title: Urinary Excretion of the β-Adrenergic Feed Additives Ractopamine and Zilpaterol in Breast and Lung Cancer Patients.
abstract: β2-Adrenergic agonists (β-agonists) have been legally used in the U.S. for almost two decades to increase lean muscle mass in meat animals. Despite a cardiotoxic effect after high-dose exposure, there has been limited research on human β-agonist exposures related to meat consumption. We quantified urinary concentrations of ractopamine and zilpaterol, two FDA-approved β-agonist feed additives, and examined the extent to which the concentrations were associated with estimated usual meat intake levels. Overnight urine samples from 324 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and spot urine samples from 46 lung cancer patients at the time of diagnosis, prior to treatment, were collected during 2006-2010 and 2014-2015, respectively. Urinary ractopamine and zilpaterol concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Ractopamine and zilpaterol, respectively, were detected in 8.1% and 3.0% of the urine samples collected (n = 370). Only 1.1% (n = 4) of the urine samples had zilpaterol concentrations above the limit of quantification, with the mean value of 0.07 ng/mL in urine. The presence of detectable ractopamine and zilpaterol levels were not associated with meat consumption estimated from a food frequency questionnaire, including total meat (P = 0.13 and 0.74, respectively), total red meat (P = 0.72 and 0.74), unprocessed red meat (P = 0.74 and 0.73), processed red meat (P = 0.72 and 0.15), and poultry intake (P = 0.67 for ractopamine). Our data suggest that the amount of meat-related exposure of β-agonists was low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.
authors.forename: Ting-Yuan David
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service , Fargo, North Dakota 58103, United States.
authors.forename: Weilin L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Shelver
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.
authors.forename: Chi-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ambrosone
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service , Fargo, North Dakota 58103, United States.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000821:Animal Feed; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008461:Meat Products; D008875:Middle Aged; D010627:Phenethylamines / Q000652:urine*; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D010627:Phenethylamines; D014297:Trimethylsilyl Compounds; C475840:Zilpaterol; C060897:ractopamine
keywords: cancer; meat consumption; ractopamine; urine; zilpaterol; β2-adrenergic agonists