title: Differences in bone quality and strength between Asian and Caucasian young men.
abstract: This is a cross-sectional study to assess differences in bone quality in young Asian and Caucasian (n = 30/group) men between 25 and 35 years. We found that Asians had smaller bones, thicker and denser cortices, and more plate-like trabeculae, but stiffness did not differ between groups.
  
  
  
  We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess differences in bone quality in young Asian and Caucasian (n = 30/group) men between 25 and 35 years.
  
  
  
  We measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine, total hip (TH), femoral neck (FN), and forearm by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bone geometry, density, microarchitecture, and mechanical competence at the radius and tibia by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) with application of individual trabecula segmentation (ITS) and trabecular and whole bone finite element analysis (FEA). We measured load-to-strength ratio to account for differences in bone size and height, respectively. We used Wilcoxon rank sum and generalized linear models adjusted for height, weight, and their interaction for comparisons.
  
  
  
  Asians were 3.9 % shorter and weighed 6.5 % less than Caucasians. In adjusted models: by DXA, there were no significant race-based differences in areal BMD; by HR-pQCT, at the radius, Asians had smaller total and trabecular area (p = 0.003 for both), and denser (p = 0.01) and thicker (p = 0.04) cortices at the radius; by ITS, at the radius Asians, had more plate-like than rod-like trabeculae (PR ratio p = 0.01), greater plate trabecular surface (p = 0.009) and longer rod length (p = 0.002). There were no significant race-based differences in FEA or the load-to-strength ratio.
  
  
  
  Asians had smaller bones, thicker and denser cortices, and more plate-like trabeculae, but biomechanical estimates of bone strength did not differ between groups. Studies are needed to determine whether these differences persist later in life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kepley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: X Edward
authors.initials: XE
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Columbia Univeristy Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shane
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, PH4-124, New York, NY, 10032, USA. tln2001@cumc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Nickolas
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011884:Radius / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Asian; Bone microarchitecture; Caucasian; Individual trabecula segmentation; Race