title: Prescription medication changes following direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing: findings from the Impact of Personal Genomics (PGen) Study.
abstract: To measure the frequency of prescription medication changes following direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing (DTC-PGT) and their association with the pharmacogenomic results received.
  
  
  
  New DTC-PGT customers were enrolled in 2012 and completed surveys prior to the return of results and 6 months after results; DTC-PGT results were linked to survey data. "Atypical response" pharmacogenomic results were defined as those indicating an increase or decrease in risk of an adverse drug event or likelihood of therapeutic benefit. At follow-up, participants reported prescription medication changes and health-care provider consultation.
  
  
  
  Follow-up data were available from 961 participants, of whom 54 (5.6%) reported changing a medication they were taking or starting a new medication due to their DTC-PGT results. Of these, 45 (83.3%) reported consulting with a health-care provider regarding the change. Pharmacogenomic results were available for 961 participants, of which 875 (91.2%) received one or more atypical response results. For each such result received, the odds of reporting a prescription medication change increased 1.57 times (95% confidence interval = 1.17, 2.11).
  
  
  
  Receipt of pharmacogenomic results indicating an atypical drug response is common with DTC-PGT and is associated with prescription medication changes; however, fewer than 1% of consumers report unsupervised changes at 6 months after testing.Genet Med advance online publication 22 September 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Deanna Alexis
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Carere
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Tyler J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: VanderWeele
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jason L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vassy
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cathelijne H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7728-8802
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van der Wouden
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4472-8103
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D000067108:Direct-To-Consumer Screening and Testing / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D023281:Genomics; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs