title: The Human Vestibular Aqueduct: Anatomical Characteristics and Enlargement Criteria.
abstract: The human vestibular aqueduct (VA) shows great anatomical variations, and imaging can be difficult, so we need more data on the normal anatomy of the VA for better radiologic evaluation of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS).
  
  
  
  The normal anatomy of the human VA was analyzed in micro-dissected human temporal bones.
  
  
  
  The study is based on two sets of human temporal bones. One set of 32 human temporal bones was selected from a collection of 50 micro-dissected specimens. The outline of the intraosseous portion of the VA was drawn and digitized, and dimensions were assessed. The other set of 20 plastic molds were randomly selected from a collection of 324 specimens, and the VA dimensions were assessed.
  
  
  
  Measurements from this study are presented in means, standard deviations, and ranges. The results from these measurements are considered normal and compared with previously published data. The variations in the normal anatomy of the VA are presented and discussed.
  
  
  
  The VA courses sagittal in the human skull. Therefore, we recommend the lateral projection (reformatted) to demonstrate the VA in LVAS patients. We advocate assessing: 1) the width (or height) of the external aperture (EA), 2) the width at the half distance between the EA and the common crus (CC), and if possible 3) the width of the proximal portion of the VA. Based on the measurements, our criteria for enlargement are 2.0 mm or greater, 1.5 mm or greater, and more than 1 mm at these sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotta Kämpfe
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Nordström
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laurell
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rask-Andersen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014723:Vestibular Aqueduct / Q000033:anatomy & histology*