title: Guidelines for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and associated fetal alcohol spectrum disorders based upon expert consensus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) results in a complex constellation of symptoms that complicates the successful diagnosis and treatment of the affected individual. Current literature lacks formal guidelines, randomized control trials, and evidence-based treatment plans for individuals with ADHD and associated FASD. Therefore, a meeting of professional experts was organized with the aim of producing a consensus on identification and treatment guidelines that will aid clinicians in caring for this unique patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experts from multiple disciplines in the fields of ADHD and FASD convened in London, United Kingdom, for a meeting hosted by the United Kingdom ADHD Partnership (UKAP; www.UKADHD.com ) in June 2015. The meeting provided the opportunity to address the complexities of ADHD and FASD from different perspectives and included presentations, discussions, and group work. The attendees worked towards producing a consensus for a unified approach to ADHD and associated FASD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors successfully came to consensus and produced recommended guidelines with specific regards to identification and assessment, interventions and treatments, and multiagency liaisons and care management, highlighting that a lifespan approach to treatment needs to be adopted by all involved. Included in the guidelines are: 1) unique 'red flags', which when identified in the ADHD population can lead to an accurate associated FASD diagnosis, 2) a treatment decision tree, and 3) recommendations for multiagency care management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While clinically useful guidelines were achieved, more research is still needed to contribute to the knowledge base about the diagnosis, treatment, and management of those with ADHD and associated FASD.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, London, UK. susan.young1@imperial.ac.uk.|Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, Crowthorne, Berkshire, UK. susan.young1@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Kings Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Absoud
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Study of Practice and Culture in Education, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.affiliation: Oxford ADHD Centre, Headington, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Polly
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Branney
authors.affiliation: CLC Consultancy, Dunkeld, Scotland.
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Colley
authors.affiliation: Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Children & Young People's Service, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farrag
authors.affiliation: National Organisation for Foetal Alcohol Syndrome-UK (NOFAS-UK), London, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fleisher
authors.affiliation: Integrated Child Health, Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation Trust, 80 Thorpe Road, Peterborough, PE3 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Ges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gisli H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Gudjonsson
authors.affiliation: Contracted Medical Writer, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Keira
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, FASD Specialist, Slievemore Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.|President Elect, Intellectual Disability Section Royal Society Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kieran D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.affiliation: University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.|National Drug Research Institute Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Moira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plant
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, London, UK.|Sweden University, Department of Psychology Campus Östersund, Östersund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozer
authors.affiliation: East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust. Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University College Ibadan, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Inyang
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takon
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
authors.affiliation: FASD Specialist Behaviour Clinic, Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Oxted, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
keywords: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Co-morbid or associated FASD; Consensus; Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD); Interventions; Treatment guidelines