title: Profiling of Small Nucleolar RNAs by Next Generation Sequencing: Potential New Players for Breast Cancer Prognosis.
abstract: One of the most abundant, yet least explored, classes of RNA is the small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), which are well known for their involvement in post-transcriptional modifications of other RNAs. Although snoRNAs were only considered to perform housekeeping functions for a long time, recent studies have highlighted their importance as regulators of gene expression and as diagnostic/prognostic markers. However, the prognostic potential of these RNAs has not been interrogated for breast cancer (BC). The objective of the current study was to identify snoRNAs as prognostic markers for BC. Small RNA sequencing (Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx) was performed for 104 BC cases and 11 normal breast tissues. Partek Genomics Suite was used for analyzing the sequencing files. Two independent and proven approaches were used to identify prognostic markers: case-control (CC) and case-only (CO). For both approaches, snoRNAs significant in the permutation test, following univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model were used for constructing risk scores. Risk scores were subsequently adjusted for potential confounders in a multivariate Cox model. For both approaches, thirteen snoRNAs were associated with overall survival and/or recurrence free survival. Patients belonging to the high-risk group were associated with poor outcomes, and the risk score was significant after adjusting for confounders. Validation of representative snoRNAs (SNORD46 and SNORD89) using qRT-PCR confirmed the observations from sequencing experiments. We also observed 64 snoRNAs harboring piwi-interacting RNAs and/or microRNAs that were predicted to target genes (mRNAs) involved in tumorigenesis. Our results demonstrate the potential of snoRNAs to serve (i) as novel prognostic markers for BC and (ii) as indirect regulators of gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Preethi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.|Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heyns
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.|Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.|Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kovalchuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.|Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Sambasivarao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Damaraju
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020537:RNA, Small Nucleolar