title: Cross-sectional study of expression of divalent metal transporter-1, transferrin, and hepcidin in blood of smelters who are occupationally exposed to manganese.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Manganese (Mn) is widely used in industries including the manufacture of Mn-iron (Fe) alloy. Occupational Mn overexposure causes manganism. Mn is known to affect Fe metabolism; this study was designed to test the hypothesis that workers exposed to Mn may have an altered expression of mRNAs encoding proteins in Fe metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Workers occupationally exposed to Mn (n = 71) from a Mn-Fe alloy factory and control workers without Mn-exposure (n = 48) from a pig-iron plant from Zunyi, China, were recruited for this study. Blood samples were collected into Trizol-containing tubes. Total RNA was isolated, purified, and subjected to real-time RT-PCR analysis. Metal concentrations were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Working environment and genetic background of both groups were similar except for marked differences in airborne Mn concentrations (0.18 mg/m(3) in Mn-Fe alloy factory vs. 0.0022 mg/m(3) in pig-Fe plant), and in blood Mn levels (34.3 µg/L vs. 10.4 µg/L). Mn exposure caused a significant decrease in the expression of divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), transferrin (Tf) and hepcidin by 58.2%, 68.5% and 61.5%, respectively, as compared to controls, while the expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) was unaltered. Linear regression analysis revealed that expressions of DMT1, Tf and hepcidin were inversely correlated with the accumulative Mn exposure; the correlation coefficients (r) are -0.47, -0.54, and -0.49, respectively (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that occupational Mn exposure causes decreased expressions of DMT1, Tf and hepcidin in blood cells; the finding will help understand the mechanism underlying Mn exposure-associated alteration in Fe homeostasis among workers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , Guizhou , China.
authors.forename: Qiyuan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , Guizhou , China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi , Guizhou , China.
authors.forename: Changyin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Zunyi , Guizhou , China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Guizhou Institute of Occupational Safety and Health , Zunyi , Guizhou , China.
authors.forename: Xiujuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China; School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Yanshu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , United States.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
keywords: Divalent metal transporter-1; Hepcidin; Human; Iron; Manganese; Occupational exposure; Smelter; Transferrin