title: Outcome Analysis of Locking Plate Fixation in Proximal Humerus Fracture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proximal humerus fractures account for approximately 5% of all fractures. Stable minimally displaced fractures can be treated nonoperatively but the management of displaced fractures remain controversial with various modalities of treatment available. Locking plates provide stable fixation and enable early postoperative mobilization specially in osteoporotic proximal humerus fracture.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the functional outcome of locking plate fixation and to compare the results of two approaches used for fixation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted at a tertiary level hospital between September 2011 to December 2013. PHILOS plates were used for internal fixation of displaced proximal humerus fractures Neer's type 2 part, 3 part and 4 part fractures on 26 patients (M/F ratio 1.36:1; mean age 46 years). According to Neer classification, 5,12 and 9 patients had displaced 2, 3 and 4 part fractures respectively. Deltopectoral and deltoid splitting approaches were used for fixation on 13 patients each. Functional outcome was assessed using Constant-Murley shoulder score. Graphpad software version 6.0 was used with Chi-square test and Fisher-exact test are used to compare data. The p-value< 0.05 is considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 26 patients, all fractures united radiologically and clinically and average constant score at final follow-up was 72.5. At the final follow-up 8 patients had good score, 10 patients had moderate score, 6 patients had excellent outcome and 2 patients had poor outcome according to Constant score. Mean time to union was 12.3 weeks (9 -15 weeks). Four complications (15.4%) were encountered, 2 cases of varus malunion, 1 case of wound infection which required wound debridement and 1 case of screw cut-out in which screw removal was done. Mean constant score in delto splitting approach was 70.9 and 74 in deltopectoral group (p-value= 0.54). No significant difference existed in constant score in 2 approaches. No significant difference existed between groups in terms of complications (P > .05) and all fractures were united.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that locking plate fixation gives good functional outcomes in treatment of proximal humerus fractures. There was no significant difference in the two approaches used for exposure. Our results are comparable to various studies conducted by other authors which states that locking plates provide better functional and radiological outcomes as compared to other fixation methods like Tension band wiring, percutaneous K-wire fixation, non-locking plates, intramedullary nails.
authors.affiliation: Senior Resident, Department of Orthopedics, Gandhi Medical College , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijayvargiya
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Gandhi Medical College , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pathak
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head of Department, Department of Orthopedics, Gandhi Medical College , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India .
authors.forename: Sanjiv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaur
keywords: Approach; Complication; Constant score; Osteoporosis