title: Removing Noises Induced by Gamma Radiation in Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging Using a Temporal Median Filter.
abstract: Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) can provide information of medical radionuclides used in nuclear imaging based on Cerenkov radiation, which makes it possible for optical means to image clinical radionuclide labeled probes. However, the exceptionally weak Cerenkov luminescence (CL) from Cerenkov radiation is susceptible to lots of impulse noises introduced by high energy gamma rays generating from the decays of radionuclides. In this work, a temporal median filter is proposed to remove this kind of impulse noises. Unlike traditional CLI collecting a single CL image with long exposure time and smoothing it using median filter, the proposed method captures a temporal sequence of CL images with shorter exposure time and employs a temporal median filter to smooth a temporal sequence of pixels. Results of in vivo experiments demonstrated that the proposed temporal median method can effectively remove random pulse noises induced by gamma radiation and achieve a robust CLI image.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education and School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8749-1716
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education and School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education and School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education and School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
authors.forename: Xueli
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4701-8043
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education and School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China.
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1428-5804
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000032:analysis*; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000528:radiation effects; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18