title: Dietary Flavones as Dual Inhibitors of DNA Methyltransferases and Histone Methyltransferases.
abstract: Methylation of DNA and histone proteins are mutually involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone methyltransferases (HMTs). DNMTs methylate cytosine residues within gene promoters, whereas HMTs catalyze the transfer of methyl groups to lysine and arginine residues of histone proteins, thus causing chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. The potential reversibility of epigenetic alterations has encouraged the development of dual pharmacologic inhibitors of DNA and histone methylation as anticancer therapeutics. Dietary flavones can affect epigenetic modifications that accumulate over time and have shown anticancer properties, which are undefined. Through DNA binding and in silico protein-ligand docking studies with plant flavones viz. Apigenin, Chrysin and Luteolin, the effect of flavones on DNA and histone methylation was assessed. Spectroscopic analysis of flavones with calf-thymus DNA revealed intercalation as the dominant binding mode, with specific binding to a GC-rich sequence in the DNA duplex. A virtual screening approach using a model of the catalytic site of DNMT and EZH2 demonstrated that plant flavones are tethered at both ends inside the catalytic pocket of DNMT and EZH2 by means of hydrogen bonding. Epigenetic studies performed with flavones exhibited a decrease in DNMT enzyme activity and a reversal of the hypermethylation of cytosine bases in the DNA and prevented cytosine methylation in the GC-rich promoter sequence incubated with the M.SssI enzyme. Furthermore, a marked decrease in HMT activity and a decrease in EZH2 protein expression and trimethylation of H3K27 were noted in histones isolated from cancer cells treated with plant flavones. Our results suggest that dietary flavones can alter DNMT and HMT activities and the methylation of DNA and histone proteins that regulate epigenetic modifications, thus providing a significant anticancer effect by altering epigenetic processes involved in the development of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Rajnee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kanwal
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Institute of Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Datt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta