title: A Systematic Review of Athletes' and Coaches' Nutrition Knowledge and Reflections on the Quality of Current Nutrition Knowledge Measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutrition knowledge can influence dietary choices and impact on athletic performance. Valid and reliable measures are needed to assess the nutrition knowledge of athletes and coaches.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  (1) To systematically review the published literature on nutrition knowledge of adult athletes and coaches and (2) to assess the quality of measures used to assess nutrition knowledge.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscuss, Web of Science, and SCOPUS.
  
  
  METHODS
  36 studies that provided a quantitative measure of nutrition knowledge and described the measurement tool that was used were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participant description, questionnaire description, results (mean correct and responses to individual items), study quality, and questionnaire quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All studies were of neutral quality. Tools used to measure knowledge did not consider health literacy, were outdated with regards to consensus recommendations, and lacked appropriate and adequate validation. The current status of nutrition knowledge in athletes and coaches is difficult to ascertain. Gaps in knowledge also remain unclear, but it is likely that energy density, the need for supplementation, and the role of protein are frequently misunderstood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous reports of nutrition knowledge need to be interpreted with caution. A new, universal, up-to-date, validated measure of general and sports nutrition knowledge is required to allow for assessment of nutrition knowledge.
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia. g.trakman@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gina L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Trakman
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia. A.forsyth@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.affiliation: Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne 3000, Australia. Brooke.Devlin@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Brooke L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.affiliation: School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia. R.Belski@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Belski
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance; D002755:Choice Behavior; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005518:Food Preferences; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013177:Sports; D064133:Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
keywords: athlete; coach; dietary knowledge; measure; nutritional knowledge; questionnaire; sport; sports nutrition; survey; valid