title: Association between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and gestational diabetes mellitus in primiparous women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing evidence that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may play an important role in increasing the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the association between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, 10 congeners) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, 8 congeners) and GDM in primiparous women with no family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives during the third trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study was performed among the three university hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Serum samples were collected from cases (n=70) that were diagnosed with GDM and from controls (n=70) with a normal pregnancy that attended the same hospital for a routine prenatal visit. Pollutant levels were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analyses manifested the positive association between total POPs (sum of total PCBs and PBDEs) (Odds ratio (OR)=1.61, 95% CI: 1.31-1.97, p-value <0.0001) and total PCBs (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.35-2.27, p-value<0.0001) and GDM considering confounding variables (age, gestational age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and total maternal serum lipid). In addition, we found a positive association between total PBDEs and GDM (OR =2.21; 95% CI: 1.48-3.30, p-value <0.0001). Finally, we found a positive association between Ln PCB 187, 118 and Ln PBDE 99, 28 with GDM. Meanwhile a negative association between Ln PCB 28 and GDM was established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that exposure to certain POPs (PCBs and PBDEs) could be a potential modifying risk factor for GDM.
authors.affiliation: Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.affiliation: Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Kazem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naddafi
authors.affiliation: Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Noushin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rastkari
authors.affiliation: Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Batool Hossein
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Rashidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abolghasem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Djazayeri
authors.affiliation: Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: malek179@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malekafzali
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005865:Gestational Age; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D016015:Logistic Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010298:Parity; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; C086401:pentabromodiphenyl ether; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Case-control study; Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs); Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs); Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)