title: Metabolic and Dynamic Profiling for Risk Assessment of Fluopyram, a Typical Phenylamide Fungicide Widely Applied in Vegetable Ecosystem.
abstract: Fluopyram, a typical phenylamide fungicide, was widely applied to protect fruit vegetables from fungal pathogens-responsible yield loss. Highly linked to the ecological and dietary risks, its residual and metabolic profiles in the fruit vegetable ecosystem still remained obscure. Here, an approach using modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction combined with GC-MS/MS analysis was developed to investigate fluopyram fate in the typical fruit vegetables including tomato, cucumber, pepper under the greenhouse environment. Fluopyram dissipated in accordance with the first-order rate dynamics equation with the maximum half-life of 5.7 d. Cleveage of fluopyram into 2-trifluoromethyl benzamide and subsequent formation of 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine-2-acetic acid and 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) picolinic acid was elucidated to be its ubiquitous metabolic pathway. Moreover, the incurrence of fluopyram at the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 7-21 d was between 0.0108 and 0.1603 mg/kg, and the Hazard Quotients (HQs) were calculated to be less than 1, indicating temporary safety on consumption of the fruit vegetables incurred with fluopyram, irrespective of the uncertain toxicity of the metabolites. Taken together, our findings reveal the residual essential of fluopyram in the typical agricultural ecosystem, and would advance the further insight into ecological risk posed by this fungicide associated with its metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yanan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Wenzhuo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Yanxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Biofilm Research Labs, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry &Community Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Dongyeop
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
authors.forename: Mengcen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang