title: Pain Sensitivity and its Relation to Spreading on the Body, Intensity, Frequency, and Duration of Pain: A Cross-Sectional Population-based Study (SwePain).
abstract: Individuals with chronic pain often report increased pain sensitivity compared with pain-free individuals; hence, it is crucial to determine whether and how different pain characteristics influence or interact with pain sensitivity. An alternative to experimental pain sensitivity testing is the self-reported pain sensitivity questionnaire (PSQ), which captures pain sensitivity in various body areas.This study compares PSQ in individuals with and without pain and clarifies how pain sensitivity relates to spreading of pain on the body, and to intensity, frequency, duration of pain and to age and sex.
  
  
  
  A total of 5905 individuals with pain and 572 individuals without pain from the general population in southeastern Sweden completed and returned a postal questionnaire.
  
  
  
  The mean PSQ score was 3.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.88-3.98) in individuals with pain and 3.5 (95% CI, 3.38-3.64) in pain-free individuals. Hence, PSQ was the highest among individuals with pain, with a difference of 0.4 (95% CI, 0.30-0.56). There was a considerable variation in the PSQ values (mean=3.5; SD=1.54) among pain-free individuals. Pain sensitivity was positively related to spreading, intensity, and frequency of pain, with a correlation coefficient of 0.3. PSQ was higher in widespread pain, 4.5 (95% CI, 4.27-4.69) in women and 4.3 (95% CI, 3.94-4.71) in men, than in local pain, 3.7 (95% CI, 3.61-3.91) in women and 3.8 (95% CI, 3.66-3.95) in men. The score for women with regional pain was between local and widespread pain at 4.0 (95% CI, 3.95-4.11) and that for men with regional pain was 3.8 (95% CI, 3.69-3.87), which is equal to that of local pain.
  
  
  
  The positive association between pain sensitivity and spreading of pain on the body provides some evidence that the extent of spreading may be related to the degree of pain sensitivity. Before clinical use of PSQ, psychometric development and further research are needed.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping ‡Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg †Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gerdle
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Björk
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grimby-Ekman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D018672:Community Health Planning; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014175:Translating