title: Complications of acromegaly: thyroid and colon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In acromegaly the long-term exposure to high growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels may result in specific complications in different human organs, including the thyroid gland and the colon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We will review here the evidence available regarding the characteristic thyroid and colon complications in acromegaly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review summarizes the published data observing noncancerous structural abnormalities (thyroid nodules, colonic polyps) and thyroid and colon cancer in patients diagnosed with acromegaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thyroid micro-carcinomas are probably over-diagnosed among acromegalic patients. In regard to colon cancer, there is no sufficient data to suggest that colon cancer risk is higher in acromegaly compared to the general population.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel.|Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tirosh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel. ilanshi@clalit.org.il.|Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. ilanshi@clalit.org.il.
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9188-3894
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shimon
mesh_terms: D000172:Acromegaly / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Acromegaly; Colon; Thyroid