title: Antimicrobial potential of two traditional herbometallic drugs against certain pathogenic microbial species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mineral based preparations are widely used for centuries as antimicrobial agents. However, the efficacy and the mode of action of mineral based preparations are uncertain due to the insufficient antimicrobial studies. Arogyawardhana Vati (AV) and Manikya Rasa (MR) are such two Rasashastra herbo-minerallic drugs commonly in India and other countries in South Asia. Despite of their well known traditional use of skin diseases, reported antimicrobial and mineralogical studies are limited. Therefore, in this study antimicrobial activities of the drugs and their organic, inorganic fractions were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherischia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methecilline Resistance Staphylococcus aureus - MRSA and Candida albicans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antimicrobial activity of the drugs, their inorganic residues and organic extracts were determined using four assay techniques viz agar well diffusion, modified well diffusion, Miles and Misra viable cell counting and broth turbidity measurements. Mineralogical constituents of the drugs were determined using X-ray diffraction, while total cation constituents and water soluble cation constituents were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and the atomic absorption spectrophotometer respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the weight percentages of organic and inorganic fraction of the drugs. Particle sizes of the drugs were determined using the particle size analyzer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AV and MR drugs showed antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial species when analyzed separately. Inorganic residues of the drugs and organic extracts showed activity at least against two or more bacterial species tested. All tested components were inactive against C. albicans. Common mineral constituents of drugs are cinnabar, biotite and Fe-rich phases. Drugs were rich in essential elements such as Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe and toxic elements such as Zn, Cu and As. However, the water soluble concentrations of the toxic elements were below the detection limits. Both drugs have significantly higher percentages of organic constituents and volatile minerals and particle sizes of drugs are in the nanometer range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AV and MR Rasashastra preparations could provide alternatives to synthetic antibiotics against human bacterial infections. Improved solubility and reduced particle sizes are influential physicochemical properties used to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of the drugs. Therefore, traditional knowledge on the use of antimicrobial mineral sources could provide a novel path for the producing of effective antimicrobial drugs. However, further chemical and toxicological studies are urgently needed for a greater understanding of their toxicity to humans.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. apsara_wijenayake@yahoo.com.|Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. apsara_wijenayake@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: A U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Wijenayake
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.|Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Abayasekara
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.|Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: H M T G A
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Pitawala
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.|Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: B M R
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bandara
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D007194:India; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antimicrobial; Heavy metals; Rasashastra; Traditional medicine