title: A green alternative method for analysis of ivermectin and moxidectin in environmental water samples using automatized preconcentration previous MEEKC.
abstract: Antiparasitic drugs derived from macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are widely used in livestock activities around the world. An increasing concern for local authorities is the environmental pollution as a consequence of veterinary drugs widely used in rural areas. The purpose of environmental analysis is to monitor low levels of pollutant analytes in a large number of samples. Also, due to the lipophilic characteristic of these lactones, long-chain solvents are usually required for performing sample treatment before and during the analysis. Therefore, sensitive, specific, robust, and environmentally friendly analytical methods are still required. In this paper, a new automatized preconcentration methodology followed by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography analysis was developed for the simultaneous separation and determination of the most used MLs, ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) in environmental water. XAD-4 resin was employed as an adsorbent for the preconcentration process and ethanol was used as the eluent. In contrast to traditional analysis for IVM and MXD, in this methodology nonpolluting solvents were involved during the whole process and therefore, it could be considered as a contribution to green analytical chemistry. Under optimal experimental conditions, LOD obtained for IVM and MXD were of 3 × 10-3and 3.6 × 10-3μg/L, respectively.
authors.affiliation: INQUISAL, CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco, San Luis, Argentina.
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Felici
authors.affiliation: Centro de Excelencia en Productos y Procesos de Córdoba, CEPROCOR, Santa Marı́a de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.affiliation: INQUISAL, CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco, San Luis, Argentina.|Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
authors.forename: Chien C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: INQUISAL, CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco, San Luis, Argentina.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raba
authors.affiliation: INQUISAL, CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco, San Luis, Argentina.|Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
authors.forename: María R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D020374:Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D018942:Macrolides / Q000032:analysis*; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000737:chemistry; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D018942:Macrolides; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011145:Polyvinyls; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C012101:XAD-4 resin; D007559:Ivermectin; C027837:moxidectin
keywords: Ivermectin; MEEKC; Moxidectin; SPE; XAD resins