title: Utility of Solution X-Ray Scattering for the Development of Antibody Biopharmaceuticals.
abstract: Characterization of immunoglobulin solutions at high concentrations represents a significant challenge. A current trend in the biopharmaceutical industry is to manufacture highly concentrated drug products, which can be used to deliver high doses in small volumes, via subcutaneous injections. Studying a molecule's structure and properties in its final drug product formulation is ideal, but characterization is typically performed under dilute solution conditions with critical stabilizing buffer components removed because of interference effects, which can result in an incomplete understanding of the molecule's properties. Direct study of protein conformation and protein-protein interactions in concentrated solutions is challenging for most biophysical and biochemical techniques; however, X-ray solution scattering offers opportunities. Combined with other biophysical techniques, X-ray scattering has the potential to provide relevant information on both structure and interactions in protein solutions over a broad concentration range. Here, we report X-ray solution scattering of 4 monoclonal antibodies, designated mAb1 (glycosylated and de-glycosylated), mAb2, and mAb3 at concentrations between 0.5 and >168 mg/mL. Data acquired from these measurements are combined with the results from other biophysical measurements to generate a comprehensive profile of their solution behaviors. Our results show that X-ray solution scattering can assess key parameters needed to aid in formulation development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: Hideyo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inouye
authors.affiliation: Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Houde
authors.affiliation: Protein Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
authors.forename: Deniz B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Temel
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. Electronic address: l.makowski@neu.edu.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Makowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001702:Biopharmaceutics / Q000379:methods; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D007136:Immunoglobulins
keywords: X-ray scattering; aggregation number; immunoglobulin; protein-protein interaction; second virial coefficient