title: Motor Development Interventions for Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: Preterm infants are at an increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay. Some studies report positive intervention effects on motor outcomes, but it is currently unclear which motor activities are most effective in the short and longer term.
  
  
  
  The aim of the study was to identify interventions that improve the motor development of preterm infants.
  
  
  
  An a priori protocol was agreed upon. Seventeen electronic databases from 1980 to April 2015 and gray literature sources were searched.
  
  
  
  Three reviewers screened the articles.
  
  
  
  The outcome of interest was motor skills assessment scores. All data collection and risk of bias assessments were agreed upon by the 3 reviewers.
  
  
  
  Forty-two publications, which reported results from 36 trials (25 randomized controlled trials and 11 nonrandomized studies) with a total of 3484 infants, met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was conducted by using standardized mean differences on 21 studies, with positive effects found at 3 months (mean 1.37; confidence interval 0.48-2.27), 6 months (0.34; 0.11-0.57), 12 months (0.73; 0.20-1.26), and 24 months (0.28; 0.07-0.49). At 3 months, there was a large and significant effect size for motor-specific interventions (2.00; 0.28-3.72) but not generic interventions (0.33; -0.03 to -0.69). Studies were not excluded on the basis of quality; therefore, heterogeneity was significant and the random-effects model was used.
  
  
  
  Incomplete or inconsistent reporting of outcome measures limited the data available for meta-analysis beyond 24 months.
  
  
  
  A positive intervention effect on motor skills appears to be present up to 24 months' corrected age. There is some evidence at 3 months that interventions with specific motor components are most effective.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and anita.hughes@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anita J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Redsell
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and.
authors.forename: Cris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Glazebrook
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007234:Infant, Premature; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*