title: Robotic kidney implantation for kidney transplantation: initial experience.
abstract: Despite improvements in minimally invasive techniques over recent decades, kidney implantation into the iliac fossa has remained a domain of open surgery. However, it was hypothesized that it would be feasible to perform robotic transplant kidney implantation as a means of reducing surgical trauma. Two robotic kidney transplantations into the iliac fossa were attempted in human cadavers. In the first cadaver, a 5 cm incision was placed in the right lower abdomen, the peritoneum was mobilized in a cranial direction, the iliac vessels were identified, and the kidney placed in the pre-peritoneal space. The incision was sealed with a gel port through which the Vinci(©) Surgical System was installed. In the second cadaver, a robotic kidney implantation with robotically sutured vascular and ureteric anastomoses was performed trans-abdominally. Open incision, identification, placement of gel port, and robotic docking were feasible. Robotic performance of vascular anastomosis was not possible in the first cadaver because of advanced decay and excess fat in the surgical field. Robotic kidney positioning was feasible and anastomoses were performed successfully in the second cadaver within 35, 25, and 20 min (arterial, venous, and ureteric, respectively). Robotic kidney transplantation seems feasible in human cadavers if tissue condition is suitable, but is very technically challenging. Because of the delicacy of anatomical structures, the cadaveric model with the risk of advanced decay and the absence of circulation sets limits on the exploration of this complex procedure. Hence, further research and animal work in this area is critical to improve understanding of the benefits and limitations of robotic kidney implantation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. MonikaHagen@aol.com.
authors.forename: Monika E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pugin
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fasel
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Department, University College London Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sheraz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markar
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, 24 Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morel
keywords: Kidney transplantation; New technology; Robotic surgery; Transplantation; da Vinci