title: Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Qualitative and Quantitative Resistance to the Dicarboximide Fungicide Iprodione in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Field Isolates.
abstract: The dicarboximide fungicide class is commonly used to control Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot on turfgrass. Despite frequent occurrences of S. homoeocarpa field resistance to iprodione (dicarboximide active ingredient), the genetic mechanisms of iprodione resistance have not been elucidated. In this study, 15 field isolates (seven suspected dicarboximide resistant, three multidrug resistance (MDR)-like, and five dicarboximide sensitive) were used for sequence comparison of a histidine kinase gene, Shos1, of S. homoeocarpa. The suspected dicarboximide-resistant isolates displayed nonsynonymous polymorphisms in codon 366 (isoleucine to asparagine) in Shos1, while the MDR-like and sensitive isolates did not. Further elucidation of the Shos1 function, using polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation indicated that S. homoeocarpa mutants (Shos1I366N) from a sensitive isolate gained resistance to dicarboximides but not phenylpyrrole and polyols. The deletion of Shos1 resulted in higher resistance to dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole and higher sensitivity to polyols than Shos1I366N. Levels of dicarboximide sensitivity in the sensitive isolate, Shos1I366N, and Shos1 deletion mutants were negatively correlated to values of iprodione-induced expression of ShHog1, the last kinase in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway. Increased constitutive and induced expression of the ATP-binding cassette multidrug efflux transporter ShPDR1 was observed in six of seven dicarboximide-resistant isolates. In conclusion, S. homoeocarpa field isolates gained dicarboximide resistance through the polymorphism in Shos1 and the overexpression of ShPDR1.
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fourth authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and third author: School of Ecology and Environmental System, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunkyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fourth authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and third author: School of Ecology and Environmental System, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Korea.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Popko
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fourth authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and third author: School of Ecology and Environmental System, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Korea.
authors.forename: Taehyun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fourth authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and third author: School of Ecology and Environmental System, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Korea.
authors.forename: Geunhwa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006827:Hydantoins; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C033148:iprodione