title: Low vitamin D levels are not a contributing factor to higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Hoorn study.
abstract: To test whether a low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level explains the greater prevalence of depression among people with Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  
  We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 527 people, aged 60-87 years, who participated in a population-based cohort study. Type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance were defined according to the 2006 WHO criteria. The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression questionnaire was administered, using a cut-off score of ≥ 16 to determine clinically relevant depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  Logistic regression analysis confirmed that women with impaired glucose tolerance/impaired fasting glucose and people with Type 2 diabetes did have a higher risk of depressive symptoms [unadjusted odds ratios 3.66 (95% CI 1.59 to 8.43) and 3.04 (95% CI 1.57 to 5.88), respectively], compared with people with normal glucose tolerance. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was not a mediating factor in the association between impaired glucose tolerance/impaired fasting glucose or Type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms [unstandardized indirect effect 0.001 (95% CI -0.063 to 0.079) and 0.004 (95% CI -0.025 to 0.094), respectively].
  
  
  
  The study found no evidence that low vitamin D levels are a contributing factor to higher depression scores in people with Type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Westra
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rutters
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Centre Alkmaar, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Y M H
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Krul-Poel
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and School of Cardiovascular Research Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.affiliation: EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pouwer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D