title: Effects of clinical, laboratuary and pathological features on successful sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to evaluate the correlation of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and histopathology with various features of non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) cases who consulted to our university-based infertility clinic, and the probability of prompting couples about TESE success and to investigate the cost reduction chance through cost-beneficial aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-five patients were enrolled in this study. Age, unprotected intercourse period, age of puberty, and concomittant diseases were noted. Testicular volumes were measured. The correlations between genetic test results and serum levels of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), free testosterone, prolactine were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of NOA among infertile men was found to be 15.1%. Median age of the cases was 33.1 years. Decrease in TESE success rate was seen in the group aged >30, and those who practiced unprotected intercourse for more than 10 years. TESE success rate was 40 percent. The required negative correlation between FSH levels, and testicular volume was not observed when the patient had additional diseases and/or genitourinary surgery. FSH and LH levels were significantly different between TESE- positive and negative groups (p=0.006, and p=0.001 respectively). Success rate in bilateral TESE group was 14.2%, and 96% of TESE- negative patients had bilateral TESE. Fifteen of 118 patients had Y chromosome microdeletions. These results were similar in both TESE- positive and negative group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the parameters investigated herein predicted succesful TESE outcomes. However, in cases with increased FSH and AZFa/AZFb deletion before application of bilateral TESE, in cases of increased FSH and AZFa/AZFb deletion, detailed information should be given to these patients about low success rates and risk of disease inheritance which may reduce procedural costs. Knowing groups with poor prognosis, may help rearrangement of the appropriation of infertility in health policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Liv Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Çağrı
authors.initials: Ç
authors.lastname: Güneri
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alkibay
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Lütfi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tunç
keywords: Infertility; TESE; male factor; non-obstructive azoospermia