title: Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on Preoperative Imaging Assessment of Patients With Suspected Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas.
abstract: The authors reviewed published articles pertaining to the preoperative imaging evaluation of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) and formulated recommendations.
  
  
  
  To provide an exhaustive review of published articles pertaining to the preoperative imaging evaluation of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.
  
  
  
  The MEDLINE database was queried for studies investigating imaging for the preoperative evaluation of pituitary adenomas.
  
  
  
  From an initial search of 5598 articles, 122 articles were evaluated in detail and included in this article. Based on analysis of these articles, the recommendations are as follows: (1) High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (level II) is recommended as the standard for preoperative assessment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, but may be supplemented with CT (level III) and fluoroscopy (level III). (2) Although there are promising results suggesting the utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance perfusion, positron emission tomography, and single-photon emission computed tomography, there is insufficient evidence to make formal recommendations pertaining to their clinical applications.
  
  
  
  The authors identified 122 articles that form the basis of recommendations for preoperative imaging evaluation of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. The full guidelines document for this chapter can be located at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-management-patients-non-functioning-pituitary-adenomas/Chapter_2.
  
  
  
  CT, computed tomographyDWI, diffusion-weighted imagingMRI, magnetic resonance imagingNFPA, nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma.
authors.affiliation: *Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China; §Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; ¶Guidelines Department, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Schaumburg, Illinois; ‖Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona; #Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; **Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; ‡‡Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC; §§Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; ¶¶Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Clark C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bob S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Renzhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kunal S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bodach
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tumialan
authors.forename: Nelson M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Oyesiku
authors.forename: Chirag G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Litvack
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zada
authors.forename: Manish K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Aghi
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery