title: Effects and mechanisms of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxins for mosquito larvae.
abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that produces insecticidal crystalline inclusions during sporulation phases of the mother cell. The virulence factor, known as parasporal crystals, is composed of Cry and Cyt toxins. Most Cry toxins display a common 3-domain topology. Cry toxins exert intoxication through toxin activation, receptor binding and pore formation in a suitable larval gut environment. The mosquitocidal toxins of Bt subsp. israelensis (Bti) were found to be highly active against mosquito larvae and are widely used for vector control. Bt subsp. jegathesan is another strain which possesses high potency against broad range of mosquito larvae. The present review summarizes characterized receptors for Cry toxins in mosquito larvae, and will also discuss the diversity and effects of 3-D mosquitocidal Cry toxin and the ongoing research for Cry toxin mechanisms generated from investigations of lepidopteran and dipteran larvae.
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.|Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.|Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Adang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000378:metabolism; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009032:Mosquito Control
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis
keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis; Cry toxins; mode of action; mosquito; receptors