title: Simulating Ideal Assistive Devices to Reduce the Metabolic Cost of Running.
abstract: Tools have been used for millions of years to augment the capabilities of the human body, allowing us to accomplish tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible. Powered exoskeletons and other assistive devices are sophisticated modern tools that have restored bipedal locomotion in individuals with paraplegia and have endowed unimpaired individuals with superhuman strength. Despite these successes, designing assistive devices that reduce energy consumption during running remains a substantial challenge, in part because these devices disrupt the dynamics of a complex, finely tuned biological system. Furthermore, designers have hitherto relied primarily on experiments, which cannot report muscle-level energy consumption and are fraught with practical challenges. In this study, we use OpenSim to generate muscle-driven simulations of 10 human subjects running at 2 and 5 m/s. We then add ideal, massless assistive devices to our simulations and examine the predicted changes in muscle recruitment patterns and metabolic power consumption. Our simulations suggest that an assistive device should not necessarily apply the net joint moment generated by muscles during unassisted running, and an assistive device can reduce the activity of muscles that do not cross the assisted joint. Our results corroborate and suggest biomechanical explanations for similar effects observed by experimentalists, and can be used to form hypotheses for future experimental studies. The models, simulations, and software used in this study are freely available at simtk.org and can provide insight into assistive device design that complements experimental approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Soha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pouya
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dembia
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Delp