title: Fipronil insecticide toxicology: oxidative stress and metabolism.
abstract: Fipronil (FIP) is widely used across the world as a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide and veterinary drug. FIP was the insecticide to act by targeting the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and has favorable selective toxicity towards insects rather than mammals. However, because of accidental exposure, incorrect use of FIP or widespread FIP use leading to the contamination of water and soil, there is increasing evidence that FIP could cause a variety of toxic effects on animals and humans, such as neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, reproductive, and cytotoxic effects on vertebrate and invertebrates. In the last decade, oxidative stress has been suggested to be involved in the various toxicities induced by FIP. To date, few reviews have addressed the toxicity of FIP in relation to oxidative stress. The focus of this article is primarily intended to summarize the progress in research associated with oxidative stress as a possible mechanism for FIP-induced toxicity as well as metabolism. The present review reports that studies have been conducted to reveal the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as a result of FIP treatment and have correlated them with various types of toxicity. Furthermore, the metabolism of FIP was also reviewed, and during this process, various CYP450 enzymes were involved and oxidative stress might occur. The roles of various compounds in protecting against FIP-induced toxicity based on their anti-oxidative effects were also summarized to further understand the role of oxidative stress in FIP-induced toxicity.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.|b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: María Aránzazu
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: c College of Life Science , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , China.|d Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management , University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ares
authors.affiliation: a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: María Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Martínez-Larrañaga
authors.affiliation: a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anadón
authors.affiliation: b National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.|e MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.|f Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China.
authors.forename: Zonghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; C082360:fipronil
keywords: Fipronil; ROS; antioxidants; insecticide; metabolism; oxidative stress; toxicology