title: Are Prolactin Levels Linked to Suction Pressure?
abstract: Suction pressure has been reported to be a key driving force of lactation. An infant's sucking at its mother's breasts is the major stimulus to post-natal prolactin (PRL) secretion, and PRL is the essential hormone for lactation and milk production. It is unknown what role suction pressure has in PRL secretion and milk supply postnatally.
  
  
  
  To explore the relationship between the suction pressure, PRL level, lactation, and milk supply in breastfeeding mother-infant dyads.
  
  
  
  Healthy women with normal full-term infants were enrolled (n = 122). Data collection included suction pressure, PRL level, and the mother's perception of both the onset of her lactation and her milk supply at 1 month. Suction pressure was measured with a pressure sensor connected to a tube placed alongside the nipple. The chemiluminescence method was used to quantify maternal serum PRL level both before and after a breastfeed to explore the effect of suckling on PRL increment. The mother's perception of the onset of her lactation was evaluated by the mother's sense of fullness in her breast. The mother's perception of milk supply was evaluated by using the H&H Lactation Scale.
  
  
  
  Data from 117 participants were included in this analysis. Low suction pressure, a shorter gestational age, a high pre-gestational body mass index (BMI), and high infant birth weight were associated with a smaller than average PRL increment. High suction pressure, longer sucking duration, and a low gestational weight gain were related to a mother's perception of an earlier onset of her lactation. However, low suction pressure, a high frequency of giving formula, a small PRL increment, and the mother's perception of a later onset of her lactation were correlated with her perception of an insufficient milk supply.
  
  
  
  Suction pressure varied directly with the post-natal PRL increment. Suction pressure was associated with the timing of the mother's perception of her lactation. Strong suction pressure by the infant is likely to enhance the mother's confidence in her lactation. Additionally, sucking duration, frequency of giving formula, maternal BMI, and infant birth weight played a role in early breastfeeding success.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Nursing, Fudan University , Shanghai, China .|2 School of Nursing, Nantong University , Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China .
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Nursing, Fudan University , Shanghai, China .
authors.forename: Haiou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: 3 Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China .
authors.forename: Meiyun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Nursing, Nantong University , Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China .
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 3 Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China .
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: 3 Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China .
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: 3 Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China .
authors.forename: Xujuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013396:Suction
chemical_list: D011388:Prolactin
keywords: breastfeeding; milk supply; onset of lactation; post-natal prolactin; suction pressure