title: Disinfection by-products of chlorine dioxide (chlorite, chlorate, and trihalomethanes): Occurrence in drinking water in Qatar.
abstract: The occurrence of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water, namely, chlorite, chlorate, and trihalomethanes (THMs), was investigated. Two-hundred-ninety-four drinking water samples were collected from seven desalination plants (DPs), four reservoirs (R), and eight mosques (M) distributed within various locations in southern and northern Qatar. The ClO2concentration levels ranged from 0.38 to <0.02 mg L-1, with mean values of 0.17, 0.12, and 0.04 mg L-1for the DPs, Rs, and Ms, respectively. The chlorite levels varied from 13 μg L-1to 440 μg L-1, with median values varying from 13 to 230 μg L-1, 77-320 μg L-1, and 85-440 μg L-1for the DPs, Rs, and Ms, respectively. The chlorate levels varied from 11 μg L-1to 280 μg L-1, with mean values varying from 36 to 280 μg L-1, 11-200 μg L-1, and 11-150 μg L-1in the DPs, Rs, and Ms, respectively. The average concentration of THMs was 5 μg L-1, and the maximum value reached 77 μg L-1However, all of the DBP concentrations fell within the range of the regulatory limits set by GSO 149/2009, the World Health Organization (WHO), and Kahramaa (KM).
authors.affiliation: Supreme Council of Health, Public Health Department, P.O. Box: 42, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Otoum
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar. Electronic address: mohammad.alghouti@qu.edu.qa.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Ghouti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
authors.forename: Talaat A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, State of Qatar, Doha, P.O. Box: 2713, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abu-Dieyeh
authors.affiliation: Supreme Council of Health, Public Health Department, P.O. Box: 42, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D002704:Chlorates / Q000032:analysis*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis*; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis*; D011780:Qatar; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002704:Chlorates; D002712:Chlorides; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D060766:Drinking Water; D010087:Oxides; D022882:Trihalomethanes; C025109:chlorine dioxide; C001599:chlorite
keywords: Chlorate; Chlorine dioxide; Chlorite; Disinfection by-products; Drinking water; Trihalomethanes