title: Is the risk for soil arthropods covered by new data requirements under the EU PPP Regulation No. 1107/2009?
abstract: Testing of effects on earthworms and non-target foliar arthropods is an integral part of the ecotoxicological risk assessment for the authorization of plant protection products. According to the new data requirements, which came into force in 2014 for active substances and in 2016 for plant protection products, the chronic earthworm toxicity test with Eisenia fetida based on reproductive, growth, and behavioral effects instead of the acute earthworm toxicity test based on mortality, has to be conducted routinely. Additional testing of effects on soil arthropods (Folsomia candida, Hyposaspis aculeifer) is required if the risk assessment of foliar applications raises concerns regarding non-target foliar arthropods (Aphidius rhopalosiphi, Typhlodromus pyri) or if the product is applied directly on or into the soil. Thus, it was investigated whether the sublethal earthworm endpoint is more sensitive than the sublethal soil arthropod endpoint for different types of pesticides and whether the risk assessment for non-target arthropods would trigger the testing of effects on soil arthropods in the cases where soil arthropods are more sensitive than earthworms. Toxicity data were obtained from Swiss ecotoxicological database, EFSA Conclusions and scientific literature. For insecticides and herbicides, no general conclusion regarding differences in sensitivity of either earthworms or soil arthropods based on sublethal endpoints were possible. For fungicides, the data indicated that in general, earthworms seemed to be more sensitive than soil arthropods. In total, the sublethal F. candida or H. aculeifer endpoint was lower than the sublethal E. fetida endpoint for 23 (34 %) out of 68 active substances. For 26 % of these 23 active substances, testing of soil arthropods would not have been triggered due to the new data requirement. These results based on sublethal endpoints show that earthworms and soil arthropods differ in sensitivity toward certain active substances and that the risk assessment for non-target foliar arthropods did not always trigger soil arthropod testing in the cases where soil arthropods were more sensitive than earthworms.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences (IPS), 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland. evakohlschmid@gmx.net.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohlschmid
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences (IPS), 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005060:Europe; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D006540:Herbicides; D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Aphidius rhopalosiphi; Eisenia fetida; Folsomia candida; Fungicides; Herbicides; Hypoaspis aculeifer; Insecticides; Plant Protection Products; Typhlodromus pyri