title: Factors affecting the ortho- and retronasal perception of flavors: A review.
abstract: Flavor perception is a highly individual sensation, and is impacted by a number of factors. Olfaction is a critical element in fully experiencing flavor. In this review, we explore the differences between orthonasal (sniff) versus retronasal (mouth) olfaction, and provide a comprehensive summary of recent publications in this arena. Here we explore the complexities of flavor perception, including the role that select flavors and media have on identification and localization. We also discuss some common neural imaging techniques used in this field, as odorants activate different neural responses in diverse areas of the brain, as well as the different stimulation patterns derived from perceiving food and nonfood related odorants. The information provided will be useful for sensory scientists and industry alike for the development of novel food and beverages that positively impact the consumer experience.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Human Nutritional Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada.
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Human Nutritional Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Human Nutritional Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada.|c Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine , St Boniface Hospital Research Centre , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aliani
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology; D009812:Odorants; D055696:Olfactory Perception; D012903:Smell; D013649:Taste
keywords: Orthonasal; brain imaging; flavor perception; olfaction; retronasal