title: Pyrosequencing for rapid detection of tuberculosis resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid in Syrian and Lebanese clinical isolates.
abstract: Rapid and accurate techniques are always welcomed for the detection of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTB.
  
  
  
  The objective of this study is to evaluate the pyrosequencing technology for the detection of MTB resistance to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) in Syrian and Lebanese clinical strains; 66 strains resistant to INH, among them 56 resistant also to RIF, were tested.
  
  
  
  Four pyrosequencing assays were optimized and applied to the following loci: rpoBrpoB RIF resistance-determining region, katG, the promoter regions of inhA and ahpC-oxyR intergenic region.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of mutations on codon 315 of the katG gene, inhA and ahpc-oxyR were 42.4%, 21.2% and 9.0%, respectively, which make an overall sensitivity of 72.6% for INH resistance. All RIF-resistant strains contained at least one non-synonymous codon change in the sequenced rpoB region (507-533) relative to the ATCC reference strain. The RIF drug resistance region (RRDR) sequencing identified 96 modified codons representing 34 different mutations.
  
  
  
  The high sensitivity and the short turnaround time combined with multilocus sequencing of several isolates in parallel make pyrosequencing an attractive method for drug resistance screening for MTB.
authors.affiliation: Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Lebanon; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Lebanon.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamze
authors.affiliation: Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Lebanon; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Lebanon.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rahmo
authors.affiliation: Health and Environment Microbiology Laboratory, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Lebanon; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Lebanon. Electronic address: fdabboussi@ul.edu.lb.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabboussi
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003062:Codon; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011634:Public Health; D012036:Refugees; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013593:Syria / Q000453:epidemiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D003062:Codon; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin
keywords: Isoniazid; Lebanon; M. tuberculosis; Pyrosequencing; Rifampicin; Syria