title: Thyroid and shoulder diseases: the bases of a linked channel.
abstract: The association between thyroid disorders and musculoskeletal diseases has long been suspected, but it is still debated whether they have a role in the pathogenesis of shoulder diseases. In vivo and in vitro studies describe the role of thyroid hormones in bone, cartilage and tendon biology. Retrospective studies and case reports suggest that thyroid diseases should be considered as risk factors and hold prognostic value in some of the most common causes of shoulder pain. Thus, it is advisable to search for underlying thyroid disorders in these patients. The pathophysiologic mechanisms by which thyroid hormone imbalance affects the onset, progression and response to treatment of these diseases are yet to be thoroughly defined and demand further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vicenti
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Giorgi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: La Malfa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrozzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Solarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Organs of Sense, Orthopedics Section, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, ltaly.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moretti
mesh_terms: D002062:Bursitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D019534:Shoulder Impingement Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070916:Tenocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D003094:Collagen