title: The effects of cigarette smoking behavior and psychosis history on general and social cognition in bipolar disorder.
abstract: Several studies have documented the prevalence and effects of cigarette smoking on cognition in psychotic disorders; fewer have focused on bipolar disorder (BD). Cognitive and social dysfunction are common in BD, and the severity of these deficits may be related both to illness features (e.g., current symptoms, psychosis history) and health-related behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol use). The current study assessed the influence of cigarette smoking on general and social cognition in a BD cohort, accounting for illness features with a focus on psychosis history.
  
  
  
  We assessed smoking status in 105 euthymic patients with BD, who completed a comprehensive battery including social (facial affect recognition, emotional problem-solving, and theory of mind) and general (the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and executive functioning) cognitive measures. We compared smokers vs nonsmokers on cognitive performance and tested for the effects of psychosis history, premorbid intellectual functioning, substance use, and current affective symptoms.
  
  
  
  Within the nonpsychotic subgroup with BD (n=45), smokers generally outperformed nonsmokers; by contrast, for subjects with BD with a history of psychosis (n=41), nonsmokers outperformed smokers. This pattern was noted more globally using a general composite cognitive score and on social/affective measures assessing patients' ability to identify emotions of facial stimuli and solve emotional problems.
  
  
  
  Cigarette smoking differentially affects performance on both general and social cognition in patients with BD as a function of psychosis history. These results suggest that there may be at least partially divergent underlying neurobiological causes for cognitive dysfunction in patients with BD with and without psychosis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Luz H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Ospina
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Nitzburg
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuesta-Diaz
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mercedes M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Perez-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Meaghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mcgrath
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mulaimovic
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. katherine.burdick@mssm.edu.|James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. katherine.burdick@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Burdick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: bipolar disorder; neurocognition; psychosis; smoking; social cognition