title: Pre-contact by telephone increases response rates to postal questionnaires in a population of stroke patients: an open ended randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A follow-up study on a cohort of stroke patients through a postal survey questionnaire 3 and 12 months after discharge from hospital was performed. The response rate at 3-months follow-up was lower than desired, and pre-contact by phone as a measure for increasing the response rate at 12 months was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design was a randomized controlled trial on a cohort of 3 months follow-up-non-responders where the intervention group was pre-contacted with an aim to obtain an informal 'consent to receive' the questionnaire before the 12-months survey was mailed, and the control group was not. The primary outcome was 45 days response rate; secondary outcome was 365 days response rate. The main analysis followed the intention to treat principle. A secondary, per-protocol analysis (i.e. subjects who were not reached by phone were reassigned to the control group) is included. Also included is a rudimentary cost-utility analysis, where we estimated the cost per additional response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 235 subjects, 116 were randomized to the intervention group and 119 to the control group. 10 were excluded due to death (7 in the IG and 3 in the CG), 6 due to dementia (3 in the IG and 3 in the CG), and 2 (1 in the IG and 1 in the CG) for other reasons. The primary outcome was a response rate of 42.9 % in the intervention group, and 26.8 % in the control group, giving p =0.014, with estimated OR of 2.04 (95 % CI [1.16,3.64]). The secondary outcome had p =0.009 with OR 2.10 (95 % CI [1.20,3.70]). The as-per-protocol analyses gave stronger results with p =0.001 and p =0.003, respectively. The cost-utility analysis gave a time cost of 1 working hour per additional response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are in line with previous research, and show that pre-contact has a positive effect on response rate also for a population of elderly with reduced health. Given the importance of high response rate in surveys, a cost of 1 working hour per additional response is likely to be worth while.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Registration with ISRCTN initiated on 05/21/2013 and finalised on 06/30/2014 with http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN31304930 . Following the prospective submission in May 2013, there were no subsequent changes to the protocol. The recruitment started on 01/06/13, after initiation of public registration.
authors.affiliation: Akershus University Hospital, Health Services Research Center, Sykehusveien 25, Lørenskog, 1473, Norway. mathias.barra@ahus.no.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-4042
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barra
authors.affiliation: Akershus University Hospital, Health Services Research Center, Sykehusveien 25, Lørenskog, 1473, Norway.
authors.forename: Tone Breines
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.affiliation: Akershus University Hospital, Health Services Research Center, Sykehusveien 25, Lørenskog, 1473, Norway.
authors.forename: Fredrik Andreas
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Dahl
keywords: Postal survey; Pre-contact; Questionnaires; Randomized controlled trial; Response rates; Stroke patients