title: [Potentially inappropriate medications in geriatrics: Which tools to detect them?]
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Potentially inappropriate prescriptions include over-prescription, which refers to prescription of more drugs than clinically needed, mis-prescription which refers to incorrect prescription of a drug that is needed (as per drug, dose, drug interactions, duration of therapy, duplication, follow-up, etc.) and under-prescription which stands for failure to prescribe drugs that are needed. They are associated with adverse drug events, increased use of health-care services, morbimortality and health-care costs, and poorer quality of life. Due to polymorbidity and polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate prescription is common among the elderly. In the last 2 decades, explicit indicators to detect inappropriate prescriptions were developed in geriatrics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to summarize, compare and critically review existing explicit criteria.
  We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, from January 1991 to November 2015. The following keywords were used: "("inappropriate prescribing" [MeSH Terms] OR "medication errors" [MeSH Terms] AND "potentially inappropriate medications" [MeSH Terms] AND "elderly" [MeSH All field] AND "explicit criteria" [MeSH Terms])". Articles describing the development of new list of explicit indicators dedicated to geriatrics, in English and in French, were included in this review. Their characteristics, organization, content, and assessments of their validity and of the optimal tool for geriatrics are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen lists of explicit indicators were included in the review. An organization based on physiological systems and pathologies, as observed in ACOVE, 5th version of Beers criteria and STOPP/START enables quick application in general practice. A low overlap among criteria was observed between tools. This may be due to a lack of completeness for some tools. Mimica, ACOVE, PIEA, and STOPP/START are the most exhaustive ones, only the last three addressing the under-prescription issue. Finally, the ability to detect and reduce inappropriate prescriptions has only been evaluated for few tools; STOPP/START is the only one, which has demonstrated its ability to reduce them in a prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève (HUG), service de pharmacie, 1211 Genève, Suisse. Electronic address: aude.desnoyer@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desnoyer
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève (HUG), service de pharmacie, 1211 Genève, Suisse; Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève (HUG), service de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, 1211 Genève, Suisse.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guignard
authors.affiliation: Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois (CHUV), service de gériatrie et réhabilitation gériatrique, 1011 Lausanne, Suisse; Anglia-Ruskin university, health and wellbeing academy, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni.
authors.forename: Pierre-Olivier
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève (HUG), service de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, 1211 Genève, Suisse; Université de Genève, école de pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, Genève, Suisse.
authors.forename: Jules
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Desmeules
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève (HUG), service de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, 1211 Genève, Suisse.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vogt-Ferrier
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève (HUG), service de pharmacie, 1211 Genève, Suisse; Université de Genève, école de pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, Genève, Suisse.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonnabry
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000009:adverse effects; D005602:France; D005853:Geriatrics; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing; D008508:Medication Errors