title: A new socioeconomic status measure for vaccine research in children using individual housing data: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently developed HOUSES, an individual housing-based socioeconomic status (SES) measurement for health disparities research. We assessed whether HOUSES was associated with risk of pertussis and pertussis vaccine up-to-date status in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study utilized a previous population-based case-control study cohort assembled during the 2004-2005 pertussis outbreak. We collected data on pertussis vaccine status (up-to-date status) at the time of the index date. Using a z-score for housing value, actual square footage, and numbers of bedrooms and bathrooms, HOUSES was formulated in continuous variable and categorized into quartiles. Vaccine up-to-date status was compared among subjects with different SES as measured by HOUSES using a chi-square test and logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 391 eligible pediatric subjects (median age of 13.1 years with male sex of 55 %), 363 (93 %) were successfully geocoded to formulate HOUSES index. HOUSES was not associated with the risk of pertussis (p = 0.82). Pertussis vaccine up-to-date statuses were 79, 86, 83, and 94 % for children in the first (the lowest SES), second, third, and fourth quartiles of HOUSES, respectively (p = 0.03). HOUSES as a continuous variable was associated with pertussis vaccine up-to-date status (adjusted OR: 1.15 per increment of one unit of HOUSES, 95 % CI: 1.04-1.27, p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While HOUSES is not associated with the risk of pertussis, it predicts vaccine up-to-date status among children with different SES. HOUSES may be a useful tool for vaccine delivery research among children.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University School of Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 1000, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.affiliation: Children's Medical Center, 1935 Medical District Drive, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capili
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Chung-Il
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Wi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Euijung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.|Rochester-Olmsted Planning Department, 2122 Campus Drive SE, Rochester, MN, 55904, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rand-Weaver
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. juhn.young@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Young J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Juhn
keywords: Epidemiology; Socioeconomic status; Vaccination