title: Impact of Early Postnatal Nutrition on the NMR Urinary Metabolic Profile of Infant.
abstract: NMR-based metabolomics was used to compare the metabolic urinary profiles of exclusively breast-fed term infants (n = 11) with those of a double-blinded controlled trial with 49 formula-fed term newborns randomized to receive either an infant formula enriched by functional ingredients (n = 24) or a standard formula (n = 25). Anthropometric measurements and urine samples were taken at enrollment (within the first month of life), at around 60 days of life, and at the end of study period (average age of 130 days). The metabolic profiles were examined in relation to time and diet strategy. A common age-dependent modification of the urine metabolome was observed for the three types of nutrition, mainly characterized by similar temporal trends of choline, betaine, myoinositol, taurine, and citrate. Contrariwise, differences in the metabolic profiles were identified according to the type of diet (human versus formula milk), while no significant difference was observed between the two formulas. These modifications are discussed mainly in terms of the different milk compositions. Despite the low number of enrolled infants (n = 60), these findings pointed out the potential of the metabolomics approach for neonatal nutritional science, in particular to provide important contributions to the optimization of formula milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria, University of Cagliari , 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cesare Marincola
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria, University of Cagliari , 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corbu
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari , 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lussu
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari , 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noto
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari , 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dessì
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Civardi
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garofoli
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grenci
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mongini
authors.affiliation: Research & Development, H. J. Heinz B.V. , 6534 AD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Budelli
authors.affiliation: Research & Development, Heinz Italia S.p.A. , 04100 Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grinzato
authors.affiliation: Research & Development, Heinz Italia S.p.A. , 04100 Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fasano
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari , 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fanos
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , 27100 Pavia, Italy.|Neonatal Immunology Laboratory, Neonatal Unit and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stronati
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055442:Metabolome; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
keywords: NMR; formula milk; human milk; metabolomics; neonatology; urine