title: Serum biomarkers of polyomavirus infection and risk of lung cancer in never smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung cancer in never smokers is a significant contributor of cancer mortality worldwide. In this analysis, we explored the role of nine human polyomaviruses, including JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV) and Merkel cell virus (MCV), in lung cancer development in never smokers as there are data to support that polyomaviruses are potentially carcinogenic in the human lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multiplex serology to detect serum antibodies to polyomaviruses in a nested case-control design combining lung cancer cases and controls from four cohort studies - NYU Women's Health Study (NYU-WHS), Janus Serum Bank, Shanghai Women's Health Study and Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final analyses included 511 cases and 508 controls. Seroprevalence for each polyomavirus showed significant heterogeneity by study, but overall there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls. In total, 69.1% of the cases and 68.7% of the controls were seropositive for JCV VP1 antibody. Seropositivity for BKV was higher at 89.0% in cases and 89.8% in controls and lower for MCV at 59.3% in cases and 61.6% in controls. Similar results were obtained after adding an additional retrospective case-control study (Xuanwei study) to the analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support the hypothesis that seropositivity for polyomaviruses is associated with increased lung cancer risk in never smokers. Future research to evaluate relationship between polyomavirus infection and lung carcinogenesis should focus more on evaluating the presence of virus or viral nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) in lung tumour samples.
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 St, Floor 4 West, Room 110, New York, NY, USA.|Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waterboer
authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawlita
authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Qiuyin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Nathaniel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Langseth
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tom K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Grimsrud
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jian-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, and Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore.
authors.forename: Woon-Puay
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Renwei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102 St, Floor 4 West, Room 110, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers