title: Intraoperative Probe-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in Surgery and Stereotactic Biopsy of Low-Grade and High-Grade Gliomas: A Feasibility Study in Humans.
abstract: The management of gliomas is based on precise histologic diagnosis. The tumor tissue can be obtained during open surgery or via stereotactic biopsy. Intraoperative tissue imaging could substantially improve biopsy precision and, ultimately, the extent of resection.
  
  
  
  To show the feasibility of intraoperative in vivo probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) in surgery and biopsy of gliomas.
  
  
  
  In our prospective observational study, 9 adult patients were enrolled between September 2014 and January 2015. Two contrast agents were used: 5-aminolevulinic acid (3 cases) or intravenous fluorescein (6 cases). Intraoperative imaging was performed with the Cellvizio system (Mauna Kea Technologies, Paris). A 0.85-mm probe was used for stereotactic procedures, with the biopsy needle modified to have a distal opening. During open brain surgery, a 2.36-mm probe was used. Each series corresponds to a separate histologic fragment.
  
  
  
  The diagnoses of the lesions were glioblastoma (4 cases), low-grade glioma (2), grade III oligoastrocytoma (2), and lymphoma (1). Autofluorescence of neurons in cortex was observed. Cellvizio images enabled differentiation of healthy "normal" tissue from pathological tissue in open surgery and stereotactic biopsy using fluorescein. 5-Aminolevulinic acid confocal patterns were difficult to establish. No intraoperative complications related to pCLE or to use of either contrast agent were observed.
  
  
  
  We report the initial feasibility and safety of intraoperative pCLE during primary brain tumor resection and stereotactic biopsy procedures. Pending further investigation, pCLE of brain tissue could be utilized for intraoperative surgical guidance, improvement in brain biopsy yield, and optimization of glioma resection via analysis of tumor margins.
  
  
  
  5-ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acidpCLE, probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopyPpIX, protoporphyrin IX.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France;‡Centre de Pathologie et de Neuropathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France;§Innovation and Clinical Research Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France;¶Department of Neurosurgery, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pavlov
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meyronet
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Meyer-Bisch
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Armoiry
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pikul
authors.forename: Chloé
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumot
authors.forename: Pierre-Aurelien
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Beuriat
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Signorelli
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guyotat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003287:Contrast Media; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media