title: Influence of tongue position on the determination of tooth shade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dentists frequently use electronic devices to determine tooth color. However, neither the instructions for these devices nor the accompanying brochures refer to the environmental conditions required at the point of measurement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this multicenter prospective clinical study was to reveal whether a change in the oral background influences tooth color determination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students (N=42) at the dental clinic in Berlin, Leipzig, Greifswald and Olomouc (women n=27, men n=15) participated in this study. It was their first contact with the spectral photometer (Easyshade Advance 4.0; VITA Zahnfabrik). After a short introduction on how to use the device, the students made 1-point measurements on the same patient on the maxillary central incisor. In the first measurement, the patient's mouth was open, and the palatal surface uncovered. In the second measurement, the patient's mouth was closed slightly, and the tongue pressed on the lingual surface of the maxillary central incisor. The mean ±SD and the 95% confidence interval (95 % CI) were calculated using the Student t test for each test series (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical evaluation of the 2 measurements revealed changes in the L*a*b* values with a mean L*=0.204, a*=-0.351, and b*=0.02; a median of 0.4, -0.3, and -0.1, respectively; a ±SD of 2.37, 0.64, and 0.89, respectively; and 95% CIs of L*=-0.476 to 0.884, a*=-0.531 to -0.702, and b*=-0.23 to 0.52, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant (P>.05). The measurements of L*, a*, and b* with and without tongue coverage of the lingual surfaces of the maxillary teeth did not show any statistically significant differences (P=.663).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that the position of the tongue does not influence measurement accuracy during the application of the Easyshade Advance device.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, University of Greifswald, Dental School, Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Dental Materials, Greifswald, Germany. Electronic address: klinke@uni-greifswald.de.
authors.forename: Thomas U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Klinke
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Material Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Constanze
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olms
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Palacký University, Department of Prosthodontics, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pirek
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Material Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jakstat
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry, and Craniomandibular Dysfunction, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Hannak
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D014059:Tongue / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology*