title: Multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.
abstract: The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) compromises global tuberculosis control. The incidence of multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) defined as resistant to the two main antituberculosis drugs, rifampicin and isoniazid, was raised in the 1990s. Ten percent of these strains have developed additional resistance to the main second-line antituberculosis drugs: fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. These strains are defined as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). The prognosis of MDR-TB and XDR-TB is poor due to limited therapeutic resources. However, many new innovations may lead to a radical change in this field. Genotypic testing is now able to detect drug resistance within a few hours. Genotypic diagnosis of rifampicin resistance is now recommended in France for each new case of TB. The currently recommended treatment for MDR-TB is long (18-24 months) and toxic. It is, however, on the verge of being replaced by a 9-month treatment. New antituberculosis drugs such as bedaquiline and delamanid should also improve the prognosis of MDR-TB and XDR-TB.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, Inserm, UMR 1135, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France. Electronic address: thomas.maitre5@gmail.com.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maitre
authors.affiliation: Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, Inserm, UMR 1135, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, centre national de référence des mycobactéries, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.affiliation: Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, Inserm, UMR 1135, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, centre national de référence des mycobactéries, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jarlier
authors.affiliation: Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, Inserm, UMR 1135, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, centre national de référence des mycobactéries, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, Inserm, UMR 1135, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, centre national de référence des mycobactéries, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Veziris
authors.affiliation: National reference center for mycobacteria and for mycobacteria resistance to antituberculosis drugs.
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D054908:Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Bedaquiline; Bédaquiline; Delamanid; Extensively drug resistance; Multidrug resistance; Multirésistance; Tuberculose; Tuberculosis; Ultrarésistance