title: Crystallization kinetics of orthorhombic paracetamol from supercooled melts studied by non-isothermal DSC.
abstract: A simple and highly reproducible procedure was established for the study of orthorhombic paracetamol crystallization kinetics, comprising melting, quench-cooling of the melt and scanning the formed glass by DSC at different heating rates. Results were analyzed on the basis of the mean as well as local values of the Avrami exponent, n, the energy of activation, as well as the Šesták-Berggren two-parameter autocatalytic kinetic model. The mean value of the Avrami kinetic exponent, n, ranged between 3 and 5, indicating deviation from the nucleation and growth mechanism underlying the Johnson-Mehl, Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) model. To verify the extent of the deviation, local values of the Avrami exponent as a function of the volume fraction transformed were calculated. Inspection of the local exponent values indicates that the crystallization mechanism changes over time, possibly reflecting the uncertainty of crystallization onset, instability of nucleation due to an autocatalytic effect of the crystalline phase, and growth anisotropy due to impingement of spherulites in the last stages of crystallization. The apparent energy of activation, Ea, has a rather low mean value, close to 81 kJ/mol, which is in agreement with the observed instability of glassy-state paracetamol. Isoconversional methods revealed that Eatends to decrease with the volume fraction transformed, possibly because of the different energy demands of nucleation and growth. The exponents of the Šesták-Berggren two-parameter model showed that the crystallized fraction influences the process, confirming the complexity of the crystallization mechanism.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , School of Pharmacy, University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nikolakakis
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , School of Pharmacy, University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.
authors.forename: Kyriakos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kachrimanis
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics
chemical_list: D000082:Acetaminophen
keywords: Avrami exponent; Orthorhombic paracetamol; autocatalytic model; melt crystallization; non-isothermal kinetics; nucleation