title: Vitamin K intake and all-cause and cause specific mortality.
abstract: Vitamin K has been associated with various health outcomes, including non-fatal cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer. However, little is known about the association between vitamin K intake and all-cause and cause specific mortality. This study aims to investigate the association between vitamin K intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
  
  
  
  This prospective cohort study included 33,289 participants from the EPIC-NL cohort, aged 20-70 years at baseline and recruited between 1993 and 1997. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline with a validated food frequency questionnaire and intakes of phylloquinone, and total, short chain and long chain menaquinones were calculated. Information on vital status and causes of death was obtained through linkage to several registries. The association between the different forms of vitamin K intake and mortality was assessed with Cox proportional hazards, adjusted for risk factors for chronic diseases and nutrient intake.
  
  
  
  During a mean follow-up of 16.8 years, 2863 deaths occurred, including 625 from CVD (256 from coronary heart disease (CHD)), 1346 from cancer and 892 from other causes. After multivariable adjustment, phylloquinone and menaquinones were not associated with all-cause mortality with hazard ratios for the upper vs. the lowest quartile of intake of 1.04 (0.92;1.17) and 0.94 (0.82;1.07) respectively. Neither phylloquinone intake nor menaquinone intake was associated with risk of CVD mortality. Higher intake of long chain menaquinones was borderline significantly associated (ptrend= 0.06) with lower CHD mortality with a HR10μgof 0.86 (0.74;1.00). None of the forms of vitamin K intake were associated with cancer mortality or mortality from other causes.
  
  
  
  Vitamin K intake was not associated with all-cause mortality, cancer mortality and mortality from other causes.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.r.zwakenberg-3@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Sabine R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Zwakenberg
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: den Braver
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anouk I P
authors.initials: AIP
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJM
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.affiliation: R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vermeer
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jolanda M A
authors.initials: JMA
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W M Monique
authors.initials: WMM
authors.lastname: Verschuren
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvonne T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: van der Schouw
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joline W J
authors.initials: JWJ
authors.lastname: Beulens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010837:Vitamin K 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D024482:Vitamin K 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D024482:Vitamin K 2; D014812:Vitamin K; D010837:Vitamin K 1
keywords: Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Menaquinones; Mortality; Phylloquinone; Vitamin K