title: Enrollment Trends and Disparity Among Patients With Lung Cancer in National Clinical Trials, 1990 to 2012.
abstract: Purpose Under-representation of elderly, women, and racial/ethnic minority patients with cancer in clinical trials is of national concern. The goal of this study was to characterize enrollment trends and disparities by age, sex, and race/ethnicity in lung cancer trials. Methods We analyzed data for 23,006 National Cancer Institute cooperative group lung cancer trial participants and 578,476 patients with lung cancer from the SEER registry from 1990 to 2012. The enrollment disparity difference (EDD) and enrollment disparity ratio (EDR) were calculated on the basis of the proportion of each subgroup in the trial population and the US lung cancer population. Annual percentage changes (APCs) in the subgroup proportions in each population were compared over time. Results Enrollment disparity for patients ≥ 70 years of age with non-small-cell lung cancer improved from 1990 to 2012 (test of parallelism, P = .020), with a remaining EDD of 0.22 (95% CI, 0.19 to 0.25) and EDR of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.51 to 1.82) in 2010 to 2012. No improvement was seen for elderly patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), with an APC of 0.20 ( P = .714) among trial participants, despite a rising proportion of elderly patients with SCLC in the US population (APC, 0.32; P = .020). Enrollment disparity for women with lung cancer improved overall, with the gap closing by 2012 (EDD, 0.03 [95% CI, 0.00 to 0.06]; EDR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.16]). Enrollment disparities persisted without significant improvement for elderly women, blacks, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. Conclusion Under-representation in lung cancer trials improved significantly from 1990 to 2012 for elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and for women, but ongoing efforts to improve the enrollment of elderly patients with SCLC and minorities are needed. Our study highlights the importance of addressing enrollment disparities by demographic and disease subgroups to better target under-represented groups of patients with lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Herbert H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Stinchcombe
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Melisa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Perry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Apar Kishor
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ganti
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Sumithra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mandrekar
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Mary W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Judith B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Manola
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schilsky
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Harvey J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adjei
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gandara
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Suresh S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ramalingam
authors.affiliation: Herbert H. Pang and Perry Cheng, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Herbert H. Pang, Xiaofei Wang, Ying Zhang, Thomas E. Stinchcombe, and Harvey J. Cohen, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Melisa L. Wong, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco; David Gandara, University of California, Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; Apar Kishor Ganti, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Daniel J. Sargent and Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Chen Hu, NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA; Chen Hu, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Mary W. Redman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Judith B. Manola, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Richard L. Schilsky, ASCO, Alexandria, VA; Jeffrey D. Bradley, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Alex A. Adjei, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY; Suresh S. Ramalingam, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Everett E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Vokes
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D018426:SEER Program; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology