title: Comparison of immunoregulatory effects of polysaccharides from three natural herbs and cellular uptake in dendritic cells.
abstract: Polysaccharides from different types of natural herbs have not been compared with each other to determine their differential potencies on innate immune response, such as maturation of dendritic cells (DC). In addition, the role of endocytosis of polysaccharides in DC maturation has not been explored previously. Polysaccharides isolated from Astragalus membranaceus (APS), Ganoderma lucidum (GLP) and Radix ophiopogonis (OGP) were characterized and applied in bone marrow derived DC. Compared to immature DC, three polysaccharides with immunoactivities showed elongated dendrites, decreased phagocytic abilities, phenotypic changes (CD40/MHCII/CD80/CD86) and increased level of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose dependent manner. Interestingly, blockage of NO by iNOS inhibitor slightly decreased CD40 and MHCII but not CD80/CD86 expression induced by polysaccharides, indicating that NO was partially involved in DC maturation. In addition, GLP can enter cells in a dose and time dependent manner, shown as punctate distribution in the cytoplasm. Endocytic inhibitors sodium azide and brefeldinA that were demonstrated to inhibit cellular uptake of GLP can block phenotypic maturation of DC. Taken together, these results suggested that polysaccharides from natural herbs are effective immunostimulators with variable potencies ranking as GLP>APS>OGP, and the increase of NO level as well as the increase in polysaccharide endocytosis could be the novel strategies for improved innate response and immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201210, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201210, China.
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
authors.forename: Yangyun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
authors.forename: Jingling
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201210, China.
authors.forename: Wenfei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
authors.forename: Liecheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongyang, Zhejiang 322100, China; Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai 201210, China. Electronic address: wfj@shutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fujun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) & Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Zhejiang Reachall Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongyang, Zhejiang 322100, China. Electronic address: zhangls@suda.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Leshuai W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027885:Astragalus propinquus / Q000737:chemistry; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D031441:Ophiopogon / Q000737:chemistry; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020940:Reishi / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Dendritic cell; Endocytosis; Natural herbs; Nitric oxide; Polysaccharides