flexible endoscope and short period of post-surgical drainage can be highly effective for patients suffering from casting intraventricular hematomas associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. The advantages of this treatment may be a less invasive procedure, ICP control in the acute phase, breaking away from ventricular drainage in the early stage, and prevention of hydrocephalus or intracranial infectious complications in the long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kuki General Hospital, 418-1 Kamihayami, Kuki, Saitama, 346-0021, Japan. teru_toy1809@friend.ocn.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Terushige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyooka
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kuki General Hospital, 418-1 Kamihayami, Kuki, Saitama, 346-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kuki General Hospital, 418-1 Kamihayami, Kuki, Saitama, 346-0021, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobusuke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D004322:Drainage; D061345:Early Medical Intervention; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D020146:Putaminal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013788:Thalamus; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Flexible endoscope; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Intraventricular hematoma; Neuroendoscope