title: [Associated injuries with greater tuberosity fractures : Mechanism of injury, diagnostics, treatment].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To date, little attention has been given to greater tuberosity fractures (GTFs) in the literature. Several mechanisms of injury are described, but few authors report that a GTF is accompanied by a high rate of often unrecognized associated injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to document the incidence of dislocation, to diagnose associated injuries and, based on these, these draw conclusions about the mechanism of injury concerning GTF.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2007-2015 the detection of a shoulder dislocation, the fracture extent (displacement, fragments, size), associated injuries, and the surgical treatment of GTF and associated injuries were documented in 46 patients with GTF who were less than 65 years of age. After detection of associated injuries by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or arthroscopy it was decided if surgery was necessary or not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shoulder dislocation was found in 46.2 % of patients with a 1-fragmentary GTF. Shoulder dislocation was found in 66.7 % of patients with a 2-fragmentary GTF and 100 % of patients with ≥3 fragments.. Typical injuries associated with dislocation were found in 90.7 %. In 52.6 % of these surgery was necessary. With or without dislocation, approximately the same prevalence of associated injuries was present (92.6 %; 87.5 %). With dislocation surgery for the associated injuries was necessary in 70.8 %; without dislocation surgery was necessary in 35.7 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reason for a GTF seems to be an anterior shoulder dislocation or partial dislocation. In multifragmentary GTF or GTF with dislocation surgery is necessary frequently; without dislocation surgery is necessary less frequently. Associated injuries should be searched for selectively. An arthroscopy could be performed for diagnosis and therapy. In a GTF that can be treated conservatively, an MRI should be performed.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie 1, Westpfalz-Klinikum GmbH, Hellmut-Hartert-Straße 1, 67655, Kaiserslautern, Deutschland. mmuhm@westpfalz-klinikum.de.|Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland. mmuhm@westpfalz-klinikum.de.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muhm
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie 1, Westpfalz-Klinikum GmbH, Hellmut-Hartert-Straße 1, 67655, Kaiserslautern, Deutschland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arend
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie 1, Westpfalz-Klinikum GmbH, Hellmut-Hartert-Straße 1, 67655, Kaiserslautern, Deutschland.|Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie 1, Westpfalz-Klinikum GmbH, Hellmut-Hartert-Straße 1, 67655, Kaiserslautern, Deutschland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruffing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001182:Arthroscopy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D000072039:Fracture Dislocation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Arthroscopy; Associated injuries; Greater tuberosity; Shoulder dislocation; Shoulder fracture