title: The Cross-Link between Adipokines, Insulin Resistance and Obesity in Offspring of Diabetic Pregnancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia might impact the risk for future metabolic deteriorations. The aim was to characterize the association between different adipokines and neuropeptides and insulin resistance and BMI-SDS in children affected by diabetes during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  76 children (mean age: 6 years, male:female = 36:40) born to mothers with gestational or pregestational diabetes and nondiabetic women were consecutively included for clinical assessments comprising anthropometrics and metabolic characterization [2-hour glucose tolerance test, leptin, peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and adiponectin].
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of insulin resistance was associated with BMI-SDS (p < 0.001), leptin (p < 0.001), ghrelin (p = 0.002), age (p < 0.002) and negatively with GDF-15 (p = 0.005). BMI-SDS, leptin and GDF-15 were shown to have independent effects on insulin resistance by using a multiple regression model (additionally including age, and maternal diabetes status), whereas ghrelin lost significance (p = 0.345). No differences were present in adipokines and insulin resistance when children were evaluated by maternal glucometabolic status. However, we observed more strengthened associations between insulin resistance and covariates BMI-SDS and leptin in offspring of diabetic pregnancies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young children with elevated BMI or leptin are affected by higher indices of insulin resistance, particularly those who were born to mothers with diabetes during pregnancy. The impact of this special risk constellation should be considered in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Gender Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Latife
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Christian S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Göbl
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rami-Merhar
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Winhofer
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumgartner-Parzer
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schober
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kautzky-Willer
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines