title: Refractive Errors and Amblyopia in the UCLA Preschool Vision Program; First Year Results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the outcomes of full ophthalmic examination for preschool children in LA County who failed screening with the Retinomax Autorefractor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 2012 and May 2013, the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) preschool vision program screened 11 260 preschool children aged 3-5 years in Los Angeles County using the Retinomax Autorefractor only. Of those, 1007 children who failed the screening were examined by an ophthalmologist on the UCLA Mobile Eye Clinic. Data from the eye examination were recorded for all children. Amblyopia was defined as unilateral if there was ≥2 line interocular difference in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and as bilateral if BCVA was <20/50 for children <4 years old and <20/40 for children ≥4 years old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glasses were prescribed for 740 (74%) of those examined. Uncorrected visual acuity for all examined children was 0.4 ± 0.2 (logMAR mean ± SD), and BCVA was 0.2 ± 0.1. Of the 88% who underwent cycloplegia, 58% had hyperopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≥+0.50 diopter [D]), mean of +2.50 D, and 21% had myopia (SE ≤-0.50 D), mean of -1.40 D. A total of 69% had astigmatism ≥1.50 D, mean of 1.97 D (range 0-5.75). Spherical and cylindrical anisometropia ≥1.00 D were each found in 26% of those examined. Refractive amblyopia was found in 9% of those examined, or 0.8% of the original population. Of the amblyopic subjects, 77% were unilateral.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening of preschoolers with the Retinomax led to diagnosis and early treatment of uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia. By treating children early, amblyopia may be prevented, quality of life improved, and academic achievements enhanced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hendler
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehravaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Stuart I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Bartly J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mondino
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: coleman@jsei.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Anne L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D042262:Retinoscopy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000379:methods*; D014792:Visual Acuity