title: Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases.
abstract: Sensing of potential pathogenic bacteria is of critical importance for immunity. In plants, this involves plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors, one of which is the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase. Ligand-activated FLS2 receptors are internalized into endosomes. However, the extent to which these spatiotemporal dynamics are generally present among pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their regulation remain elusive. Using live-cell imaging, we show that at least three other receptor kinases associated with plant immunity, PEP RECEPTOR 1/2 (PEPR1/2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), internalize in a ligand-specific manner. In all cases, endocytosis requires the coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and thus depends on receptor activation status. We also show the internalization of liganded FLS2, suggesting the transport of signaling competent receptors. Trafficking of activated PRRs requires clathrin and converges onto the same endosomal vesicles that are also shared with the hormone receptor BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). Importantly, clathrin-dependent endocytosis participates in plant defense against bacterial infection involving FLS2-mediated stomatal closure and callose deposition, but is uncoupled from activation of the flagellin-induced oxidative burst and MAP kinase signaling. In conclusion, immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptors depends on clathrin, a critical component for the endocytosis of signaling competent receptors into a common endosomal pathway.
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Malick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mbengue
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Gildas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bourdais
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Fruit Tree Research Center, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy;
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gervasi
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spallek
authors.affiliation: Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.affiliation: Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boller
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan;
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; robatzek@tsl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robatzek
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D005408:Flagellin / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D057865:Plant Immunity; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000502:physiology; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002966:Clathrin; D008024:Ligands; D010940:Plant Proteins; D051192:Receptors, Pattern Recognition; D005408:Flagellin; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins
keywords: EFR; FLS2; PEPR1; clathrin; pattern-triggered immunity