title: Exercise-induced heat stress disrupts the shear-dilatory relationship.
abstract: What is the central question of this study? Although heat stress is known to increase cardiovascular strain, no study, to date, had explored the potential impact of exercise-induced heat stress on vascular function. What is the main finding and its importance? We found that acute exercise tended to reduce flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), owing in part to reduced reactive hyperaemia/shear stimulus; thus, when FMD is normalized to shear no postexercise deficit exists. Exercise-induced heat stress increased reactive hyperaemia, shear rate, coupled with a sustained FMD postexercise, suggests that exercise-induced heat stress increases the amount of shear stimulus to elicit a similar response, indicating reduced vascular responsiveness, or reserve, which might increase cardiovascular susceptibility. Heat stress increases cardiovascular strain and is of particular concern in occupations, such as firefighting, in which individuals are required to perform strenuous work while wearing personal protective equipment. Sudden cardiac events are associated with strenuous activity and are the leading cause of duty-related death among firefighters, accounting for ∼50% of duty-related fatalities per year. Understanding the acute effects of exercise-induced heat stress (EIHS) on vascular endothelial function may provide insight into the mechanisms precipitating acute coronary events in firefighters. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the effects of EIHS on vascular endothelial function. Using a balanced crossover design, 12 healthy men performed 100 min of moderate-intensity, intermittent exercise with and without EIHS (personal protective equipment or cooling vest, respectively). Measurements of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), reactive hyperaemia and shear rate area under the curve (SRAUC) were performed pre- and postexercise. During EIHS, core temperature was significantly higher (38 ± 0.1 versus 37 ± 0.1°C). Postexercise FMD tended to be suppressed in both conditions, but was not different from pre-exercise. Reactive hyperaemia was reduced after no-EIHS but increased after EIHS. Thus, normalizing FMD to the shear stimulus (FMD/SRAUC) revealed a significant reduction in FMD after EIHS only (pre-exercise 0.15 ± 0.04 and 0.13 ± 0.02 s-1versus postexercise, 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.06 ± 0.02 s-1, no-EIHS and EIHS, respectively). We conclude that moderate heat stress superimposed on moderate-intensity exercise resulted in reduced vascular endothelial function. This heat stress-induced alteration in the shear-dilatory relationship may relate to the increased risk of acute coronary events associated with activities that combine physical exertion and heat stress (i.e. firefighting).
authors.affiliation: Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.affiliation: Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Lefferts
authors.affiliation: Saratoga Hospital, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Margret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wharton
authors.affiliation: Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Fehling
authors.affiliation: Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Denise L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: endothelial; flow mediated dilation; heat, hemodynamics; reactive hyperemia; vascular