title: The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Is Associated with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Upregulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism underlying the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to investigate if soluble RAGE levels are associated with AF in Caucasian patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 587) were prospectively recruited and serum levels of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) measured. The patients included 527 with sinus rhythm, 32 with persistent AF (duration >7 days, n = 32) and 28 with paroxysmal AF (duration <7 days, n = 28).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with AF were older and had a greater prevalence of heart failure than patients in sinus rhythm. Circulating RAGE levels were higher in patients with persistent AF [median sRAGE 1190 (724-2041) pg/ml and median esRAGE 452 (288-932) pg/ml] compared with paroxysmal AF [sRAGE 799 (583-1033) pg/ml and esRAGE 279 (201-433) pg/ml, p ≤ 0.01] or sinus rhythm [sRAGE 782 (576-1039) pg/ml and esRAGE 289 (192-412) pg/ml, p < 0.001]. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of persistent AF were age, heart failure, sRAGE [odds ratio 1.1 per 100 pg/ml, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-1.1, p = 0.001] and esRAGE [odds ratio 1.3 per 100 pg/ml, 95% CI 1.1-1.4, p < 0.001]. Heart failure and age were the only independent predictors of paroxysmal AF. In AF patients, sRAGE [odds ratio 1.1 per 100 pg/ml, 95% CI 1.1-1.2, p = 0.007] and esRAGE [odds ratio 1.3 per 100 pg/ml, 95% CI 1.0-1.5, p = 0.017] independently predicted persistent compared with paroxysmal AF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soluble RAGE is elevated in Caucasian patients with AF, and both sRAGE and esRAGE predict the presence of persistent AF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Terase F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lancefield
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sheila K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Velkoska
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Piyush M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horrigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Farouque
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Burrell
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; C000593871:AGER protein, human; C000593877:esRAGE protein, human