title: Occurrence of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium sp. in wastewater samples from São Paulo State, Brazil, and Lima, Peru.
abstract: The objectives of the study were to detect and genotype Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in wastewater samples obtained from five cities with high transit of people in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and at the entrance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Lima, Peru. Samples were collected and concentrated by centrifugation. The genomic DNA was extracted for molecular characterization by nested PCR for Cryptosporidium and double nested PCR for Giardia, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. G. intestinalis was found in 63.6 % of the samples, and the human assemblages A and B were identified. Cryptosporidium sp. was found in 36.4 % of the samples, and the species were corresponding to Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, and Cryptosporidium muris. Results revealed the presence of human pathogenic Cryptosporidium species and G. intestinalis human pathogenic assemblages. Molecular tools highlight the importance to map the genetic diversity of these parasites, as well as to detect their epidemiological circulation pathway in the environment.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Miroslav
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ulloa-Stanojlović
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.affiliation: Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo-CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Inês Zanoli
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Lima-SEDAPAL, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Juana Arzola
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo-CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elayse
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hachich
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Glavur Rogério
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Matté
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dropa
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. mhmatte@usp.br.
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Matté
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronalda Silva
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: de Araújo
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002947:Cities; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005838:Genotype; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010568:Peru; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016053:RNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D062065:Wastewater / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D016053:RNA, Protozoan; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Cryptosporidium sp.; Giardia intestinalis; PCR; Public health; Wastewater