title: Rolling out Efavirenz for HIV Precision Medicine in Africa: Are We Ready for Pharmacovigilance and Tackling Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects?
abstract: The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) led to huge reductions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related deaths, turning HIV-infection into a chronic condition. Attention is now turning to quality of life for patients on lifelong ART treatment, reflecting on the safety of antiretroviral drugs. In sub-Saharan Africa, efavirenz (EFV) forms the preferred first-line ART but adverse drug events have also been reported. We express our concern on EFV-based regimens being part of mass rollout programs without full attention to toxicities. EFV is associated with various neuropsychiatric adverse events (AEs). If EFV use is not monitored, a huge burden of neuropsychiatric AEs and elevated risk of drug resistance due to nonadherence are likely to follow. A monumental EFV-based ART regimen rollout program, through the UNAIDS 90-90-90 and option B plus programs/approaches, is planned, which will more than double the number of patients on EFV-containing ART. According to this ambitious treatment target, by 2020, 90% of all people living with HIV will know their HIV status; 90% of all people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained ART; and 90% of all people receiving ART will have viral suppression. On the other hand, HIV patients of African origin are predisposed to developing EFV-induced neuropsychiatric AEs due to specific CYP2B6 genetic variants causing impaired metabolism of EFV. It is our considered opinion that the potential quantitative and qualitative burden of EFV-induced neuropsychiatric AEs, which can vary from person-to-person and between populations, deserve special attention and action during the ART rollout program. We here make a case for Africa in particular where we project the burden of neuropsychiatric AEs to be greatest. We advocate for surveillance of neuropsychiatric AEs due to EFV therapy, incorporation of pharmacogenetics testing for CYP2B6 to assist in EFV dosing, and measurement of plasma EFV concentration, as a three-pronged rational therapeutic drug monitoring strategy to guide EFV treatment toward precision medicine.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics & Medical Analytics, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology , Harare, Zimbabwe .|2 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa .
authors.forename: Collen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masimirembwa
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Healthy Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa .
authors.forename: Collet
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dandara
authors.affiliation: 4 Centre of Clinical Research, Regional Hospital North Denmark, Clinical Institute Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark .
authors.forename: Peter Derek Christian
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Leutscher
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000480:Alkynes; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced; D010349:Patient Compliance; D000071184:Pharmacogenomic Variants; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; C098320:efavirenz